' ' I

j\

INDIA

MASTER PLAN REPORT

ON

LOW COST W ATERSEAL LA TRINE PROGRAMME

IN

20 TOWNS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014

VOLUME I : REPORT

TECHNOLOGY ADVISIORY GROUP INDIA UNDP I WORlD BANK

NEW DELHI

APRIL~ 1984

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

MASTER PLAN REPORT ON

LOW COST W A TERSEAL LA TRINE PROGRAMME IN

20 TOWNS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

THE TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY GROUP

APRIL, 1984

CONTENTS

VOLUME I-REPORT AND DRAWINGS

I Prologue Pages

1 Contents ito xi 2 Notations and Acronyms xii to xiv 3 Project at a Glance XV 4 Executive Abstract xvi to xvii 5 Summary xviii to xxi

II CHAPTER-I

Prefatory 1 to 6

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Importance of Safe Sanitation 1 1.3 Decade Programme and GOI Targets 2 1.4 UNDP Global (Interregional) Project 2

MAP·l : India Programme - Phases I and II facing page 2 1.5 UNDP India Project 3 1.6 General Information on Andhra Pradesh 3 1.7 Criteria for Selection 4 1.8 Selection for Project Towns 4

MAP-2: Andhra Pradesh Programme facing page 4 1.9 Studies Organised by TAG 5 1.10 Supreme Court's Ruling on Sanitation 5 1.11 Master Plan Report 5

III CHAPTER-2

Water and Waste Water Sector 7 to 10

2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Sector Organisations 7 2.2.1 P.H.M.E.D 7 2.2.2 Panchayat Raj Engineering Department 7 2.2.3 Local bodies 8 2.2.4 H,M.W.S.S.B 9 2.3 Present and Planned Service Levels 9 2.3.1 Urban water supply 9 2.3.2 Urban sewerage and sanitation 9 2.3.3 State decade programme 9 2.4 Previous Programmes in Low Cost Sanitation 9 2.4.1 General 9

2.4.2 Andhra Pradesh 10

IV CHAPTER-3

The Project Towns 11 to 13

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Principal Characteristics 11

3.2.1 Census classification of the towns 11

[

VI

CONTENTS (Contd.)

3.2.2 Household size 3.2.3 Population density 3.2.4 Water supply 3.2.5 Ground water level 3.2.6 Soil characteristics 3.2. 7 Availability of individual toilet facilities 3.2.8 Health statistics 3.2.9 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population 3.3 Community Latrines 3.4 Collection of Night Soil 3.5 Garbage Collection and Disposal 3.6 Sullage Disposal System

V CHAPTER-4

Technology Choice and Optimisation

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Need for Technology Optimisation 4.3 Global Attempts for Low Cost Sanitation Methods 4.4 Recommended Technology 4.4.1 Data base 4.4.2 Pourflush latrine unit 4.4.3 Adaptability 4.5 Technical Factors Affecting the Selection 4.5.1 Water supply 4.5 2 Population density 4.5,3 Soil characteristics 4.5.4 Ground water level

Pathogen survival n Larger capacity 111 Hazards of water pollution

4.6 Behavioural Considerations 4. 7 Potential for Upgradation 4.8 Technology Optimisation

CHAPTER-5

The Project

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Project Objectives 5.2.1 Long term objective 5.2.2 Immediate objective 5.3 Provision of Latrines 5.3.1 Household latrines 5.3.2 Community latrines 5.4 Acceptance 5.5 Promotion and Health Education

l ii l '

Pages: 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13

14 to 1&

14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17

17 17

17 18 18

18

19 to 25

19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 21

CONTENTS (Contd.)

5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.2 Stagewise implementation 5.5.3 Implementation organisation 5.5.4 Procedural steps 5.6 Development of Local Manufacturing Capacity 5.7 Training of Builders, Contractors and Technical Staff 5.8 Scavengers' Rehabilitation Programme 5.8.1 Need 5.8.2 Scope 5.8.3 Magnitude ofthe problem 5.8.4 Municipal scavengers 5.8.5 Private scavengers 5.8.6 Rehabilitation Measures 5.8.7 Funding 5.9 Monitoring and Evaluation 5.9.1 Responsibility 5.9.2 Technical monitoring 5.9.3 Social and behavioural monitoring and evaluation 5.9.4 Records 5.9.S Non functioning/under functioning of facilities and remedial

measures 5.10 Suggested Legal Amendments in Andhra Pradesh Acts 5.11 Model Byelaws

VII CHAPTER-6

Project Management

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Institutional Requirements 6.3 Reecommended Implementation Setup 6.3.1 Field implementation agencies 6.4 Public Health & Municipal Engineering Department (PHMED) 6.5 Project Management and Monitoring Cell (PMMC) 6.6 Municipalities 6. 7 District Development Councils 6.8 Local Sanitation Cell 6.9 Town Direction Committee 6.10 Training 6.10.1 State level orientation and programme review 6.10.2 Local level technical training 6.10.3 Local level Community participation training 6.11 State Direction Committee 6.12 Methodology for Construction of Household Latrine Construction 6.12.1 Purpose 6.12.2 Designs 6 .11.3 Selection 6.12.4 Execution

iii

Pages 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25

25 25

26 to 32 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31

CONTENTS (Contd)

Pages VIII CHAPTER-7

Cost Estimates 33 to 35

7.1 Introduction 33 7.2 Elements of Project Cost 33 7.3 Basic Costs 33 7.4 Physical Contingencies 33 7.5 Engineering Costs 33

Table 7-1 : Unit Costs of Individual and Community Latrines 34

7.6 Total Project Cost 35

1~7 First Stage 35 7.8 Plan Provisions 35

7.9 State Programme 35·

tX CHAPTER-S

Financing Pattern 36 to 52

8.1 Introduction 36 L

8.2 Prevailing Patterns of Assistance 36

Table 8-1 : Existing Patterns of Assistance to Householders 37 to 45

8.2.1 Andhra Pradesh 46

8.2.2 Deficiencies in the existing scheme 46

8.2.3 Modes of financing 46

8.3 Recommended Pattern of Financing 47

8.3.1 Need for a better pattern 47

8.3.2 Rational parameters 47

8.3.3 Basic concepts 48

8.3.4 Analysis 48

Table 8-2 : Percentage Distribution of Beneficiaries 49'

8.3.5 Conclusion 50

8.3.6 Recorriri:wnded terms of financial assistance 50

8.3.7 Distribution profile 51

8.4 Loan Recovery 52

8.5 Flow of Funds 52

8.6 Mechanics of Implementation 52

X CHAPTER-9

Operation & Maintenance 53 to 55

9.1 Introduction 53

9.2 Maintenance of Household Latrines 53

iv

CONTENTS ( Contd.)

9.2.1 Cleaning

9.2.2 Emptying service

9.3 Operation & Maintenance of Community Latrines

9.3.1 Basic amenities to be provided

9.3.2 Alternative systems

8 3.3 Recommendation

9.4 Measures for Augmenting Municipal Resources

9.4.1 9.4.2

DRAWING NUMBER

Municipal Taxes

Other measures

TITLE

ll. Details of Pan and Trap

INDEX TO DRAWINGS

2. Details of Drain and Junction Chamber

3. Details of Fundation and Plinth

4. Alternate Layouts for Leach Pits

5. Details of Superstructure

6. Leach Pits Within Premises- Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

7. Details of RCC Covers For Pits Within Premises

8. Leach Pits Within Premises- Waterlogged and Fine Soil Con:litions

9. Leach Pits Under Footpath- Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

10. Details of RCC Covers for Pits Under Footpath

11. Leach Pits Under Road - Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

1:2. Details of RCC Covers for Pits Under Road

13. Details of Community Latrines With Water Tanks-8, 12 & 16 Seated Units

14. Connecting Pipe Details for 8, 12 & 16 Seatei Comnunity Latrines

t v 1

Pages

53

53 54 54 54 54

54 54 54

PAGE

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

CONTENTS ( Contd.) -;_

VOLUME 11-ANNEXES

ANNEX Reference to Pages in

NO. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUME II Section Page

Statewise Health Parameters and Sanitation Coverage as on 1.2 1 1 April 1, 1981 (Table) 1.3 1

2 Classification of Urban Areas 1.3 2 2 to 4 1.6 4 2.2.3 8 2 3.2 11 3.2.3 11 4.5.2 16

Census Classification 2 Andhra Pradesh State 2

-Civicor Administrative Classification 2 Gradation 3 Municipal Particulars of Project Towns (Table) 4

3 Studies organised by TAG 1.9 5 5 to 10

Soil and Water Pollution Studies 5

11 Evaluation Studies of Ongoing Programmes 5

iii Technology Optimisation 6

iv Institutional, Financial and Legal Studies 7

v Sociological Study on the Impact of Latrine Conversion 7 on Scavengers

vi Evaluation of Community Latrine Programme 8

vii House to House Surveys 9

viii Ceramic Manufacture Promotional Studies 9

ix Study of Alternate Materials for Pan and Trap 9

X Standardisation and Quality Control Studies 9

xi Sand Envelope Studies 9

xii Low Volume Flushing Cisterns Study 10

xiii Sludge Accumulation Study IO xiv Audio-Visual Promotion Training Development Study 10

XV Education for Participation Study 10

4 Summary of the Soil and Water Pollution Smdies conducted 1.9 5 ll to 13 in Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu 4.5.3 17

5 Findings of the Evaluation Studies of the Ongoing Latrine 1.9 5 14 to 18 Conversion Programmes in Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu 2.4.1 10

6.2 26

vi 1

CONTENTS (Contd.)

ANNEX Reference to Pages in NO. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUME II

Section Page

h Major Findings of the Evaluation Study of the Ongoing Progra- 1.9 5 19to 28 mmes in Tamil Nadu 2.4.1 10

4.5.1 16 8.2 36

7 Expert Group's Review Report on the Design Criteria for Pour- 1.9 5 29to 59 flush Waterseal Latrines 4.4.1 15

4.4.3 16 4.5.4 17 4.8 18

Composition of the Expert Group 29 Contents 30 Acronyms 31 Preamble 32 Summary of the Design Requirements 32 Individual Pourflush Waterseal Latrines-A Review 37 to 56

Latrine size 37 Pan and trap 38 Connection to the leaching pits 42 Design of the pits 44 Pit geometry and lining 51 Lining thickness 54 Utilization of pit contents 55 Pit cover 55

Community Latrines 56 Pollution Aspects 56 to 59

Safe distance from drinking water sources 57 Safe distance from water suppply mains 58 Viral pollution 59 Nitrate pollution 59

Pre-Investigation and Monitoring 59

8 Major Findings of the Institutional, Finacial and Legal Studies 1.9 5 60 to 62 5.10 25 6.3 26

9 Summary and Major Findings of the Sociological Study on the 1.9 5 63 to 67 Impact of Latrine Conversion on Scavengers 5.8.1 22

llO Extracts from the Report of the GOI Committee On Customary 1.9 5 68to 69 Rights to Scavenging 5.8.1 22

11 Evaluation of the Community Latrine Programme in Bihar 1.9 5 70to 74 2.4.1 10 5.3.2 20

[ vii 1

CONTENtS ( Coutd.)

ANNEX Reference to lt>ages in NO. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUME II

Section Page

12 House to House Surveys 1.9 5 75 to 76 4.4.1 15

13 Present Status of Sanitary Ware lndustry in India 1.9 5 77 to 81 General 77 Ceramic Units 77 GRPUnits 79 PVC Units 80 PVC and HDPE Diversion Chambers 80

14 Staes Classified by their Per Capita Net SDP ( 1977-78) 1.6 3 82

15 AP/National Income and Per Capita Income at 1.6 3 83 Current and Constant Prices

16 The Poverty Line 1.6 4 84 8.3.6 52

17 Cornman Man and Sanitation-Supreme Court Ruling 1.10 5 85

18 Public Health & Municipal Engineering Department (PHMED) 1.11 6 86 to 87 2.2 7 2.2.1 7

19 Extracts from the Anihra Pradesh Municipalities Act. 1965 2.'2.3 8 88 to 99

20 Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board 2.2 7 2.2.4 8 100 to 102

21 Piped Water Supply Arrangements in Project Towns 2.3.1 9 103 3.2 II 4.5.1 16

22 Towns Sewered and where Sewerage Schemes are in Progress on 2.3.2 9 104 April, 1984 3.2 11

23 Tentative Proposals for Andhra Pradesh Decale Programme 2 3.3 9 105 to 106

24 GOA Administrative/Executive Orders 2.4.2 10 107 to 135 5.11 25 7.8 35 8.2.1 46 8.3.6 51

25 Hydrogelogical Division and Meteorological Information of 3.2 11 Project Towns 4.5 16

26 Three Most Important Commodities Imported, Exported 3.2 11 137 to 138 and Manufactured in Project Towns 3.3.1 11

27 Population Dynamics of Project Towns 3.2 11 139 3.2.1 11

[ viii

CONTENTS (Contd.)

ANNEX Reference to Pages in NO. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUME II

Section Page

28 Houshold and Population Composition of Project Towns 3.2 11 140 to 142 1983 Survey 3.2.1 11

3.2.2 11

29 Latrinewise Household Distribution of Project Towns 3.2 11 143 1983 Survey 3.2.7 12

30 Distribution of Flush Latrine Households (Income Group, 3.2 11 144 Utilities, SST)-1983 Survey 8.3.3 48

31 Beneficiary Household Distribution (Income Groups and Access 3.2 11 145 to 158 to Utilities) of Project Towns 8.3.1 47

8.3.3 48

32 Health Statistics 3.2 11 159 3.2.8 11

33 Beneficiary Distribution for Conversions 3.2 11 10 to 162 (Pit Location, User and Utility wise) 3.2.7 12

34 Beneficiary Distribution for New Latrines 3.2 11 163 to 164 (Pit Location, User and Utility wise) 3.2.7 12

35 Beneficiary Distribution (SC/ST, Income Group and 3.2 11 165 Access to Utilities) 3.2.9 12

36 SC/ST Beneficiary Distribution (Income Group, Access to Utilities) 3.2.9 12 166

37 Existing Community Latrines & Scavengers 3.2 11 167

3.3 12 5.3.2 20 5 6.3 23

38 Most Economic Dimensions of Pits and Their Costs 4.9 18 168

39 Instructions for Proper Operation and Maintenance of 5.5.2 21 196 to 170 Pourflush Latrines 5.5.4 21

6.12.4 32

40 Training Course on Pourflush Waterseal Latrines for Technical 5.7.2 22 171 to 172 Personnel

41 Training Programmes and Measures Recommended for 5.8.6 23 173 to 180 Scavenger Rehabilitation . 7.5 33

42 Likely Reasons for Non-functioning or Underfunctioning of 5.9.5 25 181 Sanitation Facilities

43 Reasons for Non-participation of Targeted Beneficiaries in the 5.9.5 25 182 Sanitation Project and Remedial Measures Needed

[ ix ]

<;ONTENTS (Contd.) c

ANNEX Reference to Pages in NO. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUMEU

Section Page

44 Household Survey Questionnaire for Elicitin~ the 5.9.5 25 183 to 184 Level of Beneficiary Participation

45 Suggested Legal Amendments to Andhra Pradesh Acts 5.10 25 18!5 8.4 52

Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965

ii Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960

46 Suggested Model Byelaws for Regulating the Construction, 5.11 25 186 to 191 Operc..tion, Maintenance and Control of Waterseal Latrines

47 Additional Staff Requirements in Project Towns 6.6 28 192

6.8.1 29 48 Institutional Requireme11-ts/ Recommendations 193 to 194,

Institutional Requirments 6.2 26 193

ii Recommended Institutional Framework 6.3 26 194 8.5 52

49 Application by Houseowner for Conversion/New Construction 6.12.4. 31 195 of a Pourflush Latrine

50 Application by the Tenant for the Conversion./New Construction 6.12.4. 31 196 of a Pourflush Latrine

51 Loan Agreement between the Municipal Council and the 6.12.4.4 31 197 to 198: Borrower

52 Completion Certificate 6.12.4. 31 199

53 Unit Costs of Finished Items (Groups) 7.3 33 200 to 203:

54 Schedule of Rates 7.3 33 204

55 Basic and Unit Costs of Individual Latrines 6.12.2 31 205 to 206. (Pit Location, Users and Hydrogeological Conditions) 7.3 33

8.3.1 47 8.3.6 51

56 Estimates for Unit Costs of Individual Latrines 7.3 33 207 to 211

57 Engineering Costs 6.5 28 212 to 214 7.5 33

58 Unit Costs of 8,12 and 16 Seated Community Latrines 7.3 33 215 to 216

59 Projcet Cost with Beneficiary Distribution 7.6 35 217 to 261 7.7 35 8.3.6 51

[ X l

CONTENTS (Contd;)

ANNEX Reference to Pages in J:\0. TITLE VOLUME I VOLUME II

Sect!on Page

i. Adilabad 217 to 218 ii. Amalapuram 219 to 220

iii. Anakapalle 221 to 222 iv. Bapatla 223 to 224 v. Bheemunipatnam 225 to 226

vi. Dharmavaram 227 to 228 vii Gadwal 229 to 230 viii Gudivada 231 to 233

ix Guntakal 234 to 236 X Karim nagar 237 to 239

Xj Kavali 240 to 241 xii Khammam 242 to 243 xiii Madanapalle 244 to 245 xiv Mahbubnagar 246 to 247 XV Nandyal 248 to 250 xvi Ongole 251 to 252 xvii Praddatur 253 to 254

xviii Sangareddy 255 to 256 xix Srikakulam 257 to 259 XX Tadepalligudem 260 to 261

60 Townwise Project Cost (Units and Population Benifited) 7.6 35 262 -Summary Statement 7.7 35

8.3.6 51

61 Rates of Municipal Taxes (Per Annum) 9.4.1 54 263 with their Components for the year 1983·84

62 Measures for Augmenting Municipal Resources 9.4.1 54 264 to 268

9.4.2 55

xi 1

NOTATIONS & ACRONYMS

NOTATIONS

Householder : represents the entire household for purposes of income and capacity to repay also, as he· acts on behalf of the household for all procedural formalities like applying for sanction of plan or loan, repayments of loan as well as tax payments etc.

Acronym

AC AE AEE

AIIH&PH AP APHC APIIC APSRTC ARV B c CBRl CE CI CIDA CM em CMDA CPHEEO

cs cuft cum D-1 D-2 DEE Dia, dia DL DLH DMA DTP EE ES, e.s.

ACRONYMS

(Unless so designated in the text of this Report, acronyms of full terms shall be as indicated in the following listing)

Full Term

Abestos Cement Assistant Engineer (Former Supervisor-Diploma Holder), PHMED' Assistant Executive Engineer (Former Junior Engineer-Graduate) •. PHMED All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Housing Corporation Andhra Pradesh Infrastructural Corporation Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. Annual Rental Value Total Beneficiaries Conversions with Existing Superstructure Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee Chief Engineer (Public Health), Hyderabad Cast Iron Canadian International Development Agency Cement Mortar Centimetre Calcutta Metropolitan Devlopment Authority Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organjsation, of.' the Ministry of Works & Housing, New Delhi Conversions with Superstructure to be Provided Cubic Feet Cubic Metre Dry Conditions without Water Pollution Prevention Measures Dry Conditions with Water Pollution Prevention Measures Deputy Executive Engineer (Former Assistant Engineer), PHMED' Diameter Dry Latrine Dry Latrine Households Director, Municipal Administration, Hyderabad Director, Town Planning, Hyderabad Executive Engineer. PHMED Effective Size

xii

[)

Acronym

F FP FT, ft GL GLO

GOA GOB GOI GP

GRP HDPE HMA& OD

HPL HUDCO I liT ICMR IDA IDSMT IDWSSD IMR

INT

IRCWD ISI KM,Km LB LGG LIC Lpcd Lpd M,m MD mm MC MS N NDP PH, PHMED NEERI NL NLH 0 PEFR

Full Term

Females Foot Path (Leach Pit Location-Outside Premises, Under) Feet Ground Level UNDP Global Project on Low Cost Water Supply & Sanitation, GL0/78/006 Redesignated as INT 81/047 from Jan, 1982 Govrnment of Andhra Pradesh Government of Bihar Government of India Gram Panchayat

Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Plastic High Density Poly Ethyelene Housing, Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Hyderabad Households Above Poverty Line Housing and Urban Development Corporation of India Inside Premises (Leach Pit Location) Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi International Development Association Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Infant Mortality Rate

UNDP Inter Regional Project on Development and Implementation of Low Cost Sanitation Investment Projects-INT/81/047 International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Switzerland Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi Kilometre Local Boalds Lowest Grade Government Officer Life Insurance Corporation of India Litres per capita per day Litres per day Metre Managing Director Millimetre Municipal Corporation Mild Steel New Constructions with Superstructure National Domestic Product Public Health & Municipal Engineering Department, Hyderabad National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur No Latrine No Latrine Households Outside Premises (Leach Pit Location) Preliminary Engineering and Feasibility Report

[ xiii ]

TOWN

1. Adilabad

2. Amalapuram

3. Anakapalle

4, Bapatla

5. Bheemunipatnam

6. Dharmavaram

7. Gadwal

8. Gudivada

9. Guntakal

10. Karimnagar

11. Kavali

12. Khammam

13. Madanapalle

14. Mahbubnagar

15. Nandyal

16. Ongole

17. Proddatur

18. Sangareddy

19. Srikakulam

20. Tadepalligudem

TOTAL

CONVERSIONS

Number Population

2,387

1,072

2,083

1,270

759

409

234

2,031

2,052

8,423

1,845

4,242

2,664

4,443

2,217

1,045

2,684

1,774

1,980

2,313

45,927

Benifited ('000)

15

5

10

7

4 2

1

10

12

48

9

23

17

30

12

s 15

11

11

13

260

Cost Rs. lakhs

24.66

13.93

26.48

16.32

10.73

5.08

3.65

38.03

26.80

83.20

34.94

67.38

25.80

49.59

29.58

12.40

27.26

33.88

23.03

37.04

589.78

PROJECT AT A GLANCE

NEW CONSTRUCTIONS

Number

5,044

5,342

12,770

7,925

5,174

7,385

5,496

11,748

11,968

5,434

6,802

10,342

4,439

6,974

12,686

12,796

14,555

2,332

9,323

9,453

167,888

Population Benifited

('000)

32

26

59

44

27

44 33

59

68

31

32

57

28

40

67

67

83

16

50

52

915

Cost Rs. lakhs

71.92

75.51

166.49

142.69

71.62

108.41

76.07

236.30

176.15

79.39

159.27

159.66

II 1.32

114.37

197.38

172.21

216.17

43.64

151.09

145.73

2675.39

COMMUNITY LATRINE SEATS

TOTAL PROGRAMME 1984-1991

Con Reno New Cost (Rupees lakhs)

version vation Cons- Rs. lakhs truction

Total Grant Loan

33

16

4

913

16

20

25

10

1,037

2 70

44 30

14 90

8 70

16 30

6 70

6 30

87 30

12 110

120

30 40

16 150

52 30

132 30

43 30

28 100

16 150

14 30

12 90

15 50

553 1,350

2.47 99.05

2.15 91.59

3.29 196.26

2.53 161.54

1.21 83.56

2.51 116.00

1.43 81.15

1.92 276.25

3.97 206.92

4.20 166.79

1.70 195.91

5.41 232.45

1.65 138.77

2.37 166.33

19.74 246.70

3.78 188.39

5.73 249.16

1.59 79.11

5.07 179.19

2.10 184.87

74.82 3339.99

55.51

52.81

115.60

103.76

46.84

69.52

53.03

154.49

117.97

62.03

107.82

116.06

73.41

77.23

147.56

114.66

147.34

25.69

99.95

101.11

1842.39

43.54

38.78

80.66

57.78

36.72

46.48

28.12

121.76

88.95

104.76

88.09

116.39

65.36

89,10

99.14

73.73

101.82

53.42

79.24

83.76

1,497.63

------------------------------------------------------,------==--------=------------=-----------"~-----~ ·~--

PHASEI PROGRAMME (1984-1987)

Units Population Cost (Rs. lakhs) C N benefited Total Grant

2,387

1,072

2,083

1,270

759

409

234

2,031

2,052

4,000

1,845

4,242

2,664

3,600

3,173

1,045

4,716

1,234

1,980

2,313

43,109

750

701

1,770

1.415

1,541

1,500

2,000

2,030

700

2,000

3,000

1,000

1,100

19,527

('000)

15

9

13

17

11

11

10

20

23

23

12

30

17

24

27

21

27

7

16

19

34.5

24.66

24.47

35.45

41.37

23.71

24.54

22.91

76.78

52.48

41.60

51.63

67.38

26.40

41.50

79.39

52.77

52.92

23.46

39.86

54.35

862.63

4.50

2.00

7.68

18.64

12.13

12.10

13.07

52.23

28.20

2.00

12.21

7.74

1.29

1.56

39.97

26.82

20.18

1.42

11.69

10.77

287.20

1 During phase I, 29,29% of the total units (93.86% conversion and 11.63% new c-Jnstructions) c-Jvering 29.36 of the 213,815 total b;neficiaries will be provide;:!, increasing the present level of s~rvice (a(;cess of hJusel10lds to flush

latrines) from 19% to 44% (which will be 100% when the total programme is completed).

