indian architecture book p.4

7/23/2019 Indian Architecture Book p.4

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sultanate 11 introducti

Panja

b

Lahore was a dependency of the Ghaznavids and theGhurids long before the conquest of Delhi. Noonuents of this early period have survived! althoughsoe pieces of woodcarving fro doorways in the city!now in the Lahore "useu! retain features derived!through the Ghaznavid tradition! fro #eljuq ornaent. $he earliest e%tant onuents are in "ultan and &cch'Pa(istan)! a series of tobs of local saints. $heearliest! that of #hah *usuf Gardf zf ! of +,-11+/! is asolid oblong building covered with blue0and0white tiles tofor a plane e%ternal surface but the later buildingsare all tall doed build0 ings! fro the tob of 2aha'al0I:Iaqq! d. 3341/3/! a square battered basesurounted by an octagonal dru and the earliesttrue doe in the subcontinent! to the agnificentausoleu of 5u(n0i 'Ala! which 6. "arshall! The

monuments of Muslim India! in CHI ! 7abridge 189-!describes as :one of the ost splendid eorials evererected in honour of the dead; this resebles theprevious e%aples in being built of ba(ed bric( but withsoe structural bonding courses of wood in addition!with a lofty second storey which fors an octagonaldru! with a heispherical doe! and with pinnacles ateach e%ternal angle! but differs fro the in its loweststorey which is also an octagon! with battering faces

and engaged tapering buttresses terinating inpinnacles at each outer angle. $he e%ternal decorationis wor(ed out in stringcourses of tile0faced bric( andbands of raised diaper pattern! bands of calligraphy incarved bric(! and the typical "ultan tilewor( '(nown alsoat &cch but nowhere else) wherein the ain geoetricalpatterns are raised as uch as / c. above the tilebac(ground this adds greatly to the richness of thetilewor( by adding depth and a constant effect of light

and shade where the sheen of a plane surface wouldhave becoe dulled by the dust which pervades"ultan in the suer. $he interior decoration includes<ne woodcarving in shisham wood! with the si%0pointedstar 'a coon Ghaznavid otif! but other0 wise rare in=ndia until early "ughal ties) in the spandrels of thewooden mi � r ab and scrolls of arabesque ornaent



sultanate 11 introductisiilar to that of the maq�ura of the >uwwat al0=slaosque at Delhi.



2engal

#tone in the 2engal region '?est 2engal and2angladesh) is alost con<ned to the blac( basalt of the 5ajahall hills in the "alda District but the finealluvial clay is freely available! the aterial for thecharac0 teristic 2engali bric(s and terracottas. $heearliest buildings at $ribeni and 7hota Pandua areostly adaptations of pillaged @indu tepleaterial! using pillars built of large stones withoutortar! and shallow corbelled does the tob of Zafar Ahan Ghazf ! of 38B1/8B! shows an early use of the arch! and mi � r abs in finely oulded terracotta.

$he greatest of the early buildings! after theindependence of 2engal! is the large Adf na osqueat @azrat Pandua! of --319-,C+! in which again usewas ade of @indu aterials! although it appearsthat soe of the stonewor( was original wor(e%ecuted by @indu craftsen in "usli eployent

it is enclosed by a ultiple arcade which carriednearly ,44 sall does! and has a large centralayw an0li(e hall in the western l iw an! with an elaboratestone mi � r ab and minbar ! of which the roof has fallenthe stonewor( is ostly a thin ashlar veneer over abric( core. =n a soewhat later phase! representedby the E(la(hf ausoleu at Pandua! the othercharacteristics of the 2engal style a(e their <rstappearance! notably a curve on each cornice of the

square tob0 chaber which derives fro a localethod of constructing huts with baboo rafters!octagonal corner buttresses! and ornaent interracotta and glazed tile here the interior of theenorously thic( chaber is an octagonal roowhich directly supports the single heisphericaldoe. #oe siilar buildings were erected at Gaurafter the 1+th century under the later =lyas #hahf andthe I:Iusayn #hahf rulers the decorations becae

especially lavish! soe does being gilded besidesthe square buildings with a curved cornice on eachside appears the oblong pitched0roof building withthe curved cornice on the long sides and gables atthe short sidesa type later ta(en to Northern =ndiaat the tie of #hahjahan. #oe buildings of the id1+th century at 2agerhat '2angladesh)! built by one



Ahan 6ahan! a renegade fro the Delhi court! showcorner turrets and lintel0and0brac(et doors set withinpointed arches very siilar to those of Ef ruz #hah

$ughluqFs build0 ings in Delhi of a century earlier!although retaining the local curved cornice. "any of these local features persist in the 2engaliarchitecture of the "ughal period.



