Indian national movement

▪ Features

▪ Factors of rise of extremism

▪ Objectives and methods

▪ Programme of action

▪ Evaluations of Extremists

▪ Partition of Bengal

▪ Swadeshi Movement

▪ Believed in capacity of masses- wanted to involve them in National politics

▪ Do not believe in Constitutional Agitation

▪ Has faith in Doctrine of Passive Resistance

▪ Leaders: Lokmanya Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh and Lala Lajpat Rai

▪ B.G. Tilak

▪ Born- Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra

▪ Journals: Maratha (English) and Kesari (Marathi)

▪ Festivals: Ganapati (1893) and Shivaji (1895)

▪ Recognition of true nature of British rule

▪ Dissatisfaction with achievements of Moderates

▪ Worsening Economic situation

▪ Reaction to increasing westernization

▪ Contemporary International Influences

▪ The Conservative policy of Curzon

▪ Tilak: Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.

▪ Swaraj- Complete independence from foreign control and full independence

▪ Passive resistance

▪ Mass agitation

▪ Strong will to make sacrifice

▪ To create passionate love for liberty, accompanied by a sprit of sacrifice and readiness to suffer for the cause of the country.

▪ To root out from the mind of the omnipotence of the ruler and instead give them self-reliance and confidence in their own strength.

▪ To arouse hatred against the British rule in the minds of the people- propaganda in the press

▪ To remove from their minds the fear of unemployment and starvation and to instill in them feelings of intense love and devotion for the motherland

▪ To keep the enemy busy with the demonstrations and agitations

▪ Obtaining weapons in various ways

▪ Spreading dissatisfactions in Indian army units and preparing them for an armed rebellion

▪ Rising money by donations, free raids and dacoities.

▪ Concepts like democracy, constitutionalism, and progress, call for complete independence

▪ Highlighted negative role of Britain in India

▪ New Slogans▪ Non-cooperation

▪ Passive resistance

▪ Mass agitation

▪ Self-reliance

▪ Discipline of suffering

▪ Partition of Bengal annulled in 1911

▪ Infused new spirit and boosted the confidence and spirit of self-assertion in the people

▪ Motives

▪ Curb Bengali influence by placing them under two administration

▪ Create Hindu-Muslim tensions

▪ Partition announced: 18th July 1905

▪ Formally divided: 16th October 1905- Day of mourning, fasting and Rakhis

▪ Consequences:

▪ Anti-partition movement commenced – 7 August 1905

▪ Students, women also joined

▪ Swadeshi and Boycott became slogan

▪ Swadeshi Movement started by INC

▪ 7 August 1905: meeting at Calcutta- formal proclamation

▪ Banaras Session-1905- G.K Gokhle- Swadeshi and Boycott for Bengal- Extremist wanted throughout India

▪ 1906- Calcutta Session- Dada Bhai Naoroji- declared Swaraj or self government like that of United Kingdom or the colonies

▪ 1907- Surat Split

▪ Different streams

▪ Mendicancy -1905

▪ Constructive Swadeshi - 1905

▪ Passive Resistance – 1906-07

▪ Terrorism - 1908

Places Leaders

Bengal Ashwani Kumar Dutt

Delhi Syed Haider Reza

Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai; Ajit Singh

Bombay and Poona Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Madras V.O. Chidambarm Pillai

Andhra T. Prakasham; Krishna Rao

▪ Beginning towards mass movement

▪ Boycott was the most effective movement for the first time

▪ Emphasized self-reliance or Atmasakti

▪ P.C. Roy- Bengal Chemical Factory

▪ V. O. Chidambarm Pillai – Swadeshi Steam and Navigation Company

▪ Emergence of no. of Volunteers

▪ Swadesh Bandhab Samiti- Ashwini Kumar Dutt

▪ Development of Nationalist Literature

▪ Amar Sonar Bangla- Rabindranath Tagore (Poem)

▪ Bharat Mata (Painting) – Abnindranath Tagore

▪ Strict government action

▪ Surat split- 1907

▪ Suppression of Extremist leaders

▪ Pacifying the moderates

▪ Lacked an effective organisation and party structure

▪ Very logic of mass movement- can not be sustained endlessly

▪ 1905- Banaras Session – G.K Gokhle

▪ 1906- Calcutta Session – Dadabhai Naoroji

▪ Swadeshi

▪ Swaraj

▪ National Education

▪ Boycott

▪ 1907- Surat Session – Rashbehari Ghosh

▪ B.G. Tilak – Arrested in 1908 and sentenced to Mandalay Jail

▪ Bipin Chandra Pal – Retired from active politics

▪ Lala Lajpat Rai –Went to USA

▪ Ajit Singh – Deported to USA

▪ Aurobinda Gosh – Arrested in 1908. Tried in Alipore Conspiracy case but released-set up Ashram at Pondicherry

▪ Morley-Minto Reform 1909

▪ Introduced election in India (indirect)

▪ One member in Viceroy Executive Council

▪ Separate electorate for Muslims

▪ Attained by King George V and Queen Mary

▪ Partition of Bengal annualed

▪ Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi

OBJECTIVE IAS

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