2. Grant element in phase I programm~ is 33.29% against 55.16% forth~ Total Pcogram,m wlli.;h _in;ludes 100% grant for c-lmmunity latrines.

[ XV )

-1

Acronym

PHC PHI PL PLH PMMC

PWD PR, PRED PRAI PVC R QSPD RCC sc SCA SCP SDP SE (PH) Sq SI SIDA sss ST sw TAG-India, TAG

u UBI UN UNDP UNICEF USA UP

US AID

WHO WL-1 WL-2

WL WLH WPPM

Full term

Primary Health Centre Public Health Institute, Poonamallee

Poverty Line Households below Poverty Line Programme Management and Monitoring Cell

Public Works Department Panchayat Raj Engineering Departmen, Andbra Pradesh. Hyc1erabad Planning Res<;:arch-cum-Action Institute, Lucknow Poly Vinyl Choride Road (Leach Pit Location-Outside Premises, Under) Quantitative Scale of Physical Development Reinforced Cement Concrete Scheduled Caste Special Central Assistance Special Component Plan State Domestic Product Superintending Engineer (Public Health) of AP PHMED Square Sulabh International, Patna Swedish International Development Authority Sulabh Souchalaya Sansthan, Patna Scheduled Tribes Stone Ware Technology Advisory Group established in India under the UNDP Glo.bal Project GL0/78/006 (renumbered as UNDP International ProJect INT/81/047 from Jan, 1982) executed by the World Bank Users of Latrine (Family Members or Members of the Household) Union Bank of India United Nations United Nations Development Programme Uniied Nations Childrens Emergency Fund United States of America Urban Parrchayat

United States Agency for International Development

World Health Organisation Waterlogged Conditions in Fine Soils Waterlogged Conditions in Coarse Soils Waterseal Sanitary Latrine Household with Waterseal Latrine Water Pollution Prevention Measures

xiv

EXECUTIVE ABSTRACt

This report is a feasibility study and master plan for providing low cost pourflush latrines in the twenty representative towns of Andhra Pradesh, as a part of such a study of the !0 1 representative towns selected in 14 states and union territories of India as the second phase following the largescale beneficial impact of the completion of the first phase covering 110 towns in seven states. Both the phases of the UNDP study were conducted by the Technology Advisory Group-India. The executing agency was the World Bank. The population in these towns ranged between 0.032 and 0.119 million totalling 1.38 million (1983 survey). All the projed towns have pipeJ water supply systems but they are indequate in terms of coverage, per capita and hours of supply as also terminal pressures, particularly for the provision of sewerage facilities. Presently, 15% of the households have house connections and the rest depend upon the standpost supply. At present 19% and 17% households are served by flush and dry latrines respectively while

64% households have no individual latrines whatsoever.

The study, conducted in 1982-84, concluded that the pourflush latrine, with onsite disposal of human wastes is the m )St econJmical, environmentally and hygienically sound, technically appropriate, socially acceptable and feasible sanitation solution with more than 11,000 demonstration units cons­tructed ia over 50 project anJ nonproject towns in the different hy JrogeJlogical and socio-cultural conditions, confirming its replicability as well.

The latrine system has been designed to obviate manual handling and disposal of the excreta. It is safe, simple to unstail and easy to maintain. It needs only 1 t to 2 litres of water to flush and conserves water. Sample studies have shown that the system will not p::>llute ground water even under adverse hydrogeological site conditions, if the recommended precautions are taken

The excreta disposal system consists of a specially designed squatting pan and a trap with a 20mm waterseal, conneGted to two underground honeycombed or clayring leaching pits which collect the excreta and allow the liquid wastes to disperse into the surrounding soil. The sludge is initially collected in one of the pits which should fill up in about 2i years, after which period the excreta is diverted to the S(~cond pit. After about 2 years, the sludge in the first pit, even in the saturated soil conditions, will be free from pathJgens an1 can be remwed safely for use as fertiliser.

The study recommends a Project for the construction of 213, 815 pourflush latrines in individual houses [ 45,927 conversions of highly insanitary dry latrines and 167, 8.88 new latrines in latrineless households benefiting over 2.6 lakh ( 19%) and 9.2 lakh (67%) respectively] and 2940 community latrine seats [conversion of 1037 existing dry, renovation of 553 existing flush and construc­tiion of 1350 new community latrine seats], the latter only to cater to the needs of the casual visitors (2%) including the tourists expected as the 100% household survey has confirmed that all the resident beneficiaries can be provided with leach pits, mostly inside the premises. This will be done in two stages, the first stage of three years up to March 1987 will extend the hygienic latrine facility to 44% of the population from the present level of 19% by -.:overing the dry latrines n all the 20 project towns (with a small spillover to the next stage in 3 towns with high concentration) and a few new latrines a.t cost of Rs. 86 million. The second stage, covering upto March 1991 will further extend the facility to 100% of the population at an additional cost of Rs 248 million.

The unit cost of the household latrine designed for the generally prevailing dry fine soil conditions comes to Rs. 744, Rs 960 and Rs. 1,429 for 5, 10 ani 15 users respectively. If a new superstructure is also provided, additional Rs. 530 for the 5/ lO user unit and Rs. 930 for the 15 user unit will have to be provided. Individual households will receive a grant element of zero, 50% and 75% depending upon

[ xvi 1

their afl'ordabl.lity determined by their havlng access to 2 or 3, one and nil of the three basic utilities (of dry latrine, electric and water connections) respectively which have been found to be rational indices of affordability (overall, the subsidy element of the programme is 53%). The balance will be recovered at 9.5% interest over 25 years: monthly payments range from Rs. 2.80 toRs. 32.70 with 50% paying Rs . . 5 or less and 97% paying Rs. 14.90 or Jess which limit is only 2.4% of the poverty line against the normal affordability limit of 2.5% of income.

The programme execution as well as the loan recovery will be undertaken by the Municipalities. A special project management and nionitoring ceil with CE (PHMED), with representatives from the Municipal Administration, Social Welfare and Health Education Departments, will, inter alia, ensure the needed health education, motivation as well as community participation and promotion activities includ­ing m1ss rn!1i1 pJ.blicity an1 scavenger rehabilitation & training while the State Direction Committee gives the overall policy and administration guidance.

In view of the merits of this system and the very high costs and consequent nonfeasibility of both the conventional and simplified sewerage schemes, the State Govt. have already diverted all the provision from sewerage to this system of low cost sanitation and taken up work in 14 project towns as a part of covering all the municipalities in the State which is estimated to cost Rs 3, 134 million. On the Andhra Pradesh Day ( I~t November) of 1983, tht: State Chief Minister announced a new programme VIMUKTHI (liberation) of providing low cost pourflush latrines in all the urban and rural areas to free the people from all ills due to insanitation.

All cost figures are based on April, 1984 prices.

xvii ]

SUMMARY

Chapier-1 : Prefatory

Government of India (GO I) is fully committed to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90) and plans to provide basic minimum needs of safe water supply for all urban and rural populations; 80%) urban population either with sewer system or sanitary toilets eonnected to safe disposal system (including 100% coverage of all towns having 100,00J or more popula­tion with sewerage) and 25% of rural population with sanitary toilets.

The UNDP Global Project GL0/78/006-which has been renumbered as INT/81/047 from January. 1982-executed by the World Bank through its Technology Advisory Group (TAG) was established to assist member governments in achieving their decade objectives, in particular, through the development of projects employing low cost watersupply and sanitation techniques. GOI was happy with the results of the low cost latrine feasibility studies for 110 towns in seven states made by the TAG-India and reques­ted in 1981 for further studies in additional 101 towns in eleven states and three union territories. According to the GOI criteria, the towns should have a census p)pu!ation less than 100,000; piped watersupply but unlikely to be sewerel before Decade end; and be sufficiently representative to allow ~~xtrapolation of the results of the studies to other towns in the state or administration.

The number of towns allotted for any state unler this stuly was the highest (20) in Andhra Pradesh, the next highest being 15 for Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. The particulars of the 20 towns selected by GOA are listed in Section 1.8. They inclu.ie 1 class I city, 14 c!a~s II towns and 5 class III towns according to 1981 census (2 class I cities, 11 cla~s H towns and 7 class IV towns according to 1983 survey). W1th 1.4 millio1 population listrilntd ia J. 2 5 million h nseh )\ds, it constitutes the larges (30%) of an the 14 studies, th~ next largest being M:tdhya Pradesh (19%).

In the course of project pre;;>aration, a number of special investigations listed in Section 1.9 and detailed in Annex-3 were carried out Tuese inclu:ie evaluation of the ongoing latrine programmes in llndia, assessment of possible soil and gr.:mu:iwater pollution hlZads, extensive work on technology optimisation and impact on scavengers.

Chapter-2: Water and Waste Water Sector

As the Project deals with urban sanitation only, these aspects-urban and sanitation-are emphasis­ed in this chapter, though organisational responsibilities in the total sector are discussed to give an over­view. PHMED investigates, designs and executes the water supply and sewerage schemes of all the municipalities excepts Hydra bad Municipal Corporation. The schemes are handed over to the municiplities after completion for their operation and maintenance. The watersupply schemes of Hydrabad Corpora­tion are looked after by the HMWSSB while the drainage schemes are under the control of the Corpora­tion. PRED is responsible for the investigation, design an:l execution of the water supply and sanitation schemes of the town panchayats but the responsibility of their maintenance rests with the respective panchayats. At the behest of the GOA, muicipa\ities, h:w::: con>tituted revolving funds out of the municipal funds to give loans to the h)useh)ldees for both convarsions as well as new constructions. 2 municipal towns have been included in the Uaion Home Miaistry's Scavenging Elimination Programme. GOA have already sought HUDCO loan assistance for 14 of the Project Towns and propose to seek similar assistance for the rcmaing municipalities also. A Virll'lkthi (liberation) programme of providing low cost pourflush latrines in all the urban and rural at·eas to free the p~o;>le from all ills due to insanitation was launched on theIst November. 1983. the Andhra Pradesh Nay.

[ xviii 1

thapter-3. The Project 1'owns

More than 65% (and 85% taking the augmentation schemes into consideration) of the population is served by an intermittent 40 lp:::d piped watersupply (taking the augmentation into consideration) with 19% served by house connections and 61% do not have electric connection inspite of the concerted drive of the GOA for electrification. 64% do not have any latrine facilities while 17% and 19% have access to flush and dry latrines respectively. The scheduled castes and tribes constitute 9.93% of the total population of the project towns against the state average of 20.8. Hardly 0.11% of the total households with flush latrines belong to SC/ST. More than 64% of the SC/ST beneficiary households do not have access to either a flush latrine or dry latrine or water connection or electric connection. The household size of the project towns averages 5.53 and the population density per hectere 41. The highest water level in the rainy season varies from 0.75m to over 12m below G.L. The soils are mostly clayey with occasional sandy graveliy types of effective size mc,re than 0.2mm. There are no fissured rocky soils. Since all the 45, 927 conversions and 166,188 new constructions necessary to provide tOO% coverage for the Project Towns are feasible and that too with pits mostly within the premises; and the GOA are keen to complete the work expeditios!y by March 1991, there is no need to provide any new community latrines for the residential users. 1037 e}(isting dry seats will be converted, 553 existing flush renovated and 1350 new units are constructed to serve the casual users (about 2%) with prorer facilities for round the clock use as pay and use type.

Cbapter-4: Technology Choice and Optimisation

Waterseallatrines are widespread in the neighbouring Tamil Nadu and also it!! Andhra Pradesh recently and are well suited to the customs and social habits of the population. Stage I of the project will concentrate on the conversion of the exiting dry latrines to demonstrate and later for widespread application for maximum impact.

The technology proposed consists of a GRP squatting pan and HOPE trap (a special design requiring very little water- It to 2 litres for flushing the excreta) fixed in the floor of the latrine and connected to two specially designed leachpits used alternately, designed for 3 year storage (2! years for ensuring pathogen free digested humus and another t year for arrangements for removal of pit contents for use as a fertiliser or soil conditioner). It is also field tested with more than 11,000 demonstration units constructed in 50 project and non project towns with varying hydrogeological and sociocultural

conditions.

Each of the 20 project towns is divided into two zones depending upon the maximum ground water level during the rainy season being (i) 2 m or more from the bottom of the pit (zone A) or (ii) otherwise (zone B). These are futher subdivided into two sub zones each on the basis of the effective size of the soil f0rmation being more than 0.2 mm (coarse soils like coarse sand-subzones At and B1) or otherwise (fine sand, clay and self-subzones Az and Bz). Depending upon the number of usees (5, 10 and 15) and pit location (inside the premises, under the footpath and under road), there will be 9 different designs for any of these subzones As some are low lying deltaic areas, designs for water logged condition are also provided. Most economical combination of diameter an:i depth for these different sub zones have been worked taking the local costs of labour and material into account as the costs are ult­

mately proposed to be recovered from the beneficiaries through easy, affordable monthly instalments.

The proposed technology is environmentally and hygienically safe, technically appropriate, socially acceptable, economically affordable and practically maintenance·free. It has been scientifically tested by the TAG in collaboration with CBRI, NEERI, liT and GOI. It also reflects the features based on the World Bank's experience and research both in India and elsewhere. Furthermore, the technology has good potential for upgrading in the sense that it can be dovetailed into sewer network, should the latter become possible in these projects towns at a later date.

[ xix ]

Chapter-S : The Project

The Project objective is to ensure that by March 1991, the entire population of all the 20 project towns is provided with low cost waterseal individual households latrine from the present level of 14°/c~ through an intermediate level of 43% at the end of stage I (March 1987).

The project will be supported by the substantial promotion and health education activities mounted by the Project Management and Monitoring Cell (PMMC) supervising and guiding the activities of the field motivators, Assistant Executive engineer, sanitary inspectors and school teachers of the different MLinicipalities. AJeqLI'tte measures for training of builders, contractors and technical staff as also for scavengers' rehabilitation programme and monitoring and evaluation of the Project will be taken. Legislative changes, which would be desirable to support the Project, are shown in Chapter-5. However., these are not critical and the project can proceed without amendment.

Chapter-6 : Project Management

The Project will be implemented by the Municipalities, supervised by the special Project Manage­ment and Monitoring Cell created with CE (PHMED) and guided by the State Direction Committee. Their detailed functions as also those of the District Development Councils, local Sanitation Cell, To\'\' a Direction Committee and the training components required to support the programme activities are-

, detailed in Chapter-6.

The typical procedures through which a householder would obtain a latrine-enabling maximum involvement of the householder with the Project and ensuring him to receive a least cost but quality utility, to his full satisfaction-are also detailed in this chapter.

Chapter-7 : Project Cost

The total project comes to Rs. 334 million at 1984 April prices and is expected to be completed by March 1991 in two stages, the first stage concentrating mostly on conversions (small numbers in only 3 towns with high concentration will spill over to the next stage). In view of the high priority being give:n by the Govt. to this programme, waival of the formal 15!% departmental (centage) charges is pro]posed to be waived. However, because of the very nature of this [time bound Project needing indi­vidual attention, acceptance and proper use by all the 2.14 Iakh households necessitating the infrastruc-­tun: indicated in chapter 6 and the scavenger's training and rehabilitation programme indicated in chap­ter-:5, 12i% engineering costs are included in the Project Cost. The details of the different units. needed in the twenty project towns, their cost with the grant and loan elements at the recommended pattern of assistance for both the individual and community latrines as also the physical coverage­expected in the Stage I and Total programme are indieated in this chapter. GOI have taken a decesion. to divert all the VI Plan provision of sewerage (Rs. 59.60 million) to low cost sanitation and propose to­cov,er all the 91 municipalities (excepting the few pockets in the 6 municipalities and Hyderabad city) fully with the low cost sanitation.

Chaipter-8 : Financing Pattern

An analysis has been made of the different patterns of assistance being made available presently to the individual householders in 14 states and financial institutions like the HUDCO and nationalised banks. From this it is deduced that a combination of a grant and a long term loan within the affordability of the householders is essential for the successful implementation of the programme. Householders are proposed to be categorised into three, depending upon their access to the three basic utilities (dry latrines, electric and water connections) with a grant element of zero, 50% and 75% for access to 2 or 3, one and nil utilities respectively. The balance of the required funds would be;

[ XX

9.5% interest bearing loans repayable over 25 years. To suit the specific hydrogeological conditions of the twenty towns, which represent the varied conditions of the State, 69 standard designs with least cost solutions have been finalised as the cost is to be recovered from the beneficiaries. At the financial pattern proposed, the monthly instalments vary from Rs. 2.80 to Rs. 32.70 with 50% homeholds paying Rs. 5/­or less and 97% paying Rs. 14.90or less which limit is only 2.4% of the poverty line of Andhra Pradesh fixed at Rs. 600 per month (Annex-21) against the normal affordability limit of 2.5% of the monthly income.

The grants and loans from the GOA and the financial institutions are released to the PMMC and the Municipality though the CE(PHMED). On.ly the HUDCO loans are passed on direct to the Munici­plities. 56% would be grant and 44% loan recoverable from the Municipalities at 9.5% interest over 25 years with a 4-year moratorium. The Municipalities recover the loan from the beneficiaries through th~ existing tax recovery systems which are satisfactory.

Chapter-9 : Operation and Maintenance

It is proposed that the municipalities provide a free emptying service for household latrines. The cost of this service, which would probably be sub-contracted, should be fully covered by sales of the collec­ted humus for agricultural reuse. If properly promoted and organised, the proceeds from it should pro­vide a substantial revenue to the municipalities. Community latrines will be operated and maintained by the municipalities providing adequate lighting, watersupply, sweepers and attendants to ensure cleanliness and round the clock service. The practice of auctioning the annual maintenance contratct as adopted in some municipalities of Tamil Nadu has not been. recommended. Until a sati:>factory system in which the community pays fully the total cost of maintaining the community latrines is evolved, these heavy operating costs, which are beyond the capacity of the municipalities, have to be subsided by GOA by 50% grant.

xxi

CHAPTER-1

PREFATORY

1.1 Introduction

The importance of safe sanitation, the targets of the Government of India International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981·1991), the criteria for selection of towns to be included in the India programme of the UNDP Global (Interregional) Project, principal characteristics of Andhra Pradesh, the towns selected by the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOA) and the studies undertaken by The Technology Advisory Group (TAG-India) in the course of preparation of this Master Plan and Feasibility Report are discussed in this chapter.

1.2 Importance of Safe Sanitation

Protected water supply and safe sanitation are the two prerequisites for a healthy productive life. Of these two, the latter is more important and is established to be even singly preferable to the provision of safe water supply alone, as inadequate facilities for excreta disposal reduce even the potential benefits of a safe water supply by transmitting pathogens from infected to healthy persons. Over fifty infections can be transferred from a diseased person to a healthy person by various direct or indirect routes involving excreta. Infant mortality in the developing countries, sometimes amounting to half the total mortality of the community, is an indicator of its poor (or rather lack of) sanitation. In the search for a reasonable yardstick to measure "basic needs" pro­vision, it was suggested that infant mortality might serve as a general guide to sanitation condi­tions1. "A review of the statistics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, cholera, gastroenteritis and dysentery in the Philippines amply reveals a deteriorating situation. Although deaths due to these four categories of diseases have been decreasing, the number of cases has been increasing. And indeed, even the absolute number of deaths due to gastroenteritis and colitis among infants less than 1 year old has increased-one must conclude, a priori, that the failure to provide sufficient excreta disposal is a major cause of the deterioration"2• India is one of the 44 very high infant mortality countries (IMR> 100), ranking 32 in the 130 countries in the World listed in descending order of infant mortality with an IMR of 120 in 19813• The WHO middecade global survey (1975) of 97 developing countries (excluding China) shows that only 32% of the population (53% urban and 13% rural) has reasonable sanitation facilities. As on April 1, 1981, India has some 629 million population or 94% of the country's total inhabitants (521 million or practically the entire rural area and 108 million or 73% of the urban population) without an adequate and sanitary means of excreta disposal. Annex- I shows the state-wise percentage population without sanitation facilities and the health parameters in terms of crude death rates and infant mortality rates. In the country, Andhra Pradesh ranks eighth in crude death rate (13.2%o), seventh in the over all infant mortality rate (117%o) and eighth in the urban infant mortality rate (66%o) with more than 97% of the population without sanitation.

