indian modern architecture

7/28/2019 Indian Modern Architecture

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINESCOLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III

BY:

ABUSO, CHRISTELLE

DELGADO, KRIZZA

GONZALES, ELAINE JAN

IBO, KEITH

NAZARIO, XANDRA ELAINE

NOVERO, JOHN ANTHONY

PANGANIBAN, IVY KATHLYN

TAPAR, MA. DARISH

(BS ARCHITECTURE II-2)

TO:

ARCHITECT JOCELYN RIVERA-LUTAP

S.Y. 2012-2013


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HISTORY OF INDIA

1. Harappa Civilization 2300 BC to 1700 BC Centered around the Indus River Valley Large,well-planned cities Traded with others System of writing (we are unable to read it).

2. Indo-Aryan Civilization 1500 BC Northern India Language was an early form of Sanskrit,which is still used for religious ceremonies Religious beliefs and customs mixed with Indian

groups already there (Beginning of Hinduism).

3. Muslim Kingdom 1000 AD- 1200 AD Established at Delhi Gained control over most ofnorthern India Became leading center of Islamic art, culture, and science Most did not convert toIslam.

4. Mughal Empire (Babur) 1500s Founder Babur The Tiger Descended from Genghis KhanTook over most of northern India At his deathland divided between sons

5. Mughal Empire (Akbar) Akbar (Baburs grandson) reunited the Mughal Empire Expanded intocentral India Akbar reorganized the government and tax system.

6. Mughal Empire (Akbar) Trade flourished as demand for Indian spices and tea grew Becamerich and powerful Golden Age of poetry, painting, architecture Akbar was tolerant and curious

about other religions.

7. Mughal Empire Cont The Empire grew weaker in the 1600s and 1700s as revolts drainedmoney Taj Mahal built under this Empire.

8. East India Company East India Company, a British trading company, won rights to trade in theMughal Empire in the 1600s Took control of India during the 1700s and 1800s As the Empiregrew weaker the East India Co. expanded its political power and military force By the 1850s the

Company controlled more than half of India.

9. Sepoys Indian troops commanded by British officers.

10. Indian Mutiny - 1857 Sepoy Troops revolted and killed British officers and residents

Violence spread British troops sent in Rebellion was crushed.

11. RESULT of Indian Mutiny British government gained control of India. India became a BritishColony.

12. British Control Brought in the railroad shipped raw materials to England for British factoriesGoods then shipped back to India as a market for British goods Indians were treated as second-

class citizens.

13. Indian National Congress Created in 1885 Wanted fair treatment from British.

14. Nonviolent Protest Led by Gandhi Finally led to British giving India independence In 1947

Britain divided the colony into 2 independent countries India mostly Hindu PakistanmostlyMuslim.


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN INDIA

1. The Development of Modern India Imperialism to the 21st Century

2. Mughal Empire

Founded in 1526 and lasted for 300 years The empire united the people of south Asia Experienced a golden age under Akbar the Great Akbar adopted policies of religious toleration, commissioned the construction of the Taj

Mahal blending Islamic and Hindu styles of architecture

His successors ended the policy of religious toleration against Hindus and civil war brokeout throughout the country

Europeans begin arriving in India3. The Taj Mahal

Everyone knows Taj Mahal, oneof the Seven Wonders of the World, is a

masterpiece of architecture and isgenerally assumed that it was built by

the Mughal Emperor Shah Johan inloving memory of his beloved wifeMumtaz Mahal. This tomb is thereforeregarded as the symbol of love and is agreat attraction among all the romantic

people and lovers around the world. Onemystery associated with this sculpture saysthat Shah Jahan wanted to be the only possessor of such a masterpiece and so as soon as the

construction was complete, he cut both hands of the thousands of workers and its also said thatthe main architect knew beforehand that this might happen so he kept a flaw in that masterpiece.