&ttar Pradesh

$he early buildings of 6aunpur and its suburbafarabad in &ttar Pradesh are adaptations of thetie of Ef ruz #hah $ughluq! who laid the foundationsof a large osque on the site of a teple to HtalaDevf . $his was copleted! however! under the #harqf (ings! with four other osques of siilar styleallthe other buildings of this once agnifi0 cent citywere destroyed by #i(andar Lodf . Hgain! @indureains were freely utilized in the construction butthe building is in coursed stone! with no plasterfacing as in Delhi! and there is an abundance of stone carving of high s(ill. $he special characteristicof the 6aunpur osques is the iense pylon which<lls the central bay of the western l iw an! copletelyconcealing the large doe behind it! in soe casesthree ties as high as the other bays of the l iw an.

$he trabeate construction is used freely within the

prayer0halls and in the side arcades! although thel iw an faIades are arcuate! and are freely ornaentedwith recessed arches which are either blind or carrythic( window grilles and the intrados of the arch areusually decorated with the spearhead fringe. Hllthese osques are well finished e%ternally! especiallythe mi � r ab walls! and the tapered buttress! so failiarin the Delhi #ultanate buildings! is used freely at thee%ternal angles. #iilar osque styles are to be

found at 2anaras 'Jaranasi)! Ktawa! and Aanauj.

Gujarat

$he very rich stone0building tradition of the @indu and 6ain craftsen was appropriated by the Gujarat "uslis!and ade Gujarat at once the richest and the ostdistinctive of the =ndian regions in architec0 ture. $heartisans appear to have been less bound here thanwere their fellows in other regions to the whis of individual rulers or to rigid prescriptions by punctilious'ulama! and indeed it often appears that therequireents of =slaic building rather eancipatedthe fro the doga of the schools of teplearchitecture! for of all the styles of =ndian =slaic



building that of Gujarat is the ost =ndian! and itspurely local characteristics are obvious! even in theearliest stages where pillaged teple aterial was being

used under the orders of governors of the Delhi Ahaljf s. $he earliest surviving "usli building! the tob of #hay(h Earf d at Patan of c. -441944! is erely aconverted teple!



and very little ore organization appears in the Adf naosque there! of the sae tie! where over 1!444

rich teple pillars are assebled to a osque plan'the building has now fallen alost entirely). =n2haroch only a little later the 6ai' "asjid is aplanned construc0 tion and not a ere iprovization!for the outer walls are obviously constructed of stonecut for the purpose but the western l iw an is of threebays which appear to be three teple mandapas usedunaltered e%cept for the obliteration of <gureiconography in the ornaent. $he arch is not used! so

that the l iw an has an open pillared faIade with nomaq�ura0screena osque0type ore frequent inGujarat than in other regions. $he 6ai' "asjid at7abay! however! of -/+19/+! does have an archedwall closing the l iw an. $he walls of this osque! of alternate deep and shallow courses! areuncharacteristic of Gujarat and recall the Ahaljf wor(anship of Delhi. H feature appearing here forthe <rst tie! which later becoes a favourite devicein Gujarat! is a seicircular engrailed arch! of nostructural significance! carried between two pillarsinside the central arch of the faIade this directlycopies the torar:a doorways of the local @indu and 6ainteples. $his 7abay osque has an entrance porchwhich is alost an e%act copy of that of a teple at"odhera built three centuries before! as is that of @ilalAhan >ac;f Fs osque at Dhol(a '-991999) but here

there is another signi<cant innovation the faIade isornaented with two tall turrets flan(ing the centralarch. $hese are in fact solid! but are the obvioustypes fro which the Gujarat inarets are derived'isolated minars! for e%aple the >utb "f nar at Delhi!are not un(nown else0 where in =ndia! but the Gujaratosques present their <rst systeatic use). Mtherbuildings of this <rst phase of Gujarat building are tobe found at "angrol and Petlad.