1 Streten, P, (1981), "First things first; Meeting basic human needs in developing countries", Oxford University Press, London

2 Standing, J & Szal, R (1969), ''Poverty and basic needs: Evidence from Guyana and the Philippines", International Labour Office, Geneva

a "The State of the World's Children, 1984" UNICEF, New York

1.3 Decade Programme and GOI Targets

The UN Water Conference (March 1977, Mar del Plata, Argentina)-in which India participated and the 34th meeting of the UN General Assembly declared the period Jan. 81-Dec. 90 as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) and urged the various member-governments to provide the basic minimum needs of water supply and sanitation to all their populatinn withinthe Decade on a priority basis. The Government of India (GO!) have set the following targets :

Water Supply-100% for both urban and rural population with at least the minimum needs

Sanitation -80% for urban population (including 100% coverage for class I cities* by sewerage and sewage treatment) with either sewer system or sanitary toilets connected to safe disposal systems

-25% for rural population with sanitary toilets connected to safe disposal systems

and urged the State Governments to formulate their VI Plan (I 980-85) proposals for the water supply and sanitation sector with adequate provisions to achieve the decade targets by 199Q-91.

Though these percentages appear to be modest, in terms of population coverage, these are fairly ambitious targets (see Annex- I) and need considerably heavy inputs. The acute scarcity of investible material and financial resources which have also to meet several other contending mini­mum needs calls for very careful investment planning in terms of affordable least cost solutions both i~ capital and maintenance costs serving the maximum beneficiaries without in any way reduc­ing their creative or productive outputs.

1.4 UNDP Global (Inter-r~gional) Project

As a part of'the Decade's efforts to attain this goal, the World Bank initiated research to identify low-cost .. sanitation options, particularly in the Third World where a high proportion of many serious diseas~s (especially those related to infant mortality) has been linked to poor or nonexis­tent sanitation. 1!1)978, UNDP launched a Glohal Project (GL0/78 006: Low Cost Water Supply and Sanitation which has been renumbered as UNDP Inter-regional Project INT/81/047: Development and Implementation of Low Cost Sanitation Investment Projects from January, 1,1982), with the World Bank as the executing agency, to translate these research findings into actual projects and help the interested member governments in developing water supply and san'itation projects (which are responsive to the needs of low income urban and rural population) by the creation of a multi-disciplinary team of engineers, anthrop::>logists and health experts-the Technology Advisory Group (TAG). India is one of the seventeen1 countries where the project is now active. The project set up a resident team of Indian nationals: TAG-fndia in 1979. ·

GOI, which have long had a policy of providing sanitary latrines to improve public health condi­tions and to alleviate the social and working conditions of the scavengers, have selected in June 1979, in the first instance 1 10 towns in the seven States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (15 each) and Uttar Pradesh (20) (Map-!) and requested TAG-India to prepare a Master Plan' Report including Preliminary Engineering and Feasibility Studies (PEFR) for these towns which would form as a model for preparing such projects for other towns in those States.

Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya; Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

2 ]

t.fAP- I

UNDP PROJECT ON LOW COST SANITATION

INOlA PROGRAMME-- PHASES! & ll

® .___-!T~Re!.!IPURA

0 Goa

GO A1 D AMA N & DIU PRADESH

® POND ICHERRY

@ , TAMIL NA DU

LEGEND

PHASE-I PHAS-E -II

~ STATE/ U.T COVERED WITH PROJECT TOWNS

1.5 UNDP India Project

These reports, completed in 1981 generated considerable interest in the Central and State Govern­ments as well as the national and international financial institutions. Phase I reports of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have been incorporated in the International Development Agency (IDA)-assis­ted Water Supply and Sanitation Projects of the respective states. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and the Housing & Urban Development Corporation of India (HUDCO) have agreed to assist the projects of Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh & Maharashtra respectively entering the low cost sanitation field for the first time. The studies carried out by TAG-India helped the Union Ministry of Home Affairs to launch a centrally sponsored scavenging elimination programme with 50% grant to convert all the dry latrines in 33 towns in the 14 states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. UNICEF funded some demonstration units in Assam. The state governments also started putting the low cost pourflush latrines both in the project and non project towns.

Encou~aged by these results, GOI provided India IPF funds of US $ 398,700 under the UNDP Project IND/81/014 and requested the TAG-India to prepare similar feasibility reports for 101 towns in the eleven states of Andhra Pradesh (20), Haryana (6), Himachal Pradesh (2), Jammu & Kashmir (l),"Karnataka (15), Kerala (lO), Madhya Pradesh (15), Orissa (9), Punjab (6), Tripura (1), and West Bengal (12) and 3 Union Territories of Goa (2); Mizoram (I) and Pondicherry (1}. Map·1 refers. The project funding has since been enhanced to US $ 503,700.

This report deals with the 20 towns selected by the Andhra Pradesh State Government.

l.6 General Information on Andhra Pradesh

Lying between 13° and 20° North Latitude and 77o and 85° East Longitude, Andhra Pradesh is ranked fifth in area (276.8 x 103 Km2-8.52°io of India) and fifth in population (535.5 lakh~-7.82% of India) amongst the Statrs of India according to 1981 Census. Taking the urhan popu­lation alone, with 124.88 lakh distributed in 234 towns, it is the fourth largest State (7.82%) 'in the country with an urban population of 1597.27 lakhs distributed in 3362 towns. H ranks sixth largest amongst all the States taking the number of towns in any State. The climate is generally tropical monsoon and is characterised by hot summers and mild winters. A greater part of the State falls under 'Tropical Savannah A.W.', while the humid coastal belt and comparatively dry districts are classified as 'Moist Tropical' and 'Dry Steppe' physkgraphy as per Kooppens classi~ fication. The State has a mean rainfall of 894 mm and receives about two-thirds of the total from south-west monsoon from June to Sl'ptember and about one" fourths from north-east mon~ soons between October and Decemb~r. About 89.4% of the State area is either chronically drought affected or economically back\\ard. With a State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 1008, it heads the States with SDP lower than 10~ below the National Domestic Product (NDP) viz. Jess than Rs. 1084/- (Annex-14). Available particulars relating to total and per capita incomes of both All India and Andhra Pradesh at constant ( 19 '0-71) prices as well as current prices for the period 1960-61 to 1981-82 may be seen at Annex-15. According to the latest official figures available; 36.44 lakb urban population (35 68%)* of Andhra Pradesh is reported to be below the Poverty

• Classification of urban areas is given in Annex-2

* Statement laid on the Table of Lok Sabha by the Union Minister for Planning and Labour on Dec 10, 1980 in response to the Unstarred Question No. 3220 on the late&t figures of population

below poverty line in the country

[ 3 J

Line (Annex- 16) as against 518.39 lakhs (58.19%) of All India (excluding Nagaland) during 1917-78·. Percentage literacy is 29.72 (against 36.12 of All India) split between 39.03 of males (46.72 of All India) and 20.18 of females (24.81 of All India). Annex-2 gives more details and other salient features of the State.

1.7 Criteria for Selection

The criteria fixed by GOI for the selection of the project towns were :

(a) the population (according to 1981 census) should generally be below 100,000;

(b) they should have a piped water supply system;

(c) they should have no sewers at present and be unlikely to be sewered during the Decade; and

(d) they should represent a variety of socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions of the State.

1.8 Selection of Project Towns

Based on the GOI criteria, the Andhra Pradesh Government (GOA) selected the following 20 towns (largest in the total of 101 for 14 states and union tenitories) for inclusion in the feasibi-

lity studies (Map-2) :

Town

1. Adilabad

2. Amalapuram

3. Anakapalle

4. Bapatla

5. Bheemunipatnam

6. Dharmavaram

7. Gadwal

8. Oudivada

9. Guntakal

10. Karimnagar

11. Kavali

12. Khammam 13. Madanapalle 14. Mahabubnagar 15. Nandyal 16. Ongole 17. Proddatur 18. Sangareddy 19. Srikakulam 20. Tadepalligudem

District

Adilabad

East Godavari

Visakhapatnam

Guntur

Visakha patnam

Anantapur

Mahabubnagar

Krishna

Anantapur

Karim nagar

Nell ore

Khamma.m Chittoor Mahabubnagar Kurnool Prakasam Proddatur Medak Srikakulam West Godavari

Population 1981 Census 1983 Survey*

53,482

38,999

73,179

55,347

34,619

50,969

30.959

80,198

84,599

86,125

48,119

98,757 54,938 87,503 88,185 85,302

107,070 31,360 68,145 62,574

54,073

40,194

75,551

57,706

32,208

52,342

37,930

81,575

85,647

91,493

49,419

106,796 55,536 94,426 88,885 85,857

118,529 32,928 69,862 70,676

Census 1981 Classifi­

cation of Town

II

III

II

II

III

II

III

II

II

II

III

II II II II II I

Ill II II

* These figures are based on the house to house surveys carried out in 1983 by the respective muni·

cipalities for the TAG-India

Further details of the project towns are discussed in Chapter-3.

[ 4 ]

23 D

18 •o24 0

10 oo

&

UNDP PROJECT ON LOW COST SANITATION ANDHRA PRADESH PROGRAMME

12 eoo

27 -(B

8 eo 26 .40/'1

MAP-J

20 2

(i)o'B/o LEGEND

0-UNDP PROJECT ADPLABAD

;> AMALAPURAM

3 ANAKAPALLE

... BAPATL A

s BHE EMUNIPATNAM

~ DHARMA VA RAM

i' GADWAL

B GUD!VADA

9 GUNTAKAL

10 KAR!MNAGAI't

II KAVALI

t<l K HAM M AM

I:J MADANAPALLE

14 MAHABUBNAGAR

IS NANDVAL

16 ONGOLE

TOWNS

0 0 • ooe 0 • ooe 0 • ooe 0 • ooe oo 0 • ooe 0 • 00 ooe 0 •

I? PRODDATUR

18 SANGAREDDV oo• 0 •

lSi SRIKAKULAM QOe

20 TADEPALLIGUDEM Q @

IDSMT TOWNS 0 OTHER THAN THE TEN TOWNS

ALREADY INCLUDED UNDER UNDP

PROJECT.

21 BHIMAVARAM 0 8

22 CHITTOOR 0 » MEDAK 0

:14- RAMACHANDRAPURAM (BHEL) 0 2S TENALI

26 Tl RUPAT HI

.N VIZJANAGARAM

2& ZAH!RABAD

0

0

oe 0

SCAVENGER FREE TOWNS

29 E L U R U

30 WARANGAL

® Ef)

HUDCO -AS Sl STED TOWNS

UNDER SANCTION • SANCTIONED @

~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------'-----------~-------------~

l

1 .. 9 Studies Organised by TAG

In preparing this feasibility report, TAG-India' organised, supervised and financed (some in part) a number of special investigations. These, which are described in more detail in Annex-3, included:

i. Soil and water pollution studies due to on site disposal of human excreta conducted in Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu (Summary at Annex-4);

ii. Evaluation studies of ongoing latrine conversion programmes in Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu (Findings at Annex-5). Major findings of Tamil Nadu Evaluation study are given at Annex-6 as they are of particular relevance to this adjoining State with almost identical socio­cultural and other behavioural characteristics;

iii. Technology optimisation-review of the design criteria on pourfl.ush waterseal latrines (Expert Group's Review Report at Annex-7);

iv. Institutional, financial and legal studies of the 20 local authorities (Major findings at Annex-8);

v. Sociological study on the impact of latrine conversion on scavengers (Summary and major findings at Annex-9), including those with customary rights (Annex-10);

vt. Evaluation of community latrine programme (Major findings at Annex-11);

vii. House to house surveys of all the households in the twenty project towns (Salient features at Annex-12);

viii. Ceramic manufacture promotional studies (More details at Annex-13);

ix. Study of alternate materials for pan and trap (More details at Annex-13);

x. Standardisation and quality control studies;

xi. Sand envelope studies:

xii. Low volume flushing cisterns study;

xiii. Sludge accumulation study;

xiv. Audio-visual training programme development study; and

xv. Education for participation study.

1.10 Supreme Court's Ruling on Sanitation

The GOI commitment for sanitation has been further strengthened by the recent ruling of the Supreme Court of India (Annex-17) that a civic body or any other statutory authority cannot run away from its principal duty of maintaining sanitary conditions by ple1ding financial inability.

1..11 Master Plan Report

This Master Plan Report is based on these studies and presents PEFR m respect of the 20 project towns of Andhra Pradesh. TAG-India, which has prepared this, has benefited from the research work on low cost sanitation carried out by the World Bank, from the guidance given by TAG headquarters staff and exchanges with individual TAG staff working in various countries and

[ 5 ]

from the contribution of various individuals and institutions bbtli withinHin:d·ia,an<labroad. TAG-India also received extensive help from the GOA from the Chief Minister down to the lowest f11nctionaries in the different municipalities. Special mention may be made of the top echelons of the Housing, Municipal Administration and Urban Development (liMA & UD) Department and the Public Health and Municipal Engineering Department (PHMED) ·and all functionaries of the different municipalities.(particularly those of Tadep,alligpdem) who, enthusias­tically initiated and propagated the work and, (got) instaUed more than~ 11,000 demonstration units in both the project and nonproject towns in a short period enabling a substantial and quali­tative feedback for the feasibility report. All these are gratefully acknowledged.

[ 6 ]

CHAPTER-2

WATER AND WASTEWATER SECTOR

2.1. Introduction

This chapter describes the organisations responsible for the provision of water supply and waste water disposal services in the State, the present level of services available and the Decade pro­gramme envisaged. The data of the project towns is detailed in the next chapter.

2.2 Sector Organisations

As this project deals with urban sanitation only, these aspects-urban and sanitation-are empha­sized here, though organisational responsibilities in the total sector of water and waste water are discussed to give an overview. The following are the broad groups of the organisations involved for the provision of water supply and waste water disposal services in the State:

i. Public Health & Municipal Engineering Department (PHMED);

ii. Panchayat Raj Engineering Department;

iii. Local Bodies like the Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Townships and Town Pancha­yats*; and

iv. Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).

2.2.1 P.H.M.E.D.

This Department, popularly known as the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), headed by Chief Engineer (Public Health) and under the administrative control of the Housing, Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, investigates, designs and executes the water supply and sewerage schemes ofthe two Municipal Corporations ofVishakhapatnam and Vijaya­wada and all the other 88 municipalities (including the recently constituted Mirialguda, Wanapar­thi, Macherla and Satte napalle Municipalities) apart from the other municipal engineering works like the roads and public buildings in them. The water supply schemes pertaining to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad are under the control of Chief Engineer, Hyderabad Metro­politan Water Supply & Sewerage Board. The drainage schemes in the twin cities are, however. under the control of the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The schemes, after completion, are handed over to the respective municipalities for their operation and maintenance. The PHMED is also concerned with providing water supply to the industries in the State. More details of the PHMED may be seen at Annex-18.

2.2.2. Panchayat Raj Engineering Department

The Panchayat Raj Engineering Department is reponsible for the investigation, design and execu­tion of the water supply and sanitation schemes apart from the other engineering works like buildi­ngs, roads and bridges both in the town panchayats as well as village panchayats through its· Rural Water Supply Wing, both headed by a separate Chief Engineer. The responsibility of operation and maintenance of the water supply and sanitation schemes in these panchayats rests with the respective pancbayats but guidance and the needed assistance is provided by the Panchayat Raj

Department.

*Annex~ 2 gives the classification of urban areas in Andhra Pradesh

[ 1 ]

2.2.3. Local bodle~

Local bodies are dirctly responsible for the construction as well as the maintenance of water supply and waste water disposal services in their respective areas. As all the 20 project towns selected by GOA are municipalities, the Report primarily deals with them but the conclusions and recom­mendations are equally applicable for the other urban areas also, including the town panchayats. Annex-2 gives the detailed classification of the different urban areas/local bodies; gradation of the municipalities and townships; classification of all the towns in the State as well as the 20 project towns by the census classification; and the administrative gradation and other particulars of the latter like the year of constitution, present grading, number of wards and the strength of the coun­cil including numbers reserved for scheduled castes/scheduled tribes and women.

The obligatory functions of the Municipalities include:

1. Conservancy and drain cleaning;

ii. Sanitation under the Health Services; and

iii Water supply.

According to the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 (extracts given in Annex-19), it is the duty of every Municipality to make reasonable and adequate provisions in its budget for public works, educatation, public health and sanitation, planning, general administration and any other development work necessary for the town. To ensure that the amenities are provided and to carry out the general administration, there is a Commissioner of the Municipality (appointed by the Government and borne on the State Government service). He is the Executive Authority and is responsible to the Chairman of the Municipal Council (ekcted local body) who in turn is respon­sible to the Director of Municipal Administration (a senior civil servant). The Chairman is direc­tly elected by the entire electorate of the municipal town. Besides the Municipal Commissioner, the Government also appoints the Health Officer, the Municipal Engineer (on deputation from the P.H.M.E.D.) and the Electrical Supervisor.

All capital works of water supply and sewerage are got executed through the P.H.M.E.D., while the Municipalities themselves undertake the maintenance. They also execute the construction of storm­water and sullage drains and other sullage disposal systems through private contractors. They are also responsible (through the Health Officer) for the collection and disposal of solid wastes either by their own staff or private contractors. Public and private latrines are served by the scavengers employed by the local authorities. Sweepers are employed for solid wastes handling (wehre this is not done by contractors) and also for cleaning of the sullage and drainage systems. Collection of water charges, sale proceeds of compost etc. is done by the municipal staff.

2.2.4 HWSSB

HMWSSB was formed in 1982 as an autonomous body to keep the water supply and sewerage services to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad under a single agency for investigation, design, execution and maintenance. Though it was repealed in 1983, a fresh bill to reconstitute the Board is under examination by the State Legislature. Relevant extracts from the 1982 Act relating to the constitution, functions anj powers of the Board may be seen in Anne x-20.

f 8 ]

2~.3 Present and Planned Service Levels

2.3.1 Urban water supply

According to the data made available, 96 out of the 234 towns benefiting 6.91 million people or 62.54% of urban Andhra Pradesh have piped water supply. Apart from the three Corporations of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada, 7 5 out of the 88 municipalities have been provided with water supply; 10 schemes are in progress of which 7 will be completed by March 1985 with Kagaznagar, Kothagudem and Kovvur-spilling over into the VII Plan. Of the remaining three, Ponnur and Janagaon have earlier pilot water supply schemes. Sattenapalle, recently upgraded as a municipality, is reported to be without piped watersupply. Investigations are in progress in these three municipal and other panchayat towns and it is expected that all the 234 towns are provided with safe water supply by 1991 with a minimum per capita water supply of 70 led supplied in 8 hours or more. Stand post supply will be the main stay serving more than 65% of the population. The 20 project towns selected also reflect the present situation generally. The data in Annex-21 shows that even though the schemes were designed for the minimum norms of 140 lpcd and 70 lpcd based on their populations, the actual availability is much less falling to less than 32lpcd in two cases ( 18 lpcd in Amalapuram and 10 lpcd in Nandyal) where augmenta· tion schemes are in progress. The hours of supply also vary from 2 to 8 (2 in one town, 3 in four towns, 3.5 in one town, 4 in five towns, 6 in four towns, 7 in one town and 8 in the rest 4 towns).

2:.3.2 Urban sewerage and sanitation

Only 7 towns and that too Class I Cities (population-4. 18 million-34.31 %; including the capital with a population of 2.14 million) with hardly 1 O% house connections have been served and that too partially ( 10 to 60% as detailed in Annex-22) as on 1st April, 1984. Augmentation schemes in 2 cities are in progress. Though there are 14 other cities where sewerage is to be provided as per the GOI targets of the Decade, the State Government, after discussions with TAG­India has taken a conscious decision to provide low cost sanitation measures only in the remaining Class I Cities as also the unsewered pockets of even of these 7 cities already partially sewered. In fact, one of these cities, Eluru has been included in the Union Home Ministry's scheme of scavenging elimination with low cost sanitation programme as soon as that scheme was initiated. The entire provision of Rs. 5. 76 million which was earmarked for sewerage during VI Plan (1980-85} was diverted to the low cost sanitation programme during 1982-83 and the Union Planning Commission also appreciated this decision of the State Government.

~~.3.3 State decade programme

The tentative proposals of the State Government for the International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade are abstracted at Annex-23. However, as they and particularly those related to the sanitation sector are expected to be drastically revised in view of the very high priority being given to low cost sanitation, they are not discussed here.

:t4 Previous Programmes in Low Cost Sanitation

:2.4.1 General

Upto the Gandhi Centinary year (1963), efforts to provide waterseal leach pit latrines either for conversion of the dry latrines or for providing new latrines were very sporadic depending mostly on individual initiative. Only in 1963, different programmes were initiated by the Central, State

[ 9 ]

and Local Governments throughout India for conversion of dry latrines into waterseal ones and connecting them to nearby sewers or with onsite disposal through leaching pits etc. Financial assistance was provided by the Central Government from the Water supply and Sewerage sector. Ministry of Home Affairs also lent support to the programme as a measure of ameliorating the lot of the scavengers who are engaged in the cleaning of dry J a trines and collection of human excreta including disposal at selected sites. Since one of the aims of this project was their liberation from this depraving job, as a part of the feasibility study presented in this report, evaluation was made of the conversion programme in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu where the programmes were more intensively undertaken earlier as also its impact on scavengers-municipal in Bihar and/ Private in Rajasthan.As it may not be feasible to cover all the households in all the towns, either

with conversion or new construction of waterseallatrines due to constraints of space and one solu­

tion could be the provision of community latrines (apart from their use for commuters and other non residential users), evaluation of the Public Latrine Programme operated in the State of Bihar by M/s Sulabh International was also done. These studies are described in Annexes-5 & 9 and-11 respectively while the major findings of Hie Tamil Nadu Programme are listed in Annex·6.

