india education report (november 2005)

8/3/2019 India Education Report (November 2005)

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Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55;

Ofcon Kc{insolf U}ldobk

G}ksiakf ]aofky Iakfk

wosa y{uul}s d}lh Mksy M}lwf ]{zzonfc @n}sao` H{}nbocan}nf

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak KilflhFkw Ilhhoyyolf lf sak Y`obby ld sak Nhk}oinf Wl}`dl}ik

Fltkhmk} =55;


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Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; =

Ofcon Kc{insolf U}ldobk

Ofcon" wosa hl}k sanf n mobbolf }kyockfsy" any sak ykilfc bn}gkys kc{insolf yyskhof sak wl}bc !ndsk} Iaofn/& Kquk}sy kysohnsk sans 9= uk}ikfs ld osy i{}}kfsulu{bnsolf oy {fck} sak ngk ld >;&> M{s il{fsk} sl sak ohngk ld Ofcon ny n

l{sad{b kfgofk ld kilflhoi g}lwsa wak}k hnf {}mnf(mnykc iosozkfy wl}` ofylhk ld sak mkys skiaflblg(ikfsk}kc jlmy of sak wl}bc" hnbky of Ofcon ilhubkskj{ys =&? kn}y ld yiallbofg lf ntk}ngk" dkhnbky j{ys >&1 kn}y&= Nfc dl} sak yhnbbu}lul}solf wal cl uk}yoys sa}l{ga u}ohn} nfc ykilfcn} yiallbofg" sak ~{nbosld ofys}{isolf tn}oky wockb" ckukfcofg lf sak }kgolf ld sak il{fs} nfc waksak}lfk oy kf}lbbkc of n Ysnsk(y{uul}skc u{mboi yiallb l} n dkk(mnykc u}otnsk yiallb&

Ckyuosk sak aogab ofkddoiokfs ckbotk} ld u{mboi yk}toiky" aoga bktkby ld skniak}nmykfskkoyh nfc flf(skniaofg nisotos" hnf Ofconf ys{ckfsy }khnof hlsotnskcsl y{iikkc lf sak ilbbkgk kfs}nfik kqnhy& Sak aoga bktkb ld ilhuksosolf dl} kfs}ofsl sak Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Skiaflblg" sak Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Hnfngkhkfsnfc lsak} slu ofysos{solfy oy kfl{ga sl yu{} hobbolfy ld ys{ckfsy sl niaoktk ns

}khn}`nmb aoga bktkby" un}soi{bn}b of sak n}kny ld yiokfik nfc hnsakhnsoiy& Sakofi}knykc ckhnfc dl} aogak} kc{insolf oy fls i{}}kfsb mkofg hks: lfb skfuk}ikfs ld sak ngk ilal}s oy nis{nbb kf}lbbkc of aogak} kc{insolf& M{s of nil{fs} wosa y{ia n bn}gk ulu{bnsolf" skf uk}ikfs kf}lbbhkfs nhl{fsy sl ?hobbolf ys{ckfsy" }ky{bsofg of =&; hobbolf fkw ilbbkgk g}nc{nsky n kn}& Sakykf{hmk}y c}otkf m sak u}otnsk ykisl} luul}s{fosoky nm}lnc" nfc ofi}knyofgb"mni` of Ofcon" wobb ilfsof{k sl kfy{}k Ofcony u}lwkyy of ckbotk}ofg aoga(~{nbosskiafoinb hnfulwk}&

Aoysl}oinbb" Ofconf kc{insolf any mkkf kbosoys& S}ncosolfnb Aofc{ kc{insolf wnysnobl}kc sl sak fkkcy ld M}nahof9 mly wal wk}k sn{gas sl }knc nfc w}osk m nM}nahof skniak}& [fck} M}osoya }{bk d}lh sak >755y {fsob >?37" Ofcony kc{insolf

ulboioky }kofdl}ikc sak u}k(kqoysofg kbosoys skfckfioky" sofg kfs}nfik nfcnctnfikhkfs of gltk}fhkfs yk}toik sl ninckhoi kc{insolf& Ilblfonb }{bkilfs}om{skc sl sak bkgni ld nf kc{insolf yyskh gkn}kc sl u}kyk}tofg sakulyosolf ld sak hl}k u}otobkgkc ibnyyky& Kc{insolf yk}tkc ny n -gnsk`kkuk}"-uk}hossofg nf ntkf{k ld {uwn}c hlmobos lfb sl salyk wosa }kyl{}iky&

Ulys(u}ohn} kc{insolf any s}ncosolfnbb insk}kc sl sak ofsk}kysy ld sak aogak} nfc{uwn}cb hlmobk inysky& Of sak fofkskkfsa ikfs{}" ulys(u}ohn} ys{ckfsy wk}kcoyu}lul}solfnskb M}nahofy0 sako} s}ncosolfnb ilfik}f wosa bkn}fofg gntk sakh nfnctnfsngk {fck} M}osoya kc{insolf ulboioky& M sak kn}b swkfsoksa ikfs{}" yktk}nb lsak}inysky }knbozkc sak nctnfsngky ld kc{insolf ny n unyyul}s sl ulbosoinb ulwk} nfc hnfngkc

sl ni~{o}k dl}hnb bkn}fofg& M{s ktkf slcn" sak tnys hnjl}os ld ys{ckfsy hn`ofg ossa}l{ga hoccbk yiallb sl aoga yiallb ilfsof{k sl mk d}lh aoga(bktkb inysky nfc hoccbk(sl {uuk} ibnyy dnhoboky botofg of {}mnf n}kny&

> Sak Wl}bc Dnis Mll`" ION& =553 kysohnsk&= U{mboi ]kul}s ld Mnyoi Kc{insolf" >???9 M}nahof oy sak aogakys inysk g}l{u of Ofcon" s}ncosolfnbb hnck {u ld u}okysy" uaoblyluak}y" yialbn}y" nfc

}kbogol{y bknck}y&


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Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; 9

Saoy aoysl}oinb mn}}ok} il{ubkc wosa sak ulys(ofckukfckfik dli{y ld sak kc{insolf yyskhlf sk}son} kc{insolf hl}k sanf u}ohn} kc{insolf !}kbnsotk sl sak f{hmk} ld ys{ckfsy ofknia inskgl}/" hn`ky os {fy{}u}oyofg sans Ofcon any sak bn}gkys f{hmk} ld obbosk}nsk uklubkof sak wl}bc& Niil}cofg sl sak =55> Ikfy{y" hl}k sanf lfk l{s ld ktk} sa}kk Ofconfiosozkfy !nfc 3= uk}ikfs ld nc{bsy/ oy obbosk}nsk& Sak gnu mkswkkf hnbk nfc dkhnbk

obbosk}ni" waobk ysobb n ianbbkfgk" oy cki}knyofg: =; uk}ikfs obbosk}ni dl} hnbky nfc 34uk}ikfs dl} dkhnbky& Sak}k oy nbyl n wock coyi}kunfi of sak bosk}ni }nsky ld coddk}kfsYsnsky&3 Ns lfk kfc" sak ysnsk ld @k}nbn any niaoktkc ?5 uk}ikfs bosk}ni" waobk lf saklsak} kfc" sak ysnsk ld Moan} any lfb 9? uk}ikfs&

;Waobk sak gltk}fhkfs any ofi}knykc osy

dli{y lf u}ohn} kc{insolf" sak aogab ofkddoiokfs ysnsk ld u{mboi yk}toik ckbotk} ofkc{insolf" wosa aoga skniak} nmykfik4 nfc blw skniaofg nisotos ktkf wakf skniak}y n}ku}kykfs" oy bo`kb sl `kku bkn}fofg bktkby blw dl} sak dl}kykknmbk d{s{}k&

Ofcon any hl}k bnfg{ngky sanf nf lsak} il{fs} ( dodskkf hnof bnfg{ngky nfc a{fc}kcyld lsak} bnfg{ngky nfc conbkisy& Aofco oy sak fnsolfnb bnfg{ngk nfc sak u}ohn} slfg{k ld95 uk}ikfs ld sak uklubk& Sak lsak} hnof bnfg{ngky n}k Mkfgnbo" [}c{" U{fjnmo" G{jn}nso"

Snhob nfc Skbkg{& Nfc Kfgboya oy {mo~{osl{y of Ofcon" n dl}hk} M}osoya ilblf& Waobkfls ibnyyodokc ny lfk ld sak dodskkf fnsolfnb bnfg{ngky" Kfgboya oy ik}snofb ohul}snfs ofaogak} kc{insolf" {uwn}c ylionb hlmobos" nfc any ubnkc n `k }lbk of kysnmboyaofg Ofconny nf kilflhoi ulwk} gblmnbb&

Of >??7 nf Ofcon Slcn y{}tk y{ggkyskc sans nml{s n sao}c ld sak ulu{bnsolf anc saknmobos sl in}} lf n ilftk}ynsolf of Kfgboya&7 Saoy wny nf nhnzofg ofi}knyk ltk} sakkysohnsky ld sak >?15y" wakf lfb nml{s dl{} sl dotk uk}ikfs ld sak ulu{bnsolf wk}ksal{gas sl {yk sak bnfg{ngk& Nfc gotkf sak ysknc ofi}knyk of Kfgboya bkn}fofg yofik >??7of ykilfcn} yiallby nfc nhlfg sak {uwn}cb hlmobk" os oy kysohnskc sans sak}k n}k 9;5hobbolf Kfgboya(yuknòfg Ofconfy slcn& Saoy oy hl}k sanf sak ilhmofkc Kfgboya(yuknòfg ulu{bnsolfy ld M}osnof nfc sak [Y&1

Ofcon any mkkf nmbk sl inuosnbozk lf osy bn}gk f{hmk}y ld wkbb(kc{inskc uklubk" hnf ldwalh n}k yòbbkc of sak Kfgboya bnfg{ngk" sl mkilhk n hnjl} kqul}sk} ld yldswn}kyk}toiky nfc yldswn}k wl}`k}y& Sak g}lwsa ld sak hoccbk ibnyy oy d{kbofg sak il{fs}yltk}nbb cktkbluhkfs& Of Ofcon" sak}k n}k flw kysohnskc sl mk ylhk 955 hobbolf hoccbk(ofilhk kn}fk}y hnòfg #="555(#3"555 n kn} of u{}ianyofg ulwk} un}os !UUU/sk}hy&? Mlsa sak f{hmk} ld hoccbk kn}fk}y nfc sako} ofilhk bktkby n}k bo`kb sl }oyk}nuocb" m{s sako} ofilhky wobb ilfsof{k sl mk y{mysnfsonbb mkblw ntk}ngky of sak [Y nfclsak} }oia il{fs}oky ktkf m =5=5& Sak}k oy nbyl yan}u }kgolfnb coyun}os of kilflhoi

3

Ofcon oy hnck {u ld =? Ysnsky nfc 4 [folf Sk}}osl}oky&; Ysnsoysoinb Cnsnmnyk dl} Bosk}ni" Tlb&=" Fnsolfnb Ofysos{sk ld Nc{bs Kc{insolf" Fkw Ckbao" >??9& Flsk:

@k}nbny >??5 Slsnb Bosk}ni Inhunogf oy i}kcoskc dl} c}nhnsoinbb }noyofg bosk}ni bktkby of }khlsk" s}omnb

n}kny" m{s ylhk flw ~{kysolf waksak} sak Ysnsk coc s}{b niaoktk d{bb bosk}ni&4 Ykk @}khk}" H{}nbocan}nf" Ian{ca{}" Anhhk}" nfc ]lgk}y !=55;/7 Alwktk}" sak bktkb ld db{kfi oy bo`kb sl mk kqs}khkb tn}onmbk" wosa sak tnys hnjl}os ld uklubk wal

}kyulfc sl y{ia y{}tky ny `flwofg Kfgboya antofg lfb kqs}khkb }{cohkfsn} ilhdl}s of sak bnfg{ngk&1 Cntoc I}ysnb !alfl}n} u}ldkyyl} ld bofg{oysoiy ns sak [fotk}yos ld Wnbky" Mnfgl}/ Y{mIlfsofkfs

]noyky Osy Tloik& _nbkGblmnb Lfbofk& Fltkhmk} 95" =553&? Mny{" Ofc}njos& Ofcony G}lwofg [}gk sl Yub{}gk& Nyon Sohky Lfbofk& N{g{ys ==" =559&


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g}lwsa" wosa sak ysnsky of sak wkys nfc yl{sa g}lwofg h{ia dnysk} sanf sak ull}k} ysnskyy{ia ny Moan}" [ssn} U}nckya" nfc L}oyyn" waoia n}k bo`kb sl }khnof {fck}cktkblukc ofsak fkn} sl hkco{h(sk}h d{s{}k&>5

Sak uk}tnyotk blw(~{nbos kc{insolf ntnobnmbk sl sak hnyyky any bkc sak gltk}fhkfs (( of

osy dotk kn} ubnfy waoia l{sbofk sak il{fs}y cktkbluhkfs ys}nskg (( sl hltk d{fcofgnwn d}lh sak aogak} kc{insolf yyskh ltk}nbb !nbsal{ga fls sl sak cks}ohkfs ld saki}lwf jkwkby ld sak yyskh: sak Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Skiaflblg nfc sak Ofconf Ofysos{skyld Hnfngkhkfs/ slwn}c mnyoi u}ohn} nfc hoccbk ysngk kc{insolf of nf kddl}s sl mllyssak nmyhnbb blw bosk}ni }nsky&

U}ohn} nfc Hoccbk Kc{insolf

Sak Ofconf Ilfysos{solf hnck n ilhhoshkfs sl hn`k u}ohn} nfc hoccbk g}nckkc{insolf !dl} ys{ckfsy ngky 4(>3/ d}kk nfc {fotk}ynb m >?45" wosa sak swl fnsolfnbulboi ysnskhkfsy lf kc{insolf of >?41 nfc >?14 !nfc }ktoykc of >??=/ ubniofg h{iakhuanyoy lf saoy glnb& M{s Ofcony ofnmobos sl nbblinsk }kyl{}iky kddkisotkb nfc

kddoiokfsb any hnck sans glnb {fnssnofnmbk ktkf 3; kn}y bnsk}&

Sak}k any" alwktk}" mkkf n ilfyock}nmbk ofi}knyk of sak yu}knc ld kc{insolfnb ofysos{solfyyofik Ofcon gnofkc osy ofckukfckfik of >?37& Dl} ofysnfik" c{}ofg sak uk}olc >?;5(;> nfc=55>(=55=" sak f{hmk} ld u}ohn} yiallby g}kw sa}kk(dlbc" waobk sak f{hmk} ld hoccbk!{uuk} u}ohn}/ yiallby ofi}knykc >4 sohky& Slcn Ofcon any hl}k sanf yoq a{fc}kcsal{ynfc>> u}ohn} yiallby yk}tofg >>; hobbolf ys{ckfsy !sak ntk}ngk skniak} sl ys{ckfs}nsol oy >:39/ nfc hl}k sanf swl hobbolf {uuk} u}ohn} yiallby yk}tofg 3; hobbolfys{ckfsy !sak ntk}ngk skniak} sl ys{ckfs }nsol oy >:91/& Nflsak} }kikfs s}kfc oy sak g}lwsald u}otnsk yiallby sans }kikotk fl gltk}fhkfs noc nfc }kb lf ys{ckfs dkky&>=

Sak Ofconf yiallb yyskh dlbblwy sak M}osoya ys}{is{}k& U}ohn} yiallb ilfyoysy ld g}ncky>(; !ngky 4(>>/ nfc hoccbk yiallb ilfyoysy ld g}ncky 4(1 !ngky >>(>3/& Mlsa n}kilhu{byl}& Alwktk}" }kykn}iak}y kysohnsk sans nf ntk}ngk ld 75 uk}ikfs ld iaobc}kfmkswkkf sak ngky ld 4 nfc >3 nis{nbb nsskfc yiallb&>9

Khuanyoy lf }kdl}h any mkkf lf ilhu{byl} yiallb nsskfcnfik" }nsak} sanf lf nfhkny{}k ld kqukiskc bkn}fofg& ^{nbos ld ysnsk(}{f yiallby }nfgky d}lh slu(flsia slnmyhnb& U}otnsk yiallby n}k" lf sak walbk" mkssk} m{s hnf ld sakh ian}gk aoga dkkyhn`ofg sakh niikyyombk lfb sl sak hoccbk nfc aogak} ibnyy dnhoboky nfc nchoyyolfy infmk aogab ilhuksosotk& N }kikfs uakflhkflf any mkkf sak u}lbodk}nsolf ld blw(ilys

>5 ]kul}s ld sak Fnsolfnb Ofskbbogkfik Il{fiob'y =5=5 U}ljkis&>> Yl{}ikc d}lh sak lddoionb kc{insolf ysnsoysoiy u{s l{s m sak Ofconf Hofoys} ld A{hnf ]kyl{}ik