There is one hole in the construction somewhere which no one is able to decipher yet and so oneof the ceilings always has water dripping there and no one knows where the water comes from.Another interesting thing which adds to the mystery of this place is that many recent researcheson the monument provides evidences that it was actually a palace of Hindu King Mansingh andthat its architecture hints at it being a temple of Hindu God Shiva. This new breed of believers

say that it has the Hindu symbol OM in the flower carvings, also its direction is not towardsMecca, unlike other Muslim structures and other such hundreds of proofs try to shackle the age

old belief of it being a Muslim tomb. Like a beautiful woman and the beautiful moon which havea mystery behind their beauty, Taj also is hiding many secrets behind its outer magnificence.

4. European Imperialism

With the decline of the Mughal Empire, British and French colonists begin arriving inIndia

By 1760, the British dominate India British East India Company becomes a dominant force in India, collecting taxes from the

locals and taking over their land


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5. British Domination

Indians were very upset with British rule Hindus were outraged when the British outlawed traditional Hindu rituals British charge high taxes Indians resent the efforts of Christian missionaries trying to convert them

6. Sepoy Rebellion

Sepoys are Indian troops who were forced to serve in the British army Sepoys heard rumors that their rifles were greased with beef fat (cows are sacred to

Hindus)

The British passed a new law that required Sepoys to fight for the British in foreign lands The Sepoys rebelled in 1857, but their rebellion was quickly put down by the British

7. India: A British Colony

In 1858, the British government officially took over India as a colony Positive Effectsimproved infrastructure (roads, railroads, and communication systems) Negative EffectsIndians had to buy over priced British goods, cash crops (tea, pepper,

and coffee) grown instead of food crops resulting in famine, and schools taught the

English language and culture promoting ethnocentrism

8. Indian Nationalism

Nationalistic feelings were the strongest among the British educated Indian elite While studying in British schools, they were exposed to the enlightenment ideas of

liberty and equality Hindu nationalist emerge, wanting to blend Hindu and western culture Hindu nationalists gain support from the working class and the peasants (power by

numbers Nationalists reject foreign rule and demand independence The INC (Indian National Congress) is established in 1885 to fight for independence

9. Mohandas Gandhi

1920, Gandhi takes over as leader of the nationalist movement Tensions begin to emerge between Hindus and Muslims The Muslim League is founded, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah By 1930, Jinnah believes that India should be divided into two separate countries, one for

Hindus and one for Muslims

10. Mohandas Gandhi

Known as 'Mahatma' (great soul), Gandhi was the leader of theIndian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widelyconsidered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-violent protest toachieve political and social progress has been hugely influential.


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11. Gandhi Contd.

Gandhi continues to lead the independence movement throughout the 1920s and 1930s Gandhi teaches non-violent protest and civil disobedience (refusal to obey unjust laws) Gandhi encourages all Indians to boycott British goods Leads the Salt March to protest the British tax on salt, marches over 200 miles to the

coast to make his own salt from the sea water Gandhi and 50,000 followers are arrested by the British

12. Hindu Muslim Conflict

A conflict emerged between Hindus and Muslims in India Muslims, led by Jinnah, feared their rights would be denied in a Hindu dominated

country

1946, widespread violence breaks out throughout the country Fearing a full blown civil war, in 1947 the British pass the Indian Independence Act

which ended British rule and divided India into two countries, Hindu India and MuslimPakistan

Jawaharal Nehru becomes prime minister of India and Jinnah becomes leader of Pakistan Gandhi refused to celebrate Indias independence because of the violence between

Hindus and Muslims

In January of 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu extremist14. India and Pakistan

15. Dividing Forces within India

Caste System The Indian government has tried to weaken the traditional caste system and open

up opportunities for the lower castes This often comes with strong opposition from members of higher castes Individuals in higher castes are usually well educated and have good jobs Urbanization and modernization has weakened the traditional caste structure

Sikh Separatisma group that has blended Hindu and Muslim culture and wants theirown country


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16. Leaders of India

Nehru ruled India for 17 years, hoping to create a casteless India In 1966, his daughter Indira Gandhi, is elected as Prime Minister Both wanted to modernize and industrialize India