2.4.2 Andhra Pradesh

The State Government issued orders to all the Commissioners and Special Officers that no per­mission be given for construction of houses contemplating dry latrines and while giving permission

for construction, it should be stipulated that the houses should be equipped with water-borne closets only. The State Government also directed all the municipalities to constitute revolving funds from out of the municipal funds to give houseowners loans for conversion of existing dry latrines with waterseal ones (and later in consultation with TAG-India) for construction of

waterseallatrines in latrineless households. Though originally septic tank latrines were envisaged, after discussion with TAG-India, government orders have been issued to all the municipalities that they should take up low cost sanitation as expeditiously as possible. 81 munieipalities have already set up the revolving funds and in over 50 of them (including all the 20 project towns),

demonstration units have been constructed or in progress. The State Government also took advantage of the Union Home Ministry's Scavenging Elimination Programme and the HUDCO­

assisted Programmes on Low Cost Sanitation. The details of these and the government instruc­tions may be seen at Annexe-24 while details of the financial assistance available to the house­holders are listed in Table 8-1 under Chapter-8. The State Government are also keen keen to avail of th~ c~ntral assistance available under the Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) sponsored by the Union Ministry of Works & Housing and ha\e taken a

policy decision that a minimum of Rs. 10·15 lakh component of lowcost sanitation be included for each of the 18 towns already sanctioned and those expected to be sanctioned under IDSMT Pro­gramme in future. Due to TAG-India persuation, one Class I City has also agreed to take up a low cost sanitation programme of Rs 27 lakhs (Rs. 12 lakhs to be funded by the Municipality's general

reserves and supplemented by GOI loan of Rs. 15 lakhs) to be started this year itself in anticipa­tion of the assistance through the State Government in due course. Similarly, Tadepalligudem town has been selected by the State Government to be developed as a model town for the complete coverage of all the households (both conversions and new constructions) with the leachpit latrines within a period of 3 years so as to leave not a single household without a flush toilet and eliminate scavenging in real terms. On the Andhra Pradesh Day (1st November) of 1983, the Chief Minister

announced a new programme "VIMUKTHI" (Liberation) of providing low cost pourflush latrines

in all the urban and rural areas to free the people from all ills due to insanitation. Annex-24 refers.

[ 10 1

CHAPTER-3

THE PROJECT TOWNS

3.1 Introduction

The criteria fixed by GOI for the selection of the project towns and those selected by the GOA are already given in Chapter-1 (Sections 1. 7 and 1.8). Salient data on the project towns collected from the census reports, 1983 house to house surveys, municipal, DMA and PHMED sources is presented in this chapter to give an overview of the water supply and sanitation situation in these towns.

3.2 Principal Characteristics

Some of the factors which have a bearing on the low cost sanitation solutions are discussed below. Annexes-2, 21, 22 and 25 to 37 refer.

3.2.1 Classification of the towns

The 1981 census classification of the twenty project towns and their municipal grading may be seen at Annex-28. Annex-26 reflects their commercial importance while Annex-27 indicates their population growths during the different census decades. Of these 20 project towns, 2 belong to Class I, 11 to Class II and 7 to Class Ill according to the 1983 survey population classified as per the 1981 census norms. By the state administrative yardsticks of gradation of the municipalities, 2 belong to Special Grade while 7. 7 and 4 belong to Grades I, II and III respectively.

3.2.2 Household size

The household size of the project towns averages 5.53, ranging from 4.65 in Anakapalle (Class II, Grade I) to 7.08 in Sangareddy (Class III, Grade III). The average increases from 5.62 in Class I Cities to 5.64 in Class III Towns. It gradual1y increases from 5.14 in Special Grade Municipalities to 5.35 (Grade I) to 5.81 (Grade II) and finally to 5.99 in Grade III Municipalities (Annex-28).

3.2.3 Population density

The population density per hectare according to 1981 census averages 4l ranging from 12.60 (Dharmavaram) to 150.38 (Proddatur) much higher than their corrosponding district densities ranging from 1.01 (Adilabad) to 3.71 (Tadepalligudem). In the densest pockets of the individual towns, the density varies from 30 (Dharmavaram) to 700 ( Ongole) (Annex-2). In the other parts of the towns, the highest density is much lesser, ranging from 30 to ~-

3.2.4 Water supply

As already indicated in Section 2.3.1, more than 65% (and 85% taking the augmentation sehemes into consideration) of the population is served by piped water supply, though only 19% are served by water connections. A per capita supply of 10 to 114 lpd is being given intermittently for 2 to 8 hours with house service connections to 15% households. Householdwise, 85% do not have water (tap) connection in the house and depend upon the stand post supply with the rest depending upon hand pump and wells equally as sources of drinking water.

3.2.5 Ground water level

The highest water level in the rainy seasons varies from 0.15 m below ground level (GL) in Kavali to over 12 m in Guntakal reflecting the widely varying watertable conditions of the State.

:3.2.6 Soil characteristics

The soils are mostly clayey with effective size much less than 0.2 mm with. occasional sandy gravelly types of effective size more than 0.2 mm. There are no fissured rocky soils.

[ 11 1

3.2.7 Availability of individual toilet facilities

64~ of households do not have any latrine facilities while another 17% have access to only dry latrmes, bulk of them being dry earth latrines*. The remaining 19% are served by flush latrines, the individual town percentages varying from 5.15 in Bheemunipatnam to 24.48 in Khamrnam. Dry latrine percentage is the highest (53%) in Karimnagar followed by Sangareddy (38%) and

Mahabubnagar (32%) with only 4% in Gadwal. Gadwal has the highest percentage of no latrine households (88%) while Karimnagar is the lowest with 34%. Annex-29 gives the individual town details. All the 45,927 dry latrines are feasible for conversion, mostly (99.8%) inside the premises. Similarly, in all the 167,888 no latrine households, new latrines are feasible for construction, those with pits inside the premises, being 98.6% (Annexes 33 and 34).

3.2.8 Health statistics

The available health statistics of the project towns show a high incidence as also death rates due to diseases related to poor water supply and sanitation Annex-32).

3.2.9 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population

All the 20 project towns have this population averaging 9.92% against the state average of 20.8. The individual town percentages by households varies from 5.04 in Proddatur to 24% in Amala­puram. Population wise, it varies from 4.88% in Proddatur to 17.36% in Guntakal. There are 30,277 SC/ST households forming 12.12% of the total households of all the 20 towns. Household size of SC/ST component is 4.53 against 5.53 of the total households (Annex-28). More than 64% of the SC/ST beneficiary households do not have access to either a flush latrine or a dry latrine or a water (tap) connection or an electric connection (Annexes-34 & 35). Hardly 0.11% of the total households with flush latrines belong to SC/ST (Annex-30). The average SC/ST household's monthly incom~ is only Rs 500, much less than the poverty line of general Andhra Prade~h (Annex-16). In view of these factors and the high priority given by GOI and GOA for improving the economy and condition of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the Project recommends the maiximum subsidy to these beneficiaries as a block, though it is realised that more than 6% of the SC/ST population is in the highest income group of Rs. 850 and above (Annexes 34 & 35). The Project will also pay particular attention to this group during execu­tion and draw assistance from their special funds, if necessary, to meet 1he capital costs as well as the householders' share of loan repayments. This group may also require a greater input of motivation and educatton to adopt latrines, use them regularly and maintain them properly and this will also be monitored carefully during implementation.

3.3 Community Latrines

Since all the conversions and new constructions for the individual households are feasible, the GOA are keen to complete the work expeditiously and the existing flush community latrines duly reno­vated ar~ adequate and fairly well distributed to serve the no latrine households until the Project is completed, (the dry latrines are only large chunks of open areas with high boundry walls in central and costly areas and better be closed and used for other remunerative schemes), there is no need for providing any new community latrines for the residential users. Since all the project towns attract daily commuters from the neighbouring areas because of their commercial importance, well maintained pay and use type community toilets will be provided for these casual users (Annex-37).

* Latrines with merely enclosures and cement concrete or brick blocks to simply serve as footrests and some times even without them; with the sand spread out but with no sanitary facility; generally provided for the use of women and children.

[ 12 l

After the Project is completed, the existing and renovated community latrines would also be utilised as pay and use type latrines serving the casual users at the bus stations, railway stations, market places and places of public use. They would be maintained w1th proper facilities for round the clock use, taking the following factors into account :

a. the number of seats should be adequate (15 to 20 users per seat at the most), easily accessible and properly distributed with reference to the expected users;

b. adequate number of sweepers and attendants for proper supervision and adequate service throughout the period of need and particularly during the peak hours;

c. adequate disposal arrangements to ensure that there are no effluent overflows or any stagna­tion or nuisance; and

d. adequate lighting and water storage arrangements; the latter to ensure proper flushing and cleaning.

:3.4 Collection of Night Soil

Excreta removed from the dry private and community latrines is taken by all the municipalities to dumping grounds where it is composted with the municipal garbage. It is believed that with better operation, management and sales promotion of the digested pit contents as planned in the Project, revenue from their sale would be substantially higher and more satisfactory than that of the existing system.

:J.5 Garbage Collection and Disposal

Garbage collection arrangements are generally satisfactory in all the project towns.

~1.6 Sullage Disposal System

All the project towns have road side drains, mostly pucca and well graded. Most of the houses have adequate area in the premises. Hence disposal of sullage is not likely to pose any serious problem.

I 13 J

CHAPTER-4

TECHNOLOGY CHOICE AND OPTIMISATION

4.1 Introduction

The choice of the types of latrines to be installed through the Project has been based on technical, social and financial considerations. It reflects the world wide experience of low cost technologies for sanitation (which has been reviewed by the World Bank) as also a critical review of several extensive programmes in India. As a part of this feasibility study, the technology has been further analysed by CBRI and a group of experts from AIIH & PH, NEERI, liT and Ministry of Works and Housing GOI in order to prepare an optimal design for the Indian conditions.

4.2 Need for Technology Optimisation

As already explained in Section 1.3, considerably heavy inputs with proper investment planning are needed for achieving the Decade targets for sanitation. Though the original targets set at the beginning of the VI Plan were 45% and 15% for the urban and rural sanitation sectors, the VII Plan Working Group assessed the likely achievement figures as 34% and 1.5% respectively. necessitating the balance 46% and 23.5% targets to be met in the VII Plan which increases the financial inputs substantially. Apart from these financial aspects, there are several sociocultural, behavioral and technical aspects involved, for speedy implementation of a sanitation programme. Defecation is viewed as a highly personalized activity in all cultures and is associated, particularly in this country, with a variety of cultural taboos and behavioral constraints. As a result, very often people are not only reluctant to use new technologies and change their patterns with regard to defecation but they are also often reluctant even to discuss the issue. This particularly com· pounds the problem in terms of trying to establish some effective low cost programmes and especially the ability to get people to use it once it is in place. Further, a peculiar social aspect is also involved in the urban areas of India. Though there are over 26 countries in the world where dry latrines are used, those in India account for about 78% of the total population serviced by dry latrines. Further, only in a few countries, scavengers as a class are used for direct handling of night soil. Of these again, India is having the largest scavenger fleet of about 6.5 lakhs distributed in over 3300 towns and employed in the depraving work of carrying the night soil of

about 150 million fellow human beings.

4.3 Global Attempts for Low Cost Sanitation Methods

The sanitation measures to be adopted should be hygienically and environmentally safe; technically and scientifically appropriate; socially and culturally acceptable; economically affordable; and simple in both the stages of implementation as well as operation and maintenance. As a

contribution to the IDWSSD, the World Bank is continuing applied research in an effort to develop techniques for the design of low cost water supply and sanitation systems which would allow maximum coverage to provide basic needs in the early years of a project, with a feasibility for progressive upgrading, as more resources become available and considered necessary. In this, the

extensive and pioneering work done in India has been of great help.

14 1

This sanitation technology has been categorised, based on construction costs :

i. Low Cost : a. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrines and Reed Odourless Earth Closets (ROEC);

b. Double Vault Composting (DVC) Toilets; and

c. Pour Flush (PF) Toilets

ii. Medium Cost a. Chinese 3-stage Septic Tanks; and

b. Vault Toilets and Vaccuum Trucks;

iii. High Cost Sewered PF Toilets

iv. Very High Cost : a. Septic Tanks; and

b. Conventional Sewerage

4.4 Recommended Technology

After assessing the suitability of the various low cost measures, the Project adopted the low cost technology of pour flush water seal latrines with on site disposal of waste in off set leaching pits whiCh has been in wide and satisfactory use in India where people use water for anal cleansing. The Project studied the various types of such latrines adopted both in India and outside, in the past as well as the present and had designed, a low cost unit which is safe from structural as well as public health aspects, can be installed easily in the different physical and hydrogeological conditions, is socially and culturally acceptable and affordable even by the poorest (with a specially designed pattern of financing). It has the other added advantages of (i) feasibility of location inside the premises; (ii) being odourless and without fly or mosquitobreeding; (iii) needing only 1t Iitres of water per flush and hence ensuring (a)- usage even in water scarcity areas; and (b) -greater availability of drinking water in any given water supply system than any other quality sanitation system; (iv) ease of construction; (v) needing hardly a day for completion; (vi) needing practically no maintenance; (vii) providing rich fertilizer/soil conditioner once every three years as a bonus; (vii) least municipal involvement; and (ix) feasibility of upgradation by connecting to a sewer system at a later date as and when needed.

4 4.1 Data base

100% household survey (details at Annex-12) has been done in all the project towns through the well briefed and oriented municipal staff and the data has been checked and rechecked by the PHMED and TAG-India to ensure that all the conversions and new constructions are feasible and that too at the least cost (within the premises, under the footpath, or under the road, in that order). The standard designs would be modified and tailored to suit the specific space constraints as needed to give the required effective volumes and satisfy the design considerations spelled out in Annex-7. Extensive data on the variation of highest water levels in the rainy and dry seesons and the variation of the soil structure for first 3m below the ground level in the different parts of the towns has been collected and analysed.

Each of the 20 project towns is divided into two zones depending upon the maximum ground water level during the rainy season being (i) 2m or more from the bottom of the pit (Zone A) or (ii) otherwise (Zone B). These are further subdivided into two sub zones each on the basis of the effective size of the soil formation being more than 0.2 mm (coarse soils like coarse sand-sub zones A1 and B1) or otherwise (fine sand, clay and silt-sub zones A2 and B2).

15 ]

4.4.2 Pourftush latrine unit

The pourflush latrine consists of a ceramic or GRP pan and trap unit with 20mm waterseal (Drawing Nos: 1-7). After use, it is flushed by hand using a small container holding about 2 litres of water The excreta are carried through a 75 mm dia pipe or drain at a slope not less than I in 40, into two under ground leaching pits, constructed in the house compound, or where space is not available, under the adjacent footpath or road. These pits are constructed of honeycomb brickwork or open jointed stone or clay or cement rings (depending upon local availability) so as to allow the liquid in the pits to percolate into the adjoining soil, leaving the solids behind. The pits are used alternately. Each should last for about 3 years before it is filled; it is then taken out of use and the excreta directed to the second pit. When the filled pit has been left for about two years, the contents have become a rich organic humus which is free of pathogens. When convenient, it is emptied and contents used as manure. The first pit is then ready to be put back into use when the second pit becomes full in its turn. With simple care and cleaning by the house­hold, the pourflush latrine is a very satisfactory and hygienic sanitation system. It can be located even inside the house, since the waterseal prevents odour or insect nuisance.

4.4.3 Adaptability

Leach pit configuration and materials can readily be varied to suit site conditions (Drawing No : 4). While the least cost design is a twin circular pit, in case of space constraints, oval pit with a partition wall or 600 mm dia boreholes 7 m deep lined by perforated clayware or concrete rings (where ground water table is deep) can be used. In most cases, there. would not be any problems of water pollution. The measures needed in situations where the pollution problems are likely, which were earlier reviewed by the International Working Group on Water Pollution as well as the design criteria including the distance between leach pits and house foundations (depenendent on soil conditions, height of structure, condition of house and depth of foundation) are discussed in the Expert Group's Report on Review of Design Criteria for Pourfush Waterseal Latrines at Annex-7.

4.5 Technical Factors Affecting the Selection

4.5.1 Water supply

The per capita supply in the towns presently varies from 10 to 114 !pd. (Annex-21) and is expected to stabilize in the range of 32-40 lpd. This coupled with the intermittent supply of 2 to 8 hours per day and the large dependency (81% of population or 85% households) on standpost supply make~ it unsuitable for the installation of a waterborne sewerage scheme, even if the needed funds could be found. However, evidence in the neighbouring Tamil Nadu and even in the regions of Andhra Pradesh where large number of units have alrady been. constructed in a limited period, indicates that, even under relatively water short cond1tions, people are prepared to fetch 2-4 lpcd needed to operate the pourflush systems. The Tamil Nadu Evaluation Study points out that only 4% of the dry latrine households and 1% of the no latrine households could not go in for the pourflush system due to difficulty in getting flushing water (Annex-6).

4.5.2 Population density

The population density is less than 151 in the different project towns with the estimated densities in the most congested pockets not excc:eding 700. The pourflush technology has been found to be satisfactory even with a population density of 350 in single storey layouts and double that in the 2-storey layouts. Morever, in the 100% house to house survey conducted in the project towns. it was found that all the conversions and the new constructions needed are feasible and that too mostly inside the premises.

[ 16 ]

4.5.3 Soil characteristics

The soil varies from black cotton clays (0.002mm effective size) to sandy/gravelly formations with an effective size of 2 mm, the former being more predominent. Pourflush latrines have been working satisfactorily in clays of this low effective size and coefficient of permeability of 0.15Xlo-6

(Annex-4).

4.5.4 Ground water level

In the rainy season. the ground water level is high at 0.75 m below GL in certain areas though it is over 2 m in dry season.

This high water level can give rise to three problems of (i) larger pathogen surv.ival (ii) longer digestion capacity needed and (iii) greater chances of ground water pollution.

i. Pathogen survival

"If the pit is left for a minimum of one year, there will be no viable pathogens survlVlng except for the possibility of a few Ascaris ova. The chances of viable Ascaris ova being present are greater if the pit is wet and partly below the water table. The risk involved in reusing material that has been buried for at least twelve months is very small; and the pit contents may be imme­diately used on the field with confidence" 1

•

In this Project, the pits are designed for a 3 year capacity-allowing for at least n years undisturbed storage and clear 6 months for making arrangements for emptying the pit to ensure that all the pathogens including Ascaris ova are killed before the pit contents are emptied and handled.

ii. Larger capacity (wet condition design)

Since larger capacity is needed, the pits are designed for the wet condition as per the recom­mendations of the Expert Group (Annex-7).

iii. Hazards of water pollution

In these areas, the coefficient of permeability is also very low (0.15X10-6) which gives a high factor of safety against possible water pollution. Moreover, the towns mostly depend upon the protected piped water supply, with only limited number of households depending upon handpump or wells. However, for the households drawing well or hand pump water, the water pollution prevention measures (WPPM) suggested in Annex·? will be taken and the quality of water monitored.

As some are lowlying deltaic areas, there woulld be some waterlogged areas. The leach pits will not be located in depressions or in the natural storm water courses. If, however, the pits have to be necessarily so located, because of space constraints in such areas, care will be taken to construct the pits in cut and fill so that the covering slab of the pit always remains above water level during the wet season and earth filling done all round the pits upto a distance of about 1.5m. The raising of pits will also necessitate the raising of the latrine floor (Annex-7 and Drawing No. 7).

JL Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation-Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management-A State of Art Review by Richard G. Feachem, David J. Bradley, Hemda Govelick and D. Duncan Mara, World Bank, 1 December 1980.

[ 17 ]

4.6 Behavioural Considerations

All the beneficiaries use water for anal cleansing. About 15% of the households in these 20 project towns have flush latrines, some of them like Amalapuram and Karimnager exceeding 21% and 24% respectively. Many people are aware of the advantages of a flush latrine and were only thwarted from adopting them as they were not aware of availability of the low cost pourflusb system and were purely dependendent upon the costlier septic tank systems. This system would be accepted more readily now that the State Govt. have agreed to implement them and realise the costs only through affordable monthly instalments.

The practice of using mud for cleaning is not adopted in these towns though such a practice is prevalent in North India, particularly in Bihar.

In their anxiety to keep the unit clean, the beneficiaries are likely to use large quantities of water for cleaning the latrine floor and the pan and also use detergents or disinfectants.

These aspects should form an important part of the promotion and education efforts of the PHMED, PMMC and the Municipal staff to ensure that the householders fully understand the implications of these practices and do not resort to them even unconsciously.

4.7 Potential for Upgradation

The technology proposed can readily be upgraded by connecting it to the sewer system as and when financially feasible and needed, though such a possibility is considered to be very remote.

4.8 Technology Optimisation

The design criteria adopted in the Project for the different elements are based on the different technology optimisation studies and findings mentioned in section 1.9 and detailed in Annex-7 to give the least cost and most beneficial and appropriate technicial solution.

Depending upon the number of users (5, 10 and 15) and pit location (inside the premises, under the footpath and under the road), there will be 9 different designs for any subzone referred to in Section 4.4.1. The factors mentioned in Sections 4.4.1 and 4.5.1 to 4.5.4 have been censidered for arriving at the most economical combination of diameter and depth for the different subzones taking local costs of materials and labour into account. Annex-38 gives the most economical dimensions of the circular pits proposed for the dry, wet and water logged conditions and Annex-39 gives their costs both with and without water pollution prevention measures for these designs. Though pits with 2! years life have also been worked out, they are not considered for the Project as the cost difference is not appreciable and it is desirable to provide for the 3-year capacity for such large scale whole town coverage programmes.

Well burnt clay rings, cuddapah slabs and other such equally effective local alternative materials have been used effectively and at considerable cost reductions in many demonstration units.

[ 18 1

5.1 Introduction

CHAPTER-5

THE PROJECT

This chapter spells out the project objectives of the latrine programme to be implemented in the twenty project towns, expressed in terms of increased access to sanitation by the different households. lt also describes the complementary inputs required to make the project successful, in particular, motivation and promotion, community participation, health education, training and orientation, monitoring and evaluation as also the additional legal support needed in terms of amendments to the existing legislation.

5.2 Project Objectives

The Project has two objectives : (a) long term and (b) immediate.

5.2.1 Long term objective

The long term objective of the Project is to provide low cost waterseallatrines in all the urban areas and particularly all the municipalities of the Andhra Pradesh State covering all the households without access to waterflush latrines so as to eliminate the health hazards created by the use of insanitary dry latrines or open air defecation.