H second phase in the history of Gujarat =slaicarchitecture is represented by the buildings of Hl;ad#hah = in his new capital at Hhadabad 'Hhedabad)!although even there the earliest buildings! Hl;ad#hahFs first osque and the osque of @aybat Ahan!follow the pattern of the 6ai' "asjid at 7abay butsoon after the the osque of #ayyid 'Ala! of B1,1,1/! shows several eleents which are



developed and perfected in the later Hhadabadbuildings! including heavy projecting cornices! well0builtand projecting bases for the ina0 rets with internal

stairs 'the tops of the inarets above the parapet levelof the roof have fallen)! and an elevated portion of the roof foring a clerestory to adit ore light tothe central chaber. Hl;adFs chef d’œuvre is his 6ai' "asjid of ten years later. $he westernl iw an has its



central chaber an(ed by a bay on each side raisedabove the level of the ore distant bays of the

western faIade by a clerestory roof supported on anopen colonnade! the central chaber itself having asecond such clerestory carrying the ain doe thelight thereby aditted to the central chaber has <rstto pass through carved stone screens! which areanother typical feature of Gujarat architecture. $heside riw aqs are all of the siple pillared constructionwithout arches. $his osque! with Hl;ad #hahFs owntob and a screened enclo0 sure containing the

tobs of the queens! for part of Hl;ad #hahFscareful town planning! all lying on a central royalway to his palace! on which stands a triple0archedtriuphal gateway. Hll these buildings are in the saeharonious style! which was continued in Hhadabadunder his iediate successors! "ul;aad and >utbal0Df n Hl;ad. "ul;aadFs reign saw the beginningof building at #ar(hej! on the outs(irts of Hhadabad!with the osque and tob of #hay(h Hl;ad Ahattu!the forer a vast hypostyle hall with an enorouscourtyard! the latter a large square building witharches on all sides <lled with stone screens! thecentral tob0chaber itself being further surroundedby pierced brass screens. $his Gujarat practice of using perforated screens round a tob0chaber isiitated in later periods in reoter parts of =ndia. $wobuildings of >utb al0Df n Hl;adFs tie are in sharp

contrast to other local architecture! the tob of Darya Ahan in Hhadabad and Hlif AhanFs osque atDhol(a both are in bric(! with arches throughout onheavy piers! with none of the usual Gujarat ornaent!and see to have been built by foreign wor(en. $heyare isolated speciens and had no inuence on thelocal style.

H third stage in Gujarat architecture appears in andafter the tie of "al;ud = '2egra'! fro the iddle of

the 1+th century. $he ausoleu of #ayyid '&than ina village across the river fro Hhadabad shows in thetob a greater copetence in handling the doe!which is carried by pillars in the for of a dodecagon!than previous e%aples and the attached osque!which is entirely of the open0faced trabeate variety!shows inarets for the first tie in this type of osque! placed at the two ends of the prayer0hall. $he



arcuate osques of this tie! those of "iyan Ahan7hishtf of B341,+3 and 2f bf Hcht A u(f of B-31,-/!show the inarets still centrally placed! an(ing the

iddle bay of the prayer0hallbut by now ratherover0elaborate and doinating the structure. Hninnovation is a type of oriel window! carried onbrac(etsand <tted with a perforated stone screen! set in thel iw an faIade. $he#hah 'Ala ausoleu! of BB41,-+! shows anincreased use of the



arch in tob0buildings! again with outer and innerperforated screens. #oe <ve years later the tob of

>utb al0'Ala! at Jatva! 14 (. to the south of Hhadabad! is not only arcuate throughout but of two storeys but there are irregularities in theconstruction! as though the builders were stille%perienting with the arch as a structural device.

$he defects have been reedied in the tob of #ayyid "ubara( 'BB81,B+) at "ahudabad! whereperhaps an architect fro outside Gujarat wasconcerned! for the parapet and the clerestory roof

bear chhatr is siilar to those of the Lodf buildings inDelhi but the Gujarati feature of the pierced screensround the tob0chaber continues. Chhatr is alsoappear over the entrance porch of the 6ai' "asjid in"al;udFs new city at 7hapaner. $his osque is verysiilar in plan to the 6ai' "asjid built at Hhadabadone hundred years earlier! and has a siilar doubleclerestory but the decoration is richer! particularlye%ternally the rear wall of the l iw an shows sevenmi � r ab buttresses of design siilar to the bases of theminars! and the four corners bear straight octagonaltowers resebling sall minars without balconies theoriel windows carried on rich corbels add to thee%terior richness! as do the saller pierced screens inevery opening. Mther osques in 7hapaner are of siilar design but saller and with only a sallcentral clerestory in particular the Nagf na "asjid!