17. India Today

Industry has grown rapidly, especially high-tech industry The population is growing rapidly, leaving many unemployed and impoverished Irrigation systems have been improved, using canals and reservoirs to store water from

monsoons

The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has increased agricultural output (TheGreen Revolution was a movement that improved farming methods to increase

agricultural output)


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EXAMPLES OF MODERN STRUCTURES

TORRENT RESEARCH CENTRE

The TRC (Torrent Research Centre) isa complex of research laboratories with

supporting ancillary facilities and infrastructurelocated on the outskirts of Ahmedabad. Almostthe entire range of pharmaceutical research iscarried out here with the cleanest requiring aClass 10000 atmosphere, and the dirtiest emits

obnoxious gases. The 30-acre relatively flat site islocated in the vicinity of other institutional

buildings. The brief was well defined as the needto optimize overall project costs so as to achieve a

balance between all the needs, with the worth ofthe money spent fluctuating within five per cent.

The architects attempted to use innovative approaches that struck a satisfactory balancebetween the varied requirements without compromising. The design, therefore, maximizes the useof locally available natural materials, minimizes the use of artificial light, and attempts to

minimize the use of conventional air-conditioning with the introduction of the PDEC (passivedowndraft evaporative cooling) system. The aesthetic language represents the inherent character

of the building.

The TRC is the result of the efforts of Abhikram, which started, with the involvement ofBrian Ford & Associates for the design of the typical laboratory building. After attempting toseveral design solutions including the passive cooling techniques the present section of the typical

laboratory block was jointly evolved by them. Consequently, the administrative block and thelaboratory core block were designed by Abhikram but vetted for their sizes, heights, and volumes

by the Solar Agni International, Pondicherry.

The Torrent Research Centre uses wind catching intake towers to pull in air and cool it by

diverting it through a fine mist. The cooled air descends through an open central corridor and isdrawn into work spaces on each level. Exhaust towers around the perimeter of the complex vent

hot air at night.

Climatic Zone Hot and Dry

Architect(s) Nimish Patel and Parul ZaveriClient/ Owner Torrent Pharmaceuticals LtdYear of Start 1994Year of Completion 1999Built-up Area 19,700 sq.m.

Builder/ Contractor(s) Laxmanbhai Constructions (India) Pvt. Ltd; M BBrothers Ltd; Shetusha Engineers and Contractors Pvt.

Ltd; Materials Corner; J K Builders


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Key Concept:

Wind Catcher is a traditional Persian architectural element to create natural ventilation inbuildings. Wind catchers come in various designs: uni-directional, bi-directional, and multi-directional. Wind catchers remain present in many countries and can be found in traditionalPersian-influenced architecture throughout the Middle East, including in Pakistan,

Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf states.

CII SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE IN

HYDERABAD, INDIA

One of the best examples of passivearchitectural design in the world. President Dr AP J Abdul Kalam inaugurated the CII-Sohrabji

Godrej Green Business Centre (GBC) in

Hyderabad in July 2004. The most environment-friendly building for use of water and energyefficient technologies and recycled material has

been built as a unique public/private partnership

as a demonstration building for the industry inIndia and other countries of the world. The GBC,was built on an area of five acres near HITEC

City in Hyderabad and is designed as a demonstration building, as well as research anddevelopment center.

The Concept of the building is What derives itself from nature returns to it. A building

gives back to nature even as it takes from it.

Godrej said that the 80 per cent of the material used in the construction of the building

was recycled. It included fly ash, a waste material coming out of cement and other industries. Thebuilding discharges zero water as all of its used water is recycled. It has a huge capacity for thecollection of rain water.

"The building has used many innovative ideas including a waterless urinal in which the

chemicals are used to store and recycle urine without any odor.

The building is also highly energy efficient and uses 55 per cent less energy than a

conventional building. It has been constructed in such a way that the intake of natural lighting ishigh and there is no need for external lighting.

There are two air conditioning towers in which the incoming air is cooled 7 t 8 degree byspraying of water. The pre-cooled water is fed into the air conditioning system further lowering

the energy costs.

