AA (see Alko alcohol lmes) A/2,33 A/J inbred mice, 78 Acepromazine, 326 Acquired tolerance, 144 Acquisition phase, W-12,17 Acute tolerance, 100,101,145 Adenosine receptor(s),

388-391,400,408, 410412,414

Adenylate cyclase, 390 Adoption studies, 32 J3-Adrenergic receptors,

413,414 AJ 76,242 Albumin, 130 Alcohol (see Ethanol) Alcohol nontolerant (ANT) rats,

40,41,4648,57,73 Alcohol tolerant (AT) rats, 40,

41,46-48,55,57,73,115 Alcoholism, 31-34,42 Aldehydedehydrogenase

inhibitor, 50 Alko nonalcohol (ANA) line(s),

4,34,38,40,41,4346, 49-54,56,73

Alko alcohol (AA) line(s), 4,34, 38,4046,49-54,56,73

Alternating trials, 11,12 y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA),

72,82,84,90,171,217, 218,221,225,353

Aminooxyacetic acid, 171 Aminophylline, 393,396 Amobarbital, 126,136-138,189

Index

Amphetamine, 75,88,150,235, 278,347,349,351,353, 358-360,368,369

Amygdala, 242 ANA (see Alko nonalcohol lines) Analgesia, 98 Analysis of variance (ANOVA),

241 Anorexia, 161 ANOVA (see

Analysis of variance) ANT (see Alcohol non toleran t

rats) Anterograde amnesia, 215 Anticonvulsants, 71,170,213,

215,216,218,221 Anxiolytics (see also the

individual drugs), 74,158,211,215

Aplysia abdominal ganglion, 98 Apnea of prematurity, 392,398 Apomorphine, 238,239,

358-360 Aprobarbital, 126 AT (see Alcohol tolerant rats) Ataxia, 74,152,215,218 Atropine, 346,351,353,359 Autoradiography, 218 Avoidance test, 98

Baboons, 221 BALB/c mice, 34 BALB/cBy (BALB), 79 Bar-pressing, 278 Barbital, 127,131,132,136-138,

140,147,158,159,161,

425

426 Index

165,166,169,171, 173-175,179,181, N-186,193,351

Barbiturate abstinence evaluation, 162

Barbiturate addiction, animal models of

Chronic barbiturate administration, 142-171

Methods of chronic barbiturate administra- tion, 172-193

Pharmacologic considerations, 125-134

Selection of animal species, 134-142

Barbiturate intoxication, 159 Barbiturate-metabolizing

enzymes, 133 Barbiturate withdrawal,

158,160,161 Barbiturates (see also the

individual drugs), 69, 75,77,125-193,211

Barbituric acid, 126 BEC (see Blood ethanol

concentration) Bemegride, 167 Benactyzine, 351 Benzodiazepine/GABA

receptor-chloride ionophore complex, 90,142,217,219,225

Benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics, 213

Benzodiazepine receptors, 90, 142,216-218,225,391

Benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence, 217

Benzodiazepine withdrawal, 221-224

Methods of chronic benzodiazepine administration, 212-214

Tolerance to the effects of benzodiazepines, 214-221

Benzodiazepine withdrawal, 221,223-225

Benzodiazepines (see also the individual drugs), 69,75,170,211X25

Bicuculline, 221 Bidirectional approach, 41,42 Binges, 188,242 Blood-brain barrier, 129 Blood ethanol concentration

(BEC), lOO-105,108,109, 113-115

Body weight reduction, 8 BOL (see 2-Bromo-LSD) Bovet-Gatti profiles, 370 Bovine albumin, 127 Brain ethanol concentration

@EC), 10&105,113-115 Brain stem, 414 Brain tissue slices, 97,98 Breaking point(s), 237-239,

241,242 BrEC (see Brain ethanol

concentration) 2-Bromo-LSD (BOL), 349,351,

354,359,360,365 Burying test, 303 Butabarbital sodium, 126 Butaclamol, 234 BXD, 81,88 BXWTy, 80

Vl-, 82 C3H/2,33 C57BL mice, 5,33,76-81,140,141 Caffeine, 71,75,359,38%17

Animal models for exposure to in the perinatal period, 383-417

Calcium, 87,389 CAMP, 388,389,400

Index

Candidate gene, 70 Cannabinoids, 366 Cannulae, 190,245,246,253 P-Carbolines, 215,347 Catheters, 323,324,326,328,329 Cerebellum, 391,413-415 Cerebral glucose utilization,