which has panels of carved tracery at the bases of the minars in the for of intertwin0 ing plants. Mtherwor(s of the tie of "al;ud include his palaces at#ar(hej and his own tob there by a la(ewhichhas! in addition to various pavilions! a set of sluicescarved with the sae attention to detail as the minars of Gujarat osquesand other buildings at Hhadabad!of which the osque of "ul;a<:{ Ahan! fawjd ar of the city!is the <n0 est this is an e%aple of the arcuate style of

osque with the minarsat the ends of the l iw an. $owards the end of "al;udFslong reign thetob and osque of 5anf #abarf shows the usualdecorative! alost

jewel0li(e! ornaent and tracery to its best advantageby being built on a saller scale than ost of thebuildings so far considered but here the osque



inarets have ceased to be functional! becoingerely sli tapering pinnacles. Mther outstandingwor(s! of a different class!

are two step0wells'Guj. v av ).

$he coon Hhadabad osque style! with arcuatel iw an and cen0

tral minars! is continued by buildings towards the closeof the Gujarat#ultanate! for e%aple 5anf 5upavatf Fs osque of c.

8/11+1+. Mne

late e%aple! fro 8B41+-/C9! the year before

H(barFs conquest of Gujarat! is an e%quisite osquebuilt by #hay(h #a'f d al0I:Iabshf ! the



typana of the arches on the western side <lled withstone traceries of <ligree0li(e delicacy! representing

pal0trees and creepers! the <nest in the "usliworld! of which perhaps the blind traceries of theNagf na "asjid at 7hapaner are the iediateancestor.

Hfter the "ughal conquest it would appear that anyof the s(illed craftsen were ta(en by H(bar to North=ndia certainly there are any features of Gujaratiwor(anship in H(barFs Eatehpur #i(ri.

"alw

a

=n contrast to Gujarat! the contiguous province of "alwawas co0 paratively uninuenced by a prior @induartistic tradition. $here were certainly teples! for theearliest buildings! at the end of the 1,th and beginning

of the 1+th centuries! are built of teple spoil. $heseare three osques at Dhar! all of trabeateconstruction but the portico of the 6ai' "asjid showsan interesting attept to interpose pointed archesbetween the coluns! without any structuralsignificance. $he two earliest osques at "andu! DilawarAhanFs of B4B1,4+C3 and "ali( "ughf thFs of B9+1,9/!have siilar l iw ans! but the latter is raised on a highbaseent in which there is a range of arched cells

here the pillars of the l iw an have soe pointed archesinterposed! as at Dhar! but also with the resultingspandrels <lled in with plate tracery. $he l iw an isdoed! but the phase of transition is crudely effectedby lintels and their octagon bases are irregular. $hereare two doed turrets at the angles of the east'entrance) walls these! and the shape of the l iw an

does! recall those of Ef ruz $ughluqFs tie in Delhi. $hissecond osque is of the tie of @ushang #hah! whoseown cople% of buildings doinates the centre of "anduthe 6ai' "asjid! the madrasa 'later nic(naed Hshraf f "al;all)! and his own tob. $he osque is built on a tall',.+ .) plinth! with arched cells on either side of theentrance porch these and a few open arches! atcourtyard level! perhaps originally <lled with screens! andtwo restrained stringcourses! are the only e%ternal



decoration! e%cept for a band of erlon0li(e decoration!of a type already noticed at Delhi! above the chhajj a. $he l iw an and side aisles are built entirely of true

arches on plain slendercoluns. $he mi � r ab arches show the spearhead fringe!recalling the Delhi Ahaljf style! and the minbar is coveredby a large stone canopyof obvious @indu teple design. @ushangFs tob! alittle earlier 'the osque was copleted by "al;ud =in B+B1,+,)! is a square doed



structure of white arble throughout 'the earliestbuilding to be so treated) e%cept for sparing ornaent

of deep blue glazed tiles! standing in a large enclosure.Ht each corner of the doe is an engaged doedturret! a coon feature in the "andu tobs andalready present over the entrance to the 6ai' "asjid.