The 60 per cent of the roof of the building is covered by the roof garden as a goodinsulating property and to cut down the load on the air-conditioning system.
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The balance portion of the roof is covered by solar photo voltaic with 24 KW capacities.The 100 to 120 units of power generated per day is fed into the grid meeting 20 per cent of the

total energy cost of the building.

India held its first-evergreen-roof conference in Indore in 2011. Sponsored by the WorldGreen Infrastructure Network in collaboration with a local company, Green Takniki, the

symposiums ambitious agenda was captured in its title: Green Technology for Green Roof,Green Home and Rain Harvesting to Combat Urbanization for Sustainable Future.

The green-roof industry has tremendous potential in Indiato save electrical energy, cool

buildings and boost the economy, says Suresh Billore, Green Taknikis executive director.

NAGA TOWERS

Naga towers, described as the Guardians of the City with 54-story, was designed as amodern Indian architectural interpretation of the cherished Indian cultural symbol of the Naga(snake) and is just one of the many towers coming up in Indias Largest Greenfield mega project,

the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT).

While designing the said structure, great care and thought has been put into thesymbolism and design of these commercial towers as Indias traditional rchitecture to push the

boundaries of the futuristic one.

The scale is singularly massive, unparalleled in the world excepta handful of Dubai

megaprojects, none of those which can hold a candle to GIFTs goals of economic sustainability,integration and scalability.

As to fully explain the relevance of Naga Towers design,the symbolism attached to Naga must be explained.

The Naga, or snake (Shown in the left), plays an integral part of

Indias cultural ethos, philosophies, traditions and religions.Reverence, of the Naga as the anthropomorphic symbol of thespiritual truth and energy adate back to the dawn of

civilization in India and hasspread throughout Asia with

the spread of Hindu and Buddhist symbols.The symbolism attached to the Naga is extensive.

The coiled body of the serpent rising represents the

symbolic rising of the Kundalini, or spiritual energy, andthe many heads represent a manifold seemingly disparate

perceptions of reality actually unified in form, and the

hooded head represents the mastery emotion andmaterialism.

In Indian architecture, as well as in the Hindu and

Buddhist architecture of Southeast Asia, its influence of theNaga on art and architecture can be seen back from itsHarappan-Saraswati cities and to the present day. It is this

powerful symbol of the Naga that has been re-interpreted incommercial-use Naga Towers.

Figure 1 Naga Snake (source:

http://djcadteam8.files.wordpres

Figure 2 (Photo source:

http://img16.imageshack.us/img
http://www.greenindia2011.org/http://www.greenindia2011.org/


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The snakelike design is evident from a cursory look at the building. According to ECADIarchitects, the springing and leaping action of the snake is reflected in the form of the buildings

in a symbolic indication of awareness and vitality. The inspiration doesnt end there, as the Nagaconcept of duality and contradiction is represented in the double motif that eventually joins tomake one building.

In Indian and Southeast Asianarchitecture, the statue of the Naga, is

placed flanking the entryways of thecity, the temple and the sanctumsanctorum of the temple, symbolicallyguarding the approach to a higher

spiritual truth. Taking a cue from this,the Naga Towers are directly situated

on the Dream River waterfront, thedominating the main water approaches

to CBD.

The tower will be commercial in use and rise to a maximum height of 230 meters and 54stories tall. Its total above-ground and below-ground areas are 4, 704, 000 and 1, 927, 500 sq ftrespectively and will be developed as Block Package O in the master plan.

NAMASTE TOWER

W Hotels has just announced plans for the Namaste Tower, anew W Hotel in Mumbai that is due to open July 2015. To follow the

long tradition of great Indian architecture, the striking 984-foot-tallbuilding will house 62 floors combined into a hotel, office, and retailspace. The design of the tower is actually meant to reflect the namaste

yoga gesture where two wings of the hotel are clasped together likehands greeting the city of Mumbai. The summit of the building will

have a quadruple height atrium space which will enclose the SkyRestaurant and Bar with a stunning view of the busy city.Atkins Design Studio was one of the masterminds behind theupcoming Namaste Skyscraper in Mumbai, India. Namaste is thetraditional greeting that sparked the entire inspiration for the project,

leading to the peaceful choices in so many finishes, shapes andespecially the Mehndi patterned glazing on the facade. The 62 story

concept houses residential, hospitality and commercial spaces allwithin a beautifully patterned glass exterior. Also taking heed fromthe Namaste roots, the hotel sections of the building are linked

together in a manner that hands might clasp to give the traditional greeting. A beautifully serenestructure for such a modern day giant!