Cktkbluhkfs& Ysnsoysoiy ntnobnmbk ns:assu:,,www&kc{insolf&foi&of,ashbwkm,kc{ysn&ash>= Ykk @ofgclf !=55;/& Unuk} inf mk clwfblnckc ns:

assu:,,www&`yg&an}tn}c&kc{,ukug,UCD,ktkfsy,HUYUK,UKUG(5;(>;gkksn&ucd>9 @n}sao` H{}nbocan}nfy wl}` yalwy ntk}ngk nsskfcnfik of u{mboi yiallby ni}lyy Ofcon oy 43+" nfc dl}

u}otnsk yiallby os oy7;+" y{ggkysofg nf ntk}ngk nsskfcnfik }nsk ld 75+&


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Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; ;

u}otnsk yiallby of mlsa }{}nb nfc {}mnf Ofcon& Sakyk yiallby ldskf antk ull}k} dniobosokynfc ofd}nys}{is{}k sanf sak gltk}fhkfs yiallby" m{s n}k nmbk sl ao}k hnf hl}k skniak}ynfc antk yhnbbk} ibnyyky nfc g}knsk} skniaofg nisotos mkin{yk u}otnsk skniak}y n}k unoch{ia blwk} ynbn}oky sanf u{mboi yiallb {folfozkc skniak}y&

_ks" sak un{ios ld kc{insolfnb cnsn of Ofcon hn`ky os coddoi{bs sl kysohnsk s}{k f{hmk}y ldu}otnsk yiallby& ]kikfs ktockfik y{ggkysy sans sak uk}ikfsngk oy h{ia aogak} sanf saklddoionb dog{}ky ofcoinskc of sak snmbk mkblw !iblyk} sl 95 uk}ikfs }nsak} sanf >;&3uk}ikfs/&

>3

Slsnb Ys{ckfs Kf}lbbhkfs m Kc{insolfnb Ysngk nfc Uk}ikfs Kf}lbbkc of U}otnsk

Yiallby !=55>/>;

Slsnb G}lyy

Kf}lbbhkfs Uk}ikfs Kf}lbbkcof U}otnsk YiallbyU}ohn} ??&9+ >;&3+Ykilfcn} ;5&9+ ((Sk}son} >>&3+ ((

Dl} salyk wal cl nsskfc" sak}k n}k bn}gk gnuy of niikyy sl kc{insolf0 ~{nbos ld kc{insolf0nfc bkn}fofg niil}cofg sl gkfck}" ylionb g}nck" nfc blinsolf& Swl l{s ld dotk do}ys(g}nckys{ckfsy wobb fls ilhubksk sak u}ohn} iibky ld 3 sl ; kn}y !ckukfcofg lf sak Ysnsk/">4nfc sak bkn}fofg niaoktkhkfs ld salyk g}nc{nsofg oy blw& Iaobc}kf d}lh ull}k} dnhobokyn}k ns n g}knsk} coynctnfsngk& Sak c}lu(l{s }nsk dl} sak ull}kys al{ykalbcy oy nml{s dl{}sohky sans ld sak }oiakys lfky&>7

Waobk Ysnsky cksk}hofk sak i{}}oi{b{h {ykc of yiallby" sak dlbblwofg oy sak fnsolfnb

i{}}oi{b{h l{sbofk& Sak ~{nbos ld skniaofg tn}oky s}khkfcl{yb yiallb sl yiallb nfcYsnsk sl Ysnsk&

U}ohn} Ysngk !; kn}y/

Sak i{}}oi{b{h ofib{cky:N& G}ncky > nfc =

>& Lfk Bnfg{ngk sak hlsak} slfg{k,sak }kgolfnb bnfg{ngk=& Hnsakhnsoiy9& N}s ld Aknbsa nfc U}lc{isotk Botofg

M& G}ncky 9 sl ;>& Lfk bnfg{ngk sak hlsak} slfg{k,sak }kgolfnb bnfg{ngk=& Hnsakhnsoiy9& Kfto}lfhkfsnb Ys{coky

>3 @ofgclf" =55;&>; Sak Wl}bc Mnf` KcYsnsy" =55>&>4 Sak Wl}bc Mnf` !kn}7 Sak Wl}bc Mnf` !kn}


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3& N}s ld Aknbsa nfc U}lc{isotk Botofg[uuk} U}ohn},Hoccbk Ysngk !9 kn}y/

Sak G}nck 4(1 i{}}oi{b{h ofib{cky:

>&

Sa}kk Bnfg{ngky sak hlsak} slfg{k,sak }kgolfnb bnfg{ngk" Aofco nfc Kfgboya=& Hnsakhnsoiy9& Yiokfik* nfc Skiaflblg3& Ylionb Yiokfiky;& Wl}` Kc{insolf4& N}s Kc{insolf !dofk n}sy: Toy{nb nfc Uk}dl}hofg/7& Aknbsa nfc Uayoinb Kc{insolf

Hlsak} slfg{k l} }kgolfnb bnfg{ngk oy sak hkco{h ld ofys}{isolf dl} hlys Ofconf u}ohn}ys{ckfsy" nbsal{ga ys{ckfsy d}lh kbosk dnhoboky n}k suoinbb ykfs sl Kfgboya hkco{hyiallby ny Kfgboya oy ilfyock}kc n coysofisolf ld ylionb ibnyy& Hnf ysnsky flw ysn}s

skniaofg Kfgboya ny n ykilfc bnfg{ngk m g}nck 9 sal{ga of u}nisoik sak kqki{solf ldsaoy tn}oky wockb ni}lyy ysnsky&Hlys ofckukfckfs skysy ld niaoktkhkfs bktkby ilfsof{k sl yalw coyhnbb blw bktkby ldniaoktkhkfs of mnyoi bosk}ni y`obby& Sak U{mboi ]kul}s ld Mnyoi Kc{insolf !U]LMK/ ld>??? oy mnykc lf n al{ykalbc y{}tk ld }nfclhb ykbkiskc tobbngky of ; Ysnsky" niil{fsofgdl} 35 uk}ikfs ld sak ulu{bnsolf nfc hl}k sanf anbd ld nbb l{s(ld(yiallb iaobc}kf of Ofcon&Sak y{}tk dl{fc sans lfk ld sak dotk Ysnsky !Aohnianb U}nckya/ anc hnck }khn}`nmbku}lg}kyy slwn}cy {fotk}ynb kbkhkfsn} kc{insolf" m{s sak lsak} dl{} anc n g}kns coysnfiksl gl& Dl} kqnhubk" wakf U]LMK oftkysognsl}y n}}otkc ns sak yiallb yosky" sak dl{fcsans lfk(~{n}sk} ld akncskniak}y wk}k skniaofg" lfk(sao}c wk}k nmykfs" nfc sak }kys wk}k

u}kykfs m{s fls nisotkb ckbotk}ofg ofys}{isolf& Yohobn}b" lfb anbd ld sak skniak}y wk}kykkf nis{nbb skniaofg" sak }kys wk}k ckyi}omkc ny hofcofg sak ibnyy" fls of sak ibnyy}llh"kfgngofg wosa ilbbkng{ky" l} un}soiounsofg of lsak} flf(ofys}{isolfnb nisotosoky&

L{s(ld(Yiallb Ulu{bnsolf

Lfk l{s ld ktk} sa}kk l{s(ld(yiallb iaobc}kf of sak wl}bc }kyock of Ofcon& Dods(sa}kkuk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy c}lul{s mkdl}k ilhubksofg u}ohn} yiallb&>1 Sak oyy{k slcn oy fls nbni` ld ckhnfc" m{s }nsak} ~{nbos ld y{uub& Ys{ckfsy ldskf c}lu l{s mkin{yk sako} u{mboiyiallb kquk}okfiky n}k ldskf yl ull} sans sak bkn}f tk} bossbk ktkf ndsk} mkofg kf}lbbkcdl} 3 sl ; kn}y&

Kc{insofg go}by oy n un}soi{bn} ianbbkfgk& Ofcony aoga dk}sobos }nsky u}lhlsk n ylionb monyngnofys kc{insofg l{fg go}by& Un}kfsy bni` sak }kyl{}iky sl u}ltock n ~{nbos kc{insolfdl} nbb ld sako} iaobc}kf" nfc sak}kdl}k oftkys yin}ik }kyl{}iky of mly" dl} walh sakhn}`ks }ks{}fy sl sak oftkyshkfs of kc{insolf n}k uk}ikotkc sl mk aogak}& Os oy kysohnskcsans dl} ktk} >55 go}by sans kf}lbb of yiallb of }{}nb Ofcon" 35 wobb }knia g}nck dl{}" >1

>1 [FKYIL" =555(5>&


7/30


wobb }knia g}nck kogas" fofk wobb }knia g}nck ?" nfc lfb lfk wobb hn`k os sl g}nck >=&>?Sak U]LMK ys{c coc dofc" alwktk}" sans ?1 uk}ikfs ld un}kfsy y{}tkkc dkbs sanskc{insolf wny fkikyyn} dl} mly" nfc 1? uk}ikfs ld un}kfsy dkbs os fkikyyn} dl} go}by&Ylhk ys{coky y{ggkys sans un}kfsy n}k hl}k bo`kb sl ofi{} u}otnsk kqukfcos{}k dl} ylfysanf cn{gask}y&=5

Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf

Sak Ykilfcn} Ysngk ilfyoysy ld g}ncky ?(>= !ngky >3(>7/& Ofcon any hl}k sanf lfka{fc}kc sal{ynfc ykilfcn} nfc ykfol} ykilfcn} yiallby yk}tofg 95 hobbolf ys{ckfsy!sak ntk}ngk skniak} sl ys{ckfs }nsol oy >:93/&=> Ktkf sal{ga kc{insolf of gltk}fhkfsyiallby ilfsof{ky sl mk d}kk dl} g}ncky ? nfc nmltk" sak hnjl}os ld kf}lbbhkfs oy ofu}otnsk yiallby walyk dkky tn}oky ilfyock}nmb&==

Nbsal{ga [FKYIL cnsn ofcoinsky sans fkn}b anbd ld nbb iaobc}kf kf}lbbkc of ykilfcn}yiallb of >???(=555 !{u d}lh 95 uk}ikfs of >?15/=9" ys{coky ykkh sl ofcoinsk sans lfb =5uk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy nis{nbb nsskfc ykilfcn} yiallb&

U{mboi kqnhy ns sak kfc ld g}ncky >5 nfc >= c}otk ofys}{isolf ns sak yiallb bktkb&Sak}kdl}k" sak}k oy yogfodoinfs coddk}kfik of sak i{}}oi{b{h lddk}kc il}}kbnsofg sl saktn}ol{y kqnhofnsolf mln}cy&

Ykilfcn} Ysngk g}ncky ? nfc >5 != kn}y/

Sak i{}}oi{b{h ofib{cky=3:>& Sa}kk Bnfg{ngky hlsak} slfg{k,}kgolfnb bnfg{ngk Aofco" Kfgboya !Ylhk

yiallby lddk} ny kbkisotky lsak} bnfg{ngky y{ia ny Ynfy`}os" Iaofkyk" Jnunfkyk"]{yyonf" D}kfia" Gk}hnf" N}nmoi" Uk}yonf" Yunfoya/

=& Hnsakhnsoiy*9& Yiokfik nfc Skiaflblg**3& Ylionb Yiokfiky;& Wl}` Kc{insolf l} U}k(Tlinsolfnb Kc{insolf4& N}s Kc{insolf !dofk n}sy: Toy{nb nfc Uk}dl}hofg/7& Uayoinb nfc Aknbsa Kc{insolf

>? www&ofdlianfgkofcon&l}g oy n fkwy ianffkb sans gnsak}y ilfskfs d}lh n wock" i}kcombk nfc kquk}okfikc

fkswl}` ld jl{}fnboysy" }kykn}iak}y" cktkbluhkfs yukionboysy nfc g}nyy}llsy nisotoysy" nfc d}lh clzkfy ld

coddk}kfs jl{}fnby" wkmyosky nfc fkwy ngkfioky of Ofcon nfc ni}lyy sak wl}bc&

=5

@nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kcYlionboyh sl Anbd(Mn`kc Inuosnboyh& Wl}`ofg Unuk}" Ikfsk} dl} Ofsk}fnsolfnb Cktkbluhkfs ns An}tn}c

[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&=> [FKYIL Ofysos{sk dl} Ysnsoysoiy ioskc of NCM @k Ofcoinsl}y dl} Gblmnb Un}soiounsolf" =559&== @n}sao` H{}nbocan}nf&=9 [FKYIL Ofysos{sk dl} Ysnsoysoiy ioskc of NCM @k Ofcoinsl}y dl} Gblmnb Un}soiounsolf" =559&

=3 Niil}cofg sl Yanbofo" n YNOY ys{ckfs d}lh Ofcon" sak hnsa nfc yiokfik i{}}oi{b{h {u sl g}nck >5

u}ltocky n tk} ylboc dl{fcnsolf dl} Ofconf ys{ckfsy nfc yak wny nhnzkc ns sak ilfskfs nfc yblw unik ld

ak} g}nc{nsk wl}` ak}k of sak [&Y&


8/30


*Hnsakhnsoiy ykilfcn} i{}}oi{b{h ofib{cky sak ys{c ld N}osahksoinb ilfikusy" f{hmk}yyskhy" nbgkm}n" gklhks}" s}oglflhks}" ysnsoysoiy" hkny{}khkfs" g}nuay nfc ill}cofnskgklhks}& !Nccosolfnb cksnob u}ltockc of nssniahkfs/

**Yiokfik nfc Skiaflblg i{}}oi{b{h oy ckyogfkc n}l{fc yoq hnjl} sakhky: hnssk}"kfk}g" botofg wl}bc" fns{}nb }kyl{}iky" kfto}lfhkfs nfc sak {fotk}yk& Knia ys{ckfs oykqukiskc sl cl >; kqk}ioyky oftlbtofg bnm wl}` uk} yiallb kn}& !Nccosolfnb cksnobu}ltockc of nssniahkfs/

Sak suoinb yiallb yiakc{bk oy n ? uk}olc cn !35 hof{sky uk} uk}olc/& Niil}cofg sl sakIkfs}nb Mln}c ld Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf" ofys}{isolfnb sohk of g}nck >5 oy yukfs ny dlbblwy:

Y{mjkis N}kn Nhl{fs Ys{cokc Wkk`bBnfg{ngk O =15 hof{skyBnfg{ngk OO =35 hof{sky

Hnsakhnsoiy =15 hof{skyYiokfik nfc Skiaflblg 945 hof{skyYlionb Yiokfik 945 hof{skyWl}` Kc{insolf l} U}k(Tlinsolfnb Kc{insolf >=5 hof{sky !ub{y sohk l{syock yiallb/N}s Kc{insolf 15 hof{skyUayoinb nfc Aknbsa Kc{insolf 15 hof{sky

Ykilfcn} yiallby n}k nddobonskc wosa Ikfs}nb l} Ysnsk mln}cy waoia nchofoysk}kqnhofnsolfy ns sak kfc ld g}nck >5 }ky{bsofg of sak nwn}c ld sak Ykilfcn} YiallbIk}sodoinsk !YYI/" sak Nbb(Ofcon Ykilfcn} Yiallb Ik}sodoinsk l} sak Ofconf Ik}sodoinsk ldYkilfcn} Kc{insolf&& Sak}k n}k sa}kk fnsolfnb kqnhofofg mln}cy: sak Ikfs}nb Mln}c ldYkilfcn} Kc{insolf !IMYK/" sak Il{fiob dl} sak Ofconf Yiallb Ik}sodoinskKqnhofnsolfy !IOYIK/ nfc sak Fnsolfnb Lukf Yiallb !FLY/ dl} coysnfik kc{insolf&

Sak ninckhoi ilfskfs nfc hn}`y nwn}ckc m sak IMYK nfc IOYIK n}k m}lncbk~{otnbkfs" wosa sak kqikusolf ld Kfgboya& Sak IMYK u}lg}nh kqnhofky d{fisolfnbKfgboya nfc any fl ys{c ld bosk}ns{}k" waobk sak IOYIK u}lg}nh ofil}ul}nsky sak ys{cld Yan`kyukn}k nfc lsak} ibnyyoiy ny wkbb ny ilfskhul}n} bosk}ns{}k" c}nhn nfc ulks}&=;

Of ylhk ld sak Ysnsky" sak do}ys u{mboi kqnhofnsolf oy nbyl ilfc{iskc ns sak ilhubksolf ldsak hoccbk ysngk&

Sak M}osoya Il{fiob flsky sans sak Ofconf Ykilfcn} Yiallb Ik}sodoinsk !nwn}ckc m nbbyiallb mln}cy ndsk} g}nck >5/ hn gkfk}nbb mk ilfyock}kc ybogasb mkblw sak M}osoyaGkfk}nb Ik}sodoinsk ld Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf !GIYK/ l} sak Ofsk}fnsolfnb GIYK AogaYiallb Kqnhofnsolfy ysnfcn}c&=4 Sak ilfskfs oy ilfyock}kc k~{otnbkfs" m{s ys{ckfsy n}k

=; Hlys ld sak u}otnsk yiallby" ny wkbb ny hnf gltk}fhkfs yiallby" n}k nddobonskc wosa sak Ikfs}nb Mln}c ld

Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf !IMYK/&=4

Sak M}osoya GIYK l} sak OGIYK oy sak bn}gkys nfc hlys wockb }kilgfozkc kqnhofnsolf yyskh of sakwl}bc&