$he does are characteristic of "alwaa tallcylindrical dru carries the haunch without anyintervening structure or decoration! while above thehaunch the doe ay be developed as a heisphereor saller spherical section or as a shallow cone.

Later buildings at "andu becoe elegant! and in the<nal stages even eretricious palaces! pavilions!fountains and water0 channels! (ios(s and balconies.

$he open chhatr i appears! and soe of the does areribbed. =n one building! (nown now as Gada #hahFshouse! there are the reains of soe wall0paintings.

H northern anifestation of the "alwa style is foundat 7handeri! where the 6ai' "asjid shows thecharacteristic stilted does the con0 voluted brac(etssupporting the chhajj a are a soewhat e%aggerated forof a type seen in "andu as early as @ushangFs tob! afor which becoes e%aggerated and elaboratedfurther in Eatehpur #i(ri. $he general characteristics of the "alwa style are!

in addition to the stilted doe! the fine asonryofwalls and doors! very restrained ornaent! and thefrequent use of engaged doical turrets round a

central doe. $he minar ! so proinent in theneighbouring provinces of Gujarat and Ahandesh! isnot used.

Ahandesh

$his sall province had a building art with a character of its own! although the i%ed origins of that art are to be

found in the neighbour0 ing provinces of Gujarat! "alwa!and the Deccan. $he Earuqf hans ruled <rst fro $halner and later fro 2urhanpur! and their buildingsare ostly at these two places and at Hsirgarh and7hi(alda. $he $hal0 ner tobs are not dissiilar to thetypical square "andu ausolea in general plan! but thedoe is usually carried on a separate octagonal dru!



and over the wide chhajj a there is a high decoratedparapet the door and window openings are better spacedthan in the "andu e%aples! and there is ore

e%ternal decoration. Hn octagonal tob is covered withfine basso0relievo carving in geoetric patterns! and itsarches bear on the intrados the spearhead fringe. Hllthese tobs date fro the <rst half of the 1+thcentury. Little reains of the palace at



$halner and the 2adshahf >il'a at 2urhanpur! and thene%t signi<0 cant buildings are two late 13th century

osques at 2urhanpur. $he 6ai' "asjid has anarcaded faIade with minars at the ends! while the 2f bf (f "asjid has two heavy minars flan(ing the centralarch as in the 7hapaner osque in Gujarat thedesign of these minars! however! is original frooctagonal bases they pass to a he%adecagon! abovewhich is a circular storey with oriel windows facingeach cardinal point! with a heispherical doeforing a fourth stage balconies on heavy brac(ets

separate these four stages. $he 6ai' "asjid atHsirgarh! although built after the "ughal conquest!perpetuates the Gujarati tra0 dition. Ht 7hi(alda anenorous gateway '2ara Darwaza) has an arch of thewide Gulbarga style but is decorated with the lion0and0elephant otif of the Gond (ings 'cf. siilar devices atGawilgarh).

$he Deccan

$he principal phases of Deccani architecture! thatcoinciding with the 2ahanf #ultanate! are to befound at Gulbarga and 2idar! although the (ingdowas early provided with a powerful syste of forti<cations and any of the 2ahanf strongholdscontain iportant buildings.

$he 6ai' "asjid in the old citadel of Gulbarga!although of a type not reproduced later! since its� a� n is copletely roofed over! shows neverthelesssoe features that were to characterize 2ahanf archi0 tecture and to spread soe of the styles of thesuccessor sultanates of the Deccan. $he arches of the outer arcade arespecially noteworthy of obtuse angle at the ape%! of wide span! and springing fro very low iposts. Hn

earlier osque in the city is a ere copilation of teple spoil! as are the two early osques at 2ijapurbuilt by the 2ahanf governors. $he earliest group of tobs at Gulbarga! all of the second half of the 1,thcentury! are siilar to conteporary e%aples at Delhiwith wea( sei0circular does and battering walls. Hlater group of tobs! the @aft Gunbad! shows siilarsloping walls and does! but with a re<neent of



decoration. $he outer faces are divided into twoapparent storeys with blind arches in each! thesearches being of the type which coes to typify the