Say Namaste to the Namaste tower! Designed by the Atkins design studio, work IScurrently underway on this 300m-62 storied mixed use tower that will encompass a hotel, officeand retail space. The location is Ambika mills which is a couple hundred meters south of theShangri-La hotel. The developer of the project is unknown.

Figure 3 the GIFT skyline, with Naga Towers on the far left


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The renders and text were submitted by Atkins to the World Architecture Festival inBarcelona (3-5 Nov 2010). Link to project page

Namaste: Hotel and Office TowerCategory: Future Projects - CommercialLocation: Mumbai, India

Architects: WS Atkins, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesAtkins, United Arab Emirates

Following the long tradition of great Indian Architecture it was our aim that the NamasteTower will stand as a landmark structure, representative of the burgeoning economic and culturalsignificance of India. We aimed to design a building that would become representative of the city:

the picture postcard of Mumbai.

Key Statistics: 120,000 m2 of Gross Construction Area

380 key luxury hotel Exclusive restaurants, bars, banqueting and spa facilities

9,000 m2 of A grade office space 6,000 m2 of world class retail space 300 m overall building height

Namaste"The traditional Indian greeting of Namaste, where the hands are clasped

together in greeting, is the inspiration for the design of this tower. In SanskritNamaste` means I bow to you`. It has a spiritual significance of negating ones

ego in the presence of another.

The Architecture of the Namaste Hotel builds on this ancient Indian

expression. The two wings of the hotel are clasped together like hands greeting the city of

Mumbai. In this way the architectural design of the hotel provides the ultimate symbol ofhospitality and welcome, as seen in the as seen in the cultural context of India.

Visual Relationships to and from the Site

With a proposed height of 300 m the tower will be seen from a distance of more than 40km. Therefore the visual appearance of the project as a major landmark is of great importance tothe city of Mumbai.

Views from the tower will extend to the South over the Mahalkshi Race course towardsthe Mumbai Peninsula and to the South West over the Indian Ocean. The views to the north East

are towards a number of adjacent towers that are currently being constructed. The orientation and

massing of the tower have been designed in order to make the very best of these visualrelationships.

The Building Skin

The tower has been designed to cater for large scale Indian weddings. The occasion of aMehndi ceremony (where the hands and feet of the bride and groom are decorated with henna) isoften one of the most important pre-wedding rituals in India.The design seeks to build on the theme of the clasped hands by referencing the intricate Mehndi


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patterns through the treatment of the building skin. The tower is will be clad in fritted glazing thatcombines to form an architectural scale graphic on the exterior of the building. This will create a

sense of transparency and depth to the building while at the same time helping to maintain thethermal qualities required to meet the buildings envelope design criteria.It is proposed that the large scale canopies over the drop-off points area support an array of solarthermal collectors. Given the available surface area and annual sunlight conditions these have the

potential to provide 12% of the energy required to heat the hot water for the hotel.

General Arrangement

The tower is made up of two separate wings (or hands) which together form thearchitectural expression ofNamaste. The space between the wings forms the corridor spaces.

At either end of the corridor space a pair of open atria will offer hotel guests dramatic framedviews out over the city.

Internal Atrium Gardens

These atria also serve to bring natural light deep into the plan. At the plant floor levels

these atria are broken with internal gardens that serve to bring greenery into the corridor andatrium spaces. It was a central design aim to ensure that the circulation areas of the hotel,(including corridors) are just as impressive as the rooms themselves.

The Podium

The geometry of the podium is designed to integrate fully with the design of the tower.Thus it is a highly symmetrical form that responds to the wing like canopies above the drop off.