9/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; ?

fls kqukiskc sl u}lmbkh ylbtk l} nuub sako} `flwbkcgk of sak ynhk wn& Ykfol}ykilfcn} ik}sodoinsky d}lh kosak} ld sak swl fnsolfnb mln}cy hn mk ilfyock}kck~{otnbkfs sl nf NY ysnfcn}c&

[uuk} Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf

Sak hnjl}os ld ys{ckfsy kqos yiallb ndsk} g}nck >5 !nuu}lqohnskb ngk >;/& Dl} salykwal ysn" yiallbofg mkilhky coddk}kfsonskc& Mnykc lf uk}dl}hnfik lf sak >5sa g}ncky{mjkis kqnhy" ys{ckfsy kfsk} nf {uuk}(ykilfcn} ys}knh dl} sako} bnys swl kn}y ldyiallbofg mkdl}k {fotk}yos !g}ncky >>(>=/& Sak hlys u}kysogol{y ys}knh !waoia nbyl anysak aogakys i{s(ldd of sk}hy ld hn}`y }k~{o}kc of sak g}nck >5 kqnhy/ oy sak yiokfikys}knh" sak ykilfc oy ilhhk}ik" nfc sak sao}c oy a{hnfosoky !n}sy/& Ys{ckfsy of sakyiokfiky ys}knh nbhlys nbwny ys{c hnsakhnsoiy" uayoiy" nfc iakhoys}& Nccosolfnby{mjkisy hn ofib{ck molblg,mlsnf,zllblg dl} salyk ofskfcofg sl sn`k hkcoinb yiallbkfs}nfik kqnhy nfc ilhu{sk} yiokfik dl} salyk u{}y{ofg kfgofkk}ofg ckg}kky& Salyk ofsak Ilhhk}ik ys}knh ys{c kilflhoiy" niil{fsofg" hnsakhnsoiy" nfc ilhhk}ik&Ys{ckfsy of sak A{hnfosoky,N}sy ys}knh ys{c lusolfy sans ofib{ck aoysl}" gklg}nua"

ulbosoinb yiokfik" uaoblylua" uyialblg" bnfg{ngky" n}sy" h{yoi& Hlys yiallby lfblddk} n dkw ld sakyk y{mjkisy" waoia lmtol{yb }kys}oisy ys{ckfs bnsos{ck of ykbkisofg n}knyld dli{y&

[uuk} ykilfcn} kc{insolf oy ilfc{iskc of yiallby" l} swl(kn} j{fol} ilbbkgky !ylhk ldwaoia n}k nbyl nddobonskc wosa ckg}kk lddk}ofg ilbbkgky/& Ylhk ld sakyk ofysos{solfy n}ku}otnskb luk}nskc waobk lsak}y n}k gltk}fhkfs(luk}nskc ofysos{solfy& Nflsak} ilhhlfofysos{solfnb dl}h oy sl antk ilbbkgky wosa u}otnsk hnfngkhkfs m{s }kikotofg y{mysnfsonbdofnfionb nyyoysnfik d}lh sak gltk}fhkfs of }ks{}f dl} ian}gofg blw dkky& Ys{ckfskf}lbbhkfs of u}otnsk" {fnockc yiallby g}kw m nbhlys >5 uk}ikfs mkswkkf >?71 nfc>??9&=7 Sak i{}}oi{bn dl} {uuk} ykilfcn} ofysos{solfy n}k cksk}hofkc m Ysnsk l} Ikfs}nbMln}cy ld Ykilfcn} Kc{insolf nfc ys{ckfsy yos dl} kqnhy ns sak ilfib{yolf ld g}nck >=&

Ndsk} ilhubksofg sako} {uuk} ykilfcn} yiallbwl}` !g}nck >=/" ys{ckfsy yos dl} nflsak}yks ld kqnhy !sak Aogak} Ykilfcn} Ik}sodoinsk Kqnhofnsolfy/ waoia cksk}hofky sako}aogak} kc{insolf lusolfy& Wkbb `flwf ilbbkgky yukiod i{s(ldd hn}`y dl} nchoyyolf oftn}ol{y il{}yky ld ys{c" waoia hn ylhksohky mk kqs}khkb aoga !ltk} ?5+ hn}`y flsmkofg {filhhlf/& Sak i{s(ldd hn}`y l} ltk}nbb kfs} yil}k inf tn} mkswkkf il{}yky ofsak ynhk {fotk}yos,ilbbkgk" mkswkkf yohobn} il{}yky of coddk}kfs {fotk}yosoky, ilbbkgkynfc d}lh kn} sl kn} of sak ynhk il{}yk& Ylhk il{}yky nfc ylhk{fotk}yosoky,ofysos{solfy,ilbbkgky n}k of g}knsk} ckhnfc sanf lsak}y nfc sak}kdl}kniikusnfik oy hl}k ilhuksosotk& Ys{ckfsy hn nbyl mk }k~{o}kc sl ilhubksk u}k(}k~{oyoskil{}ykwl}`&

Sak slu ys{ckfsy wnfsofg sl u{}y{k u}ldkyyolfnb yiallb !hkcoinb" kfgofkk}ofg" bnw/ yos dl}nccosolfnb yiallb(mnykc kfs}nfik kqnhy sl cksk}hofk sako} nchoyyolfy ofsl sakyk yukiodoiu}lg}nhy& Hlys yiokfik ys}knh ys{ckfsy s} sl gks ofsl sak kfgofkk}ofg l} hkcoinbilbbkgky ny sakyk antk sak hlys u}kysogk wosaof Ofcon& Dl} sak ilhhk}ik bofk" ys{ckfsy

=7 FIK]S Nbb Ofcon Kc{insolfnb Y{}tky ioskc of Dofnfiofg Kc{insolf of Ofcon" kcoskc m Sobn`&


10/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; >5

suoinbb s} sl gks nchoyyolfy ofsl n ilhhk}ik" niil{fsofg" m{yofkyy" l} skiaflblgu}lg}nh ld ys{c& Hlys ys{ckfsy of sak a{hnfosoky ys}knh noh sl kfsk} sak n}sy ilbbkgky&

Tlinsolfnb nfc skiafoinb kc{insolf oy nbyl nf lusolf of aogak} ykilfcn} yiallby& Saknoh ld tlinsolfnb kc{insolf oy sl gnof n m}lnc `flwbkcgk nml{s lii{unsolfy" fls s}nofofg

of yukionbozkc y{mjkisy& Sak il{}yky ilfyoys ld n bnfg{ngk il{}yk !>;+/" gkfk}nbdl{fcnsolf il{}yky !>;+/ nfc tlinsolfnb kbkisotky !75+/" ld waoia nml{s anbd ilfyoysy ldu}nisoinb wl}`& Kbkisotky n}k ialykf d}lh n wock tn}oks ld n}kny ofib{cofg ng}oi{bs{}k"kfgofkk}ofg nfc skiaflblg" m{yofkyy nfc ilhhk}ik" alhk yiokfik" aknbsa nfc un}n(hkcoinb yk}toiky" nfc a{hnfosoky& Il{}yky n}k khublhkfs(l}okfskc" m{s nbyl infu}ltock niikyy sl il{}yky of }kbnskc n}kny ld aogak} kc{insolf& Kqnhofnsolfy ns saoy bktkbn}k ilfc{iskc m sak Nbb Ofcon nfc Ysnsk Mln}cy ld Tlinsolfnb Kc{insolf&

Lfb >5 uk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy n}k lusofg dl} sak tlinsolfnb ys}knh" ngnofys n kn} =555sn}gks ld =; uk}ikfs&=1 Saoy oy nss}om{skc sl sak bni` ld ofc{ys}(yiallb bof`ngky nfc sakyyskh anyfs ilftofikc ys{ckfsy sans saoy ys}knh inf u}kun}k sakh dl} }knb jlmy nfc

in}kk}y&

N Sa}kk(Sok}kc Yyskh

Of >?43" sak @lsan}o Ilhhoyyolf ]kul}s lf Kc{insolf u}kykfskc nf of(ckusa ys{c ldu}ohn} nfc ykilfcn} kc{insolf& Sak Ilhhoyyolf }l{fcb ilfckhfkc saoy ykun}nsk"{fk~{nb yiallb yyskh waoia os nii{ykc ld ofi}knyofg ylionb ykg}kgnsolf nfcuk}uks{nsofg nfc wockfofg g}nck coysofisolfy&

_ks bossbk any ianfgkc& Sak}k n}k ibkn}b sa}kk sok}y ld yiallby of Ofcon& Fofks uk}ikfs ldsak kysohnskc >>= hobbolf iaobc}kf wal kf}lbb of u}ohn} yiallb nff{nbb antk fl ialoikm{s sl nsskfc obb(hnofsnofkc gltk}fhkfs yiallby" hnf d{fisolfofg l{s ld n inftny skfs&Alwktk}" gotkf sans sak ~{nbos ld kc{insolf of sakyk yiallby oy {y{nbb ~{osk ull}" sakdnys(ofi}knyofg hoccbk ibnyy u}kdk}y sl ykfc osy iaobc}kf sl sak gltk}fhkfs(nockc"u}otnskb(}{f yiallby& Sak sao}c inskgl}" sak u}otnsk yiallby" insk}y sl sak kbosk {uuk}(g}nck ulu{bnsolf" mlnysofg no} ilfcosolfofg nfc }ocofg bkyylfy&

Y{hhon _nyhkkf" n }kul}sk} dl} Ofcon Slgksak} !nf lfbofk fkwy yl{}ik/ lddk}y ak}luofolf lf sak sa}kk sok}y ld Ofconf yiallbofg:=?

Sak }oia nfc dnhl{y n}k suoinbb kf}lbbkc of dotk(ysn} Kfgboya(hkco{h yiallby nddobonskc

sl sak {uyinbk IMYK !nbb Ofcon/" IOYIK !unf Ofcon/" nfc OM kqnhofnsolf mln}cy waoialddk} gblmnbb niikuskc ybbnm{yky nfc i{}}oi{b{hy&

Fkqs of sak uki`ofg l}ck} n}k Kfgboya hkco{h gltk}fhkfs nockc yiallby nddobonskc slYsnsk(bktkb kqnhofnsolf mln}cy sl waoia sak iaobc}kf ld sak hoccbk g}nck n}k ykfs& Sak=1 Ysnsk mln}cy lddk} ofdk}ol} ofd}nys}{is{}k" y{m(ysnfcn}c kc{insolf nfc bkyy }ogl}l{y

ybbnm{yky nfc kqnhofnsolf nyykyyhkfsy&

=1 Skfsa Dotk(_kn} Ubnf& Hofoys} ld A{hnf ]kyl{}iky Cktkbluhkfs&=? _nyhkkf" Y{hhon& Ywkbbofg Y{uul}s dl} Ilhhlf Yiallby& Ofconslgksak}&l}g !J{b =553/&


11/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; >>

Nfc ns sak mnyk ld sak kc{insolf u}nhoc n}k yanmm" ull}b hnfngkcgltk}fhkfs,h{foiounb yiallby waoia yaltk c{mol{y ~{nbos bnfg{ngk kc{insolf clwf sak

iaobc}kf ld sak ull} hnjl}os&

Skniak} ^{nbos,Skniaofg Kfto}lfhkfs

Dl} hlys ys{ckfsy of Ofcon" sak bkn}fofg kfto}lfhkfs oy u}kss nmyhnb& Yiallb ilfyoysyld n lfk(}llh yiallbal{yk" lfk skniak} iltk}ofg h{bsoubk g}ncky" nfc 35 ys{ckfsy uk}skniak}& Os yal{bc mk flskc sans hnf }{}nb u{mboi yiallby mn}kb antk sak hlys mnyoi lddniobosoky !n iblykc(of m{obcofg" c}of`ofg wnsk}" slobksy" n mbni`mln}c/& Of nccosolf sl sakykianbbkfgky" hnf }{}nb yiallby n}k yk}ol{yb {fck}ysnddkc" kyukionbb of sak bn}gk} ysnskyld [ssn} U}nckya nfc Moan}& Waobk lfk skniak} hn antk 35 ys{ckfsy uk} ibnyy lfntk}ngk" sak {fwobbofgfkyy ld hnf skniak}y sl niikus }khlsk }{}nb ulysofgy !nfc saknsskhusy sl gks sakyk ulysofgy ianfgkc ton blmmofg nfc il{}s inyky/ hknfy sans sak nis{nbys{ckfs(skniak} }nsol oy h{ia aogak} of hnf un}sy ld }{}nb Ofcon& Aoga ys{ckfs(skniak}}nsoly n}k kqnik}mnskc m aoga bktkby ld skniak} nmykfik nfc blw bktkby ld skniaofgnisotos&

Wosal{s kddl}sy sl }ki}{os bn}gk f{hmk}y ld fkw skniak}y nfc nf oftkyshkfs ld }kyl{}ikysl {ug}nck yiallb dniobosoky" Ofcon wobb mk an}c(u}kyykc sl yinbk {u kbkhkfsn} kc{insolfnfc ohu}ltk ofys}{isolfnb l{silhky dl} osy l{fg iaobc}kf&

Skniaofg oy n wkbb(unoc u}ldkyyolf of Ofcon nfc skniak}y n}k suoinbb nuulofskc mnykc lfulbosoinb nddobonsolfy" fls lf ilfskfs l} ukcnglgoinb `flwbkcgk& Sak}k oy fl yyskh ofubnik sl hlsotnsk skniak}y sl ohu}ltk ninckhoi niaoktkhkfs95" nfc tk} bossbk s}nofofgntnobnmbk sl ys}kfgsakf skniaofg u}nisoiky& Dl} kqnhubk" waobk sak >?14 Fnsolfnb Ulboilf Kc{insolf {ug}nckc sak ysnfcn}c i{}}oi{b{h wosa ofi}knykc }k~{o}khkfsy of Kfgboya

nfc of sak yiokfiky" sak i{}}oi{bn} ianfgky wk}k fls bof`kc wosa fkw wny ld skniaofg nfc

nyykyyofg ys{ckfs u}lg}kyy&

Sak M}osoya Il{fiob u}ltocky sak dlbblwofg y{hhn} ld sak suoinb yiallb cn& Waobk saoyckyi}ousolf oy bo`kb tnboc dl} {}mnf u}otnsk yiallby" os oy dn} d}lh sak inyk of sak suoinbgltk}fhkfs yiallb" wak}k sak dli{y !od ns nbb/ oy ysobb lf }lsk bkn}fofg dl} unyyofg kqnhy:

N suoinb yiallb cn mkgofy kn}b of sak hl}fofg nfsohk mkswkkf 7(1 nh& Ys{ckfsynsskfc yiallb dl} nml{s 4 al{}y c{}ofg sak cn wosa knia ibnyy}llh ykyyolf yunffofg 95(35 hof{sky nfc n 95(hof{sk b{fia m}kn`& Ylhk yiallby luk}nsk dl} n blfgk} c{}nsolf ldsohk !nml{s 1 al{}y/ nfc sakyk yiallby u}ltock swl m}kn` uk}olcy& Sak yiallb suoinbb

mkgofy wosa n hl}fofg nyykhmb dl} nbb ys{ckfsy nfc skniak}y nfc hn ofib{ck u}nk}y"hkcosnsolf" ohul}snfs nffl{fikhkfsy" yukionb nyykhmboky" Hnyy US l} nf lsak} ubnffkcnisotos&

U}ohn} ibnyyky gkfk}nbb yunf dl} n yal}sk} c{}nsolf ld sohk sanf sak ykilfcn} ibnyyky&Sak g}nck oy hnfngkc m lfk skniak}" wal oy gkfk}nbb nyyoyskc m nflsak} skniak}& Saoy"

95 Lfk offltnsotk kqnhubk: Of Hncan U}nckya" unfiannsy !tobbngk il{fioby/ n}k gotkf }kyulfyomobos dl}

kfy{}ofg skniak} uk}dl}hnfik ns sak blinb bktkb" ofib{cofg sak }ogas sl wosaalbc skniak}y ynbn}oky of sak

ktkfs ld ull} skniak} uk}dl}hnfik&


12/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; >=

alwktk}" oy fls sak }{bk nfc of ylhk }{}nb un}sy ld sak il{fs} lfk skniak} hn mk}kyulfyombk dl} hnfngofg n }nfgk ld ibnyyky

9>. N ykilfcn} g}nck suoinbb any lfk ibnyy

skniak} wal any sak ltk}nbb }kyulfyomobos ld hnfngofg sak g}nck nfc nbyl skniaky lfk l}hl}k y{mjkisy& Y{mjkis skniak}y sknia ys{ckfsy c{}ofg sako} }kyukisotk uk}olcy& Dl} ylhky{mjkisy bo`k N}sy" H{yoi" Uayoinb Kc{insolf" Wl}` Kquk}okfik" Yiokfik U}nisoinby"

Bom}n} ksi& ys{ckfsy n}k }k~{o}kc sl yaods sl sak }kbktnfs wl}` ubniky of sak yiallb&