2ahanf style! stilted above the haunch with straighttangential projections to the ape%. #oe of thesetobs are doublei.e.! there are two tob0chaberswith continuous walls but separate does! standingon a coon plinthand show a few features of @indu decoration. $he tob of Gf su Daraz! built afterthe



transfer of the court to 2idar! is a single squarebuilding with upright sides but otherwise siilar to

the other Gulbarga tobs. Ht 2idar the early $ughluq influence has been added to by features of Persian inspiration thus the early royal palace! the

$a(ht "al;all! while retain0 ing the 2ahanf arch!was profusely decorated with encaustic tiles!including a tiger0and0rising0sun device. $he foreigneleent is ost pronounced in the madrasa of "al;ud Gawan of B--1,-/! which has a prototypein the madrasa of Ahargird in Ahurasan its internal

faIades surrounding a central courtyard show asingle arch of the height of the building on each of the three0storeyed sides! the Persian ayw an pattern.

$he circular minar is also of a Persian pattern! as is adetached minar built c. B,41,9- at Daulatabad. $heentire surface of the madrasa is covered withulticoloured tiles. $he royal tobs at 2idar! rangingover a period of soe B4 years fro the firste%aple of B981,93! show the progress of the2ahanf style. $he stilted arches are in generalretained! although one tob unusually showsarches struc( fro four centres rather li(e the"ughal arch of North =ndia or the Knglish $udorarch. #oe of the tilewor( of these tobs issuperb! and includes soe historically andhagiographically iportant inscriptions. $he doesprogress fro a heispherical type stilted over an

octagonal dru to a type which! being greater than aheisphere! shows a tendency towards the bulbouspattern which develops in soe of the successorsultanates! and the parapets progress fro a line of shield0shaped erlons to a line of stone trefoils. Hllthese tobs have a single entrance doorway! theother sides being either solid or closed by screens!with mi � r abs in the western walls none of the hasturrets or chhatr is in addition to the central doe.

$he Ni:{a #hahf s of Hhadnagar in the westernDeccan! although independent there fro thebeginning of the 13th century until the "ughalconquest! evolved no distinctive architectural style of their own but perpetuated soething li(e the iddle2ahanf style with decorative borrowings fro @induart 'and later fro the style of 2ijapur). Nor was the'=ad #hahf style of 2erar in the northern Deccan



significantly different fro its 2ahanf parent! e%ceptfor the use in the osque faIades of a pylon at eachend of the l iw an bearing a square chhatr i with deep

eaves! heavy brac(ets! and stone screens in each side!as at Gawilgarh! also Klichpur and Narnala. $hebuildings of the 2arf d #hahf s! however! the successorsof the 2ahanf s in 2idar!

do show soe notable independent characteristics. $he typical 2ah0 anf stilted arch continues! but thedoe becoes even ore bulbous!



usually three0quarters of a sphere. H frequent tob0pattern is a square doed cell with an open arch on all

four faces thus! since there is no integral mi � r ab! asall osque is built beside the tob. $he trefoilparapet is coonly used. H coon feature of thedecoration is a chain0and0pendant otif in plaster! butgood tilewor( is still a frequent ornaent. $he latestbuildings tend to becoe over0ornate! and the influenceof the @indu ason becoes ore apparent.

$he style of the 'Adil #hahf buildings at 2ijapur inAarnata(a is the ost developed and the ost original

of the Deccani #ultanates. $he earliest dated 'Adil #hahf building! a osque of 81B1+1/C9! already showsfeatures which characterize this style throughout thebase of the doe surrounded by a ring of verticalfoliations! so that the doe resebles a bud surroundedby petals and a three0arched faIade in which thecentral arch is uch wider than the flan(ing arches.Hnother early osque reveals another 2ijapur specialityin its arch spandrels! a edallion supported by abrac(et0shaped device! oulded in plaster. $he wor(se%ecuted before the death of 'Hlf = in 8B-1+-8 areostly in rubble covered with dense and durableplaster! and include the city walls and gates 'ost of these with the typical wide centre arch flan(ed by twonarrow ones)! any palaces and audience halls! andsoe notable osques. Mne of these! in eory of thesayyid 'Hlf #hahf d Pf r! which unusually has a transverse

wagon0vaulted roof! shows the 'equal) faIade archessurrounded by an outer band of cusping! rear(0 ablysiilar to that of the recently0discovered 6urjf r osquein =sfahan. $his device recurs in the other buildings! fore%aple the 6ai' "asjid of 8B+1+-3! where itdecorates only the central arch of seven! which alsobears the edallion0and0brac(et device the great doeof this osque is supported by an original syste of vaulting by which two intersecting squares! both oblique