Containing mostly retail, the facade of the podium is activated with water features and fountainsthat cascade down to street level.

The Summit

At the summit of the building a generous quadruple height atrium space encloses a SkyRestaurant and Bar which will provide a unique vantage point for patrons to gain panoramicviews out over the city.

LOTUS TEMPLE

The Lotus Temple, located in NewDelhi, India, is a Bah' House of Worship completedin 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as

the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent andhas become a prominent attraction in the city. The

Lotus Temple has won numerous architecturalawards and been featured in hundreds of newspaperand magazine articles.
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ARCHITECTURE OF THE LOTUS TEMPLE

Award Winning Canadian architect Arthur Erickson has described the architecture of theLotus Temple as one of the most remarkable achievements of our time, proving that the driveand vision of spirit can achieve miracles. The temple is so excellently designed that itsdiscernible at a distance of more than a kilometer at night. The 27-petal, half-opened lotus is

surrounded by delicately kept lawns and nine pools. The 40 m tall temple was opened toworshippers on 24 December 1986. Since then it has attracted over 70 million people. Currentlyan estimated 10,000 people visit the temple every day. The base of the lotus spans approximately70 m and the hall inside can accommodate over 1,300 people.

STRUCTURE

All Bah' Houses of Worship, including the

Lotus Temple, share certain architectural elements,some of which are specified by Bah'

scripture. `Abdu'l-Bah, the son of the founder of thereligion, stipulated that an essential architectural

character of a House of Worship is a nine-sided circular shape.

While all current Bah' Houses

of Worship have a dome, this is not regarded as an

essential part of their architecture. Bah' scripture alsostates that no pictures, statues or images be displayedwithin the House of Worship and no pulpits or altars

be incorporated as an architectural feature (readersmay stand behind simple portable lecture stands).

Inspired by the lotus flower, the design for the House of

Worship in New Delhi is composed of 27 free-standing marble clad

"petals" arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides. The ninedoors of the Lotus Temple open onto a central hall slightly more than40 meters tall that is capable of holding up to 2,500 people. Thesurface of the House of Worship is made of white marble

from Penteli mountain in Greece, the very same from which manyancient monuments and other Bah' Houses of Worship are

built. Along with its nine surrounding ponds and the gardens, the Lotus Temple propertycomprises 26 acres (105,000 m; 10.5 ha).

The site is in the village of Bahapur, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The

architect was an Iranian, who now lives in Canada, named Fariborz Sahba. He was approached in

1976 to design it and later oversaw its construction. The major part of the funds needed to buythis land was donated by Ardishr RustamprofHyderabad, who gave his entire life savings forthis purpose in 1953. A portion of construction budget was saved and used to build a greenhouseto study indigenous plants and flowers that would be appropriate for use on the site.
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GEOMETRY

The beautiful concept of the lotus, as conceived by the architect,had to be converted into definable geometrical shapes such as spheres,cylinders, toroids and cones. These shapes were translated into equations,which were then used as a basis for structural analysis and engineering

drawings. The resultant geometry was so complex that it took the designersover two and a half years to complete the detailed drawings of the temple.An attempt is made below to describe this complex geometry in simpleterms.

Entrance leaves and outer leaves.

The shell surfaces on both sides of the ridge of the entrance and outer leaves are formed

out of spheres of different radii, with their centres located at different points inside the building.There is one set of spheres for the entrance leaves, some of which define the inner surfaces, and

others which define the outer surfaces of the shells. The diameters of the spheres have been fixedto satisfy the structural consideration of varying shell thickness. Similarly, for the outer leaves,

another set of spheres defines the inner and outer surfaces of the shells. However, for the outerleaves, the shell is uniformly 133 mm thick towards the bottom, and increases to 255 mm up tothe tip, beyond the glazing line. The entrance leaf is 18.2m wide at the entrance and rises 7.8m

above the podium level. The outer leaf is 15.4m wide and rises up to 22.5m above the podium.

The inner leaves.