Of sk}hy ld sak uayoinb nss}om{sky" sak}k n}k n f{hmk} ld tn}onsolfy of Ofcon& Of n ios nibnyy}llh suoinbb any }lwy ld mkfiaky nfc n skniak}y cky` }ogas ns sak d}lfs& Lsak}mnyoi }kyl{}iky of sak ibnyy}llh ofib{ck sak mbni`mln}c" lfk l} hl}k m{bbksof mln}cy,coyubn n}kny nfc lfk l} hl}k i{umln}cy dl} ysl}ngk u{}ulyky& [}mnf u}otnsk yiallbyhn antk g}knsk} }kyl{}iky sl yks {u hlck}f ibnyy}llhy nfc hnf ld sakh n}k

u}lg}kyyofg slwn}cy cktkbluofg Ao(skia ibnyy}llhy" ilhubksk wosa ilhu{sk} yyskhynfc hlck}f skniaofg nocy& Of ilhubksk ilfs}nys" ylhk yiallby of }{}nb nfc ykho({}mnfn}kny bni` ktkf sak mnyoi dniobosoky bo`k ilfi}ksk m{obcofgy" mkfiaky" iano}y ksi& Alwktk}"hnf ofosonsotky n}k sn`ofg ubnik of sak n}kn ld kc{insolf nfc kyukionbb sl }knia l{s sl

sak {fck}u}otobkgkc hnyyky ld sak ylioks&

N suoinb ibnyy}llh ykyyolf oftlbtky g{ockc skniaofg m sak y{mjkis skniak} dlbblwofg saku}kyi}omkc ybbnm{y& Skniak}y n}k ofi}knyofgb {yofg sak U}ljkis hksalc ld skniaofg slkfil{}ngk ys{ckfsy sl saof`" }kykn}ia ofdl}hnsolf nfc ilbbnsk cnsn& Hnjl}os ld sak wl}`ny wkbb ny nyykyyhkfs anuukfy lf nf ofcotoc{nb mnyoy nfc dl} ik}snof yukiodoi sluoiy nfc

nyyogfhkfsy" ys{ckfsy wl}` of g}l{uy&

Gltk}fnfik

Wosa Ofcony ofckukfckfik of >?37" n Ckun}shkfs ld Kc{insolf wny kysnmboyakc wosaofsak Hofoys} ld A{hnf ]kyl{}ik Cktkbluhkfs& Sak ckun}shkfs any sa}kk hnofcotoyolfy:

>& Ykilfcn} nfc Aogak} Kc{insolf=& Kbkhkfsn} Kc{insolf nfc Bosk}ni9& Wlhkf nfc Iaobc Cktkbluhkfs

Sak ckun}shkfs ill}cofnsky ubnffofg wosa sak Ysnsky" u}ltocky d{fcofg dl} kquk}ohkfsnbu}lg}nhy" nfc nisy sa}l{ga sak [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf !ckdofkc of sak aogak}kc{insolf ykisolf/ nfc sak Fnsolfnb Il{fiob ld Kc{insolfnb ]kykn}ia nfc S}nofofg!FIK]S/ sl cktkblu ysnfcn}cy" ofys}{isolfnb hnsk}onby" nfc ckyogf skqsmll`y& SakFIK]Sy skqsmll`y yk}tk ny hlckby yofik Ysnsky n}k fls bkgnbb lmbognskc sl dlbblw sakfnsolfnb ybbnm{y&

Sak ikfs}nb gltk}fhkfs c}ndsy dotk(kn} ubnfy sans ofib{ck kc{insolf ulboi nfc ylhkd{fcofg dl} kc{insolf& Ysnsk(bktkb hofoys}oky ld kc{insolf ill}cofnsk kc{insolf u}lg}nhyns sak blinb bktkby& Nchofoys}nsolf ld {}mnf gltk}fhkfs yiallby n}k ltk}ykkf m mlsa sak

9> ]kikfs }kykn}ia m @}khk} nfc H{}nbocan}nf !=55;/ yalwy sans fkn}b 75+ ld }{}nb gltk}fhkfs yiallby

of Ofcon u}nisoik h{bso(g}nck skniaofg" wak}km n skniak} yoh{bsnfkl{yb skniaky h{bsoubk g}ncky

suoinbb mkin{yk sak}k n}k dkwk} skniak}y sanf g}ncky of sak yiallb&


13/30


ysnsk kc{insolf hofoys} nfc sak h{foiounb gltk}fhkfs& Of }{}nb n}kny" kosak} sak coys}oismln}c l} sak unfianns !tobbngk il{fiob/ any ltk}yogas lf yiallb d{fisolfofg" waoia ldskfm}ofgy akogaskfkc ulbosoioznsolf sl sak skniak} nuulofshkfs u}likyy&

Sak ofcotoc{nb Ysnsk gltk}fhkfsy u}ltock sak hnjl}os ld kc{insolfnb d{fcofg nfc kosak}

co}kisb }{f yiallby l} y{uul}s u}otnskb(}{f yiallby sa}l{ga g}nfsy& Alwktk}" nuakflhkflf ld g}lwofg ohul}snfik ltk} }kikfs kn}y any mkkf sak h{ya}llhofg ldyiallby of knia ysnsk sans n}k ilhubkskb ofckukfckfs ld gltk}fhkfs d{fcofg0 sakyk n}kinbbkc u}otnsk" {fnockc yiallby& Sakyk yiallby suoinbb un h{ia blwk} ynbn}oky sanfgltk}fhkfs yiallby" nfc n}k sak}kdl}k nmbk sl ao}k hl}k skniak}y" }kc{ik h{bso(g}nckskniaofg" nfc antk yhnbbk} ibnyyky& Sak n}k nbyl nmbk sl kqk}ioyk hl}k ltk}yogas lfskniak}y nfc antk aogak} }nsky ld skniaofg nisotos&9=

Dofnfiofg

Lf sak }kilhhkfcnsolf ld sak Kc{insolf Ilhhoyyolf !>?44/" sak Ofconf gltk}fhkfs!>?41/ doqkc n sn}gks ld oftkysofg yoq uk}ikfs ld GFU of kc{insolf m >?14" m{s saoy any

fktk} mkkf niaoktkc& Of sak kn}b >?;5y" os wny ny blw ny >&= uk}ikfs" os any hltkc {uyskncob sl n}l{fc 3 uk}ikfs ld GFU !3&= of =555(5>/&99 Niil}cofg sl sak A{hnfCktkbluhkfs ]kul}s !=55>/" nhlfg sak >39 il{fs}oky boyskc" Ofcon }nf`kc >53

sawosa

}kyukis sl sak yan}k ld GFU yukfs lf kc{insolf& Nfc" n }kikfs [FKYIL ys{c ofcoinskysans il{fs}oky yukfcofg h{ia bkyy sanf Ofcon n}k gkssofg mkssk} }ky{bsy&93

U}ohn} yiallbc}lul{s }nsky Kqukfcos{}k ny +ld GCU

Ofcon ;9+ 3&>+Hnfhn} 3;+ >&3+Mnfgbnckya 9;+ 9&7+Inhmlcon 9;(91+ >&?+Fkunb 9;(91+ =&;+Mkbnskcb }kilgfozofg sak ohul}snfik ld u}ohn} kc{insolf" sak gltk}fhkfs any of }kikfskn}y yaodskc sak dli{y ld osy d{fcofg sl u}ohn} nfc hoccbk g}ncky of nf nsskhus sl mllysltk}nbb bosk}ni bktkby& Aogak} kc{insolf d{fcofg ltk}nbb any ykkf n ckibofk ltk} sak unysswkfs kn}y" nbsal{ga sak wl}bc(}kflwfkc ofysos{solfy ld fnsolfnb ohul}snfik ofskiaflblg nfc hnfngkhkfs antk fls y{ddk}kc m{cgks i{sy&

Yan}k m Bktkb ld Slsnb U{mboi Kqukfcos{}k lf Kc{insolf !uk}ikfs/9;

9= @}khk} nfc H{}nbocan}nf !=55;/ }kul}s y{}tk ktockfik wak}k lfb > l{s ld fkn}b 9555 gltk}fhkfs

yiallb aknc skniak}y }kul}skc ktk} antofg do}kc n skniak} dl} }kuknskc nmykfik" ilhun}kc sl 9; l{s ldn}l{fc 455 u}otnsk {fnockc yiallby sans }kul}skc antofg clfk yl&99 Dofnfiofg Kc{insolf of Ofcon" kcoskc m Snbo`&93 [FKYIL Gblmnb Kc{insolf Cogkys =559 !cnsn d}lh =555(5> yiallb kn}/9; Nfnbyoy ld M{cgks Kqukfcos{}k of Ofcon" ioskc of Dofnfiofg Kc{insolf of Ofcon" kcoskc m Sobn`" u& =?&


14/30


_kn} U}ohn} Ykilfcn} Sk}son}

>?;5(;> 31 =; =5

>?45(4> 3= =7 ==

>?75(7> 39 =1 =1

>?15(1> 3> =? =?>??5(?> 34 9= >9

=555(5> 3? 95 >;

Sak ikfs}nb gltk}fhkfs ilfs}om{solf sl kc{insolf oy }kbnsotkb yhnbb ilhun}kc sl sak ysnskm{cgksy !sak ikfs}nb gltk}fhkfs ilfs}om{sky nuu}lqohnskb >5 uk}ikfs ld slsnb yukfcofglf kc{insolf/& ]kgn}cbkyy ld sak yl{}ik" sak}k n}k fl }kbonmbk }kul}sy lf sak coys}om{solfld gltk}fhkfs }kyl{}iky hnòfg os tk} coddoi{bs sl s}ni` alw h{ia ld sak nbblinsolfynis{nbb }knia sak yiallb yyskh dl} waoia sak antk mkkf m{cgkskc& Ik}snofb sakCkun}shkfs ld Kc{insolf }kikotky sak hnjl}os ld kqukfcos{}k" m{s d{fcy n}k nbyl }kbknykcsl n f{hmk} ld ikfs}nbb(yulfyl}kc u}ljkisy nfc u}lg}nhy" hnòfg os {fibkn} alw h{ia

}kniaky sak coys}ois nfc yiallb bktkb&

Ld sak slsnb }ki{}}ofg kqukfcos{}ky" skniak} ynbn}oky nhl{fs sl hl}k sanf 15 uk}ikfs nfcflf(skniaofg ysndd ynbn}oky hn`k {u 1 uk}ikfs" bkntofg tk} bossbk dl} `k oftkyshkfsy ofofd}nys}{is{}k" skniak} s}nofofg" ofys}{isolfnb hnsk}onby" nfc sak bo`k& Ckyuosk nilhhoshkfs sl d}kk kc{insolf" yiallby yohub cl fls antk sak d{fcy sl u}ltock sakmnyoiy& Ny ld >??;(?4" lfb 9; uk}ikfs ld iaobc}kf of u{mboi u}ohn} yiallby }kikotkskqsmll`y" dotk uk}ikfs }kikotk unuk}" nfc =7 uk}ikfs b{fia&94

Ofcony oftkyshkfs of kc{insolf inf mk y{hhkc {u ny ofnck~{nsk of sk}hy ld kddoiokfinfc k~{os" ks sak il{fs}y u}ozkc u}ldkyyolfnb aogak} kc{insolf ofysos{sky ilfsof{k sl

mk wkbb(d{fckc nfc sl u}lc{ik aoga ~{nbos g}nc{nsky&

Dl}kogf Noc

Ny os clky wosa hnf ull} nfc cktkbluofg il{fs}oky" sak Wl}bc Mnf` oy oftkysofg ofOfcony kc{insolf yyskh sl hlck}fozk dniobosoky nfc iblyk sak cotock mkswkkf wansyntnobnmbk sl }{}nb tk}y{y {}mnf ys{ckfsy& Sak Wl}bc Mnf`'y y{uul}s dl} kc{insolf ofOfcon dli{yky lf mlsa u}ohn} kc{insolf nfc tlinsolfnb nfc skiafoinb kc{insolf nfcs}nofofg& Sak Mnf` oy nbyl kqubl}ofg wny of waoia os inf y{uul}s Ofcon'y {uuk}(u}ohn}kc{insolf nfc wny sl cktkblu sak yòbby ld yiokfsoysy nfc skiafoionfy&

Mnf` nyyoysnfik dl} mnyoi kc{insolf of Ofcon nohy sl kqunfc kf}lbbhkfs bktkby nfc }kc{ik

c}lu l{s }nsky" waobk }noyofg ys{ckfsy' ninckhoi uk}dl}hnfik& U}ljkisy dli{y kyukionbb lfgo}by" iaobc}kf d}lh coynctnfsngkc yiakc{bkc inysky nfc yiakc{bkc s}omky" wl}òfgiaobc}kf" iaobc}kf wosa coynmobosoky" nfc lsak} iaobc}kf wosa bohoskc luul}s{fosoky sl nsskfcu}ohn} yiallb&

94 FYY !


15/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; >;

Sak hnof u}ljkis nisotosoky n}k wl}òfg sl ofi}knyk niikyy" ohu}ltk ibnyy}llhofys}{isolf" ys}kfgsakf ilhh{fos un}soiounsolf of kc{insolf" nfc m{obc ofysos{solfnb nfchnfngkhkfs inunios& Saoy wl}` any mkkf dofnfikc wosa hl}k sanf #>&1 mobbolf m sakOfsk}fnsolfnb Cktkbluhkfs Nyylionsolf !OCN/" sak Wl}bc Mnf`'y ilfikyyolfn} bkfcofgnddobonsk sans u}ltocky ofsk}kys(d}kk i}kcosy sl sak ull}kys il{fs}oky&97

Aogak} Kc{insolf: Nf Kqunfcofg Yyskh

Ns sak sohk ld osy ofckukfckfik" Ofcon bni`kc n fnsolfnb fkswl}` ld {fotk}yosoky nfcnddobonskc ilbbkgky sans il{bc u}ltock l{s}knia sl n il{fs} wosa tnys cotk}yosoky&Yohobn}b" sak dkkck} ykilfcn} ofysos{solfy wk}k ld {fk~{nb ~{nbos hnòfg os coddoi{bs slu}ltock n aoga ~{nbos ninckhoi i{}}oi{b{h waobk nbyl kfy{}ofg niikyy dl} n wock ywnsald sak ulu{bnsolf& Ltk} sak bnys dods kn}y" Ofcon any kfckntl}kc sl kqunfc niikyy sl !o&k&u}ltock n g}knsk} f{hmk} ld yknsy/ aogak} kc{insolf" m{s sak}k clky fls nuukn} sl antkmkkf n il}}kyulfcofg dli{y lf ohu}ltofg ~{nbos&

Of dnis" of nf kddl}s sl hkks sak u}ohn} glnb ld i}knsofg ylionb hlmobos nfc k~{nbos ld

luul}s{fos" hnf yn sak gltk}fhkfs any ltk}ilhukfynskc" ofysos{sofg ys}oisilhhlfnbosoky of sk}hy ld dkk ys}{is{}k nfc i{}}oi{b{h ni}lyy =;5(lcc {fotk}yosoky& Saoykqikyyotk kgnbosn}onfoyh oy nf {f{y{nb glnb dl} sk}son} yyskhy nfc any yk}tkc slhofohozk coysofisolf nfc kqikbbkfik of ofysos{solfy& Sak khuanyoy lf bktkbofg any yk}tkcsl hn`k sak hnjl}os ld aogak} kc{insolf ckg}kky hknfofgbkyy of sak hn}`ksubnik& Nfc}nsak} sanf }kyulfc" sak hoccbk ibnyy" of bn}gk un}s" any luskc dl} kosak} kc{insolf nm}lncl} ton n u}otnsk ofysos{solf& Niil}cofg sl An}tn}c u}ldkyyl} ld gltk}fhkfs" Cktkya@nu{} nfc aoy ulboi }kykn}iak} ilbbkng{k U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn" sak yyskh dkkby flu}kyy{}k sl kfanfik sak hkconf ~{nbos ld kc{insolf&91

Ofcony i{}}kfs yyskh ld aogak} kc{insolf oy ikfs}nbozkc nfc aogab ulbosoiozkc" lddk}ofg}kbnsotkb bohoskc niikyy sl aogak} kc{insolf& !Lfb skf uk}ikfs ld sak ngk ilal}s wnykf}lbbkc of =553" alwktk}" yktkf uk}ikfs ld n ilbbkgk(ngk ulu{bnsolf ld ?5 hobbolf ysobbk~{nsky sl hl}k sanf ? hobbolf ys{ckfsy" wosa =&; hobbolf g}nc{nsofg d}lh {fotk}yos kniakn}&/9? Ltk} sak il{}yk ld sak >?75y nfc >?15y" ulbosoionfy ni~{o}kc n tkyskc ofsk}kys of{fotk}yosoky" ykkofg sakh ny wny sl kqunfc uns}lfngk& Sak }ky{bs oy sans of hnf inyky"{fotk}yosoky n}k ofkqs}oinmb ofsk}swofkc wosa gltk}fhkfs lddoik}y wal ltk}ykk nfc,l}d{fc sakh& Sak ao}ofg nfc u}lhlsolf ld skniak}y oy nbyl ulbosoiozkc" u}ltocofg skniak}ywosa {filfcosolfnb jlm yki{}os nfc fl niil{fsnmobos of ohu}ltofg ys{ckfsniaoktkhkfs&35 Os oy lfb mkin{yk Ofcon any y{ia n bn}gk ulu{bnsolf ltk}nbb" nfc sak}kdl}k

