indian architecture - weeblybuddiess.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/6/5/39652708/hindu... · buddhist...
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INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
HINDU AND BUDDHIST
VEDIC ARCHITECTURE
& BEGINNING OF
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE1500 BC to 800 BC
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• Advent of Aryans towards the end of Indus Valley Civilization from
Central Asia.
• They moved to the basins of Ganga and Yamuna instead of settling
around the river Indus.
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RECORD OF VEDIC ARHITECTURE
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RECORD OF TIMBER ARCHITECTURE OF VEDIC TIMES , IN BUDDHIST
ARCHITECTURE IN STONE
THE PERISHABLE
TIMBER ARCHITECTURE
OF VEDIC TIMES WAS
SUBSEQUENTLY MADE
PERMENANT BY YHE
ARTIST &CRFTSMAN
WHO RECORDED
SCENES OF
CONTEMPORARY LIFE .
THE MONUMENTS IN
STONE (AS AT SANCHI
STUPA) OR ROCK
(CAVES) HAVE CARVED
PANELS OF THIS OR
FRESCOES OF THESE
(AS AT AJANTA CAVES)
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BUDDHIST CAVES & STUPAS CUT
IN ROCK HAVE THEIR
• WHOLE ARCHITECTURE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION &
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
IMITATATING THE PRECEDING
VEDIC TIMBER ARCHITECTURE
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• Aryans were a nomadic people and did not like to live in the
towns and houses of brick, as they were used to living in huts of
grass and bamboos.
• In time they formed village type settlements and huts of grass
and bamboos, wattle & daub - which were circular in plan.
• Bamboos were bound reeds and spaces between them filled with
other reeds and leaves and plastered with mud.
• These huts overtime, gave way to elongated huts which were
oval in plan and the roofs were vaulted with bent bamboos.
• The shorter two ends became flatter and had semi circular
openings which eventually became “Sun Windows” (OR
“Chaitya Windows” as they were called in subsequent Buddhist
Architecture.)
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• Vedic villages were a collection of huts with
Bamboo fence all-around the periphery of
the village.
• The fence had verticals and horizontals with
a member at the top.
• Each village had a gate which was called
‘Cow Gate’ as it was use for the cattle to go
out in the day and move in at the evening
time.
• The gate became the ‘Torana’ in subsequent
Buddhist Architecture.
• The railing and fence was used to indicate
the importance of any religious monument.
It was also used to symbolically indicate
sacredness.
• Internal supports of the huts had pots of
clay at the base and this became bases of
columns in subsequent Architecture.
• The Sun windows at the ends became
windows at the top of the entrance, when
the Bamboo and Grass architecture was
made into timber.
• The Semi circular Sun windows evolved into
‘horse shoe’ shape because of taking in of
the bottom ends by a member at the base
which was used to keep the roof from
spreading outwards.
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• The village structures gave way to building
of towns which had battered walls and a
pillared storey above, which was topped
with semicircular roofs and ‘Horse Shoe’
windows.
• The towns had fences and moats around
them.
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REMAINS OF COLUMN –
CHANDRAGUPTA
MAURYA’S PALACE
SITE OF
CHANDRAGUPTA
MAURYA’S PALACE
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PLAN AND SECTION - LOMAS RISHI CAVE
SECTIONAL DETAIL OF ENT. TO INNER ROOM-eaves
detail of thatch roof copied in rock cut architecture
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ENTRANCE TO LOMAS RISHI
CAVE
WITH PILASTERS IMITATING TIMBER POSTS SUPPORTING OVERHANG
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INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING ENTRANCE
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ENTRANCE FRIEZE WITH ELEPHNTS
OF LOMAS RISHI CAVE
wWITH OVERHANG IMITATING TIMBER CONSTRUCTIONOF VEDIC TIMES
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SKETCHES OF EARLY
ROCK-CUT CHAMBERS VEDIC TEMPLES
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BEGINNING OF BUDDHIST
ARHITECTURE
FREE-STANDING MONOLITHIC
COLUMNS WITH ANIMAL-CAPITALS
& INVERTED BELL-CAPITAL &MANY
TIMES ASHOK-CHAKRA MOTIF,
BRICK-TUMULI (STUPAS), WAY-SIDE
ROCK EDICTS ON TRADE-ROUTES
ALSO SOME MONOLITHIC
ACCESSORIRS TO SHRINES AS
WELL AS REMAINS OF A VAST
PALACE ARE MAIN HERITAGES.
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EMPEROR ASHOK’S PALACE
ARCHEOLOGICAL
REMAINS
ARTIST’S IMAGINATION
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TIMBER CONSTR. REPLICATED IN
STONE IN CHAITYA
INITIAL TIMBER STRUCTURES:
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION DERIVED FROM
VEDIC ARCHITECTURE
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3 main types of religious
structures of BUDDHISM
STUPA : THE SEMI-SPHERICAL SOLID MOUND ERECTED ON
MORTAL REMAINS OF BUDDHA.OFTEN ENCASED IN STONE.
USED FOR WORSHIP & TO PAY RESPCTS TO BUDDHA.
CHAITYA : A PRAYER HALL KIND OF STRUCTURE.
RECTANGULAR WITH SEMI-CIRCULAR END. WITH A BARREL
VAULT FOR ROOFING & A HORSESHOE SHAPED SUN-
WNDOW AT ENT. END. USUALLY HAS STATUE OF
BUDDHA/MINI-STUPA AT FAR END.
VIHARA : A MONASTERY FOR MONKS. HAS RES. CELLS,
DINING HALL, ASSEMBLY HALL & OFTEN A CHAITYA NEARBY.
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STUPA AT SANCHI
• ERECTED IN ASHOK’S TIME, THE STUPA IN BRICK CONSTRUCTION
WAS, IN THE SUBSEQUENT KING’S REIGN & GIVEN A STONE
ENCASING,STONE RAILINGS, TORANA ETC.
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STUPA AT SANCHI