:5.2.2 Immediate objective

The immediate objective is to prepare a feasibility study, together with a preliminary engineering and master plan report on low cost sanitation for the 20 selected towns by providing low cost pour­flush waterseal latrines in all the needy households (both conversions as well as new constructions) in a time-bound programme which could be replicated in other towns. This should be of interna­tional standard and acceptable to the government and to all donor agencies-national and others. This would enable the national/local authorities to prepare such projects in future without any external assistance. This would also improve the existing sanitation level in the project towns, providing guidance for the adoption of similar system of low cost sanitation measures in other towns in all aspects including technical, financial, institutional and managerial.

Since 100% house-to-house survey revealed that all the households are feasible either for conversion or new construction, no community latrines have been provided for the resident users in this project. If this be not so in the other towns, it may be necessary to provide community latrines for the use of those households which are not feasible for conversion or new construction within or outside the premises, due to space constraints, after a specifie survey in those other towns. More specifically the entire population of these 20 towns will have access to a private household latrine by the end of the Project period (March, 1991).

~;.3 Provision of Latrines

The study has established that pourflush waterseal technology is feasible in the project towns and is replicable in the other towns of the State. While estimating the number of house-hold and community latrine seats, no allowance has been made for the increase in the population of the project towns. It is justifiably assumed that the population increase in households will be taken care of by the planned provisions and the new constructions likely to come up in future. The latter are expected to automatically include waterflushed latrines of the proposed or other types as a result of legislative compulsion (Section 5.10).

19 ]

5.3.1 Household latrines

Conversion of all the existing 45, 927 dry latrines will benefit about 19 percent of the existing population (over 2.6 lakhs). Similarly, the provision of new pourflush waterseal latrines in the 167. 188 households presently without any private latrine facilities (about 67 percent of the present population) of over 9.2 lakhs.

Taking the individual towns, the population benefited by conversions ranges from 1,416 (4% of the present population) in Gadwal to 48,348 (53%) in Karimnagar. In terms of absolute numbers covered, the town benefited most by new constructions is Proddatur (82,964-70%) and the least is Sangareddy (16;5ll-50%). However, if percentage coverage is taken, Gadwal leads with 88% (32,251) and Karimnagar trails at the end with 34% (31, 191).

5.3.2. Community latrines

All the project towns do have community latrines (Annex-3 7) to cater to the needs of both resi­dent and casual users but bulk of them are open sand type latrines which are merely large areas enclosed for privacy with only sand spread out and with or without stones or brick foot rests for squatting and easing. These are situated generally in central and commercially valuable locations~

The 100% household survey has confirmed that all the needed conversions and new constructions. are feasible and hence there is no necessity to provide community latrines for the resident users, particularly as the State Government are keen to fully cover these towns as soon as possible. The existing sand latrines are to be closed, cleaned, disinfected and the space utitised for other remune­rative commercial sehemes. The existing bucket latrines are to be converted, the existing flush ones renovated and brought to the ideal level of community latrines as per the norms indicated in Annex-11 and properly maintained by the local bodies for the casual users as pay and use type latrines. Provision has been made for the construction of both renovation of the existing bucket/ flush latrines and constructon of 1350 new seats (Annex-37) with a minimum of 30 in 8 towns and a maximum of 150 in the towns of Khammam and Proddatur, These new seat requirements have been arrived at taking into consideration the commercial and historical tourist importance of each town and the da1ly casual visitors expected at about 2% of the present population as well as the seats already existing which could be converted/renovated and used for the purpose.

5.4 Acceptance

5.4.1 The first group of the early acceptors of the pourflush water seal latrines are expected to be the government employees, school teachers and other muncipal employees and the elected represen­tatives (Chairman and Ward members) of each of the local authorities. Once pourflush latrines are installed in their houses, they wiii be playing an effective role in motivating and promoting the

programme.

5.4.2 The second group of acceptors will be those who already have bucket latrines (they are already oriented towards owning a private latrine) but are dissatisfied with them and the scavenging service. In addition to the above, households having no latrine but belonging to the higher ex­penditure group (having monthly expenditure of Rs. 850 or more) are expected to be in this group.

5.4.3 The third group of acceptors will be of those households who are in the middle expenditure group (with no latrine): This group will need some incentives for acceptance of the programme.

5.4.4 The fourth group will be of those households who belong to the low expenditure group. This. group will need not only liberal subsidy but also substantial promotion and motivation activities.

[ 20 1

5.4.5 The .fith and the last group will consist of rented households. There could be some difficulties in facilitation of the latrines to such a group. Landlords may have no interest in providing pour­flush latrines in old houses fetching nominal rent and the tenants may not be interested in investing their funds for having such a facility. Such households will receive the units in the last stage of the programme or when necessary amendments in the existing Muncipal Act are effected.

5.4.6 The Project Management and Monitoring Cell (PMMC) will carefully monitor the rate of accep~ tance and ensure that the Project maintains the planned momentum. Care will be taken at the same time to see that the demand generated is promptly met with; otherwise, people may loose interest in the project and possibly reject it.

5.5 Promotion and Health Education

5.5.1 Methodology

Promotion activities will be undertaken to ensure that the planned objectives of the Project (Section 5.2) are acheived. Evaluation will also be carried out by PMMC on the impact of the Project on the environment in each project town.

5.5.2 Stagewise implementation

Promotion and health education activities will be performed in two stages : pre- and post- instal· lation stages. During the pre-installation stage, people will be educated about aspects like smell, life of the pit, latrine cost, siting of the latrine cubicles and the leaching pits (particularly distance between leaching pits and building foundation and also distance between leaching pits and open wells or hand pumps), materials needed for construction, besides the advantages of having a sanitary latrine, the method of its use and maintenance including the method of cleaning of the squatting pan. In the post installation phase, the activities will again include aspects like the use of the latrine and proper cleaning of the latrine cubicle and squatting pan. They will, in addition, cover items like diversion of the excreta flow from one pit to the other and use of the pit contents for agricultural purposes. More details are in Annex-39.

5.5.3 Implementation organisation

The activities in Section 5.5.2 will be carried out by the field motivators, junior engineers, sanitary inspectors and school teachers of each of the Municipal Councils under the overall guidance of the health educators of the PMMC.

5.5.4 Procedural steps

In general, promotion and education activities will take place as follows :

a. the programme will be widely publicised by each Municipal Council, through advertisements in the local newspapers, cinema slides and hoardings;

b. creation of ward committees comprising influential citizens, school teachers, municipal employees; and lady motivators (especially appointed by each Muncipal Council for the moti­vation and health education activities) who will undertake door to door campaign and explain the advantages of the technology, the method of obtaining the latrine, the cost of the units, facilities for monthly repayment of loans and the operation and maintenance of the pourflush unit;

c. construction of the school latrines and educating the children about the health aspects of the programme as well as the use and the maintenance of the latrines;

[ 21 ]

d. after completion of the latrine, the teachers and the lady motivators will advise the people about the proper use, maintenance and hygiene in general. The junior engineers of the different Municipal Councils will repeat these instructions, when they check and approve the construction and will leave a pamphlet with the householders (Annex-39) in the local language.

e. posters on use, maintenance and benefits from the latrines will also be placed on the walls of the community latrines ; and

f. a special latrine construction campaign will be launched by each Municipal Council once a year to promote a competetive spirit between the municipal wards to enhance public aware­ness of the importance of personal and community hygiene.

5.6 Development of Local Manufacturing Capability

Different materials which could be used in the manufacturing of squatting pans and traps are ceramic, concrete, fibre glass reinforced plastic (GRP), high density polyethylene (HOPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Ceramic squatting pans and traps are the costliest. Moreover, they are likely to break during transportation. In Bihar and Tamil Nadu, where the existing programmes use only mosaic or cement concrete pans with traps, the adopters as well as nonadopters preferred the ceramic ones even though they are costlier (Annex-5). Moreover, the concrete pans are sus­ceptible to pitting with long use, resulting in fly nuisance and a repulsive appearance. Requirement of water for proper flush also tends to increase. The GRP and PVC squatting pans and traps~ which are only recently developed through TAG-India effort are more economical than those of the ceramic and without the dis-advantages of both the ceramic and the concrete ones. TAG-India has collaborated with the Indian manufacturers in the development of light weight GRP, HOPE and PVC squatting pans and traps. There are now a number of manufacturers making good quality GRP pans with HOPE traps at competetive prices in Andhra Pradesh itself and can meet the required demands.

5. 7 Training of Builders, Contractors and Technical Staff

S.7.1 The experience of the construction of the pourflush units in this as well as the other States where the programme has made a good progress reveals that the low cost waterseal latrine programme can best be executed by the masons and small contractors available in the towns themselves. But they, particularly the small contractors, need training in fixing the pan and trap (to maintain adequate waterseal); proper construction of RCC cover and siting of the leaching pits (particularly with regard to building foundation and ground water sources). This is particularly needed in the, project towns, more so in the beginning stages.

5.7.2 The engineers and technicians of the implementing agencies (local bodies) will be imparted 6 day training on design, construction, operation and maintenance of the pourflush waterseal latrines

(Annex-40).

5.8 Scavengers' Rehabililation Programme

5.8.1 Need

As a part of these feasibility studies, TAG-India has evaluated the potential problems of rehabi­litation of scavengers both municipal as well as private (Jajmani: Annex-10) who will be released from their present occupations once the dry earth and bucket latrines of both the individual and community types are converted into pourflush latrines.

[ 22 ]

Programmes for conversion of the bucket latrines into pourflush ones have been taken up on a large scale in some States like Gujarat, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, U.P., Rajasthan~ West Bengal and also Andhra Pradesh recently. So far no serious problem of scavengers' unemployment has arisen there. The specific indepth sociological study on the impact of latrine conversion programme on the sca­vengers in Bihar and Rajasthan (Annex-9) has also confirmed this finding. It has also been experien­ced that even in the households where waterflushed toilets have been installed, scavenger services are not dispensed with. Their services are utilised for cleaning the backyards and disposals of the solid wastes, which, are not the really the depraving 'scavenging' works.

5.8.2 Scope

However, both the State Government and the Union Government (Ministry of Home Affairs) as well as the TAG-India are keen that they should not only be really liberated from the depraving work but also be quickly and effectively dissociated from this stigma, economically rehabilitated, occupationally diversified and upgraded with full protection of their employment and income and the entire gamut of their living conditions improved.

5.8.3 Magnitude of the problem

1263 scavengers (416 municipal and 847 private) are employed in these 20 project towns (Annex-37). From the data available with the DMA, over 2,733 municipal and 1,899 private scavengers are servicing about 3.53 lakh dry latrine households and 5000 dry community latrine seats.

5.8.4 Municipal scavengers

The task is less difficult in the case of local body-employed scavengers as the State Government have decided that their services should not be terminated when the 'scavenging ceases to exist but they should be continued in employment and engaged in other activities of the Local Bodies, which are now neglected for want of manpower. Along with this, it is also proposed to provide training for a good number of them in some alternative services to be provided or expanded by the Local Bodies so as to increase the facilities provided by the Local Bodies to the residents like plumbing. fuse repair, simple electrical repairs, simple leak repairs, handpump repairs, maintaining creches, emptying household pits, maintenance of community latrines, cleaning or sweeping of roads. roadroller and tractor driving, auxiliary nursing and thereby enrich the quality of life in their respective areas.

5.8.5 Private scavengers

In the case of private scavengers, a series of employment and self employment avenues will be tapped and necessary training and financial and other assistance as well as organisational support will be given to them for rehabilitation in such a manner that their family income does not suffer any diminution and there is no interruption of their earning.

5.8.6 Rehabilitation measures

The various schemes of rehabilitation of local body employed as well as private scavengers are explained in Annex-41.

5.8. 7 Funding

Virtually all scavengers belong to the scheduled castes. Their rehabilitation including training, subsidy and provisiJn of backup services and linkages necessary for the success of permanent and

( 23 ]

irreversible rehabilitation will be funded through the outlays being earmarked in terms of the Five Year Plans and Annual Plans from different developmental sectors of the State Plan which consti­tute the Special Component Plan for the Scheduled Castes including also ·the Special Central Assistance to the State's Special Component Plan provided by the GOI. Thus, it is not only possible to ensure their rehabilitation and occupational diversification/upgradation, but also provide for improvement and progress in their education, housing and living conditions. This process will make a significant contribution for progressive removal of the ageold discrimination based on the evil custom and stigma of untouchability and to the improvement of the social status of the scheduled castes.

5.9 Monitoring and Evaluation

5.9.1 Responsibi!ity

Monitoring and evaluation of the Project will be done by the Project Management and Monitoring Cell (PMMC) of the implementing agency. It will keep a close watch on the progress of the work particularly on aspects relating to :

allotment and utilisation of funds in relation to the planned programme;

actual costs of the units;

implementation schedules;

quality control and the contractors performance;

operation of the non-functioning facilities;

improvement in the utilisation of facilities provided;

improvement in the functioning of the facilities;

utilisation of the pit contents;

complementary activities needed to maximise the benefits from the latrine programme; and

improvements needed in the future projects, as a result of the experience gained.

5.9.2~~Technical monitoring

Technical monitoring, which again will be done by the PMMC, will include looking into the const­ruction, maintenance, pit emptying and failures due to inappropriate design. In addition, aspects such as the rate of pit filling, the quantity of water being used separately for ablution and cleaning purposes, the life span of leaching pits and the ground water pollution, will also be closely monitored.

S.9.3 Social and behavioural monitoring and evaluation

The sociologists and health educators attached to the PMMC will monitor and evaluate the programme from the social and behavioural angles and make specific recommendations for programme development and modification. They will in particular look into:

the actual rate of adoption compared to that in the programme objectives;

reasons for any slow or poor response from the people;

use of and satisfaction with the household latrines as well as community latrines;

loan recovery; and

impact of the programme on the scavengers.

[ 24 1

5.9.4 Records

Records of adopters (showing the date of construction, number of users, date of pit cleaning, monthly instalments etc.) will be maintained by the local bodies.

5.9.5 Non/underfunctioning of facilities and remedial measures

Indicators of the functioning of sanitation facilities and possible reasons for shortfall between intended and actual performances are presented in Annex-42. Possible reasons for non-parti­cipation of the targeted beneficiaries and the remedial measures needed to improve acceptance of the programme are given in Annex-43. A questionnaire for conducting household surveys in this regard is presented in Annex-44.

5.10 Suggested Legal Amendments in Andhara Pradesh Acts

A detailed study (Annex-8) of the provisions made under the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 and the Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960 reveals that these would not pose any problem in the implementation of the low cost sanitation programme in the project towns. However, with a view to meet the project objectives, certain amendments to the Acts would be necessary as indicated in Annex-45.

5.11 Model Bye-laws for regulating the construction, operation, maintenance and control of waterseal latrines are suggested Annex-46. Based on these, given to the State Govt. earlier, GOI have already issued byelaws which are presently being adopted in the scavenging free towns of Eluru and Warangal as also 14 of the 20 project towns where lowcost sanitation programme has been taken up with HUDCO assistance (Annex-24).

[ 2S )

6.1 Introduction

CHAPTER-6

IMPLEMENTATION

The following proposals for implementation of the Project are based on the institutional require­ments emanating from the evaluation studies and the assessment of the statutory powers, capa­bilities, past experience and the potential not only to execute the scheme at least cost in a time frame but also to develop the necessary infrastructure for extrapolating the programme for other towns in future, of the various possible agencies at the state and local levels. They have been discussed and agreed to in principle with GOA and the various agencies concerned. This chapter also describes the typical procedures through which a householder would obtain a latrine.

6.2 Institutional Requirements

The requirements of an ideal institution for the implementation of the Project emanating from the critical review of the existing programmes are listed in Annex-48-i. Nonavailbility of a recognised single organisation which will attend to all the jobs required of a householder at the municipal and state levels on his behalf from the time of application to that of completing the work has been found to be the main factor responsible for the poor or no progress of the ongoing programmes. even when full funds were made available. Bihar is a specific example where no tangible progress. was made between 1957 to 1975 just because of this reason.*

6.3 Recommended Implementation Setup

After assessing the powers, strengths and weaknesses of the several possible agencies at the state: and local levels, it has been agreed in principle by GOA, PHMED, DMA and DTP that the best arrangement would be implementation by the respective municipalities (with special engineering cells manned byEngineers deputed by PHMED) supervised by CE (PH) through the PMMC and actively assisted by the D MA. The funds for implementing this project would be channelled by GOA through CE (PH)/PMMC. To ensure efficient and economic execution of this time bound project with timely flow of funds, a state Direction Committee, which could be set up by an executive order, is proposed. The existing District Development Council headed by the District Collector and with the various official members would review this project along with the other projects in the particular district, periodically and render the necessary help. Further details. follow (Annex-48-ii).

6.3.1 Field implementation agencies

While the municipal engineers and sanitary inspectors and the staff of the PHMED (including the PMMC) will be primarily educating and instructing the adopter households and promoting the programme through the various community participation activities. the licensed contractors who physically construct the units (apart from promoting the programme) are the crucial element deter­mining the pace and quality of construction. Since the units have to be installed under the very nose of the houseowner who is fully briefed about the types and quantities of materials used and the broad dimensions and who has the added stake as he has to repay its cost, brunt of super­vision and quality control will vest with the householder. Because of this and because of the very nature of mass replication of small works, bigger contractors may not be very willing to

* Evaluation Report on Low Cost Water Seal Latrines in Bihar-Or. Z. Ahmed (Annex-5).

[ 26 ]

come forward for these works. As the bigger contractors may have to pay for larger overheads and the programme has to be kept at really low cost, smaller contractors, cooperatives, voluntary agencies, masons, plumbers or other educated but unemployed youth, after adequate training may have to be drafted on a large scale to construct these units which are fairly simple but need indi­vidual attention. Since they are practically distributed all over the town and need to be simulta­neously completed, large number of localised construction units well distributed with the work­load will be the answer. Due to a recent government decision, a large number of active but public spiritGd government employees have been compulsorily retired on completion of 55 years of age. They, individually or through cooperatives, can be potential licensed contractors for this pro­gramme. The cost may be worked out on a realistic basis and the contracts given by nomination. Some municipalities have even made it a practice that other municipal works are given only to the enlisted contrctors who complete a stipulated number of these units.

Ci.4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (PHMED)

A special project management and monitoring cell (PMMC) will be created in the PHED for effective supervision and monitoring the implementation of the low cost sanitation programme by the different municipalities. PHMED, at the state level, through the PMMC will be res­ponsible for :

preparation of the overall and detailed budgets for the Project activities;

ii. channelling funds, on reeeipt from GOA, to the various agencies;

iii. preparation of the standard designs, bills of quantities etc.,

iv. issue of guidelines as to where these standard designs may or may not be used; and develop­ment of the nonstandard designs to suit special cases;

v. general technical guidance to the Project;

vi. central procurement of scarce standard materials (such as cement, reinforcing steel, pan and trap units) which are not readily available locally and issue of these materials to the imple­menting agencies;

vii estimating annually, the cost of the different types of latrine installation, which will be the basis for Joan and grant payments to the implementing agencies and for reimbursement to the

licensed contractors; viii conducting training courses both at the state level as well as the municipal level for the diffe·

rent disciplines involved in the programme including contractors and plumbers;

ix. monitoring the overall project performance;

x. developing detailed plans for the stage II of the Project, including designing and undertaking any pilot installations or other technical investigations as necessary; and

xi. making alternative arrangements for implementation, if any of the implementing agencies/ subagencies fail to undertake or implement the Project satisfactorily.

In consultation with municipal commissioners of the respective municipalities and the DMA, PHMED through the PMMC will also be responsible for

i. preparing detailed programme of work, identifying number of household or community latrines to be converted or built, target locations etc. as a basis for budgeting as well as implementation;

[ 27 J.

ii. licensing local contractors (who will make a security deposit with the local authority for satisfactory performance); and

iii. timely execution of the programme.

6 5 Project Management and Monitoring Cell (PMMC)

The proposed cell (PMMC) consists of one superintending engineer, one deputy director (municipal administration), three executive engineers, three sociologists and three health educators (for the three regions) and twenty assistant executive engineers (one for each municipality). The cost of the PMMC will be met from the provisions made for engineering costs of the project. PMMC will be responsible for providing the necessary support to the local bodies during all the pre-construction, construction and post-construction stages of the programme. Some of its key functions would include :

- preparation of standard designs, bills of quantities and the costs for different types of units. (annually);

- procuring all critical materials such as cement, pan, trap and steel; - arranging and conducting training and orientation courses; - assisting the local body in selecting and granting licences to contractors; - monitoring and evaluation of the overall project performance including quality and pollution.

control; and - recommending to GOA, amendments in the Andhra Pradesh Acts and Bye-laws as well as.

monitoring their enactment and enforcement. This will form the nucleus of the PMMC envisaged for the state wide programme.

6.6 Municipalities

The municipalities have adequate powers to (a) implement the programme and (b) make loan and grant payments to as also recover loans from individual householders with remedial powers in case of default.But they wm not be able to mobilise other sources of revenue to support the community latrine programme which is unlikely to be financially self sufficient. They also do not have the necessary technical manpower for implentation of a time bound programme of this magnitude. Hence it has been agreed that PHMED would implement the programme through the municipalities with at least one Assistant Executive Engineer (former Junior Engineer's} post created at each municipality specifically for this project. The municipal commissioners, by virtue of their local knowledge and position, would be able to support the efforts of the PHMED to persuade the householders take up the programme and also ensure the prompt and regular recovery of the loan instalments through the special loan service cells created in each municipality. The municipal commissioners, with the special cells, will be responsible for

i. receipt and disbursement of loan and grant fund from PHMED (and possibly other sources like HUDCO);

ii. recovery of loan from beneficiaries and making payments to PHMED or HUDCO or other financing institution;

iii. operation and maintenance of community latrines; iv. emptying household latrine pits on request; v. storage and marketing the pit contents; and

vi. providing any service in the maintenance of private latrines as needed by the beneficaries.

They may draw on the technical assistance from the PHMED as and when necessary.

The existing staff position, total units to be converted/constructed and additional staff needed in each project town for implementation of the Project may be seen at Annex-47.

[ 28 1

16.7 District Development Council

The existing District Development Council headed by the District Collector and with the various official members would review this project also along with the other priority projects in the District periodically and render the necessary help, particularly the allotment of scarcity materials.