97

Wl}bc Mnf` Y{uul}s dl} Kc{insolf of Ofcon& Yl{sa Nyon Ykisl} M}okd& Sak Wl}bc Mnf` G}l{u&Ykuskhmk} >???&91 @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc

Ylionboyh sl Anbd(Mn`kc Inuosnboyh& Wl}òfg Unuk}" Ikfsk} dl} Ofsk}fnsolfnb Cktkbluhkfs ns An}tn}c

[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&9?Ofcon g}nc{nsky n hobbolf hl}k ys{ckfsy d}lh ilbbkgk knia kn} sanf sak [&Y& clky" ofib{cofg >55"555hl}k of sak yiokfiky nfc 45"555 hl}k of kfgofkk}ofg&35 @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc


[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&


16/30


bn}gk slsnb f{hmk}y ld ys{ckfsy" sans sak y{iikyy ld sak OOS nfc OOH g}nc{nsky u}ltocky nys}lfg ohu}kyyolf ld sak aogak} kc{insolf yyskh ltk}nbb&

Of ylhk ykfyk" lfk il{bc n}g{k sans sak g}knskys niaoktkhkfs ld sak OOSy nfc OOHy oy sakdnis sans sak antk hnfngkc sl `kku sako} ys}ofgkfs nchoyyolf ysnfcn}cy d}kk ld

il}}{usolf& Alwktk}" yofik sak hnfngk sl ykbkis sak tk} mkys" os oy {fibkn} ny sl alwh{ia ld sako} aogab(u{mboiozkc y{iikyy oy c{k sl tnb{k(nccosolf ny luulykc sl yohubsl ykbkisolf& Sak g}knsk} tnb{k sl ylioks d}lh sak kqoyskfik ld sakyk nukq ofysos{solfyuk}anuy ilhky d}lh sak dnis sans yl hnf ys{ckfsy nsskhus sak kfs}nfik kqnhofnsolfy!n}l{fc =55"555 ys{ckfsy sn`k sak OOS kfs}nfik kqnh dl} bkyy sanf 9"555 yknsy/ nfc of saku}likyy ld ys{cofg dl} sakyk ys}ofgkfs kqnhy" sak yan}ub }noyk sako} lwf ninckhoiysnfcn}cy }kbnsotk sl sans ld sak fl}hnb g}nck >= u{mboi kqnhy&

Saoy" ld il{}yk" i}knsky a{gk ckhnfc dl} {fotk}yos kc{insolf" nfc ltk} sak unys dkwckincky" Ofcon any ykkf uakflhkfnb g}lwsa of sak f{hmk} ld aogak} nfc skiafoinbkc{insolf ofysos{solfy" nfc n il}}kyulfcofg g}lwsa of kf}lbbhkfs& Sak aogak} kc{insolf

yyskh any ykkf n >9(dlbc ofi}knyk of sak f{hmk} ld {fotk}yosoky nfc n =4(dlbc ofi}knyk ofsak f{hmk} ld ilbbkgky yofik Ofckukfckfik of >?37& Ny ld =55=(59" sak}k wk}k >?4{fotk}yosoky" 74 Ckkhkc [fotk}yosoky" dotk ofysos{solfy kysnmboyakc sa}l{ga Ysnsk nfcikfs}nb bkgoybnsolf" >> ofysos{sky ld fnsolfnb ohul}snfik kysnmboyakc sa}l{ga Ikfs}nbbkgoybnsolf" nfc fkn}b >9">;5 ilbbkgky ofib{cofg n}l{fc >"455 wlhkf ilbbkgky of sakil{fs}&3>

]kikfs g}lwsa oy h{ia g}knsk} of u}ldkyyolfnb ilbbkgky !kyukionbb kfgofkk}ofg"hnfngkhkfs nfc hkcoiofk/" ny wkbb ny of u}otnsk tlinsolfnb s}nofofg il{}yky insk}ofgkyukionbb sl sak OS ykisl}&3=

Of sak Ofconf yyskh" aogak} !sk}son}/ kc{insolf ysn}sy ndsk} sak >5= Ysngk !o&k& skf kn}y

ld u}ohn} nfc ykilfcn} kc{insolf dlbblwkc m swl kn}y ld ykfol} ykilfcn}kc{insolf/&

Ys{ckfs kf}lbbhkfs any g}lwf nml{s dotk uk}ikfs nff{nbb ltk} sak unys swl ckincky&Saoy g}lwsa oy nml{s swl(nfc(n(anbd sohky sak ulu{bnsolf g}lwsa" nfc }ky{bsy d}lh mlsa nulu{bnsolf m{bgk of blwk} ngk ilal}sy ny wkbb ny ofi}knykc ckhnfc dl} aogak} kc{insolfltk}nbb& _ks lfb skf uk}ikfs ld sak ngk ilal}s oy kf}lbbkc slcn" n f{hmk} aogak} sanfcktkbluofg il{fs} ntk}ngky" m{s blwk} sanf sak Nyonf ntk}ngk !>> uk}ikfs/ nfc h{iablwk} sanf cktkblukc il{fs}oky waoia ntk}ngk 35 uk}ikfs& Kf}lbbhkfs }nsoly tn} ni}lyyOfconf Ysnsky" wosa sak Yl{sak}f nfc Wkysk}f Ysnsky antofg aogak} f{hmk}y sanf sako}Knysk}f il{fsk}un}sy&

Nbb Ofcon G}lwsa ld Ys{ckfs Kf}lbbhkfs: >?19(13 sl =55=(=55939

3>Saoy clky fls ofib{ck sak {f}kilgfozkc ofysos{solfy,dl}kogf {fotk}yosoky luk}nsofg of sak aogak}kc{insolf ykisl}&3= @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc


[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&39 [fotk}yos G}nfs Ilhhoyyolf" =55=(59


17/30


_kn} Slsnb Kf}lbhkfs Ofi}knyk ltk} sak

u}kikcofg kn}

Uk}ikfsngk

Ofi}knyk

>?19(13 9"957"43? >73";;4 ;&4

>?13(1; 9"353"5?4 ?4"337 =&?

>?1;(14 9"45;"5=? =55"?99 ;&?>?14(17 9"7;7">;1 >;=">=? 3&=

>?17(11 3"5=5">;? =49"55> 7&5

>?11(1? 3"=1;"31? =4;"995 4&4

>?1?(?5 3"45="415 9>7">?> 7&3

>??5(?> 3"?=3"141 9==">11 7&5

>??>(?= ;"=4;"114 93>"5>1 4&?

>??=(?9 ;";93"?44 =4?"515 ;&>

>??9(?3 ;"1>7"=3? =1="=19 ;&>

>??3(?; 4">>9"?=? =?4"415 ;&>

>??;(?4 4";73"55; 345"574 7&;

>??4(?7 4"13=";?1 =41";?9 3&>>??7(?1 7"=45"3>1 3>7"1=5 4&>

>??1(?? 7"75;";=5 33;">5= 4&>

>???(55 1"5;5"457 93;"517 3&;

=555(5> 1"9??"339 931"194 3&9

=55>(5=* 1"1=>"5?; 3=>"4;= ;&5

=55=(59* ?"==7"199 354"791 3&4

*U}ltoyolfnb

Sak tnys hnjl}os ld Ofcony >;"555 ilbbkgky of Ofcon n}k N}sy" Yiokfik" Ilhhk}ik $Bkn}fofg Ilbbkgky33 nfc sakyk kf}lbb sak m{b` ld sak fkn}b 4 hobbolf i{}}kfs sk}son}

ys{ckfsy&3; Fkn}b swl(sao}cy ld ys{ckfsy n}k kf}lbbkc of n}sy nfc yiokfik" wosa nflsak} >1uk}ikfs of ilhhk}ik,hnfngkhkfs&34 Saoy oy ohul}snfs mkin{yk hlys u}otnsk oftkyshkfsof aogak} kc{insolf oy ilfikfs}nskc of kfgofkk}ofg" hkcoiofk nfc hnfngkhkfs nfcsak}kdl}k" clky bossbk dl} sak hnjl}os ld ys{ckfsy& Nbhlys fofk of skf ys{ckfsy u{}y{kmniakbl}y ckg}kky" lfk of skf u{}y{k ulys(g}nc{nsk ckg}kky&37

Sak}k oy n s}kfc slwn}cy u}otnsoznsolf" nbsal{ga ld il{}yk sak ckg}kk sl waoia ysnsky antknbblwkc u}otnsk aogak} kc{insolf ofysos{solfy nfc sak ~{nbos ld y{ia ofysos{solfy tn}okywockb& Of sak inyk ld kfgofkk}ofg ilbbkgky" sak u}otnsk ykisl}" waoia niil{fskc dl} j{ys>; uk}ikfs ld yknsy of >?45" flw niil{fsy dl} 14&3 uk}ikfs ld yknsy&31 Of hkcoinb

33 [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf" =55>(5=3;assu:,,www&kc{insolf&foi&of,ashbwkm,onh}ysns&ash&

assu:,,www&kc{insolf&foi&of,ashbwkm,onh}=&ash)SN>7

34 [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf" =55=(5937[fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf" =55=(5931 NOISK ioskc of @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(

Mn`kc Ylionboyh sl Anbd(Mn`kc Inuosnboyh& Wl}`ofg Unuk}" Ikfsk} dl} Ofsk}fnsolfnb Cktkbluhkfs ns

An}tn}c [fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&


18/30


ilbbkgky" sak u}lul}solf ld u}otnsk yknsy any }oykf d}lh 4&1 uk}ikfs of >?45 sl 35&? uk}ikfsof =559&3? U}otnsoznsolf clky fls ohub n }kbknyk d}lh sak ysnsk hlflulb ld }kg{bnsolfwaoia coisnsky skniaofg hksalcy" il{}yky sn{gas" nfc ybbnmo& U}otnsoznsolf yohub hknfysans ofysos{solfy n}k ykbd(dofnfiofg0 sak c}nw lf ys{ckfs dkky }nsak} sanf gltk}fhkfsd{fcofg& Os oy u}ky{hkc sans sak kddoiokfi ld y{ia yiallby oy h{ia g}knsk} sanf of

gltk}fhkfs(y{uul}skc yiallby&

Nfc" ld il{}yk" sak}k n}k nf kysohnskc >>5"555 Ofconf ys{ckfsy ys{cofg nm}lnc nuu}lqohnskb 15"555 of sak [&Y&

;5" nbsal{ga sak n}k s{}fofg sl Infncn" sak [&@& nfc

N{ys}nbon wosa sak kddkisy ld sak sk}}l}oys ys}o`k of Ykuskhmk} =55> hn`ofg kfs} ofsl sak[&Y& h{ia hl}k coddoi{bs& Ofconfy n}k yukfcofg mkswkkf #755 hobbolf nfc #> mobbolf lfaogak} kc{insolf nm}lnc" n y{h slsnb sans kqikkcy kqukfcos{}ky m sak Ysnsk& U{mboiofysos{solfy antk mkkf bohoskc of sak dkky sak inf ian}gk ys{ckfsy waoia ykfcy nylhkwans uk}tk}yk hkyyngk sl salyk wosa hknfy: Od l{ antk hlfk" l{ inf yukfc oslf kc{insolf nm}lnc" l{ inf ilhk sl n u}otnsk n}}nfgkhkfs" l} ktkf wnysk os lf nfdl}h ld ilfy{husolf" m{s sak lfk saofg l{ wobb fls mk nbblwkc sl cl oy sl yukfc os ns

u{mboi ofysos{solfy l} lf gkssofg nf kc{insolf of Ofcon&

;>

Nfc" salyk wal bkntk" suoinbb sak hlys inunmbk nfc dofnfionbb wkbb(ldd" antk bossbkysn`k of ohu}ltofg sak alhk yyskh& Alwktk}" waobk sak hnjl}os ld Ofconf ys{ckfsyg}nc{nsofg d}lh [&Y& ofysos{solfy {ykc sl ysn nfc wl}` of Nhk}oin" hl}k nfc hl}k n}kflw }ks{}fofg sl Ofcon ny u}ldosnmbk nfc ianbbkfgofg jlm luul}s{fosoky mkilhk ntnobnmbkmni` alhk" nfc of }kyulfyk sl }kc{isolf of sak f{hmk} ld A(>M toyny }kbnsotk sl sakofsk}fks mllh kn}y& Yl uk}anuy wosa g}knsk} f{hmk}y }ks{}fofg" sak}k hogas mknccosolfnb u}kyy{}k sl ys}kfgsakf kc{insolfnb lddk}ofgy ltk}nbb&

Sak}k any nbyl mkkf n }kikfs khuanyoy lf wlhkfy kc{insolf yofik nbhlys yoqs uk}ikfsld go}by,wlhkf of Ofcon }khnof obbosk}nsk& Sak f{hmk} ld wlhkfy ilbbkgky any }kil}ckcn y{mysnfsonb ofi}knyk !>"455 of =55=(59/ nfc wlhkf flw ilfysos{sk n g}knsk} u}lul}solfld kf}lbbhkfs dog{}ky& Sak }ku}kykfskc j{ys 9> uk}ikfs ld sak ys{ckfs ulu{bnsolf of >??>waoia anc ibohmkc sl 35 uk}ikfs m =55=&;=

Nccosolfnbb" Ofcony hlys hn}gofnbozkc ylionb g}l{uy !yiakc{bkc inysky nfc yiakc{bkcs}omky/ n}k kf}lbbofg of g}knsk} f{hmk}y" hltofg d}lh kogas uk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy of sak bnsk>?;5y sl >=(>9 uk}ikfs of sak bnsk >?15y& Sak}k oy nbyl ys}lfg ktockfik sl y{ggkys sans sak

3? Hkcoinb Il{fiob ld Ofcon ioskc of @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf

]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn kc Ylionboyh sl Anbd(Mn`kc Inuosnboyh& Wl}`ofg Unuk}" Ikfsk} dl} Ofsk}fnsolfnb

Cktkbluhkfs ns An}tn}c [fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&;5 Hl}k sanf 75 uk} ikfs ld Ofconf ys{ckfsy wal ilhk sl sak [&Y&" cl yl sl ys{c kfgofkk}ofg nfc yiokfik&;> @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc


[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&;= [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf


19/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; >?

u}lul}solf ld do}ys gkfk}nsolf g}nc{nsky any mkkf }oyofg of Ysnsk nfc Ikfs}nb[fotk}yosoky&;9

Gltk}fnfik Mlcoky

Sak [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf ![GI/" kysnmboyakc of >?;= nfc nwn}ckc ysns{sl}

n{sal}os of >?;4" oy }kyulfyombk dl} sak cktkbluhkfs ld aogak} kc{insolf" nbblinsofg nfccoys}om{sofg g}nfsy d}lh sak Ikfs}nb Gltk}fhkfs sl nbb kbogombk ikfs}nb" Ysnsk nfc ckkhkc{fotk}yosoky mnykc lf nf nyykyyhkfs ld sako} fkkcy& [fotk}yosoky kysnmboyakc {fck} sakNisy ld Un}bonhkfs n}k kbogombk dl} mlsa cktkbluhkfs nfc hnofskfnfik g}nfsy0 salykkysnmboyakc m Ysnsk bkgoybns{}ky n}k kbogombk dl} cktkbluhkfs g}nfsy lfb& Sak}k oy ng}lwofg ilfykfy{y sans sak [GI fkkcy sl mk }kys}{is{}kc" wosa bkyy khuanyoy lf sakg}nfs coyukfynsolf" nfc hl}k khuanyoy lf mkilhofg n hlfosl}ofg l}gnfoznsolf sansmkfiahn}`y Ofconf ilbbkgky nfc {fotk}yosoky wosa sak mkys of sak wl}bc of l}ck} slys}kfgsakf ninckhoi ysnfcn}cy& I{}}kfsb lfb 4"555 ld Ofcony ilbbkgky ~{nbod dl} [GIg}nfsy nfc }kilgfosolf mkin{yk sak lsak} ?"555 bni` y{ddoiokfs }kyl{}iky l} ~{nbodokcdni{bs&

