Iron ,the 2 most common metal in Earth's crust, after aluminium, but because it reacts so readily with oxygen it's never mined in its pure form (though meteorites are occasionally discovered that contain samples of pure iron

Iron exist on the surface of earth in the form of its oxides i.e. compounds of iron and oxygen.

The ores of iron are:

Hematite Limonite Goethite Magnetite Pyrite Siderite Taconite

Hematite

20%

limonite 17%

Goethite 8%

Magnethite 19%

Pyrite 14%

Siderite 14%

Taconite 8%

Iron content

Physical Properties : Appearance Greyish White Metal

Melting Point 1,536°C (2,797°F)

Boiling point 3,000°C (5,400°F)

Density 7.87g/cm3

Chemical Properties:

It is not available in pure form as iron reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere and forms iron oxide Fe2O3.

Uses:

Basic raw iron is called pig iron because it's produced in the form of chunky molded blocks known as pigs. Pig iron is made by heating an iron ore (rich in iron oxide) in a blast furnace. Inside the furnace, the iron ore reacts chemically with coke (a carbon-rich form of coal) and limestone. The coke "steals" the oxygen from the iron oxide (in a chemical process called reduction), leaving behind a relatively pure liquid iron, while the limestone helps to remove the other parts of the rocky ore (including clay, sand, and small stones), which form a waste slurry known as slag.

USES OF PIG IRON Pig iron was worked into

wrought iron in finery forges and more recently in steel.

Used to produce grey iron. The hot metal was then poured

into steel making vessel to produce steel.

PROPERTIES OF PIG IRON

Basic raw materials of all iron and produce blast furnace.

64%

19%

16% 1%

Consist

Carbon Silicon Manganese Sulphur

+ +

Lets see how is the iron heated

CAST IRON

Cast iron is simply liquid iron that has been cast: poured into a mold and allowed to cool and harden to form a finished structural shape, such as a pipe, a gear, or a big girder for an iron bridge. Pig iron is actually a very basic form of cast iron, but it's molded only very crudely because it's typically melted down to make steel. The high carbon content of cast iron (the same as pig iron—roughly 3–4 percent) makes it extremely hard and brittle: large crystals of carbon embedded in cast iron stop the crystals of iron from moving about.

Carbon 2.5-4% Silicon 1-3% It consists of manganese sulphur and phosphorous.

TYPES OF CAST IRON i. GREY CAST IRON ii. WHITE CAST IRON iii. MELLABLE CAST IRON iv. DUCTILE CAST IRON

WHITE CAST IRON

It displays white fractured surface due to presence of carbide impurities in it.

It has lower silicon content and faster cooling rate thus it is brittle.

28%

17% 34%

14%

7% Proportion

CarbonSiliconManganesePhosphourousSulphur

GREY CAST IRON

It is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fracture of the material to appear grey.

It is the most common used cast iron and the most widely used cast iron based on weight.

Tensile strength is low. Compressive strength is more which enables

casting.

Carbon 2.5-4%. Silicon 1-3%. Manganese 0.5%. Phosphorous 0.2%. Sulphur 0.1%. Proportion

CarbonSiliconManganesePhosphorousSulphur

MALLEABLE IRON

Cast as white iron, then malleabilized, or heat treated, to impart ductility.

Consists of tempered graphite and ALPHA-FERRITE or PERLITE MATRIX

PROPERTIES OF MALLEABLE CAST IRON Carbon 0.82% to 0.5% Silicon 1-3% Manganese 0.5-0.8% Phosphorous 0.2% Silicon 0.1% Sulphur 0.1%

Prportion

Carbon

Silicon

Manganese

Silicon

Sulphur

DUCTILE IRON Carbon 3.3%-3.4%. Silicon 2.4-2.4%. Manganese 0.12-0.5%. Magnesium 0.03-0.5%. Phosphorous 0.005-0.4%. Sulphur 0.005-0.02%. High ductility due to nodular graphite inclusion. Used to make trucks tractors oil well pumps.

Proportions

Carbon

Silicon

Manganese

Phosphourous

Sulphur

Wrought iron

WROUGHT IRON

Iron alloy with a low carbon content, in comparison to steel and has fibrous inclusions known as slag.

PROPERTIES OF WROGHT IRON Highly rust resistant. Welts easily . Worked into chains and ornamentals. Gates and railing. More suitable for forging or rollings.

consist

Carbon

Silicon

Manganese

Phosphorus

Sulphur

USES To make railing hooks. Chains. Rivets. Railway couplings. Railing and gates.

TYPES I. PUDDLED IRON. II. CHARCOAL IRON.

CHARACTERISED OF WROUGHT IRON Soft. Ductile. Magnetic. Strong high elasticity and tensile

strength. .Suitable for member in tension

or compression.

Steel

In the beginning, there was iron...

Then came cast iron...

...and finally steel

About Steel Steel has been called the world’s most useful and inexpensive metal.

USES 1.The structure of the Pyramid of the Louvre 2.canned food, 3.oil platforms, 4. catalytic converters 5., paper clips 6. mounts for electronic chips...are all made of steel.

2. In the automobile sector...

` 2. For everyday uses: cans,pots,containers,etc...

3. At the heart of food preservation... communications...

4. In energy

1. In the construction of bridges or buildings...

.

STEEL PRODUCTS Semi-finished products(continuous cast steel)

Finished products (rolled steel)

MANUFACTURE

Steel Making Plant

Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Furnace Continuous Casting

Machine

Thank YouCompiled By:- Mahima Shah - 14SA145 Mansi Shah - 14SA147 Murtaza Gandhi - 14SA152 Pooja Gosami - 14SA163 Priyanka Bhanushali - 14SA165 Shubhangi Ansani - 14SA1 Mahek Rathod - 14SA144