16.8 Local Sanitation Cell

6.8.1 The local body of each project town will create a Sanitation Cell comprising at least two motiva· tors (one male and the other female) to ensure adequate publicity, awareness, health education and motivation so that the units are maintained properly from the time they are constructed and also to catalyse the implementation programme. They will also help in identifying the households for conversion/construction and fixing targets and verification of the households' monthly expenditure/ utilities available with them, for determining the quantum of loans and grants. The cost of the cell will be met from the engineering costs of the Project. The individual town requirements of both male and female motivators may be seen in Annex · 47

~i.9 Town Direction Committee

A compact four member Town Direction Committee presided over by the Chairman of the local body will be constituted in each project town to be responsible for :

i. promotion, motivation, health education and community participation activities;

ii. proper operation and maintenance of community as well as household latrines; and

iii. monitoring and accelerating the progress of the implementation work.

A local social worker (preferably a woman), a local influential teacher and an enthusiastic ward representative will be the other members of this Committee.

tii.lO Training

Three types of training will be required to support the project activities as detailed below.

(ii,lO.t State level orientation and programme review

Two day orientation courses will be held at Hyderabad by the PMMC for the chairmen, members and municipal officers of the various municipalities of the project towns, staff and other officers of the PHMED, DMA, DTP and the Secretariat directly concerned with the Project. The initial course will be held prior to launching the programme and the subsequent regular refresher courses half yearly to exchange experiences in the programme implementation, discuss the results of the programme monitoring and explore ways to improve the programme performance.

6.10.2 Local level technical training

Two types of training courses will be held at the PH circle headquarters or the municipalities by the PMMC. Each trainee will be provided with field manuals and other training material :

i. a seven day training course for assistant engineers, junior engineers and sanitary inspectors to instruct and orient them regarding the construction, supervision and maintenance activities,

and

ii. a seven day training course for small contractors, masons or other interested tradesmen in the project area or nearby areas. On satisfactory completion of the course, these participants would u ... licensed to construct or convert the latrines under the Project.

[ 29 ]

6.10.3 Locallevelcommunity participation training

Two-week training course will be organised by the PMMC at the municipalities for training motivators or sanitation volunteers for the promotion of the programme particularly in the new nonformal education approaches for community involvement (eg. participatory/educational approach, direct participatory approach, situational analysis and the resource identification dialogue with the community). The sanitation volunteers will be selected from women social workers, health staff, school teachers, local leaders, masons or other suitable and willing persons including educated but unemployed youths. On satisfactory completion of the course and identification of the most suitable approach for the particular community, the samtation volunteers will be deployed for promoting the programme on a part time or full time basis.

6.11 State Direction Committee

It is suggested that a compact nine member committee be formed at the state level comprising :

i. Secretary, Housing, Municipal Administration and Urban Development, GOA (Chairman); ii. Secretary, Social Welfare, GOA;

iii. Secretary, Finance GOA or his nominee; iv. Chief Engineer (PH); v. Director, Public Health;

vi. Director, Municipal Administration; vii. Director, Town Planning;

viii. an eminent social worker (preferably belonging to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe or a woman); and

xi. Chairman of the Chamber of Municipal Councils. This committee, with CE (PH) also functioning as the Secretary, may meet once in three months and decide on the formulation and execution of the Project. It will determine the financial allocations to the different municipalities, look into the progress of implementa­tion of the project including the rehabilitation of the scavengers and loan recovery from the local bodies and issue directions to the PMMC.

6.12 Methodology for Household Latrine Construction

6.12.1 Purpose

The procedure described below is intended to involve the householder as much as possible in siting and selection of the latrines, to ensure that he is satisfied with the finished unit, while at the same time, to protect him from malpractices like over charging, use of sub-standard or insufficient material or poor workmanship.

6.12.2 Designs

The latrines to be installed through the programme will be built to standard designs (a small number may have to be designed to suit special cases, but this will be avoided as far as possible). All will be of the pourflush waterseal type discussed in Chapter 5. The designs will be for 5,10 and 15 users (corresponding to the most common household sizes found in the survey) and for the conversions of the dry earth type requiring superstructure or bucket type with existing superstruc­ture or the construction of a new latrine. The number of users affects the size of the leaching pits and in the case of 15 users, a second pan has to be provided. The size of the pits alsq

[ 30 ]

increases where they have to function under wet or submerged conditions viz pit bottom is at or below the maximum ground water level even for a short period at any time. In some pockets of some project towns, the water level is very high necessitating special design for waterlogged condi­tions. Though efforts have been made to locate the pits within the premises as far as possible, there are a few cases where the leac-hing pits have to be located under footpaths or roads. This affects the structural design of the pit and cover. The pits have also to be provided with special precaution­ary measures where they are prone to water pollution as discussed in the Chapter 5. The design of the minimum superstructure for conventional and hollow block modular structures as also the design for diversion chambers for easy switching of the flow have also been finalized. Thus there will be 69 standard designs, corresponding to the anticipated number ofusers, location of the pits, Proximity of the drinking water sources and hydrogeological conditions of the 20- project towns which could be projected to all the urban areas of the State in future (Annex - 51).

6.12.3 Selection

At the beginning of each year, PMMC will prepare revised standard costs for each of the basic designs and these will apply to all units to be built during the succeeding 12 months. The house owner will see the demonstration units already built in the area and will be appraised the cost and the financial assistance to be provided by GOA. Keeping in view the family size and the hydrogeological condition of the area, the householder will be given all the information needed, including dimensions and costs of materials so that he could be helped to decide about the type of latrine to be constructed as the best suited to his needs.

6.12.4 Execution

Once a house owner or/even the tenant expresses his interest in having a latrine, the following steps would normally occur :

i. The houseowner or the tenant will obtain an application form (Annex-49 or 50) from the Local Authority and will submit it duly filled in.

ii. The Junior Engineer will prepare a list of the total number of latrines to be constructed during the year, on first-come-first served basis, depending on the availability of funds.

iii. The Junior Engineer of the Municipal Council will visit the house, assess the space available and location of the latrine and leaching pit and ascertain the number of users. He will also find out the distance between the leach pits and the drinking water source to ascertain if it is necessary to take any precaution. He will also check on the hydrogeological conditions of the area to decide on the selection of the most suitable one of the 69 standard designs.

iv. Once the site and design of the latrine to be installed in a particular house are decided, the house­owner will sign an agreement (Annex-51) with the Municipal Council for repayment of the loan for which he is eligible

v. The contractor will collect the pans, traps, cement, pit cover (to be cast centrally in the mumcipal office) and steel for a group of latrines to be constructed in a particular area and proceed to con­struct the latrines.

vi. Each completed latrine will be inspected by the Junior Engineer after the contractor produces a certificate of satisfactory completion of work from the householder (Annex-52). After inspection,

if the work is considered satisfactory, the Engineer will recommend to the Municipal Com· missioner the release of the contractor' payments and will register the construction in his books for the recovery of loan from the householder.

vii. When the motivators inspect the latrines, they will give the householder full instructions (Annex-39) regarding the proper use and maintenance of the latrine, including the method of switching over from the first pit to the:second and use ofthe pit contents. These instructions will be repeated once a week in the beginning by the lady motivator and health educators.

viii. The Municipality commences recovery of loan charges from the beginning of the month following the completion of the unit.

[ 32 ]

7.1 Introduction

CHAPTER-7

PROJECT COST

7 .1.1 This chapter discusses the various elements of the Project Cost, their basis and arrives at the total cost at 1984 prices. Stages I and II Cost Rs. 86 million and Rs. 248 million respectively.

7.2 Elements of Project Cost

7.2.1 The Project Cost comprises the following elements:

a. Basic cost;

b. Physical contingencies; and

c. Engineering costs.

7.3 Basic Costs

Annex-53 gives the detailed unit costs and bills of quantities fur various finished items (groups) based on the current schedule of rates for labour and material (Annex-54) to be adopted for the differenHypes of latrines to be constructed under the Project. As already explained in Chapter 5, least cost solutions have been worked out for the specific local conditions as the costs are to be ultimately recoverd from the beneficiaries. The unit costs (including 10% contingencies and 12-i% engineering costs) of individual household and community latrines are summarised in the following Table 7- I. The basic costs are also reflected at Annex-55

Estimates for unit costs of the different types of individual and community latrines adopted in the Project may be seen at Annexes 56 and 58 respectively.

7.4 Physical Contingencies

To cover the variations in the site conditions"and other requirements, price contingencies at 10% have been levied over the basic costs of indivi, ual units including superstructure.

7.5 Engineering Costs

According to the prevailing norms of the AP PHED, 15~% centage charges with the following breakup are levied on all municipal works :

1. Supervision and Establishment Charges

u. Pension Charges

iii. Audit Charges

iv. Preparation of detailed plans and estimates and technical scrutiny by Chief Engineer

Total

10.0%

1.5%

1.0%

3.0%

15.5%

In view of the high priority being given to this programme hy the GOA, waival of these 15!% departmental centage charges has been proposed and is being considered favourably.

However, because of the very nature of this time bound project needing individual attention, motivation, acceptance and proper use by all the 2.14 lakh householdets necessitating the infra­structure detailed in Chapter 6, 12t'% engineering costs are included in the project cost. This covers the engineering supervision, promotion and motivation costs as well as setting up and running Scavenger Training & Rehabilitation Training Centres in each of the 20 Project Towns (on the lines indicated in Annex-41) as detailed in Annex-57.

[ 33 ]

TABLE-7-1

UNIT COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY LATRINES

I INDIVIDUAL LA TRINES

CONVERSIONS With Existing Superstructure NEW Superstructure to be Provided CONSTRUCTIONS

5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15 A. Within Premises

a. Dry 1. Without WPPM 744 960 1429 1274 1490 2359 1259 1480 2339

ii. With WPPM '905 1190 1710 1435 1720 2640 1420 1710· 2620 b. Wet

h Without WPPM 875 1145 1762 1405 1675 2692 1395 1665 2672 ii. With WPPM W15 1450 2!65 1605 1980 3095 1595 1970 3075

c. Waterlogged 1780 2265 2770 2310 2795 3700 2300 2780 3680

B. Under Foot Path

a. Dry I. Without WPPM ~83 1324 1905 1533 1854 2835 1498 1839 2815

ii. With WPPM U70 1585 2l85 1700 2115 3115 1685 2100 3095 ~. Wet

Without WPPM H56 1587 2107 1686 2117 3037 1671 2102 3017 11. With WPPM 1480 1885 2470 2010 2415 3400 1995 2400 :3380

c. Under Road

a. Dry l. Without WPPM 1270 1610 2125 1800 2140 3055 17:S5 2130 3035

11. With WPPM 1470 1830 2410 :woo 2360 3340 1985 2350 3320 b. Wet

1. Without WPPM 1475 1895 2455 2005 2425 3385 1995 2415 3365 lJ, With WPPM 1700 2180 2820 2230 2710 3750 2220 2700 3730

WPPM-Water Pollution Prevention Measure"

II COMMUNITY LATRINES: 8 SEATED: Rs. 30,000; 12 SEATED: Rs. 40,000; 16 SEATED: Rs. 50,000

[ 34 l J

7.' Total Project Cost

The total project cost comes to Rs. 334 million as detailed in Annex-59, and summarised in Annex­GO, to convert 45,927 dry individual latrines, to construct 167,888 new individual latrines and to provide 2,940 community latrine seats (1037 conversions of existing dry, 553 renovations of existing flush and 1350 new flush constructions-all of the pourfiush type) in the 20 Project Towns. This will benefit 1.2 million resident population apart from about 0.03 million (non resident) casual

users. The tovvnwise an dother details like the facilities provided-individual latrines as well as community ~eat~·---both conversion and new are also shown in the Annex-59. The Project will be implemented in two stages, of three and four years respectively.

Annex-59 gives the detailed breakup of the project cost of each town in terms of the various types

of designs of units adopted and their distribution of beneficiaries with access to utilities to determine

the affordable monthly instalments on a rational basis, the loan and grant element involved and the Phase I breakup.

7. 7 First Stage

During the first stage (1984-87), conversions will be completed in all the towns excepting Karim­

nagar, Mahbubnagar aud Sangareddy where a small portion spillover to the second stage because

will of their larger proportion. At a cost of Rs. 86 million (which is about 26% of the total cost), over 0.3 million resident population (29% of the total beneficiaries) will be covered by over 43,000 conversions (94% of the total) and 19,500 (12% of the total) new constructions. Annexes-59 and 60 give the townwise breakup.

7.8 Plan Provisions The orignal provision of Rs 59.545 million for low cost sanitation during VI plan was enhanced to Rs. 119.145 million by diverting all the Rs 59.60 million provided for sewerage also to low cost sanitation.

The GOA have already sought and propose to seek the assistance possible under the various

national financial institutions like HUDCO, LlC, and nationalised banks as also thecentral assis­

tance under the Scavenging Elimination Programme of the Union Ministry of HomeAffairs, and

the lDSMT Programme of the Union Mini~try of Works & Housing as mentioned in Section 2.4 2

and Annex-24.

7.~ State Programme The GOA propose to remove scavenging as also insanitation from all over the State under the

Vimukthi Prc)grammc recently Jaunctled.

Based on the details which could be collected from the DMA and the TAG-India visits to the

project f\nd nonproject municipalities, the 90 municipal towns (excepting Hyderabad Corporation) which the State Government want to be taken up on a priority basis, have been considered.

Scavenging is also prevalent only in urban areas. About 1.5 million households are involved : 0.35 million conversions and 1.15 million new constructions of individual latrines, conversion and renovation of 10,000 existing dry community latrine seats and construction of 6000 new community latrine seats are necessary to cover all the 90 municipalities with full converage. Since 20 towns are already coverd under this Project, Rs. 3100 million are needed to cover the balance 70

municipalities. This will benefit a population of 8 millian and fully rehabilitate all the 5000

scavengers presently doing the deprving work.

If only conversion of invidual and community latrines are considered, Rs. 453 million would be

needed and a population of 1.8 million will be benefited.

[ 35 ]

CHAPTER--8

FINANCING PATTERN

8.1 Introduction

Since latrine is an integral feature of a house, a personal property, large scale programmes for providing latrines in all the households of a town, as envisaged in this project, have not been taken up earlier. Only conversion programmes to relieve the scavengers from their present depraving work have been initiated in the State Andhra Pradesh (Section 2.4 2). This has resulted in the municipalities constructing only community latrines and maintaining fleets of scavengers and other conservancy staff just to keep the towns reasonably clean ove: burdening the already slender finances of the local bodies. Since the bulk of the project cost relates to household latrines and the municipal revenues cannot support a large scale investment of this high order and 90% urban dwellers are prepared to bear the cost of installation in easy instalments, this chapter discusses the various possible financial arrangements for speedy and effective implementation of the programme. In the present financial and physical situation, it will not be possible to complete 100% coverage of the households of all the 20 towns envisaged in the project in a period of less than seevn years and may be taken up in two stages, the first stage of three years, being the last year of the current · VI Plan (1980-85) and the first two years of the VII Plan ( 1985-90).

8.2 Prevailing Patterns of Assistance

Such programmes, though on a very small scale and mostly for conversion, are under implementation in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal as also in the areas of Delhi Municipal Corporation, Pondicherry Administration and Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). Due to the efforts of TAG-India, some Cen1ral Government Departments and national financial institutions have also started assisting such programmes. The patterns of financial assistance prevailing therein are summarised in the following Table 8-1. A critical analysis of the pattern vs. performance shows that the 100% coverage of the households envisaged in the project is possible only if:

1. the full cost (including superstructure where needed) is made available for the construction in advance with a loan and grant mix to the householder, the loan component being repayable on a reasonable monthly instalment within his affordability; and

11. a single organisation takes the complete responsibility of the construction without the house­holder having to do any running about for the different chores like application, sanction of plans and procurement of materials or contractors, if necessary at a small service charge.

The Tamil Nadu Evaluation Study (Annex-6) covering the more urbanised and major towns as well as the small and medium towns, which arc very similar to the project towns under consideration in the adjoining state, points out that :

i. though 85-90% of the urban householders want to go in for this programme, 75-80% reported lack of finance to make payment of their share in one lot as the reason for their inability to take advantage of the programme.

n. 90% want to go in for this facility if Governmellt loans are available;

[ 36 ]

State Authority

l. Andhra

Pradesh

Agency

2

TABLE 8-i EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISl'ANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

Assistance from Grant

3 4

Loan

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

Loan Terms

Annual Repayment Interest Period Rate Years-Months

Total Mora-torium

6 7 8

Other Information

9

I. Conversions from Oct. 1980 and new constructions from Mar. 198l.from Revolving Funds constituted out of the normal Mwticapil Funds by 81 out of the 91 municipalities of the State at present; other municipalities are also expected to follow suit shortly

Municipal Revolving Fund

Two-thirds the Nondefaulters of cost upto a maximum of Rs. 500

house tax on annual rental value of Rs. 2,500/­and less

Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and backward classes

Others

[ 37 ]

6% l i ~ 2·0

i. 10% J

Principal in a maximum of 24 equal monthly instalments and simple interest in subsequent convenient monthly instal­ments of not less than Rs. 20/- payable on or before lOth of every month. Recovery of the first instalm<nt commences from the month immediately succeeding the month of completion of the work or on expiry of two months from the date of payment of loan whichever is earlier. If the work is not completed within 2 months of loan sanction, Joan is to be returned in full together with penal inte­rest. A penal interest of 1 t times the usual interest is charged on all belated payments

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

State/ Assistance from Authority Agency _____ Grant--

1

Andhra Pradesh

2 3

Loan

4

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

----------------------------------~-Loan Terms

Annual Interest Rate

6

Repayment Period

Years-Months

Total Mora-

torium

7 8

Other Information

9

(Contd.) 2. Conversions in Eluru and Warangal Municipalities sanctioned under the Scarenging Elimination Programme H·ith 50% grant from the Union

Home Ministry State Half not Government exceeding

Rs. 500 (received from

the Union Home Ministry)

Half not exceeding

Rs. 500

All

3. Conversions and new constructions under HUDCO assisted schemes State Half Half through Households with Government HUDCO monthly income

not ex-.:eeding Rs. 600/-

0thers

[ 38 ]

Nil

.:: .lC/ -·4 /0

2-1

10-0

12-0

Loan is recovered in not more than 25 monthly instalments of not less than Rs. 10 or more than Rs. 20 payable on or before lOth of every month commencing from the month following the month in which conversion I new construction was completed. Penal interest, at the rate to be fixed by the Municipal Council, charged on belated instalments

Rebate of i% available for timely pay· ment of interest and principal

Nil rebate Interest is calculated from the date of its

release by HUDCO and is due and pay­able quarterly on the 31st March, 30th

State Authority

1

1. Andhra Pradesh (Contd.)

Agency

2

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

Assistance from Grant

3 4

Loan

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

Loan Terms

Annual Repayment Interest Period Rate Years-Months

Total Mora-torium

6 7 8

Other Information

9

3. Conv;:rsions and new coltstructioTts ut1der HUDCO assisted schemes (Contd.)

June, 30th September and 31st December, each year, the first insta·lment of interest (for a proportionate period, if necessary) being due and payable on the due date immediately followipg the date of first disbursement against the loan

[ 39 ]

Rebate on interest will be allowed for prompt payment of quarterly interest and repayment of principal instalment on due dates. A default in the payment of a loan instalment and/or interest on the due dates will lead to loss of rebate and also additional interest at the rate of 2!% will be payable on such over due payments

HUDCO reserves the right at any parti­cular time to vary the interest on the loan amount I or a part thereof to be released depending upon its actual borrowing rate prevailing at the time of release of such amount by giving prior notice to the borrower of such variation

State/ Authority

1

2. Bihar

,., Gujarat .),

Agency

2

State 6overnment

C!~·n +,.. ... :Ha.L\:1

Government

Local Body

State Government

Local

Body

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

Assistance from -- -·--------

Grant Loan

3 4

Half Half

Three -fourths

One -fourth

50% -

30% -

(Contd.)

I I

1

Eligibility Criteria

5

}- Harijans I

I J

I I

i ~ Others

I J

[ 40 ]

Loan Terms

Annual Interest Rate

6

13%

Repayment Period

Years-Months

Total Mora­

torium

7 8

5-0 1-0

Other Information

9

Conversions from 1967. GOB gives total cost to local body which recovers the loan from householders. A private organi­sation collects money from the local body, executes the work with 10% service charge (within total cost) and completes all formalities on behalf of the beneficia­

ries

30% cost of schemes (both conversions and new constructions) from March 1, 1981 to be spent in Harijan areas. Local body can obtain loans from State Government to give the grants to the householders. Rate of interest is 3% in case of harijan areas and 6% for others with a repayment period of 25 years including a grace period of 4 years. All loans are available only on demand and on guarantee that the beneficiary is not burdened

State Authority Agency

2

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION I

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

Assistance from Grant

3

Loan

4

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

Loan Terms

Annual Repaymem Interest Rate

6 7

Period Years-M ontils

Total Mora· torium

8

Other Information

9

4. Haryana State Three One Scheduled I I

5. .Mahara-shtra

6. Punjab

Government quarters quarter

Half Half

State Half Half Government

castes & scheduled >-tribes

I

I Others J

10%

8.50%

15-0

13-0 Loan repayable in 22 equal annua 1 instalments and six monthly on 1st June and 1st December each year along with interest on the outstanding loan

1. In the 8 towns of Amritsar, Jullundlzur, Ludhiana, Patiala, Bhatinda, Rajpura, Pathankot and Mogafor comersion of 1,04,268 dry latrines and their connectio11 to sewers at an estimated cost of Rs. 1677.481 lakhs included in the Water Supply and Sewerage Project of Punjab assisted by the World Bank

.Municipality Half

One quarter

Half For all households I irrespective of income I in identified slum 1 areas I

I In other areas for }-households with a I monthly income range !

Three quarters Rs. Q-500 I Full Rs. 501-1000 1

above Rs. 1000 J

[ 41

4% 5-0

Loans are only for conversions and con­nection to the sewers and not for constru­ction of any latrine enclosure and are to be repaid to the Municipality in 30

equal bi-monthly instalments

State/ Authority

1

6. Punjab

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

Assistance from ~------------~~

Agency Grant

2 3

Loan

4

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

Loan Terms

Annual Interest Rate

6

R.:payment Period

Years-Months

Total Mora­torium

7 8

Other Information

9

(Contd.) 2. Other Conversion Schemes recently started

State Govern- One quarter Three quarters ment

7. Rajasthan State Govern- Half Half ment

9%

8.5%

15-0

25-0

2% Rebate for timely repayment and 12-2-% penal rate for delayed payments

8. Tamil Nadu 1. In the 14 towns to be taken up as a part of the IDA-assisted Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Sanitation Project; utilities considered m;e : dry latrine,

electric connection and water connection State Govern- Nil Full Households having I

either 2 or 3 I ment

Half Half utilities I Households having ~ one utility I Households having I no utility j

8.5% 25·0

Three quarters One quarter

2. For conversions in Udwnafpet Municipality sanctioned wrder the Scavenging Elimination .Programme with 50% grant from the Union Home Ministry

State Govern-ment

Half (received from the Union Home Minis­try)

Half All 8.5%

[ 42 ]

5-0 Loan with interest to be repaid in 10 half yearly instalments along with property tax. Penal interest of 12% charged on belated payments

TABLE 8·1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSIS'L\NCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

State Authority Agency

2

Assistance from Grant

3

Loan

4

(Contd.)