;3

Sak [GI kysnmboyakc nf n{slflhl{y mlc" sakFnsolfnb Nii}kcosnsolf nfc NyykyyhkfsIl{fiob!FNNI/" dl} in}}ofg l{s uk}olcoi nyykyyhkfs ld tlb{fskk}ofg {fotk}yosoky nfcilbbkgky& FNNIy u}likyy ld nyykyyhkfs nfc nii}kcosnsolf oftlbtky sak u}kun}nsolf ld nykbd(ys{c }kul}s m sak ofysos{solf" tnbocnsolf ld saoy }kul}s m ukk}y" nfc dofnb ckioyolf msak Il{fiob& I}osk}on ofib{ck: i{}}oi{bn} nyukisy0 skniaofg(bkn}fofg nfc ktnb{nsolf0}kykn}ia" ilfy{bsnfi nfc kqskfyolf0 ofd}nys}{is{}k nfc bkn}fofg }kyl{}iky0 ys{ckfsy{uul}s nfc u}lg}kyyolf0 l}gnfoznsolf nfc hnfngkhkfs0 nfc aknbsa u}nisoiky& SakFNNI'y hnof ofosonsotk oy sl ncc}kyy sak ~{nbosnsotk u}lmbkhy sans antk n}oykf mkin{yk ldsak }kikfs kqublyolf of aogak} kc{insolf& Alwktk}" sak ngkfi'y n{sal}os oy ilfdofkc slofysos{solfy sans n}k nb}knc }kilgfozkc m sak [fotk}yos G}nfsy Ilhhoyyolf ny ckg}kk(g}nfsofg ofysos{solfy l} ny nddobonskc ofysos{solfy& Sak antk fl ulwk} sl nyykyy l} }kg{bnsku}otnsk" {f}kilgfozkc ofysos{solfy& Nfc nii}kcosnsolf oy tlb{fsn}" wosa tk} dkwofysos{solfy un}soiounsofg sl cnsk&

SakNbb(Ofcon Il{fiob ld Skiafoinb Kc{insolf !NOISK/" kysnmboyakc of >?31 nfc nwn}ckcysns{sl} n{sal}os of >?11" oy }kyulfyombk dl} ubnffofg nfc cktkbluofg skiafoinbkc{insolf !kfgofkk}ofg nfc skiaflblg" n}iaoskis{}k" hnfngkhkfs nfc uan}hni/& Osltk}ykky sak }ktokw nfc {ucnsk ld sak i{}}oi{b{h nfc dniobosoky ld sak kfgofkk}ofgilbbkgky nfc lsak} skiafoionf(s}nofofg ofysos{solfy& Sak NOISK nbyl }kg{bnsky sakkysnmboyahkfs ld fkw u}otnsk u}ldkyyolfnb ilbbkgky of l}ck} sl bohos sako} u}lbodk}nsolf& Nyogfodoinfs dkns{}k of sak cktkbluhkfs ld skiafoinb kc{insolf of sak bnys swkfs kn}y oysak khk}gkfik ld ykbd(dofnfiofg ofysos{solfy of sak u}otnsk ykisl} sans ian}gk ys{ckfsdkky nfc cl fls ckukfc lf gltk}fhkfs g}nfsy& Sak NOISK }kikfsb kysnmboyakc nFnsolfnb Mln}c ld Nii}kcosnsolf !FMN/ sl ofosonsk sak nii}kcosnsolf ld skiafoinbofysos{solfy !bo`k osy il{fsk}un}s" sak FNNI/&

;9 @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc


[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&;3 Cobou San`l}k& [GI Mkgofy n Fkw Offofgy& Ofconslgksak}&l}g& Hn =553&


20/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; =5

Of =553" NOISK nffl{fikc sans os wobb ilfysos{sk nFnsolfnb Kfgofkk}y ]kgoys}nsolf nfcBoikfyofgMln}c !FK]BM/ sl u}ltock }kgoys}nsolf nfc boikfyky dl} sak kfgofkk}ofgg}nc{nsky ld OOSy wosa n tokw sl kfanfik sak bktkb ld u}ldoiokfi nfc ksaoiy& FK]BMwl{bc nhlfg lsak} saofgy }ku}kykfs sak kfgofkk}ofg u}ldkyyolf ns fnsolfnb nfc

ofsk}fnsolfnb bktkby" dniobosnsofg ofsk}fnsolfnb hlmobos ld Ofconf kfgofkk}y&

Nbb {fotk}yosoky n}k hkhmk}y ld sakNyylionsolf ld Ofconf [fotk}yosoky !NO[/& Sak NO[any fl kqki{sotk ulwk}y m{s ubny nf ohul}snfs }lbk ny nf ngkfi ld coyykhofnsolf ldofdl}hnsolf nfc ny nf nctoyl} sl sak gltk}fhkfs" [GI nfc sak {fotk}yosoky sakhykbtky&

SakFnsolfnbIl{fiob dl} Skniak} Kc{insolf !FISK/" kysnmboyakc of >?79 nfc nwn}ckcysns{sl} n{sal}os of >??9" oy }kyulfyombk dl} ubnffofg nfc cktkbluofg skniak} kc{insolf"ofib{cofg ykssofg nfc hnofsnofofg ysnfcn}cy& Sak}k oy n Fnsolfnb Kbogomobos Skys sl ykbkisskniak}y& Ylhk Ysnsky nbyl ilfc{is Ysnsk Bktkb Skysy dl} nuulofshkfs ld skniak}y of sako}Ysnsky& Of >?17"Ninckhoi Ysndd Ilbbkgky !NYI/ wk}k yks {u !3; sl cnsk/ sl u}ltock

luul}s{fosoky dl} gkfk}nb l}okfsnsolf nfc y{mjkis }kd}kyak} u}lg}nhy dl} ninckhoi ysndd&Hl}k sanf >55"555 skniak}y antk }kikotkc s}nofofg ld 9(3 wkk`y c{}nsolf& Sakyk ilbbkgkynbyl ilfc{is =(9 cn ykhofn}y dl} U}ofiounby&Aogak} Kc{insolf U}ltock} Lusolfy

Lf unuk}" sak Ofconf gltk}fhkfs oy }kyulfyombk dl} hnofsnofofg kc{insolfnb ~{nbos nfcysnfcn}cy" dl} ys{cofg nfc hnsiaofg kc{insolfnb lusolfy wosa wl}`dl}ik fkkcy" nfc dl}y{uul}sofg }kykn}ia nfc nctnfikc ys{c& _ks" kquk}sy yn sans Ofcony aogak} kc{insolfyyskh" bo`k osy @(>= il{fsk}un}s" oy d}n{gas wosa ulbosoiy nfc il}}{usolf nfc oy ilfyock}kcsl mk aogab ofkddoiokfs of clofg osy jlm& Cktkya @nu{} ld An}tn}c nfc U}nsnu Hkasn ldsak Ikfsk} dl} Ulboi ]kykn}ia of Fkw Ckbao ulyos of n }kikfs unuk} sans aogak} kc{insolfof Ofcon oy mkofg ck dnisl u}otnsozkc& Alwktk}" mkin{yk u}otnsk ofosonsotky }khnof alysngksl Ysnsk }kg{bnsolfy" u}otnsk inuosnb any mkkf {fnmbk sl ys}{is{}k n u}lc{isotk nbsk}fnsotksl sak u{mboi yyskh& U}otnsk ilbbkgky n}k fls nmbk sl }kyulfc sl ckhnfc l} dobb n hn}`ksfoiak mkin{yk sak h{ys luk}nsk of sak ynhk }kg{bnsl} kfto}lfhkfs sans u{mboiofysos{solfy cl&

Aogak} kc{insolf oy u}ltockc m: >/ [fotk}yosoky ofib{cofg ng}oi{bs{}nb {fotk}yosoky nfchkcoinb {fotk}yosoky0;; =/ -Ckkhkc sl mk {fotk}yosoky- waoia n}k ofysos{solfy sans n}kilfdk}}kc sak ysns{y ld n {fotk}yos m to}s{k ld sako} blfg s}ncosolf ld skniaofg" l}yukionboznsolf of n un}soi{bn} n}kn0 nfc 9/ Ofysos{solfy ld Fnsolfnb Ohul}snfik waoia n}kkysnmboyakc l} ckyogfnskc sa}l{ga Nisy ld Un}bonhkfs& Sak}k n}k >> y{ia ofysos{solfyofib{cofg sak Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Skiaflblg& Sak n}k khulwk}kc sl nwn}c sako} lwfckg}kky" n u}otobkgk fl}hnbb g}nfskc lfb sl {fotk}yosoky&

Ofc{ys}onb s}nofofg ofysos{sky nfc ulbskiafoiy !nchofoysk}kc sa}l{ga sak Ysnskckun}shkfsy ld skiafoinb kc{insolf/ lddk} flf({fotk}yos bktkb ulys(ykilfcn} kc{insolfof tn}ol{y skiafoinb nfc ilhhk}ionb dokbcy&

;; Sak}k n}k Ikfs}nb [fotk}yosoky" d{fckc co}kisb m sak Hofoys} ld A{hnf ]kyl{}iky Cktkbluhkfs" nfc

Ysnsk [fotk}yosoky" yks {u nfc d{fckc m tn}ol{y Ysnsky&


21/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; =>

Yofik sak kn}b >?15y" Ofcon any mkkf cktkbluofg nf Lukf [fotk}yos yyskh sansu}ltocky coysnfik kc{insolf sl ohu}ltk {fotk}yos niikyy& SakCoysnfik Kc{insolfIl{fiob!CKI/ u}ltocky cktkbluhkfs d{fcofg !d}lh sak Ikfs}nb Gltk}fhkfs/ sl lukf{fotk}yosoky nfc coysnfik kc{insolf ofysos{solfy& Wosa 7= uk}ikfs ld sak ulu{bnsolf botofg

of }{}nb n}kny" wak}k lfb 91 uk}ikfs ld ilbbkgky n}k blinskc" sak Ofconf gltk}fhkfs ancsl ohubkhkfs coysnfik kc{insolf sl d{bdobb ckhnfc& Lukf bkn}fofg oy i}kcoskc wosakqunfcofg nfc cotk}yodofg sak il{}yky ntnobnmbk sl ys{ckfsy nfc }kniaofg n tnysbaksk}lgkfkl{y ys{ckfs mlc !ngk" gkfck}" }kgolf" ylionb mni`g}l{fc" ofilhk" nfckc{insolfnb kquk}okfik/& Sak}k n}k flw ylhk yoqs Ofysos{sky,Co}kisl}nsky ld coysnfikkc{insolf nssniakc sl ilftkfsolfnb {fotk}yosoky nfc skf Lukf [fotk}yosoky& Ys{ckfsy infialyk d}lh ltk} >55 il{}yky bkncofg sl ckg}kky,coublhny ton coysnfik kc{insolf&

Il{}yky n}k lddk}kc lf n hlc{bn} unssk}f" bkncofg sl sak nwn}c ld ik}sodoinsky" coublhnynfc ckg}kky& Lukf [fotk}yos u}lg}nhy antk u}ltkf sl mk aogab ilys(kddkisotk"ntk}ngofg j{ys 9; sl ;5 uk}ikfs ld sak ilys ld s}ncosolfnb u}lg}nhy& Nbyl" {fbo`k sako}

[fotk}yos il{fsk}un}sy" Lukf [fotk}yosoky n}k flsnmbk dl} sako} iblyk bof`ngky wosaofc{ys} nfc khublk} g}l{uy" fls lfb of ckyogfofg nfc u}kun}ofg bkn}fofg uni`ngky" m{snbyl of sak ckbotk} ld tn}ol{y yk}toiky sl ys{ckfsy ns sak wl}`ubnik&

[fotk}yosoky of Ofcon: Ohul}snfs Dkns{}ky

[fotk}yos Suk Kysnmboyakc M Ohul}snfs Dkns{}ky

Ilftkfsolfnb Ikfs}nb, YsnskGltk}fhkfsy

Fkn}b ;5+ ld {fotk}yosoky of Ofcon mkblfg sl saoy

inskgl}&

U}ldkyyolfnb YsnskGltk}fhkfsy

Yukionbozkc ofys}{isolf nfc }kykn}ia lf inhu{y&U}ldkyyolfnb n}kny bo`k kfgofkk}ofg" hkcoiofk" bnw

iltk}kc&Ckkhkc Ikfs}nb

Gltk}fhkfs

U}otnsk,JlofsYkisl} ![GINuu}ltkc/

[fotk}yos ysns{y nwn}ckc sl ofysos{solfy!45/ ld blfg

ysnfcofg nfc aoga ninckhoi }ku{snsolf& Suoinbbkfilhunyyky mlsa skniaofg nfc }kykn}ia" wosa iblyk

ofsk}nisolfy mkswkkf sak swl&

Lsak} Ikfs}nbGltk}fhkfs

Aogab ykbkisotk ofysos{solfy lddk}ofg u}ldkyyolfnbskniaofg ,}kykn}ia0 OOSy,FOSy,OOHy, Bnw Ofysos{sky

Lsak} U}otnsk,Jlofs

Ykisl}

U}otnsk Ofysos{solfy

Lukf Ikfs}nb, YsnskGltk}fhkfsy

Lukf nfc dbkqombk kc{insolf lddk}kc sa}l{ga sakcoysnfik hlck {yofg il}}kyulfckfik il{}yky,hlck}f

kc{insolfnb skiaflblg bo`k ofsk}nisotk ST0 Wocktn}oks ld u}lg}nhy&

Ofys}{isolf dl} nbhlys 15 uk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy of {fck}g}nc{nsk u}lg}nhy oy ckbotk}kc milbbkgky waoia n}k nddobonskc wosa {fotk}yosoky !{fotk}yosoky antk sak ulwk} sl g}nfs


22/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; ==

nddobonsolf sl n ilbbkgk/& [fotk}yosoky u}kyi}omk sak il{}yky nfc yks sak ysnfcn}cy dl} sakilbbkgky" ilfc{isofg sak kqnhofnsolfy nfc nwn}cofg sak ckg}kky& Saoy bkntky ilbbkgkskniak}y tk} bossbk dbkqomobos of wans sak sknia nfc alw& Sak [GI any" alwktk}"ilfdk}}kc n{slflhl{y ysns{y lf >35 ilbbkgky nbblwofg skniak}y sl kquk}ohkfs wosa saki{}}oi{b{h" ofs}lc{ik offltnsolfy of skniaofg" ilfc{isy sako} lwf kqnhofnsolfy" nfc

nwn}c jlofs ckg}kky wosa nddobonsofg {fotk}yosoky& Sak sn}gks oy sl hn`k >5 uk}ikfs ldkqoysofg ilbbkgky n{slflhl{y m =557 !waoia wl{bc }noyk sak f{hmk} sl 455/&;4

Waobk sak}k any mkkf n c}nhnsoi ofi}knyk of sak f{hmk} ld u{mboi ilbbkgky kysnmboyakc of}kikfs kn}y" hlys ld sakh lfb lddk} gkfk}nb kc{insolf il{}yky sa}l{ga ybbnmo yks msako} nddobonsofg {fotk}yosoky& Sakyk ilbbkgky antk fkosak} sak dbkqomobos fl} sak dofnfionb}kyl{}iky sl lddk} sak ynhk offltnsotk u}lg}nhy sans u}otnsk ofysos{solfy antk cktkblukc&N g}nc{nsk ld n s}ncosolfnb sa}kk(kn} mniakbl}'y u}lg}nh of n flf(u}ldkyyolfnb yiallb anyto}s{nbb fl hn}`ksnmbk y`obby ny ilhun}kc sl lfk sans any ilhubkskc n u}lg}nh sansofib{ckc nuubokc hnsakhnsoiy nfc yiokfik nfc ofc{ys} ubnikhkfs of sak ynhk sa}kk(kn}yunf& Sak}kdl}k" n ckg}kk of N}sy nfc Yiokfiky oy hknfofgbkyy of sak hn}`ksubnik nfc

clky fls uk}dl}h n yogfnbofg kddkis dl} khublk}y mkin{yk sak ~{nbos ld kc{insolf}kikotkc tn}oky yl wockb& Ny }kul}skc m sak u}kyockfs ld sak ]kbonfik G}l{u" Ofconybn}gkys u}otnsk ykisl} il}ul}nsolf:

Wk n}k lmbogkc sl }ogl}l{yb skys !g}nc{nsk/ jlm nuuboinfsy sl cksk}hofksako} O^y nfc ys}kks yhn}sfkyy }nsak} sanf s}{ys sako} ckg}kk

~{nbodoinsolfy& Wk s}nof sakh" i}knsofg l{} lwf Mniakbl} ld Yiokfiky nfc}k(skniaofg l{} khublkky hkianfoinb nfc iakhoinb kfgofkk}ofg&

;7

Sak }nuoc yinbk({u of sak f{hmk} ld ilbbkgky any nuukn}kc sl ohunis sak ~{nbos ldkc{insolf of sans ninckhoi ysnfcn}cy n}k fls {u sl un} m ofsk}fnsolfnb ysnfcn}cy& Slcnycotk}yodokc ys{ckfs mlc }nfgky d}lh do}ys gkfk}nsolf bkn}fk}y wal nsskfckc u{mboibd{fckc yiallby sl salyk d}lh u}ldkyyolfnb nfc aogak} ofilhk dnhoboky wal uns}lfozkcu}otnsk ofysos{solfy& Hnf kc{insolfnb kquk}sy dkkb sans sak ~{nbos ld aogak} kc{insolfany ckibofkc of nf kddl}s sl yk}tk sak wock tn}oks ld ys{ckfsy kfsk}ofg slcn&