222,223 Cerebrospinal fluid, 130 cGMP, 400 CGS 21680,391 CHA (see

Cyclohexyladenosine) Challenge drug, 363 Chloral hydrate, 170,351 Chlordiazepoxide, 214,220,224 Chloride channels, 72,82,84,225 Chlorodiazepoxide, 170 Chlorpheniramine, 359 Chlorpromazine, 170,185,234,

351 Choice procedures, 243 Cholinergic receptors, 391 Chromosome 1,80 Chronic tolerance, 101,145 Chronically equivalent dosing

method, 155,158 Cigaret smokers, 317,336-338 cinanserin, 354,359 Cit/Sacc, 289-291 Citric acid, 288,304 Classical conditioning, 219,286 Classical hallucinogens,

346,347,350,352,357 CNS stimulants (see also

the individual ugen ts), 356,389

Cocaine, 75,235,238,239,242, 321,333-336,339,340

Codeine, 351 Coefficient of inbreeding, 53 Coffee, 392 cola, 392 Cold mice, 40,57,74

427

c0lliculi,129 Computer interface, 247 Concurrent schedules, 243 Conditioned aversion, 283-285 Conditioned place preference

paradigm, 278 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 302 Conditioned suppression, 278 Conflict behavior, 98 Continuous-access, 2 Continuous reinforcement

(CRF) schedule, 317,319,320,329

Convulsants, 126 Convulsions, 98,159,161,165,

170,190 Core body temperature, 97 Cornea1 reflex, 152 Cortex, 129,412-414 CPA (see

Cyclupentyhdenosine) Craving, 243 Cross-dependence, 171 Crotyl n-butyl thiobarbituric

acid, 126 CRF (see Continuous

reinforcement schedule) CS (see Conditioned stimulus) CXBD mice, 79 Cyanamide, 50 Cyclohexyladenosine (CHA),

390,412,414 Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA),

391 Cyproheptadine, 354,359,368 Cystic fibrosis, 89

DA (see Dopamine) Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) line

of rats, 5,72,86 DBA mice, 5,34,76,80,81,115,

141 DD properties, 280,281 Delirium (tremens), 159,161,190

428 Index

Dependence, 157,165,166,175, 177,211,225

Desmethyldiazepam, 214 DET, 359 Dextrorphan, 296 5,7-DHT (see 5,7-

Dihydroxyt yptamine) N,N-Dialkyltryptamines,

347,352,353,356-360, 362,366

Diallylnalorphinium, 298,300 Diazepam, 74,77,84,171,214,

221,224,416 Diazepam-resistant (DR) mice,

73,74 Diazepam-sensitive (DS) mice,

73,74 Dichloromethane, 243 Dihydroergotamine, 351 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine

(5,7-DHT), 239,242 1,3-Dimethylbutyl ethyl

barbituric acid, 126 l-(2,5-Dimethoxy4bromo-

phenyl)-Z-amino- propane (DOB), 347, 356-359,365,368,369

l-(2,5-Dimethoxy+methyl- phenyl-2-aminopropane (DOM), 347,350, 356-360,362,364-366, 368,369,371

Diphenhydramine, 351 Diphenylhydantoin, 170 Discriminative-stimuIus tests,

280,316 Dispositional tolerance, 99,146 Disruption of fixed-ratio

responding, 361 DMAs, 347 DMCM (see Methyl-6,7-

dimethoxy4ethyl-pear- boline-3carboxylate)

DMT, 353,357-360,362

DNA, 84-86,90,386,400,403,

DoAM4:7 DOB &e I-(2,5-DimethoxyA-

bromophenylk2- aminopropane)

DOET, 350,357,358 DOI, 352,355,365 DOW, 350 DOM (see l-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4

methylphenyl-2- aminopropane)