Eligibility Criteria

5

Loan Terms

Annual Repayment Interest Period Rate Years-Months

6 7

Total 1\li ora­torium

8

Other Information

9

8. Tamil 3. Programmes operated by the Research cum Action Project (RCAP) wing of the Institute of Public Health, Poonamallee under the Department of Nadu Health of tlze State Govt. (Contd.) State Nil

Government

Rs 210

9. Uttar State Govern- Half Pradesh ment

10. \Vest State Govern- Full Bengal ment (Non-CMDA areas)

Nil

Nil

Half

-

All

Households with monthly income less than Rs 500

AU

[ 43 ]

S'.25% 5-0

Regular programme started from 1967 of new constructions upto plinth level in 23 selected blocks in the districts of Chen­galpattu, Tanjavur, Madurai and Tirunelveli after full deposit of Rs 260 by beneficiary who will provide the enclo· sure separately

Conversion programme started from 1974 in the urban areas of selected districts and blocks subject to the fund availability from year to year, after the beneficiary deposits his share of Rs 50/- out of the total cost of Rs 260/-

Cost of superstructure to be borne by individual

-; TABLE 8~1

EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION/ NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRINES

(Contd.)

r_. ___ -~----~-.....~--------..--_-------··-----.,---~---....-··~,_. __________ ~""--.,----~-~~-~-,.---··-~--·--•••-•r•~·---.,.-,-• -----·------~-~

State/ Assistance from Loan Amhority--~Agenc-y~-·· ... ---Gl.:anT ________ __

1 2

11. Calcutta Cl\1DA Metro-politan Develop~

ment Autho-rity (OviDA)

12. Delhi DMC Munici­pal Cor­poration (DMC)

13. Pondi- Union Terri-cherry tory Adminis­

tration

3 4 .··---~-----·--

Full - AU

Full All

Rs 1500 All

Eligibility Criteria

5

[ 44

Loan Terms

Annual Repayment Interest Rate

6

lOt%

Period Years-Months

Total Mora­

torium

7 8

10-0

Other Information

9

Mostly conversions; cost of superstructure to be borne by beneficiary

Mostly conversions

Initiated in 1974-7 5 and for conversions only. Loan recoverable in 1 0 equal instalments. Rebate of 4% in interest for prompt repayment of instalments. If the work is completed within one year of loan sanction, a subsidy of Rs. 200, shared by Government and Municipality in the ratio of 2 : I, is given

TABLE 8-1 EXISTING PATTERNS OF ASSISTANCE TO HOUSEHOLDERS FOR CONVERSION /

NEW CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LATRI~ES (Contd.)

Loan Terms

Annual R.:payment

State/ Assistance from Eligibility lnterest Pn·iocl Authorit~y--~-Agency-- Grant Loan Criteria Rate Year~>-Months Other Infc)rmation

Total Mora-torium

---------·------~-------------- ----------

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14. Union UBI - Full Households with 4% 5 to 7 Bank of monthly income less years India than Rs. 400 (UBI)

15. State SBI - Full upto Scheduled Bank Rs. 1200/- Castes 4% 10 to of India Others 1 7?t% 15 ys (SBI)

16. Housing HUDCO - Half the unit Households with 5!'>~ 10-0 - i% rebate for prompt repayment of and (through cost (Balance monthly income not interest and principal. Penal interest of Urban state to be borne exceeding Rs. 600 7i% on overdue payments Develop- government/ by state ment local body) government/ Corpora- local body/ Others 10~~ 12-0 - Penal interest of 12l% on overdue pay-tion beneficiary) ments (HUDCO)

[ 45 ]

iii. 95-100% would like the repayment in monthly instalments; and

iv. a monthly instalment of Rs. 5-10 was considered reasonable, with 66-88% population consi­

dering even higher instalments reasonable.

These findings were reconfirmed during the random checks by the TAG-India in both the Project

and Non-Project Towns of Andhra Pradesh when the poorest householders reiterated that they would willingly and regularly be able to pay Rs. 5 per mensem for this facility.

8.2.1 AntUna Pradesh

Three types of schemes are in operation in Andhra Pradesh as detailed in Section 2.4.2, Table 8-1

and Annex-24. Revolving Fund Scheme can be used for starting a few demonstration units only. The Union Home Ministry's scheme is limited to a few towns for demonstration purposes only. Accordingly the GOA depend more on the third, HUDCO-assisted scheme for large scale imple­mentation as envisaged in this Project. The new avenues of funding viz. IDSMT and LIC have also been consiJered. The central assistance under lDSMT is limited to those selected towns while the GOA want to cover all the towns. Further, the central assistance is limited to a maxi­mum of Rs. 25 lakhs (subject to a few guidelines) against the considerably large requirements for each town. LlC have agreed to fund 50% cost of the Project to be released over a period of 3 years under certain conditions. The loan is repayable at 10.5% interest in 15 years by 12 equal annual

instelments with a moratorium of 3 years. Since this amont will be part of the LIC funds ear­marked for the State under the Water Supply Sector, which are already substantially short of the State requirments, GOA consder it inadvisable to seek UC funds for low cost sanitation.

8.2.2 Deficiencies in the existing scheme

Some of the deficiencies like restriction of the assistance only for conversion, non availability of proper and adequate byelaws, nondirection!to the municipalities to i adopt low cost sanitation ii exoeditiously complete the work as a time bound programme, nonavailability of technical awar~ness or technical competence, non-availability of standard materials at reasonable cost have already been made good by the GOA in consultation with TAG-India by issuing nece~sary guide· lines and taking other appropriate action. Sources of funding have also been located. The main lacunae at present is the proper infrastructure and bringing the costs within the affordability range of the beneficiaries so that the programme could be impl~mented in the desired accelerated manner. The infrastructural arrangements needed are spelled out in Chapter-6. The financial arrangements needed are discussed hereafter.

8.2.3 Mode'S of Financing

The project involves two levels of financing : (i) municipal level--from the Central Government or

State Government or financial institution, national or international and (ii) householder level.

As already explained in the Section 8.2.1, the Andhra Pradesh Government have already tak;;n a policy decision to obtain HUDCO loans for 50% of the cost and give the balance 50% as grant to all the project town municipalities and to extend similar facilities to the other non-pmject municipalities also. Conversion work is proposed to be taken up in the first phase in all the

municipalities excepting Tadepalligudem which the State Government want to develop as a model town covering all the households-both conversions and new constructions-in a three

year period.

[ 46 ]

The pattern of assistance to the householder from or through the municipality is the more important aspect and also helps the municipality to plough back the repayment instalments for accelerated implementation of the goal of no non-flush latrine household by the end of 7 years (March, 1971).

8.3. Recommended Pattern of Financing

8 3.1 Need for a better pattern

There are more than 71 households in the lowest income group of monthly income less than Rs. 450, (including 8 scheduled castes) who have to construct 15 user latrines under road at a cost of Rs. 3730 (Annexes 31 and 51). The present liberalised pattern of financing is 50% grant to all low income households as well as others uniformly and 50% loan at 5% repayable in 30 equated quarterly instalments availing the full benefit oft% rebate for timely repayments. The equivalent monthly repayment instalment for this low income group comes to Rs. 20.13 which is well beyond their affordability (working out to 9% of the mid value of the income group range). Hence there is the immediate need fur a better system which will bring the monthly repayment instalments of this as well as the other beneficiary groups within 2!% of the monthly income which is generally considered as the affordable limit for such services.1

8 3.2 Rational parameters

As most of the population are of non-salary class and assessments are pending revtsiOn for nearly tvvo decades (and are prone to several inherent defects), the customary categorisation by income or ARV is not considered rational and hence not recommended.

Of the various social and economic indicators of development normally used for deciding uron the backwardness of an area or population, a large number of indicators fall under the infrastruc­ture category as they are 1Ut only highly relevant but also easily and correctly available. It may be pointed out that the spectacular rate of growth of economies of Tai\\an and Korea and the rapid strides in the direction of redistributive justice are generally attributed to massive public and private investments on infrastructural development. 2

Availabllity of sanitary facilities, running water and electricit}' in a house are some of the recognis­ed social and economic indicators of development and are also included in the new model "Quan­titative Scale of Physical Development" (QSPD) developed for monitoring national development and advocated at a recently held National Seminar.3

1 Summary Report of the Socio-Economic and Tariff Study for Gujarat Water Supply & Sewe1age Project, Ju!y 15, 1981-0perations Research Group, Baroda

2 Rains, Gustav : "Equality with Growth in Taiwan". How 'Special' is the 'Special Case'? Economic Gro\\th Centre, Yale University, New Haven, July 1977

Ro, D.C. : Economic Growth and Equity in the Republic of Korea (Mimeographed). World Development, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1978

Rajkrishna : "The Centre and the Periphery: Interstate disparities in Economic Development,'' Sept. 1980, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, Bombay

3 Jacobs, Garry : ''Comprehensive Measure of Total Development" pp 620-682 and 630 Proceed­ings of the National Seminar, "Dimensions of India's Economic Development'' sponsored by the Planning Commission, GOT and the State Planning Institute, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh and held a• Nainital during April, 22-24, 1%2

[ 47 ]

The QSPD is a comprehensive measure of standard of living relying primarily on non­monetary data with a scale divided into 10 divisions and 100 sub-divisions. Ranking in each

division and sub-division is based on household survey data. Composite QSPD scores for each village, taluk, district and state as well as national composite ranking are expressed by the

aggregate mean score and standard deviation. This concept, access to greater number of utilities being a good and reliable index of greater affordability, is used to classify the households into three

categJries for determining the subsidy needed in direct relation to their poverty or inverse relation

to their development. To stratify the households for purposes of subsidising the cost of provision of individual latrine (either conversion of an existing dry latrine or construction of a new latrine in a n·:Jlatrine household) to bring it within the affordable limit of monthly instalment, the availability

of tvn additional utilities (water tap and electric connection) in the same individual household is considered.

8.3 3 Basic concepts

a. Inclusion of a minimum loan element even from the poorest community is considered essential for ensuring their active participation in the project, particularly in the operation

and maintenance phase.

b. Since more than 64% of the scheduled caste households (which form 13.17% of the total

beneficiary households) do not have any of the utilities-a flush latrine or a dry latrine or a water connection or an electric connection-insp.te of the State Government's schemes, the Project recommends them to be given the maximum subsidy, treating them as the poorest of the community. This recommendation is based on the general GOI and GOA policy though the Project realises that only 58.5% of them are in the lowest income group

uptci Rs. 449 and 15.4% are in the highest income group of R5. 850 and more (Annex"31).

c. Access to none, one or both utilities-water (tap) connection and electric connection

inside the household-is considered; for both SC/ST and others both on the overall town basis as well as within each of the above income groups to see how the stratification occurs for a meaningful analysis (Annexes-30 and 31 ).

The fo!lowing discussion relates only to zlze total 213,815 beneficiaries of all the 20 project towns to gire an overall picture. t/zoughfrom the data given in Annexes 30 and 31, similar analyses could be made and conclusions drawn for all the 20 individual project town.~, 2 Class If Cities, 11 Class II towns, 7 Class III towns and the .Municipalities of 2 Special Grade, 7 Grade 1, 7 Grade III and 4 Grade IV respectively.

8.3 4 Analysis

1. Of the total 213, 8!5 beneficiary households, 45, 927 (21.5%) need conversions and 167, 818 (78.5%) new constructions.

ii. SC/ST households form 13.17% of the beneficiaries; 58.5% of them in the lowest income group of Rs 0- Rs 449 and 15.40% in the highest, Rs 850 and above.

w. The beneficiary distribution l::etween the SC /ST and others, income groupwise and utilitywise is summarised in Table 8-2 following from which the followin~ picture emerges.

[ 48 ]

TABLE-8-2

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFICIARIES

Income Group -------Access to Rs 0-Rs 449 Rs 450-Rs 549 Rs 550-Rs 649 Rs 650-Rs 849 Rs 850 & Above All Income Groups Utilities No. % No. % No. 0' No. 0/ No. % No. % lo /0

SC/ST Conversions

Zero 484 1.06 162 0.35 132 0.29 85 o.I8 45 0.10 1,068 1.98 One 725 1.58 555 1.21 494 1.07 436 0.95 258 0.56 2,468 5.37 Two 424 0.92 385 0.84 431 0.94 453 0.99 350 0.76 2,043 4.45

Sub Total 1,633 3.56 1,102 2.40 1,057 2.30 974 2.12 653 1.42 5,419 11.80 New Constructions

Zero 12,253 7.30 2,063 1.23 1,365 0.81 929 0.56 799 0.48 17,409 10.38 One 2,287 1.36 856 0.51 609 0.36 487 0.29 279 0.17 4,518 2.69 Two 303 0.78 134 0.08 157 0.09 115 0.07 100 0.06 809 1.08

Sub Total 14,843 8.84 3,053 1.82 2,131 1.26 1,531 0.92 1,178 0.71 22,736 13.55 TOTAL 16,476 7.71 4,155 1.94 3,188 1.49 2,505 1.17 1,831 0.86 28,155 13.17

OTHERS Conversions

Zero 2,872 6.25 1,106 2.41 999 2.17 739 1.61 388 0.85 6,104 13.29 One 6,143 13.38 3,984 8.67 3,958 8.62 3,999 8.71 3,123 6.80 21,207 46.18

Two 2,825 6.15 2,152 4.69 2,443 5.32 3,061 6.66 2,716 5.91 13,197 28.73

Sub Total 11,840 25.78 7,242 15.77 7,400 16.11 7,799 16.98 6.221 13.56 40,508 88.20

New Construction Zero 61,030 36.35 12,472 7.43 8,386 5.00 5,970 3.54 3,960 2.36 91,818 54.68

One 20,985 12.50 8,447 5.03 6,899 4.11 5,784 3.45 3.481 2.06 45,596 27.15

Two 2,560 1.53 1,314 0.78 1,377 0.82 1,234 0.74 1,253 0.75 7,738 4.62

Sub Total 84,575 50.38 22,233 13.24 16,662 9.93 12,988 7.73 8,694 5.17 145,152 86.45

TOTAL 96,415 45.09 29,475 13.79 24,062 11.25 20,787 9.72 14,921 6.98 185,660 86.83

GRAND TOTAL 112,891 52.80 33,630 15.73 27,250 12.74 23,292 10.89 16,752 7.84 213,815 100.00

[ 49 ]

a. SC/ ST Conversions form 11.80% of the total conversions. 70% are below the poverty line and 30.17% in the lowest income group against 16.78% having access to zero qtiljties.

''A" The income group-utility distribution indicates that utility distribution is more rational.

b. SC/ST New Constructions form 13.55% of the total new constructions. 87.97% ~re below the poverty line and 65.24% in the lowest income range against 76.61% having access to zero utilities.

The incomegroup-utility distribution does not show any bias for either.

c. Non SC/ST Conversions form 88.20% of the total conversions. 65.37% are below the.poverty .line and 29.23% in the lowest income group against 15.07% having access to zero utilities.

The income group-utility distribution confirms "A" above.

d. Non SC/ST New Constructions form 86.45% of the total new constructions. 85.08% are below the poverty line and 58.28% in the lowest income group against 63.25% having access to zero utilities.

"A" above is more forcefully brought out in this incomegroup-utility distribution.

8.3.5 Conclusions

i. From the above analysis, for these project towns, financial assistance pattern is more rational and realistic if it is based on access to utilities rather than on income levels.

ii. Since SC/ST new constructions are larger in number than the SC/ST conversions and SC/ST households are treated by both GOI and GOA as always belonging to the lowest income group, it is rational to include all of them in the rationally poorest group of Non­SC/ST identified by the accessibility to zero utilities.

8.3.6 Recommended terms of financial assistance

The more rational and reliable index of afford ability based on the availability of the three basic utilities-electric connection, water connection and dry latrine-has been recommended with the loan element of 100% 50% and 25% for households ,with access to 2 or 3 utilities, one utiiity and zero· utility respectively (with the balance as the grant element\. Since the latrine as well as the superstructure proposed lasts for at least 25 years and the normal government loans to the munici­palities for their normal water supply and sanitation activities are at 9.5% interest to be repaid in 25 years including a 4-year moratorium, it is recommended that the loan element provided to the householder be recovered from the householder at 9.5% interest in 25 years in monthly instal­ments beginning from the month following the completion of the installation. This pattern has been accepted by the Tamil Nadu Government for similar feasibility studies for 15 project towns under Phase;· I of the UNDP Project and has also been included in the IDA-assisted project incor­porating 13 project towns. Though the Tamil Nadu Government have recently reduced this interest rate to 8.5%, the normal rate of 9.5% is retained in this Project as the instalments are only slightly higher by 0.77% and are still affordable. However, the Project would welcome any move by the State Government to reduce the monthly instalments.

[ 50 }

The Andhra Pradesh Govt. also, in their G. 0. No. 502 dated 31st October, 1983 (based on the recommendation of TAG-India), have directed that in the case of individual low cost pourflush waterseallatrines taken up under the Vimukthi programme in the Gram Panchayats, the proportion of the subsidy and loan for the beneficiaries shall be as follows :

i. beneficiaries having both power supply or piped water supply : 50% subsidy and 50% loan

ii. beneficiaries having either power supply or piped water supply : 75% subsidy and 50% loan

iii. beneficiaries having neither power supply nor piped water supply : 100% subsidy.

TAG-India does not recommend 100% subsidy to any urban community as a minimum contri­bution is essential for their active participation in the Project, particularly in the operation and maintenance phase.

Since those criteria are generally accepted by GOA in principle, it is hoped that the recommended terms of financial assistance to the individuals would be approved by the GOA.

8.3.7 Distribution profile

Based on this classification, the breakup of the project households and the project cost would be as under:

Category of Criterion-Household Access to

Latrines Utilities

I 2 or 3 II only One III None/SC/ST

Loan/Grant Mix

100/0 50/50 25/75

Overall% of Households to be Served

20 27 53

%Overall Grant Com­ponent

13.5 39.75

53.25

Including the 100% grant recommended for the conversion/renovation and comtruction of the community latrines needed, the total grant element of the Project Cost comes to 55.16% · (Annex-60).

The GOA have already decided to provide 50% grant for conversions for 15 of the 20 project towns and released part grants under the Vimukthi Programme (Annex-24) with the balance 50% being loan from HUDCO. This additional grant element of 3.25% ensures that

all the SC/ST households are given the maximum grant as per the present GOI/GOA policy;

ii. the really weaker sections are given the maximum assistance to bring the monthly instalments into their affordable range to enable making prompt, regular and spontaneous payments; and

iii. the really richer sections are not assisted at the cost of the poor.

All these three are not statis:fied in the existing GOA scheme.

Categorywise distribution profile of the households of the Project Towns (and their further sub­divisions of i. conversions with or without superstructures or new constructions and ii. 5 or 10 or 15 users) together with the monthly instalments for installation of the unit including superstruc­ture, where necessary, are given in Annexes 55 and 59. These show that the monthly instalments

[ 51 ]

vary from Rs. 2.&0 toRs. 32.70 and one solitary case of Rs. 36.30 in all the 2.14 lakh beneficii:tries) with 50% paying Rs. 5 or less and 97% paying Rs. 14.00 or less which limit is only 2.33% of the poverty line of Andbra Pradesh fixed at Rs. 600 per month (Annex-16) against the normal affordability limit of 3% of the monthly income. 90% pay Rs. 11.95 or less while 98% pay Rs. 17.60 or less which arc less than 2% and 3% of the aforesaid poverty line.

It may also be pointed out that, even for the poorest household (monthly income upto Rs. 450 with an average income of the mid value of the income group being Rs. 225), affordable monthly income varies from Rs. 4.50 (2%) to Rs. 5.63 (2!%) while 47~c and 58% of the beneficiaries pay monthly equated instalments of less than these values.

8.4 Loan Recovery

The water charges, municipal taxes and other demands as well as the loans issued for the existing conversion schemes are realised by the Municipal Councils. The municipalities will be responsible for the recovery of the loan instalment as a charge to be collected as the first charge with the bouse tax, water tax and other taxes at regular intervals as per the existing scheme._ As the loan repayment amount would be much smaller than the other dues, any payment of the house holder should first cover this item so that the balance dues could be recovered even with the existing legal provisions. However, the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, I 965 would be suitably amended to provide for recovery of loan instalments together with interest as arrears of tax and rent through distraint by the local authorities in case of default. This and the other legal measures needed for effective implementation are discussed at Annex-45. The State Level PMMC and the State Direction Committee which are in the overall charge of imple­mentation of the Project (as detailed in Chapter 6), would also ensure the timely recovery of the: loan instalments from the individuals and the Municipalities.

8.5 Flow of Funds

The grants and loans from the State Government are released to the PMMC and the Municipalities. through the CE (PH) who is primarily responsible for the proper and effective implementation of the Project. The HUDCO loans are directly passed on to the Municipalities (with the Government Guarantee) but the PMMC and the DMA will monitor the loan repayments to HUDCO. Chapter 6 and Annex-41 ii refer.

8.6 Mecbanirs of Implementation

All householders seeking financial assistance under the Project will enter into an agreement (Annex-51) with the Municipality which will execute the work through licensed contractors under the supervision of the PMMC and the Local Sanitation Cell created in the Municipalities as detailed in Chapter 6. The funds (both loan and grant) will not be made available directly to the householder but will be paid to the contractor by the Municipality against the work carried out and its supervision charges.

If, however, any householder desires to get the latrine constructed or converted as per any of the approved designs without seeking financial assistance of the municipality, he can do so after getting the plan approved by the latter. However. the construction will have to be carried out by one of the licensed contractors, after payment of necessary municipal charges as per rules.