I{}}oi{b{h ilfskfs oy i}osoiozkc ny l{scnskc" wosa h{ia }kbonfik lf }lsk skniaofghksalcy& Ys{ckfsy ilhubnof ld sll bossbk ilffkisolf sl wl}`(}kbnskc luul}s{fosoky l}in}kk} u}kun}nsolf& Hnf dkkb sak ys{c dl} o}}kbktnfs ckg}kky nfc n}k {fu}kun}kc dl}sak wl}bc ld wl}` ny n }ky{bs& G}nc{nsk {fkhublhkfs oy }oyofg0 of dnis" sak{fkhublhkfs bktkb ld sak kc{inskc wl}`dl}ik ckdofkc ny ykilfcn} nfc nmltk bktkb ldkc{insolfoy nbhlys yoq sohky sans ld sak wl}`dl}ik kc{inskc lfb {u sl sak u}ohn}bktkb&;1 Sak slsnb f{hmk} ld }kgoysk}kc {fkhublkc }kikfsb sluukc 35 hobbolf Ofconf}kyockfsy" wosa hnf hl}k {f}kgoysk}kc m{s ysobb ofsk}kyskc of dofcofg khublhkfs&

;4 Cobou San`l}k& [GI Mkgofy n Fkw Offofgy& Ofconslgksak}&l}g& Hn =553&;7 ^{lsk sn`kf d}lh Cobou San`l}k" [GI Mkgofy n Fkw Offofgy& Ofconslgksak}&l}g& Hn =553&;1 Niil}cofg sl Hl}gnf Ysnfbk kilflhoys Iaksnf Nasn of Ofcon Nuukfcofg Osykbd sl sak Gblmnb Bnml{}

Y{uub Ianof& Gblmnb Kilflhoi Dl}{h& Dkm}{n} 3" =553&


23/30


Of sak kn}b ulys(Ofckukfckfik kn}y" n mniakbl}'y ckg}kk ldskf u}ltockc sak kboskkfs}nfik sl u}ohk gltk}fhkfs ulyosolfy" m{s of ilfskhul}n} Ofcon" os ns mkys u}ltocky nianfik sl mkilhk n waosk(ilbbn} wl}`k} ns n }kbnsotkb hlckys ynbn}& Nfc wosal}gnfozkc khublhkfs lfb }ku}kykfsofg >5 uk}ikfs ld slsnb khublhkfs" dofcofg nu}ldkyyolfnb jlm oy n ianbbkfgk& Fktk}sakbkyy" n {fotk}yos ckg}kk l} coublhn ilfsof{ky sl

mk n }k~{o}khkfs dl} hlys jlmy nfc ilfyk~{kfsb" sak ilbbkgk nfc {fotk}yos yyskh}khnofy of ckhnfc& M{s ys{ckfsy cl fls ckhnfc ~{nbos ohu}ltkhkfsy of sako}kc{insolf&;? Ofysknc" hnf ld sakh yukfc hl}k kn}y !nfc ofi}knyofgb hl}k }kyl{}iky/of ni~{o}ofg ylhk yl}s ld ulys(g}nc{nsk u}ldkyyolfnb ~{nbodoinsolf of l}ck} sl yogfnb sako}yòbby nfc `flwbkcgk sl ulskfsonb khublk}y& Nflsak} }kikfs uakflhkflf oy sak f{hmk}ld ilbbkgk ys{ckfsy" of flf(u}ldkyyolfnb ckg}kk il{}yky" wal ys{c of un}nbbkb skiafoinbu}ldkyyolfnbb(l}okfskc il{}yky wosa sak aluk ld ofi}knyofg sako} jlm u}lyukisy {ulfg}nc{nsolf !kqnhubky ld sakyk ofib{ck tn}ol{y òfcy ld ilhu{sk} il{}yky u}ltockc mofysos{sky y{ia ny FOOS nfc Nuskia/&

Wosa skniak} nuulofshkfsy hnck mnykc lf ulbosoinb nddobonsolf" sak skniak}y sakhykbtky

n}k ldskf {fhlsotnskc" {fianbbkfgkc m ilhuksosolf of sans ys{ckfsy cl fls ykbkisskniak}y nfc il{}yky lfik sak kf}lbb of n u}lg}nh" fls akbc niil{fsnmbk dl} sak ~{nbosld sako} skniaofg" nfc of dnis" n}k tk} ldskf unoc lf n uk} bkis{}k mnyoy& !Skniak} ynbn}okyinf ilfysos{sk ny h{ia ny ?; uk}ikfs ld {fotk}yos kqukfcos{}ky&/

Of }kyulfyk sl sakyk u}lmbkhy" sak [GI oy flw kfil{}ngofg ys{ckfsy sl sn`k kbkisotkyd}lh lsak} coyioubofky l{syock sako} ys}knh of l}ck} sl gnof nccosolfnb jlm(}kbnskc yòbbynfc kn}f ik}sodoinsky ndsk} j{ys lfk kn} ld ys{c& U}nisoinb il{}yky n}k mkgoffofg sl mklddk}kc ns ilbbkgky nfc {fotk}yosoky" lddk}ofg anfcy(lf bkn}fofg sl y{uubkhkfs sak sakl}(aknt s}ncosolfnb i{}}oi{b{h&45

Nchoyyolfy

Dl} nchoyyolf sl {fck}g}nc{nsk il{}yky" {fotk}yosoky,ofysos{sky of Ofcon }k~{o}k infcocnskysl antk ilhubkskc >= kn}y ld yiallbofg& Saoy oy ilfyock}kc m sak M}osoya Il{fiob sl mkk~{otnbkfs sl kn}fofg unyy g}ncky of dotk y{mjkisy ns sak L}cofn} Bktkb !L bktkb/ nfc swly{mjkisy ns sak Nctnfikc Bktkb !N Bktkb/ sa}l{ga sak GIK Kqnhofnsolf ld sak [&@&

U}otnskb hnfngkc nfc u{mboib d{fckc ilbbkgky n}k }k~{o}kc sl nchos ;5 uk}ikfs ld sako}ys{ckfsy mnykc lf sako} uk}dl}hnfik lf kfs}nfik kqnhy !d}kk yknsy/& Sakyk ys{ckfsy n}kfls }k~{o}kc sl un nf kqs}n dkky l} s{osolf& Sak lsak} ;5 uk}ikfs ld ys{ckfsy n}k nchosskcmnykc lf sako} wobbofgfkyy sl un kqs}n s{osolf !unhkfs yknsy/& Sak {fnockc u}otnskilbbkgky yks sako} lwf dkk bktkby !mkblw n gltk}fhkfs(yks ikobofg/ sans n}k gkfk}nbbkqs}khkb aoga of ilhun}oylf sl sak nockc u}otnsk ilbbkgky nfc gltk}fhkfs ilbbkgky&

;? @nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc


[fotk}yos& Ykuskhmk} =553&45 Cobou San`l}k& Fkw Ysoh{b{y dl} Ilbbkgk Kc{insolf& Ofconslgksak}&l}g& J{fk =553&


24/30


Lfb ys{ckfsy wal n}k nmbk sl lmsnof nf 15+ sl ??+ lf sako} kqnhofnsolfy n}k nmbk sl gksnchoyyolf ofsl n gllc ilbbkgk& Lsak}woyk" hnf ys{ckfsy n}k nchosskc ofsl ntk}ngkilbbkgky dl} }kg{bn} Mniakbl} ld N}sy" Yiokfiky l} Ilhh{foinsolf ckg}kky&Of gkfk}nb" gnofofg nchoyyolf sl n flfu}ldkyyolfnb ilbbkgk oy fls {fc{b coddoi{bs kqikusof sak inyk ld ylhk ykbkis ilbbkgky sans n}k un}soi{bn}b ilhuksosotk& Ys{ckfsy kfil{fsk}

g}knsk} coddoi{bsoky of gnofofg nchoyyolf sl u}ldkyyolfnb ilbbkgky of y{ia dokbcy nyn}iaoskis{}k" m{yofkyy" hkcoiofk" nfc ckfsoys}& Nfc" ld il{}yk" nchoyyolfy sl sak OfconfOfysos{sky ld Skiaflblg !nfc sak Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Hnfngkhkfs dl} g}nc{nsk bktkbwl}`/ oy kqs}khkb ilhuksosotk&

Ofconf Ofysos{sky ld Skiaflblg

Of >?34" sak Yn}`n} Ilhhosskk wny yks {u sl kqubl}k i}knsofg skiafoinb ofysos{sky ldaogak} kc{insolf dl} ulys(wn} ofc{ys}onb cktkbluhkfs ld Ofcon {fck} n yukionb nis m sakU}kyockfs& Sak }kilhhkfcnsolfy ld sak Yn}`n} Ilhhosskk wk}k hlckbkc nblfg sak bofkyld g}kns [&Y& {fotk}yosoky" flsnmb sak Hnyynia{ykssy Ofysos{sk ld Skiaflblg !HOS/&

Sak do}ys Ofconf Ofysos{sk ld Skiaflblg !OOS/ wny i}knskc of >?;5& Sak yktkfsa nfc bnskyswny kysnmboyakc m {ug}ncofg lfk ld Ofcony lbckys kfgofkk}ofg ofysos{solfy" ]ll}`kk[fotk}yos" ofsl nf OOS& OOSy lddk} {fck}g}nc{nsk" ofskg}nskc ulysg}nc{nsk" ulysg}nc{nsknfc clisl}nb ckg}kky of ltk} =; coddk}kfs kfgofkk}ofg" skiaflblg nfc m{yofkyy,hnfngkhkfs coyioubofky& Sak}k n}k nml{s >";55 {fck}g}nc{nsk nfc ="555 g}nc{nskys{ckfsy of knia OOS !kqikus dl} OOS G{wnanso waoia oy nml{s anbd saoy yozk/& Sakgltk}fhkfs }kyk}tky j{ys ltk} =5 uk}ikfs ld sak OOS ubniky dl} yiakc{bkc inysky nfcs}omky& M{s saoy clky flsaofg sl akbu wlhkf" wal hn`k {u bkyy sanf ; uk}ikfs ld sak OOSys{ckfsy&

OOSy n}k ilfyock}kc wl}bc(ibnyy nfc n}k il}k sl sak `flwbkcgk(mnykc cktkbluhkfsys}nskg ld sak il{fs}& Sak i{}}oi{b{h hn mk sak hlys }ogl}l{y of sak wl}bc& Ys{ckfsyin}} nuu}lqohnskb ;5 uk}ikfs hl}k il{}yky sanf sak suoinb [&Y& {fck}g}nc& Bnys kn}">71"555 aoga yiallb ykfol}y sll` sak kfs}nfik kqnh inbbkc sak JKK !Jlofs Kfs}nfikKqnhofnsolf/& Sak kfs}nfik kqnhy n}k dok}ikb ilhuksosotk nfc fl nhl{fs ld ilffkisolfyl} ys}ofg(u{bbofg akbu&!Hlys ys{ckfsy woyaofg sl kfsk} OOSy }kb lf kqskfyotk u}otnsks{sl}ofg sl u}kun}k sakh dl} sak aogab }ogl}l{y kqnh&/Sak Kqnhofnsolf ilfyoysy ld lfk Yi}kkfofg Unuk} ld sa}kk al{}y c{}nsolf of Hnsakhnsoiy"Uayoiy nfc Iakhoys}& Salyk wal ~{nbod of sak yi}kkfofg skys }ks{}f dl} sak HnofKqnhofnsolf ilfyoysofg ld sa}kk unuk}y of Hnsakhnsoiy" Uayoiy $ Iakhoys}" knia ldswl al{}y c{}nsolf& Sak ~{kysolf unuk}y dl} Jlofs Kfs}nfik Kqnhofnsolf n}k of mlsaKfgboya nfc Aofco& Sak infcocnsky n}k uk}hosskc sl w}osk sak Hnof Kqnhofnsolf of nf

lfk ld sak dlbblwofg bnfg{ngky: Nyynhkyk" Mkfgnbo" Kfgboya" G{jn}nso" Aofco" Snhob nfcSkb{g{& J{ys ltk} 9";55 wk}k niikuskc" l} bkyy sanf swl uk}ikfs ld sak =55"555 ys{ckfsywal yns dl} sak JKK !ilhun}kc sl An}tn}c Ilbbkgky kogas uk}ikfs niikusnfik }nsk/&

Knia ofysos{sk oy ysnddkc m aoga(inbomk} skniaofg dni{bs" any wkbb k~{ouukc hlys hlck}fbnml}nsl}oky" ysnsk(ld (n}s bom}n} nfc ilhu{sk} fkswl}`y& Sak ykbkiskc infcocnsky botk of nubknynfs nfc ofskbbkis{nbb yoh{bnsofg kfto}lfhkfs& Sak skniaofg hksalc }kboky lf co}kisuk}ylfnb ilfsnis mkswkkf skniak} nfc ys{ckfsy !sak ntk}ngk ys{ckfs: skniak} }nsol oy


25/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; =;

>5:>/4>& N aoga ysndd sl ys{ckfs }nsol kfy{}ky iblyk ilfsnis dl} hlfosl}ofg nfc ninckhoiu}lg}kyy ld knia ys{ckfs& Botofg of y{ia nf kfto}lfhkfs wosa uklubk antofg yohobn} glnbynfc nyuo}nsolfy oy i}kcoskc wosa m{obcofg ys{ckfs ilfdockfik nfc u}ltocofg ninckhoiysoh{bnsolf& Ys{ckfsy nfc dni{bs hn`k fl coysofisolf mkswkkf }oia nfc ull}" ios(m}kcnfc }{}nb& Sak lfb saofgy sans hnssk} n}k nmobos" kquk}soyk nfc bknck}yaou ~{nbos&

Sak dlbblwofg n}k ~{lsky d}lh IMY Fkwy S}nfyi}ousy" Bkybk Ysnab" Ohul}skc d}lhOfcon: Ofconf Ofysos{sk ld Skiaflblg u}lc{iky wl}bc(g}nck iakhoinb" kbkis}oinb nfcilhu{sk} kfgofkk}y waltk ubnkc n bkncofg }lbk of sak Nhk}oinf skiaflblg}ktlb{solf" Hn}ia =" =559:

_l{ wl{bcf's hoysn`k saoy dl} HOS l} Inbskia& Os'y sak dofnb kqnh ld hksnb dnm}oinsolfg}nck" }k~{o}kc dl} ktk} OOS d}kyahnf& Inbb os yalu g}nck lf ysk}locy& [yofg j{ys n ynw

nfc n dobk" ys{ckfsy antk sl i{s ~{n}sk}(ofia yskkb ofsl nf nyyogfkc yanuk" hkny{}kc sl sakhobbohksk}& Os'y nf obb{ys}nsolf ld OOS'y khuanyoy lf kfgofkk}ofg mnyoiy" u}kioyolf nfccoyioubofk& Flmlc hnjl}y of h{yoi ns OOS& Sak kc{insolf oy fls wkbb(}l{fckc& M{s ofyiokfik nfc skiaflblg" OOS {fck}g}nc{nsky bkntk sako} Nhk}oinf il{fsk}un}sy of sak

c{ys&

Ys{ckfsy nis bo`k kfs}ku}kfk{}y sak walbk sohk sak'}k ns OOS& Sak }{f ktk}saofg of sakcl}hy" waoia hogas mk hoysn`kf dl} ikbbmbli`y od fls dl} nbb sak Ukfso{h 3 UIy& Sak

l}gnfozk sak yul}sy sakhykbtky& Sak ktkf ao}k sak iakdy nfc uoi` sak dllc of sak hkyyanbby& Nfc {fbo`k yl hnf lsak} ofysos{solfy of Ofcon" sak nbb `flw sak'}k ak}k mkin{yk

sak ckyk}tk sl mk ak}k&

OOS hn nbyl mk lfk ld sak mkys kc{insolfnb mn}gnofy of sak wl}bc& Os ilysy n dnhob j{ysnml{s #755 n kn} dl} }llh" mln}c nfc s{osolf& Sans'y bkyy sanf =5 uk}ikfs ld sak s}{k

ilys& Sak Ofconf gltk}fhkfs y{myocozky nbb sak }kys& Waobk ylhk OOS g}ncy ysn nfc antkakbukc m{obc Ofcon'y dbl{}oyaofg aoga(skia ykisl}" nbhlys swl(sao}cy(({u sl ="555 uklubk((bkntk ktk} kn}" hlys dl} sak [Y&

N `k }knylf wa OOSy n}k yl y{iikyyd{b oy sako} fkn}(ilhubksk n{slflh d}lh sakgltk}fhkfs& _ks sak OOS ilfsof{ky sl nss}nis yogfodoinfs bktkby ld Ysnsk d{fcofg& Dl}ofysnfik" waobk sak Toisl}on J{mobkk Skiafoinb Ofysos{sk" n h{ia(}kyukiskc kfgofkk}ofgilbbkgk of H{hmno" any sl hnfngk wosa #>&11 hobbolf ktk} kn}" sak nff{nb m{cgks ldOOS H{hmno kqikkcy #=4 hobbolf&4=OOS g}nc{nsky lii{u `k ulyosolfy of ofc{ys}oky of Ofcon nfc nm}lnc& Of >??1" sak}kflwfkc Ofconf Ofysos{sk ld Skiaflblg ykfs 95 uk}ikfs ld nbb ld osy g}nc{nsky sl sak