Each corrugation of the inner leaf, comprising a cusp (ridge) and a re-entrant (valley), is

made up of two toroidal surfaces. A toroid is generated when a circle of a certain radius, 'r', isrotated around the centre of a circle of much larger radius, 'R'. A cycle tube is a typical toroid.The shaded portion of the toroid is a part of the inner leaf shell.

The inner leaves rise to an elevation of 34.3m above the inner podium. At the lowestlevel each shell has a maximum width of 14m. It is uniformly 200mm thick.

The arch.

All around the central hall are nine splendid arches placed at angular intervals of 40degrees. The shape of these arches is formed by a number of plane, conical and cylindricalsurfaces. The intersection of these surfaces provides interesting contours and greatly enhances the

beauty of the arches. The nine arches bear almost the entire load of the superstructure.

The interior dome.

Three ribs spring from the crown of each arch. While the central one (the dome rib) risesradially towards the central hub, the other two (the base ribs) move away from the central rib andintersect with similar base ribs of adjacent arches, thus forming an intricate pattern. Other radial

ribs rise from each of these intersections and all meet at the centre of the dome.

Up to a certain height, the space between the ribs is covered by two layers of 6Omm-thick shells.


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THE IMPERIAL TOWERS

The Imperial is a twin-tower residentialskyscrapercomplex in Mumbai, India that were the tallest

buildings in the country till June 2012 when Palais

Royale topped out. The towers are located at the sea frontin Tardeo, South Mumbai. Construction was completed andthe towers were inaugurated in 2010.

Designed by Mumbai architect Hafeez Contractor as

his most recognizable project to date, were designed asMumbais tallest towers. The Imperial Twin Towers are builton former slum land where the current re-development modelof builders providing free land and rehabilitation to slumdwellers in exchange for rights for property development,

was first put into practice on a big scale. This model wasused for slum and mill land redevelopment across the city,

and across India as a whole.

A private observation deck is present at the top of each building by the cone spires. It's

not open for general public contrary to popular beliefs.

Construction started: 2005Height: 210 mOpened: 2010Floors: 60Address: Mumbai

Architect: Hafeez Contractor

Mumbai's first major skyscraper project, and really, the project that can be heralded tohave paved the way for the boom, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd./SD Corporation's twin Imperial

Towers, designed by Mumbai architect Hafeez Contractor as his most recognizable project, wasdesigned as Mumbai's tallest towers.

Then called "SD Towers" or "Tardeo Twin Towers", the years long litigation and hard-won battle for construction rights was the change that heralded the 'new India' economic boom

model of urban redevelopment over the paralyzing nexus of 'old India' socialists and special-interest groups that for years had kept Mumbai underdeveloped.

The towers are built on former slum land where the current re-development model ofbuilders providing free land and rehabilitation to slum dwellers in exchange for rights for

property development, was first put into practice on a big scale. This model became the standardfor slum redevelopment across the city, and across India as a whole.

The towers are ultra-high end residential towers that sold out even before the first brickwas laid. The Imperial offers sea-views by virtue of its height, and a resort-like gardens andfountains on top of the parking-structure podium, with hanging gardens that mask the structureitself.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royale,_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royale,_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbaihttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+construction+started&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CKsBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+height&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CK4BEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+opened&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLEBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+floors&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLQBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+address&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLcBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+architect&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLoBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=hafeez+contractor&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDAx8HsxKXfq6-gVGRkYWZwfoSi4XS0adV5sz3-uM17UTnmeUT6wFoNwzYKwAAAA&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLsBEJsTKAIhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=hafeez+contractor&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDAx8HsxKXfq6-gVGRkYWZwfoSi4XS0adV5sz3-uM17UTnmeUT6wFoNwzYKwAAAA&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLsBEJsTKAIhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+architect&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLoBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+address&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLcBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+floors&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLQBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+opened&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CLEBEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+height&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CK4BEOgTKAEhttp://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1366&bih=667&q=the+imperial+towers+mumbai+construction+started&sa=X&ei=eJEXUaHPKYLxrQee04D4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CKsBEOgTKAEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royale,_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royale,_Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world


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REFERENCES

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