to the square chaber underneath! for an octagonthis syste is later used to great effect in the colos0sal ausoleu of "ul;aad 'Adil #hah. $his osquealso shows a feature ade uch of by later 2ijapurbuilders! an elegant e%terior. $he does in this earlyphase are heispherical minars are not used! althoughbases for the e%ist in the 6ai' "asjid sall ornaentalpinnacles ' !uldasta)! however! are freely used at angles



of the parapets and over mi � r ab buttresses! of a typefound on soe of the 2ahanf tobs at 2idar.

Hfter 8B-1+-8! under =brahf == 'Adil #hah and later

sul tans of 2ijapur! fine sculptured stonewor( replacesthe earlier rubble0and0plaster. $he doe becoes athree0quarter sphere the cornices and eaves are



supported by intricate carved brac(ets! often with theadded decoration of hanging stone chains and loc(et0

li(e pendants 'is there a connection between these andthe chain0and0pendant plaster device of the 2arf d#hahf sO)! and the parapets becoe delicate lace0li(eborders. 2ut any of the earlier features persist theband of foliations at the base of the doe! theoccasional cusping of a central arch! the edallion0and0 brac(et otif! now often carved in stone! thecharacteristic wide central and narrow an(ing arches!and the love of vertical projections above the s(y0line

but these have often becoe pseudo0minars! in thatthey appear over solid bases and rise at the sides of osque faIades where in other styles true minars arefound! although they are slender and solid and hencecan only be decorative they frequently carry iniaturedoes! and fascicular clusters of inuscule inaretsalong their shafts! in each case with the petal0li(efoliation. $he enorous ausoleu of "ul;aad 'd.143-13+3)! (nown as the Gol Gunbad! reverts to theheispherical doe! and has a large staged octagonalturret of the height of the building at each corner butthe prototype of these is the sall octagonal pinnaclesfound in the earliest buildings. =n tobs of the closingyears of the dynasty! there is a tendency toe%aggerate an interediate stage! a square storeybetween the parapet of the tob0 chaber and thedru of the doe! so that in e%tree cases the

globular doe appears alost separated fro theground oor. ?hile the ost characteristic features of the 'Adil #hahi style are found in the vast nuber of buildings at the capital soe 2ijapur characteristics areencountered further afield! for e%aple in twoosques standing outside Naldurg fort! and at thegreat entrance arch to the dar! ah of Gf su Daraz atGulbarga.

$he Deccan style of the >utb #hahf s! <rst in

Gol(onda and later in the adjacent city of @yderabadin Hndhra Pradesh! is distinctive ore on account of itslu%uriant ornaent than any originality in structure.

$he principal building aterial is stone! usually greygranite or trap0 stone! but rather than being carvedthis is ornaented with stucco and encaustic tiles. $hetobs of the >utb #hahf dynasty at Gol(onda! and theosques and gateways there and at @yderabad! show



the copara0 tive <%edness of the style over a centuryand a half fro the tie of #ultan >ulf Fs independencein 8/,1+1B. $he tobs are alost all square in

shape and constructionally reseble the 2ahanf tobs in 2idar the earlier ones are single0storeyed!and only once is the outer face divided into twoapparent oors by an upper row of blind arches soeof the later tobs have two storeys! the lower oneforing a



projecting arcade around the building. $he does areall bulbous! usu0 ally a three0quarter sphere! and are

foliated at their bases in a siilar way to the 2ijapurdoes but the later buildings develop this into adouble or triple band of foliation. $he >utb #hahf buildings ephasize especially the upper parts of wallsbetween the eaves and the parapet! and the richornaent here is soeties projected out fro thefaIade to for a balcony carried on brac(ets. $heparapets are crenellated with trefoil0shaped erlons!as in the later 2ahanf and 2arf d #hahf styles! and are

frequently interrupted by sall !uldastas at the cornersthese ay be replaced by sall minars. $he >utb #hahf minar ! whether decorative or functional! has its shaftencircled one or ore ties with an arcaded gallery!and bears a iniature doe with the characteris0 ticfoliations. Designs of @indu provenance are notinfrequent in the ornaent! especially in the laterperiods but these were accepted in the earliestperiod! as they occurred freely in the A a(atf ya wor(ta(en over in the old 2ahanf province of ?arangalfor e%aple! in the 2ala I:Ii$ar Darwaza at Gol(onda.