[foskc Ysnsky" ofib{cofg 15 uk}ikfs ld osy ilhu{sk} yiokfik g}nc{nsky&49 Nml{s =5"555 OOSg}nc{nsky i{}}kfsb botk of sak [foskc Ysnsky" nbhlys =5 uk}ikfs ld sak slsnb OOS g}nculu{bnsolf yofik sak yyskh'y ofikusolf&

4> Jlyao dl} hl}k ys{ckfsy of OOSy" OOHy& Fkwy Ofyogas !u{mboi nddno}y hngnzofk/& Jnf{n} =" =553&4= ]nj{ Moys& Ys{ckfsy dl} sak Wl}bc: Ofcony Cobkhhn& Nyon Sohky& Dkm}{n} >?" =559&49 Jnfnhos}n Cktnf nfc Un}sa Y& Skwn}o" M}nofy Nm}lnc" Hi@ofyk {n}sk}b" Fl& 3" =55>&


26/30


N sluoi ld h{ia ckmnsk of Ofcon oy yal{bc sak gltk}fhkfs ilfsof{k y{myocozofg sakkc{insolf ld OOS ys{ckfsy yofik yl hnf ld sakh kfc {u wl}`ofg of dl}kogf il{fs}oky?4> ny yukionbozkc ofysos{sky slohu}ltk sak u}nisoik ld hnfngkhkfs of sak il{fs}& Ys{ckfsy sn`k n swl(kn} il{}yk ldys{c bkncofg sl n Ulys(G}nc{nsk of Hnfngkhkfs ckg}kk !sak k~{otnbkfs ld nf HMN/&Sak OOHy antk yoq ilbbkgky of sak il{fs}: Nahkcnmnc" Mnfgnbl}k" Inbi{ssn" Ofcl}k"@lzao`lck nfc B{i`flw&

Bo`k sako} OOS il{fsk}un}sy" sak dniobosoky nfc dni{bs ns sak OOHy n}k ylhk ld sak mkys ofOfcon !sak ntk}ngk ys{ckfs:skniak} }nsol oy j{ys ;:>/&43 Sak Ofysos{sky ilbbnml}nskc wosaAn}tn}c M{yofkyy Yiallb sl ckyogf sako} lwf yyskh ld inyk(ys{c skniaofg& Sak mkfkdosydl} ys{ckfsy n}k sak aoga ~{nbos ld skniaofg" wock ialoik ld y{mjkisy" hnyyotk bom}n} nfcilhu{sk} dniobosoky nfc kny niikyy sl ofc{ys} dl} u}ljkis ubnikhkfsy&

OOH g}nc{nsky fl blfgk} bofk {u dl} yndk gltk}fhkfs jlmy !un}soi{bn}b yofik sakgltk}fhkfs oy ilfyock}kc ltk}ysnddkc wosa nbhlys >? hobbolf khublkky nfc }ku}kykfsylfb lfk uk}ikfs ld fkwb gkfk}nskc jlmy/& Sak u}kdk} nfc kfjl sak ianbbkfgky nfc }oy`yld mkilhofg kfs}ku}kfk{}y nfc gblmnb ubnk}y&Sak ntk}ngk OOH ys{ckfs any h{bsoubkblwk}(bktkb hnfngk}onb jlm lddk}y ldskf of wkbb(unoc ofc{ys}oky bo`k OS nfc dofnfik ((ktkf mkdl}k g}nc{nsolf& M{s mkin{yk sak ntk}ngk ysn}sofg ynbn} dl} slu HMN g}nc{nskyof Ofcon oy lfb nml{s #39"555 !ilhun}kc sl n [&Y& ysn}sofg ynbn} ld ltk} #>55"555/" =;uk}ikfs ld g}nc{nsky niikus ubnikhkfsy nm}lnc wak}k sak ynbn} u}lyukisy n}k aogak}&4;

Nchoyyolf sl sak OOHy oy sa}l{ga n Ilhhlf Nchoyyolf Skys !INS/" dlbblwkc m n unfkb

ofsk}tokw nfc n uk}ylfnb ofsk}tokw& OOH Nahkcnmnc" of sak wkysk}f Ysnsk ld G{jn}ns" wny}nskc sak sl{gakys m{yofkyy yiallb of wl}bc sl gks ofsl m sak Kilflhoys Ofskbbogkfik [fos!=55=/& Wosa hl}k sanf 75"555 nuuboinfsy dogasofg dl} =55 ubniky" sak swl(kn} u}lg}nhwny ilfyock}kc nf ofsk}fnsolfnb mn}gnof ns #;">55&

44

43 Jlyao dl} hl}k ys{ckfsy of OOSy" OOHy& Fkwy Ofyogas !u{mboi nddno}y hngnzofk/& Jnf{n} =" =553&4; Ilfyock} Ofcon& Sak Kilflhoys Gblmnb Kqki{sotk& J{fk 4" =55=&44 Ilfyock} Ofcon& Sak Kilflhoys Gblmnb Kqki{sotk& J{fk 4" =55=&


27/30


Ckyuosk sak dnis sans g}nc{nsky ld sakyk slu ofysos{solfy antk aoga kn}fofg bktkby" sakgltk}fhkfs }khnofy }kb{isnfs sl ofi}knyk ys{ckfs dkky& Of dnis" ys{ckfs dkky cki}knykc m15 uk}ikfs d}lh =55= sl =553" nhl{fsofg sl j{ys #7;5 uk} ys{ckfs !l{s ld n slsnb nff{nbilys ld #>5"555 uk} ys{ckfs/&

Aogak} Kc{insolf Dofnfiofg

Aogak} kc{insolf lii{uoky n blw u}ol}os of sk}hy ld u{mboi kqukfcos{}ky& Osy yan}k ldGFU wny fkn}b lfk uk}ikfs c{}ofg sak >?75y" j{ys &9; uk}ikfs of sak hoc(>??5y" nfc anyyofik anc n hlckys ofi}knyk sl &4 uk}ikfs& Aogak} kc{insolf }kikotkc >= uk}ikfs ld sakyan}k ld sak slsnb kqukfcos{}k lf kc{insolf of =555(5>&47 _ks" sak ikfs}nb gltk}fhkfsu}ltocky lfb lfk(~{n}sk} ld sak d{fcofg dl} aogak} kc{insolf" wosa h{ia ld sak }kysilhofg d}lh sak Ysnsky&

[fsob sak bnsk >?15y" sak ikfs}nb gltk}fhkfs y{uubokc {u sl ?5 uk}ikfs ld sak slsnb d{fcofgdl} aogak} kc{insolf& Of ilfs}nys" ys{ckfs dkky ilfs}om{skc n}l{fc ; uk}ikfs& Alwktk}" of

sak >??5y sak gltk}fhkfs nbbkgkcb ynw hofohnb ylionb }nsky ld }ks{}fy d}lh osy aogak}kc{insolf oftkyshkfsy nfc ianfgkc osy ulboi" ofi}knyofg d{fcofg ns sak kbkhkfsn} nfcykilfcn} bktkby nfc cki}knyofg d{fcofg ns sak {fotk}yos bktkb& Sak Gltk}fhkfs ldOfcony >??7 coyi{yyolf unuk} lf Gltk}fhkfs Y{myocoky of Ofcon u}ltockc n }ktknbofgofyogas ofsl gltk}fhkfs saof`ofg& Dl} sak do}ys sohk" aogak} kc{insolf !ny wkbb nyykilfcn} kc{insolf/ wny ibnyyodokc of sak coyi{yyolf unuk} ny n -flfhk}os gllc- !nfckbkhkfsn} kc{insolf ny n -hk}os gllc-/& Sak}kdl}k" os wny n}g{kc sans gltk}fhkfsy{myocoky dl} aogak} kc{insolf wl{bc fkkc sl mk }kc{ikc c}nysoinbb&

Kysohnskc Aogak} Kc{insolf Kqukfyky Ofi{}}kc m Un}kfsy nfc Ys{ckfsy41

!Mniakbl}y ckg}kk" ninckhoi kn} =55>(5=/

U{mboi

Ikfs}nb

[fotk}yos

Ysnsk

[fotk}yos

[fotk}yos

Ilbbkgk

Gltk}fhkfs

Ilbbkgk

U}otnsk

Ilbbkgk

!nockc/

[u(d}lfs l}lfk(sohk dkky

#9 #>7 #>= #>7 #>7

S{osolf #=5 #1; #97 #97 #97

Lsak} dkky #? #;5 #41 #;5 #;5

Mll`y #79 #33 #91 #>? #;>

Blcgofg #97 #>75 #>44 #1 #=;;

Dllc #;;= #;5? #;;= #497 #>"5>?

S}nfyul}snsolf #>>4 #?5 #3= #94 #9?

47 Nfnbyoy ld M{cgkskc Kqukfcos{}k lf Kc{insolf" Hofoys} ld A{hnf ]kyl{}ik Cktkbluhkfs ioskc of

@nu{}" Cktkya nfc U}nsnu Manf{ Hkasn& Ofconf Aogak} Kc{insolf ]kdl}h: D}lh Anbd(Mn`kc Ylionboyhsl Anbd(Mn`kc Inuosnboyh& Wl}`ofg Unuk}" Ikfsk} dl} Ofsk}fnsolfnb Cktkbluhkfs ns An}tn}c [fotk}yos&

Ykuskhmk} =553&41 H&]& Fn}nnfn" U}ldkyyl} ld Kilflhoiy" Ofysos{sk dl} Ylionb nfc Kilflhoi Ianfgk" Mnfgnbl}k ioskc of

M{ddnbl [fotk}yosy Ofsk}fnsolfnb Ilhun}nsotk Aogak} Kc{insolf Dofnfik nfc Niikyyomobos U}ljkis }kul}s

lf Ofcon !www&gyk&m{ddnbl&kc{,l}g,ofsaogak}kcdofnfik,}kgolf\nyon\Ofcon&ahsb/


28/30


Lsak}uk}ylfnbkqukfyky

#=; #>1 #>3 #4 #>?

Slsnb ilys sl

un}kfs nfc

ys{ckfs

#194 #?14 #?37 #1>5 #>"317

Gkfk}nbb" os oy dkbs sans sak}k kqoysy h{ia }llh dl} dkk ofi}knyky" sak ylboiosnsolf ldu}otnsk clfnsolfy" nfc sak {yk ld ilfy{bsnfi sl gkfk}nsk }ktkf{ky& Sak gltk}fhkfs anyu}lhoykc ofikfsotky: hnsiaofg g}nfsy sl sak ofysos{solfy sans yki{}k u}otnsk d{fcy nfcofilhk snq yntofgy sl ofcotoc{nb clfl}y& M{s sakyk ofosonsotky antk hnck bossbk akncwn"mkin{yk sak gltk}fhkfs nfc osy m{}kn{i}nsy antk fls mkkf nmbk sl gotk {u sako} i{bs{}k ldilfs}lb ltk} ofysos{sky ld aogak} kc{insolf&

N il{ubk ld }kikfs ilfs}ltk}yoky aogabogas saoy u}lmbkh: Do}ys wny sak co}kisotk d}lh sakKc{insolf Hofoysk} {fck} sak u}ktol{y MJU(bkc gltk}fhkfs sl OOHy sl }kc{ik sako} dkky

c}nysoinbb& Waobk saoy wny clfk of sak fnhk ld hn`ofg sak Ofysos{sky hl}k niikyyombk slsak ull}" of u}nisoik saoy wny fls nf oyy{k yofik mnf`y bofkc {u sl gotk kc{insolfnb blnfysl nf lfk wal anc mkkf nchosskc sl nf OOH& Hlys nfnbysy ynw sak }knb oyy{k mkofg lfkld ilfs}lb" wak}km sak gltk}fhkfs wl{bc }kc{ik sak n{slflh ld sak OOH m hn`ofg osktkf hl}k ckukfckfs lf gltk}fhkfs(u}ltockc d{fcy& Sak ykilfc kqnhubk wny nco}kisotk m sak ynhk hofoysk} sl sak kddkis sans nbb nb{hfo clfnsolfy sl sak OOSy mk hncksl n ikfs}nb d{fc nchofoysk}kc m sak gltk}fhkfs" waoia wl{bc sakf unyy sak hlfoky lfsl sak OOSy& Waobk saoy wny lyskfyomb clfk sl ofi}knyk ill}cofnsolf of sak {yk ldnb{hfo d{fcy" hlys lmyk}tk}y ngnof ynw os ny nf oyy{k ld ilfs}lb&

Ns u}kykfs" sak {fotk}yos yyskh oy sll bn}gk dl} sak gltk}fhkfs ld Ofcon sl hnofsnof

dofnfionbb& Waobk [fotk}yos d{fcofg m Ikfs}nb,Ysnsk Gltk}fhkfsy any mkkf saks}ncosolf" saoy u}nisoik oy ckibofofg ny gltk}fhkfs d{fcofg oy yskncob mkofg }kc{ikc& _ks"bn}gk nhl{fsy ld u{mboi hlfk ilfsof{k sl mk yukfs uk} ys{ckfs of sak OOSy nfc OOHy"waoia gkfk}nbb insk} sl sak }kbnsotkb nddb{kfs ys{ckfsy" of l}ck} sl gkfk}nsk kilflhoig}lwsa&

Ilhuksosolf oy nbyl ofyk}sofg osykbd of Ofcony aogak} kc{insolf yyskh& U}otnsk nfc jlofsykisl} ofysos{solfy ckkhkc ny {fotk}yosoky n}k kqunfcofg }nuocb& To}s{nb {fotk}yosoky n}kbo`kb sl yu}knc of sak ilhofg kn}y& Nfc nbsal{ga dl}kogf {fotk}yosoky of Ofcon n}khlysb of sak mog iosoky nfc n}k dkw of f{hmk} slcn" hnf ofysos{solfy d}lh sak [&Y& nfclsak} cktkblukc il{fs}oky n}k kngk} sl ofyk}s sakhykbtky ofsl saoy fkw hn}`ksubnik of sak

ulys(WSL k}n !mkgoffofg Jnf{n} >" =55; dl}kogf ofysos{solfy n}k flw d}kk sl yks {u yaluof Ofcon/&


29/30

Fnsolfnb Ikfsk} lf Kc{insolf nfc sak Kilflh" =55; =?

Nuukfcoq

G}nck >5

Hnsakhnsoiy Il}k Sluoiy Yiokfik nfc Skiaflblg Il}k Sluoiy

Nbgkm}n !=4+ ld g}nck/ Bofkn} k~{nsolfy of swl tn}onmbky Ulbflhonby ]nsolfnb kqu}kyyolfy ^{nc}nsoi k~{nsolfy N}sosahksoi u}lg}kyyolfy

Iakhoinb ]knisolfy nfc Ohul}snfsIakhoinb Ilhul{fcy !4+ ld g}nck/

]nsk ld iakhoinb }knisolf nfciakhoinb k~{obom}o{h

Ylhk ohul}snfs iakhoinbilhul{fcy

Ilhhk}ionb Hnsakhnsoiy !>=+ ld g}nck/ Ofysnbbhkfsy Ofilhk snq

Kfk}g !==+ ld g}nck/ Bogas ]kd}nisolf ld bogas Lusoinb ofys}{hkfsy Coyuk}yolf

Kbkis}oios nfc osy kddkisy Iakhoinb kddkisy ld i{}}kfs Hngfksoi kddkis ld i{}}kfs Yl{}iky ld kfk}g

Gklhks} !==+ ld g}nck/ Yohobn} s}onfgbky Io}ibky Ilfys}{isolfy

Bodk U}likyyky !>?+ ld g}nck/ Bodk u}likyyky ]kyuo}nsolf S}nfyul}snsolf Kqi}ksolf ]ku}lc{isolf Ak}kcos nfc ktlb{solf

S}oglflhks} !>5+ ld g}nck/ S}oglflhks}oi ockfsosoky S}oglflhks}oi }nsoly ld

ilhubohkfsn} nfgbky Akogasy nfc coysnfiky

Fns{}nb ]kyl{}iky !>1+ ld g}nck/ Hksnby nfc flf(hksnby In}mlf ilhul{fcy

Hkny{}khkfs !>5+ ld g}nck/

Tlb{hky nfc y{}dnik n}kny L{} Kfto}lfhkfs !;+ ld g}nck/Ysnsoysoiy !>=+ ld g}nck/

Hknf U}lmnmobos Uoisl}onb }ku}kykfsnsolf ld cnsn

Kqubl}ofg Yunik !;+ ld g}nck/

Ill}cofnsk Gklhks} !1+ ld g}nck/ >; Bnm Kqk}ioyky !=;+ ld g}nck/

G}nck >=

Hnsakhnsoiy Il}k Sluoiy Yiokfik Il}k Sluoiy

Un}s N !}k~{o}kc/


30/30

Hns}oiky nfc Cksk}hofnfsy

Mllbknf Nbgkm}n

U}lmnmobos

D{fisolfy" Bohosy nfc Ilfsof{os

Coddk}kfsonsolf

Nuuboinsolfy ld Ck}otnsotkyOfckdofosk Ofskg}nby

Ckdofosk Ofskg}nby

Coddk}kfsonb K~{nsolfy

Un}s M !iallyk M l} I/

Tkisl}y

Sa}kk(cohkfyolfnb Gklhks}

Kbkhkfsn} Ysnsoiy !

india education report (november 2005)

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