Dopamine (DA), 234236,239, 400,413,414

Dopamine antagonists, 340 Dopamine receptor(s), 235,239,

391 DOPR, 357 Dorsal hippocampus, 222 Dorsal raphe nuclei, 217,218,

221 Dose-response curve (DRC), 95,

97,112 DOTB, 350,357 Dowel test, 98 D-PIA (see D-Phenyliso-

propyladenosine) DR (see Diazepam-resistan t

mace) DRC (see Dose-response curve) Drug addiction, 143,315 Drug discrimination, 362,371 DS (see Diazepam-sensitive

mice) Dysphoria, 273

Ear-scratch response, 350 EGTA, 87 Electrical brain stimulation,

278 Ergolines, 347 Estrous cycle, 237 Ethanol abuse, an animal

model of, 29-58

Index 429

Development of an animal model, 4158

Ethanol abuse and genetics, 30-35

Genetic correlations, 36,37 Inbred mice, 37,38 Selected lines, 38-41

Ethanol consumption, rat models of, l-22

Continuous access, two-bottle choice model, 2,3

Nonoral routes of administration, 5-7

Selective breeding of rats, 3-5 Techniques to increase oral

ethanol administration, 7-20

Ethanol-nonpreferring (NP) line, 4,5,20,21,34,38, 40,56,73

Ethanol-preferring (P) line, 4,7, 20,21,34,38,40,45,56,73

Ethanol (alcohol), l-22,29-58, 65,72-77,82,89,95-l 17, 154,169,171,185

Ethanol (alcohol) tolerance, 95-117

Experimental and interpreta- tional issues, 112-l 17

Experimental approaches to study chronic tolerance, 106-l 12

Methods for measuring the effects of ethanol, 96-99

Types of tolerance, 99-106 Ethanol vapor chamber, 111 N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine

(NECA), 391 Euphoria, 273 Event record, 253 Extinction, 235,298 Family and half-sibling studies,

31 Fast mice, 40,57,73

Fat depots, 132 Femoral venous catheter, 187 Fenfluramine, 366 FG 7142,215 Fixed-interval schedule, 320 Fixed-ratio (FR) schedules, 187,

189,192,233,234,320, 329,331,335

Fluid swivel, 244,245 Flumazenil (Ro S-1788),

215-217,219,221X25 Fluoxetine, 242,359 Flupenthixol, 234 Flurazepam, 212,219 Foot shock, 116 Forced-administration

methods, 108,172 Foundation stocks, 47,48,58 FR (see Fixed-ratio schedules) Frog ovary, 84 Frontal cortex, 354 Frontal sensorimotor cortex,

Functional tolerance, 100,147

G-proteins, 390,411,413,415 GABA (see yAminobutyric acid) GABA/benzodiazepine

receptor-chloride ionophore complex, 90, 142,217,219,225

GABA receptors, 90,142,217, 219,225,391

Gas chromatography, 12 Gene cloning and sequencing,

86 Genetic animal models, 65-91 Genetic correlations, 36 Genetic variability, 37 Geniculate bodies, 129 Globus pallidus, 222 Guinea pig illeum, 98

HA (see High alcohol

430 Index

dependence) Habituation, 17,229 HAD (see High alcohol

drinking rats) HaIIucinations, 159,272,348,

349,361 Hallucinatory-like behaviors,

348 Hallucinogenic agents

Animal models for assessing, 345-371

Hallucinogenic pause, 362 Haloperidol, 234,242,359 HaIoperidol nonresponder

(HNR), 73 HaIoperidol responder (HR), 73 HarmaIine, 347 HAR (see High analgesia

response) HAS (see High alcohol sensitive

rats) Head-twitch response, 352,354,

371 Heart rate, 98 Heterogeneous stocks, 82 HexobarbitaI, 137,139,140 High alcohol (HA) dependence,

High aIgho1 drinking (HAD) rats, 38,40,45,57,73

High alcohol preference (UChB) line, 4,34,38, 40,73

High alcohol sensitive (HAS) rats, 41,57,73

High analgesia response (HAR), 73

Hippocampus, 222,391,413-415 HNR (see Haloperidol

nonresponder) Holepoke behavior, 360 Hot mice, 40,57,74 HR (see Haloperidol responder) HS-LS, 82

HS-SS, 82 HS/Ibg mice, 48 HS/NIH rats, 48 HS animals, 82,83 5HT, receptors, 352,355,362,

367,371 5-HT,, agonists, 355,357,361,

366 5HT, receptors, 354,355,357,

359,361,362,364-368, 371

5-HTP (see 5Hydroxytryp- tuphmd

Huntington’s disease, 89 Hydroxyamphetamine, 353 6Hydroxydopamine

(6-OHDA), 238,239,242 &Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl-

amino)tetraIin (B-OH- DPAT), 355,361,366

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT; see Serotonin)