Aashir

$he architecture of Aashir is rear(ably different frothat of all other regions of =ndia! as it is essentially in

wood great logs of deod ar 'Cedrus deodara) laid horizontallyand joined by crude carpentry! and used also as piers tosupport any superstructure the interstices between coursesay be <lled with bric(wor( or plaster covered withglazed tile. $here is of course a constant <re ris(! and anybuildings have undergone repeated rebuilding! usually!however! reproducing the for of the original structure. $he typical Aashiri "usli building is the tob0shrine

'"iy arat ) of a local saint a cubical ground floor

'soeties set on a stone or bric( plinth)! covered by apyraidal roof which ay be in several tiers! topped by along and slender wooden fi#che. $he sae type withan(ing courtyards ay be used for osque build0ings! with the addition of a square open pavilion betweenroof and fi#che to for a platfor for the mu'adhdhin 'the

inaret is not used).



#uch a pattern is used in the osque of #hah@aadan in #rinagar! a two0storeyed building on theplinth of a @indu teple! with project0 ing wooden

balconies and the eaves supported on a log cornicethe pyraidal tiered roof is covered with an iperviouslayer of birch0bar( and then with turves plantedliberally with irises and tulips! above which



rise the ma'dhina platfor and the fi#che. $he 6ai' "asjidin #rinagar! dating fro the end of the 1,th century!

but three ties rebuilt! is the ost abitious e%apleof pre0"ughal Aashiri architecture a vast squarecourtyard is surrounded on each side by a widearched wing which carries a central "iy arat 0li(estructure! that on the west having a tall central bric(arch. "uch of the lower walling is in bric(! but thesurrounding colonnades are coposed entirely of deod ar

trun(s on stone plinths. #oe <ne stone tobs of the1+th century e%ist! constructed fro teple spoil! but

doed and covered with glazed tiles.

#indh

$he building style of #indh 'Pa(istan)! while not soconspicuous as that of Aashir! stands apart froother provincial =ndo0"usli styles since it has any

affinities with the building art of eastern Persia! andwhere =ndian otifs appear they often see to beused with neither organization nor uency in theiruse. $hey are represented especially by the reainingtobs at $hattha! where soe building stone wasavailable! although the characteristic ediu of thecountry was bric(. $he stonewor( of one of theearliest reaining tobs! that of 6a Ni:{a Df n 'd.81+1+48)! is in stone which sees to have been

carved by @indu wor(en who were not good enoughto find wor( in Gujarat perhaps they cae across the5ajasthan desert with only the eory of the designs!or were the local eployees of the #aas! recentconverts to =sla but with rather faded eories of adilute @induis. $he carved Hrabic inscriptions are ine%cellent thulth! incongruously set ne%t to bandeau%carved with the geese of @indu ythology. Mtherstone tobs are ornaented with shallow and oftencuriously discontinuous geoetrical carving. $he bric(tobs certainly show a great failiarity with theaterial solid dense bric(s! after all! were (nown in#indh at the tie of the prehistoric "ohenjodaro.

$hey are built on stone foundations! to counteract thedestroying effects of the high salinity of the $hatthasoil! and their surfaces are covered with the tilewor(



for which #indh is renowned. 7oon tilewor(patterns include dar( blue rectangles outlined withwhite! to give the effect of an iitation ortar0joint

the tiles theselves are of hand0ba(ed terracotta!very heavy! and the glazes are generally white! light0blue! turquoise! and dar( blue! very occasionally alsoyellow. Generally the design is continuously wor(ed inulticoloured tiles! but occasionally very sall tiles!li(e tes0



serae! each of one colour! are built up to for aosaic. $he design of the tobs! especially their

does! and the few reaining osques! is essentiallyPersian rather than =ndian! although this ay be dueto early "ughal influence. 7ertainly soe of the

$hattha buildings of later ties revert to a trabeatestyle in sandstone! such as the auso0 leu of 'lsa 6an

$ar(han the younger! d. 14+,13,,! which recalls thebuildings of Eatehpur #i(ri and also is the onlybuilding in which the intrados of the arch isebellished with a spearhead fringe.

indian architecture book p.4

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