[ 52 l

CHAPTER-9

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

9.ll Introduction

This chapter describes the proposed means of operating and maintaining the newly constructed household as well as the existing community latrines. For the former, it is proposed that the municipality provides, at least initially, a contractual emptying service which will be viable through the sale of humus. For the latter, the municipality will provide both 24-hour operational service as well as emptying service which will not be self supporting and will require at least 50% grant from GOA and the balance raised from other municipal revenue sources.

9.:~ Maintenance of Household Latrines

9.:Z.1 Cleaning

Day-to-day maintenance of these latrines consists of only cleaning the pan and the surrounrling area in the latrine cubicle. This will be done by the householder. After about three years, the first leachpit will be full and the discharge thereto has to be diverted to the second pit. This is a simple operation which can also be undertaken by the householder. This as well as the removal of occasional clogging, if any, could also be undertaken through private arrangement or the municipality on nominal payment.

9.2.2 Emptying service

After the first pit has been filled and closed for two and half years, it should be emptied so that by the time the second pit gets filled, the first pit is cleaned and ready to take the discharge. The contents become pathogen-free and will be a reasonable humus with some fertilizer value (typical N.P.K. values are 1.5%, 1% and 1% respectively). Experience from other parts of India, parti­cularly the neighbouring Tamil Nadu, suggests that there is a subsitantial agricultural market for such material. However, no such market has developed in the project towns though the compost­ing work is going on for some time.

In these circumstances, the programme should not leave individual households to arrange for an emptying service, atleast in the initial years. It is therefore proposed that the municipalities pro­vide, through local contractors, an emptying service on request, which would be free of cost to the householders. The cost of such service, at 1984 prices, is estimated at Rs. 15 per cubic metre exclusive of transport and storage (which may amount to an additional Rs. 10/-).

The municipalities, i.n collaboration with the local agricultural extension authorities, agricultural institutions and the local branch of the Fertilizer Corporation of India, should seek to develop a market for the humus. This should at least break even as the farmers or the other end users should be prepared to empty the pits free of cost; or alternatively be prepared to pay Rs. 25 per cubic metre for the humus collected from the storage area. If a market can be developed where the farmers are prepared to pay Rs. 45 per cubic metre, then the municipalities would realise a profit of Rs. 20 per cubic metre; the overall net revenue to the programme could be of consider­able magnitude picking up at the end of three years of commencement of the Project.

• The development of a market for reuse of humus, which would be of substantial agricultural benefit and would help the municipalities partially meet their deficits in financing the community

[ 53 ]

latrine operation should be one of the major concerns of !the State Level Direction Committe~ PMMC and the Municipalities as also the Town Direction Committee.

9.3 Operation and Maintenance of Community Latrines

9.3.1 Basic amenities to be provided

CJm n~Hdy latrine seats have to be converted/renovated/newly provided as detailed in Section 5.3.2. They will have to be kept in spick and span condition with 24 hour service so that not only there is no hesitancy on the part of the beneficiaries to use them but also prompt them make full use of the latrine facilities. To ensure this, all the basic amenities mentioned in Section 3.3 are to be provided.

9 3.2 Alternative Systems

In some of the municipalities of the neighbouring State of Tamil Nadu, the practice of auctioning the annual maintenance contract fixing the minimum contract amount as also the charges which the contractor may levy on each individual casual user has been tried. This ensures a fixed revenue to the municipality and shifts all the headaches of maintenance to the contractor. However, in almost all the cases, the maintenance has been far from satisfactory and hence this practice is not recommended.

A novel method by which all the maintenance costs are shared by the community itself periodi­cally is b;;ing studied at Chinnalpatti of Tamil Nadu by the Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare in an IRCWD-assisted project.

9 3.3 Recommendation

Until a satisfactory system in which the community pays fully the total cost of maintaining the community latrines is evolved, it is imperative that these heavy operating costs, which are beyond the capacity of the municipalities, are subsidised by the GOA. Since this is an obligatory function of the municipality, it is recommended that 50% of the cost is given as grant by GOA and the balance met from other municipal revenue sources. In any case, it has to be ensured that the quality of service of community latrine maintenance shall not suffer.

9.4 Measures for Augmenting Municipal Resources

9.4.1 Municipal taxes

GOA have fixed maximum rates of property tax on residential and non residential building includ­ing education tax and librery cess at 25% and 33% of the annual rental value respectively. The rates levied and their breakup as also the percentages of realisation in the different Project Towns may be seen at Annex-61. It also shows the additional scavenging tax that could be levied by the different municipalities under both residential and non residential buildings, the latter being of a much larger magnitude varying from 0.38% to 8.04%. The existing level of realisation of about 96% could also be increased by the measures indicated in Annex-62.

9.4.2 Other measures

Some project town municipalities feel that the recoveries of the loan instalments from the bene­ficiaries through the local nationalised banks or voluntary organisations or cooperatives (like the

[ 54 1

Pensioners Cooperatives) would ensure prompter and better realisations and ensure all the realisa­tions are promptly credited to the municipal accounts which may not be the case if the present method of collection through the municipal bill collectors is employed. Such systems have worked satisfactorily in the North India where the realisations are comparatively poorer and are proposed to be started in one or two project towns on a demonstration basis to assess their better utility and cost benefit ratio in this State for possible future adoption.

Maintenance of community latrines, being a social service and <?bligatory duty, the municipalities have to raise the necessary resources to meet the deficits by taking more remunerative enterprises and diverting the surplusses from other heads of revenues. Other measures have been described in Annex-62.

[ 55 ]

DRAWING NUMBER

TITLE

1. Details of Pan and Trap

INDEX TO DRAWINGS

2. Details of Drain and Junction Chamber

3. Details of Fundation and Plinth

4. Alternate Layouts for Leach Pits

S. Details of Superstructure

6. Leach Pits Within Premises - Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

7. Details of RCC Covers For Pits Within Premises

8. Leach Pits Within Premises - Waterlogged and Fine Soil Conditions

9. Leach Pits Under Footpath- Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

10. Details of RCC Covers for Pits Under Footpath

11; Leach Pits Under Road • Dry and Fine Soil Conditions

12: Details ofRCC Covers for Pits Under Road

13. Details of Community !latrines With Water Tanks-8, 12 & 16 Seated Units

14. Connecting Pipe Details for 8, 12 & 16 Seated Community Latrines

PAGE

56

51

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

A

425 TO 460

PLAN

425 TO 460

75 SECTION AA

lOS

PLAN

300

40

WATER SEAL TRAP

SECTION XX

ALl.. DIMENSIONS IN MM SCALE -1:300

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEA1 LATRINE PROGRAMME ANOHRA PRADESH

DRG No. DETAILS OF PAN AND TRAP

~

- . 75

+

ll't ~ TH4Cil!: PLASTU IN CI!:~E&H

OO~TAR 1:4

8Riat WO~~ IN CEM!HH MOftTA!lf I:C>

-+----- 500 ---------..+· + n +

SECTION ON A B 75

+

PLAN

P.C.C.I:2:4

P. C.C.I:tr12

~LATRINE PAN

t====::;,IOJ if

115

t

LEACH PIT

7!5

+

DETAIL ·OF BRICK DRAIN

lli.&.L li>UtS«<lUUOOOa IN tUI h<t"~

i UNDP INDIA PROJECT !ND/81/014 i

ij

LOWOOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME I ANDHRA PRADESH I

DETAILS OF DRAIN AND JUNCTION ORG No.

CHAMBER 2

~)'

PLAN

25• ~&t CE~ CONCMTIE 1:2:4 ~g

Wal 75 ~ THiCK C.C.Ilt!l:lt

I I

SECTION ON A B I

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME ANDHRA PRADESH

~

.LDETAILS OF FOUNDATION ANO _[DR:::l PLINTH 3 .

~_,~ia':~'>;J~-----·-• .......,.,..._......., .......... -.. < NIH s 1!Z • Qi@®i m \4.liili!ili&~~ , · :;i;

( sa 1

')

I 1l

7:5 f

I

~I''TH IW 1"11: ~1000 ~<

V11$CH iMI!~ • lli!~t\l

SITUATION NO.4

1000 M DWTH OF PIT WMICH!!VfR Ul MOR£!

- <( I +-if!J-.r---- l5 - --·--l~!"'f

~- I

I l

I OIA

I

1 f75

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014 I LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME l

ANOHRA PRADESH I l DRG No,!

ALTERNATE LA'Y'tlYTS FOR LEAC-H -<' - - --

PITS 4 I &------------------------------=~-L-----------------------~-------J 5'?

v

EARTH FILL IN 0 1/mMM THICK fiN! SAND LAYER OVER 50 tAM TH. &RICK IBALAST

50 MM SAL WOOD DOOR

.~ ~

~

Sf!CTION ON A 8

k--1130------rl 115 115 i .., .1+-- g 00 --M t-

115

M.S IRON HOLD f!':MT

PLAN 40X40X3 AOOLI! l!!lot4 500 MM L.ON!J

MOSAIC FOOT

SCAU::-1:300

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME ANOHRA PRADESH

DRG No.

~ s L, ________________ _.~------------~~~

DETAILS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

p

··· iJOO

PLAN

EARTH FILLIC.H;I

CU1" Lf!l TO t:::: OF~~£t:

ic\o!.J'ccr::'H.T!i'lY

0~%;

~~I ~:'i l~~

.~ I

!

l

7'8

! . __ . r No or= 'Wl.m ~~!( w07""" 1\u;;;)(~tl! +y"OO:r•n1 ~~io~· -Fm;ia -~,;-··~i U$k.~ OF mml'~' P"'. I"' PIT ~~·''!:,l I "-"""""' ..,..,., I M!\. .• ) i 1- ~. U"-.'!l WI~~- ;u..,,r"i··uy-,£"--''J \.<'l}JtfM

--·' ~--· .. ---·--------.,__..._ ... --..-5 2 1 ~~ 11!:,0

10 -·---3--------------r 760 1100, I,HW . ·-·-~1

. -·-----·-r-;;~·v;:-~---·---=-~=~J All DlMENSONS IN MM SCALE- 1:300

--_------------.·--- · l ---.. ,l·--LJNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/811014 DRG ~Ji!'i!~CI1Er:! Hi!::ii>~ii" T~~~\!£7)~ f . -,--· . ' ' •

1----d--+----h-·· - t 1LOW008T W1\ l cBSEAL LA! HINE PROGRAMME No. --· so ANDHRf~ PRADESH

LEACH P DRY FAN

6

I 8mm fl BAM@ !50 c/c OOTH'<:d '1'3

PlAN (5 USERS)

5~ ~i::;.::~~;;;;;;;;;;;;~ 1050

SECTION ON A Ill

9 NOG 8 q t'! """' BARS@ 150111111 c/c IWTHWAYS

C ~Oiil. t'lm~~:~ t MRs@ 150~

CENTUI IOTHIC!Ji'm

,r::~- -- ~ " ,I ~,

t ~ ~ . 1\\ I

It I c I . D ~ :~

I I

~\ Iii \ \ )

' 7 ~,...

~ '-"" ~

PLAN ( 10 USEFUl) p

~ - ~~ 6111111 ~ BN'fS~ I ~c/o. BO~NW~YI A , " -~ 60 !c.

7

/.1 ~ '~:\. ~

--- ltiSO ------...!

e ?I

l \ I

E ' I IF I I

SECTION ON C D

1\ l

\ 1 '\,

w /,

"' ~ /~

~~ -""'~ --SHOWING R EINFOAOE MENT BAR BENT LP TO FOAM liFTING HAHOLE

PLAN ( 15 USERS) El q 6 mm r;l BARS@ 150 c/c BOTHWAYS

l~c~-~~~~~==t~\b=.~'' n +---- 1400

SECTION ON EF

~

UNDP INDIA PROJECT lND/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME ANDHRA PRADESH

DETAILS OF RCC COVERS FOR PITS . WITHIN -PREMISES

DRG No.

7

l ,,_ 1

FOOT REST

I G ___..____,r / J---o--''-7-.--r

I I ns CEMENTCONCRETE I I: 6: 1'2. .

r~~s; ~;~ ~y -';}: ~ ~EV:~~ -:_ --==-_c 1125rnm THICK FINE SAND LAYER OVER ~G,mm TIIICK BRICK BALLAST

I 'BI~ICI< WORK IN CEMENT MORTAR I: 6 WITH OPEN VERTICAL JOINTS /

~~"!.HO_U_T_ ---~()_£_~AR _____ __/

,s r T -<>l22S ~--<>-

d -RCC SLA8li~l:2:4

750

I - - ::.-: _:-~---=-_;_ • .,:_::;- -==--== -- -:_:::::~- -:::-

~SOLID BT<ICK RINGS .-A. / 75mm IN HEIGHT- 3 Nos

ALL DIMENSIONSIN mm SCALE 1:300 -----~--- -----~

Number

of Users

Pit Dimensions Dia Height

(d) (h)

Thickness Depth of Centro of of Pit Solid Brick Rino

Cover Sf ab below Ground (!) Level

5 800 1990 50 800 1300 1700

L10 1100 2110 GO 900 1400 1800

~~--o_o ___ ,_s_5_o ______ 7_5 ____ 9_o_o __ ,_4_o_o_· __ ,s_oo

( &J ]

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/3'1/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME

ANDHRA PRADESH

LEACH PITS WITH IN PREMISES DR G. No. j WATERLOGGED FINE SOIL CONDITIONS 8 -

Z!Hl~J T'~UC:!( CIDS!rnT OO'ilJ~,J'IT't 1·2 4 !'l.OO!llii<G

0\f!EW I1J !lili:M ll!ICOC C. C. Ull: IZ

-·t--~~· 1::10

;;d'

7'(j T-j221.'il-

SECTiON

l:ll!:~TH OK- C!!:tHI'l[ CW iJi,1~'~

~'~l 0 ~ !ilf'!IO U I'H:l U! VI! L

ALL DIMENSONS IN MM SCALE-I: 300~

1530 1000 1720 1400 1320

l &4 ]

Uf\lDP INDIA PROJECT !ND/81/014 I i

LOWCOST WATERSEAL Ui TRINE PROGRAMME I ANDHRA PRADESH I

LEACH PITS UNDER FOOTPATH

DRY FINE SOlL CONDITIONS

DRG, No.

75 >------.!Pi 1",--

PLAN Of ( 10 USEfiS)

7!1 ----------P-4 !r'fr

~~w..

l 6f 1

UNDP INDIA PROJECT iN 1/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAM ANDHRA PRADESH

DETAILS OF RCC COVERS FOR

PITS UNDER FOOTPATH

1 115 t-T I ' I

36C I T~O

I

'

1

2:5 MlJi TlfilCI't CEM!rnT I;:OlltaUrTE 1:<1:4 R.DON!i\1~

~ 75 h!M TH!CP: C.C.l: 6: l:l I

:l!I[ MHI ~0.

Of ~~t~~ BA~i1l

DRY FINE SOIL CON.DI'l'IONS ----

USERS DiAMETER HEIGHT THiCKNES$ 1

d h t

5 750 1530 50 10 1400 600 60 15 1400 1320 75

"~~£~:om

( .,

~00

l X. I

1 I ill T

UNDP INDIA PROJECT li\lD/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRI PROGRAMME ANOHRA PRADESH

LEACH PITS UNDER

SI!CTION ~ EF ;i

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014. , ,

WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRM~ME ANDHRA PRADESH

D OF RCC COVERS

PITS UNDER ROAD

l!'i

cf.t

-:.-

,:;:::

I:"

, 1.\

: £;

',,C

I'

~,_-;!

f I'

··~J j

. .

.; ~

~-~

.......

,,, ~{

)<'~

l,

t'

~ .<

. ---·

~

.,(,~.

::::~-

""

/

,/:·~-

·'

~ .. <

' _;~

/"

/J

'· /;

--

/,

''

(j.

Vil

fl

,.-,::

, !H

/1

-,· I I

\\

B

~ ""

"-D

AL

~' f.

il:1

'{A

Hl.

:t

; !'

\ ',

11 --

----

--··

---

--J

1---

f •,

I i

~ \

I I'

\\ I

,'-I'

· 1"

-'

''

I '\

I

\ \

I '

' '

.. ~

I \

\',

'I

•, \

j I "

"-l

',.

1 \,

I '··-A~ '

•,,

; \

J t

\,

, ,-

, ·,

r--1

''ill

'•

r '

~-~

· J

"'>:-"cO

:C~~"---

1 1 n

I: n 1:

p.'!i nl

·~ n ~ n

! 1

VA.~

'\,

~"' ~'

; l

'I.,

I

• '--

1\

\\.

': -

//

'\..

. ..._

. ~'

r t

! 1

1 '~r

"l

/

r --

-'

I '

• '

, '

1 1

I ~ I -~

__,., · /

1 '

,)

1 .-

-~£L;,,

r"'f

"

l~~;

::-.

."-'

&'i>

-if,

-._.

._"i

>~p4

,-;n

:;..

._,.

~ ..

~

.... ~

"I.;

.G"'

-::.

J""k

~"""

l~"\

.~'-

~•

' jJ

~,_

. .-'

t -~ ~

,i

..._ ___

__ ...

·---

---

:.1

t._

__

_ _

_; l---~tk!:.-~

--~.

.-0

; "

l! ~~

Jl!1

ff(:

~"

S-~

A1

c r' 1>

;.,

:: e

L ~-

L~d_}

-c:--_

·-·--

-:----

=-:t

c-:-··:

-:-.-_

-::-:,

,_ ~----, ,--~ ;-

--~-

·)_

r----·-

:

. l

. )

f

----

----

h':J

'/ /.---------~ ..

~ -....

......,

/?:,.

-;/

//~~

/ ~'

--;t

~

1//

;,, __ ,

.(

', \

il

\\

I .

\

if

\I

i \

i I

\ \

; l

\\

; I

\,'-

, ~j

'-._

<~~-

----

-~//

.....

______

____

~::

;-0

131'

.~

too

.. ~

C/C

i lfO

• ri

'ia

tC

A>

'IC

PL

P-i

,:

J.'"

f'

~'

A!

Jo a

e.J>-1~

.. 5-

0 ~

C'V

f~

F~.i

..l"

"Jf

?1P

-i.

c

'i'i. 1l

3 ~ '-·

'"

~ ~

r

I ~<'

•-a.

..

. ~,

I -

~~

---I :E.

I ~ .. ------

d f

·~

. I d

i

;:l(

CT

IO

N

Of

;::·

!rlf(

~lC[

~ V

:>F

2LA

!b

l.

5 4

46

0

:r ;::'

A<~

._...

1 de

l

"" "' -~-

.1

II,

: f.

CT

iC

(';]

' .[

Cf:

;;<;

,..t:;..

,~ ~-A~~A~"

t::;

~ ;l)

------

---.,--

-------

---

-V

Vat

ei

Sea

ts

;_ __

__ t~

~illch

Pit

-··

.. ~--

.. ~-

"hz

Dla

't

h

HE

;igh

t ,_

..--

·---

------

--___

_ __

: __ . _

____

___ _

:__ ___

_ ,_ 8

23

00

.

23

00

. 9

00

t5

00

12

2C50

2

65

0

' __

_ .._ ___

____ _

.._

_ ____

_ 1_~

--27

00

2700

r .. ! 1

..:rn

ber

of

P.~t

C

over

S

ia!J

Sc~rts

Th:ckn~ss

•t'

<l

'! 4

.A a

?:1

"'·

·---

-8--

----s

J n

, __

__

• $

1 2

16

5

30

0 -

1 I

'""'"

' G

L

''

....

r~

1 ~

;,_...,v

A

j -

.~ ·-

:;; ';:

;0 •

'

I I

~""i

Cil:

'6

~-

. ,

WAH~!ll

TA~iX

----

---~

. r-

.. ·------

---.. --~

.. ------

------

------

------

------

-----:

; I

x n

; ld

t'l!

~t-ell

: '©·

o~ !;)

>!

ss:-·-

... ·o··

· ,_,

, c~-

I .

: I

,_'i~f~V:;,'<If......

. '

i C!UHt~T

~.~-r~ll--:

1:~'>

-~

UN

DP

\N

DIA

P

RO

JEC

T l

ND

81

4 \

lHO•~:t'

!' C

C-M

lll

ux

::x

W

CI'!

W: ~

AL

l 01~~

0044

Ill!

t.J

!ol

$-(~

AU:>

i: ~-()

:0 l

LOW

COST

WAT

ERSE

AL L

ATRI

NE

i ·~·

-Cl

ii!H

~l

t.!O

llli

U

; I&

:---

----

----

---

----

---,

AN

O'-!R

·'l PR

IIOE

~H

I '>t

-""'

: ~0

. (.

..f

lbtO

. O

f S

OL

ID

p.,

qJC

K WO~R

~~~Q..a

I O{P'T~

QF

C!

to;;

·;~(

.:;

f' ~~

:.q_

J !#!

.;Jt.~

;

fit.

lit.

t\

\)!

I ~lf:C1'iC~

('i1

tH

t ~-A

T .!:.

: ~! ~

. l ~

P 1

1 ~A

L t

A tt o

M£

~~A.4 r

or

~~

tU'~ !

o !.t

o u ~ :

L tv~

. L

' t-d

• ~

; L-------------~~--~-------+----"--_j

~ lo

lti>

l05

0F

7:

_ !>

!!!! HE

HH<~

C

,.;_

..-!

::----,_;-;;:;--~}t;(~--------1

DE

TA

ILS

OF

CO

MM

UN

ITY

j D

(:':

1'-

.'r !

------

-----;

;·----

-_____

___,._

___--~

-"•

"-~s

-~-;

,--:

~ "''

'""'~_

______

_,.--;

:;-.:;

:---:-

;-.::·

----:.

,,,~

~~~-

--~

---.

~---

----

---~

~ L

AT

RIN

ES

W

ITH

W

AT

ER

\

··~

...,_,

'""WI~

....... ,.

. ·"

""" --

~•V•-

''--''-""'~

' ....

.. 4

"-'"

"'"

.;.."'

qttfJ

J,.....

.. ..

....

..

I "l

•------------~

. --

----

----

----

-.--

----

----

----

---------------)

TA

NK

-8

12 &

16

Sea

t U

nits

,,:

; ,

-------

l~.

,eL

.... L.~Cl"' a.o-~~--:~:~o tc~..2:~~

!• ::~o

------~--------~----------~-~-j _

____

____

____

J (6~J

@)

UNDP INDIA PROJECT IND/81/014

LOWCOST WATERSEAL LATRINE PROGRAMME ANDHRA PRADESH

\ ,, l

CONNECTING PIPE DETAILS FOR 8, 12 & Hl SEATED

ITY lATRiNES 14