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), 353,354,368

Hydroxyzine, 351 Hyoscine, 351,353 Hyperthermia, 161,355357,

371 Hypnotics, 128,154,157,158 Hypothermia, 47,77,96,98,

115,152,220,357

ICI 174,864,288,301 ICV (see In tracerebroven-

tricular administration) Inbred strains, 37,38,52,75 Inclined plane test, 151 IndoleaIkyIamine

hallucinogens, 347 Initial tolerance, 144 Instrumental conditioning, 219 Internal jugular catheter, 187 Interresponse time (IRT), 241 Intoxicated practice, 111-113

Index 431

Intoxication, 102,185 Intracerebroventricular (ICV)

administration, 180 Intragastric administration, 176 Intravenous cannulae, 244 Intubation, 174 Inverse agonists, 215,217,219,

223 Investigatory behavior, 360 IRT (see Zntemsponse tzme) Isomers, 133

JR329,353 Jugular vein, 244,326 Jumping test, 98

Ketanserin, 350,354,355,364, 367,368

LA (see Low alcohol dependence)

LAD (see Low alcohol drinking rats)

Lactation, 414 LAR (see LQW analgesia

response) LAS (see Low alcohol sensitive

rats) Lateral hypothalamus, 218 LD,149,150 LDRC, 112 Lesions, 242 Lethality, 98 Levorphanol, 73,296 Limb-flick, 358-360 Limbjerk, 359 Lines selected for

ethanol-related traits, 38 Lipid solubility, 127 Lisuride, 349,359,362,365,366

Lithium chloride, 295 Local signs theory of with-

drawal motivation, 273

Locus ceruleus, 400,413 Long-sleep (LS) mice, 38,40,45,

73,74,82 Longitudinal muscle myenteric

preparation, 97 Lorazepam, 214,218,219 Loss of righting reflex (LRR),

97,114 Low alcohol (LA) dependence,

Low alc:ol drinking (LAD) rats, 38,40,57,73

Low alcohol preference (U&4) line, 4,34,38,40,45,73

Low alcohol sensitive (LAS) rats, 41,57,73

Low analgesia response (LAR), 73

LRR (see Loss of righ ting reflex) LS (see Long-sleep mice) LSD (see Lysergzc acid

diethylamide) LSXSS strains, 81 Ltw-rl gene, 80 Lysergic acid diethylamide

(LSD), 346,347,350-352, 354356,358-362, 364366,368,369,371

Malonic acid, 125 Mamillary body, 222 Maximally tolerable dosing

technique, 155,156 Maze test, 98 MDA, 347 Mecamylamine, 321,337 Medial forebrain bundle, 242 Meperidine, 351 Mephenesin, 351 Mephobarbital, 126 Meprobamate, 169,170,211 Mescaline, 185,347,351,353,

357-360,362,364,368 Metergoline, 354

432

Methadone, 351 Methaqualone, 171 Metharbital, 126 Methiothepin, 354,359 Methohexital, 138,329 Methoxamine, 368 5-Methoxy-NJklimethyltryp-

tamine (5-OMe-DMT), 352,356-359,364,366

Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy4-ethyl- B-carboline+carboxy- late (DMCM), 71,215

Methylcellulose, 175 Methyldiazepam, 214 Methylnaloxone, 298 Methylnaltrexone, 298-300 Methylnaltrexone bromide,

N,Ndiallylnormor- phinium bromide (Mr 2266), 288,310

a-Methyltryptamines, 347,352 Methylxanthine, 396,400,412 Methysergide, 349,354,359,

360,368 Metoclopramide, 234,235 Metrecal, 174 MEW (see Mild ethanol

withdrawal mice) MGB (see Morphine-

benzedrine scale) Mianserin, 354,359 Microcrystalline cellulose, 182 Microsomal enzymes, 133,139 Midazolam, 214,220,221 Mild ethanol withdrawal

(MEW) mice, 41,57 Monosodium glutamate (MSG),

288 Morphine, 170,171,272-274,

278,281,283,284, 291-295,297~303,351

Morphine-benzedrine (MGB) scale, 338

Morphine pellets, 182,276,284,

Index

291,292,294,295,297, 298,302,306

Motor activity (tests), 98,116, 163

Motor artifacts, 302 Motor functions, 162 Motor incoordination, 96 Motor stimulation, 74 Mouse ear-scratch reflex, 350 Moving belt, 98,112 Mr 2266 (see Methylnaltrexone

bromide,N,N-diallyl- normorphinium bromide)

MSG (see Monosodium glutamate)

MSG/NaCl, 289-291 Multiple traits, 68 Muscarinic receptors, 391

NA (see Nonalternating trials) Na+,K+-ATPase, 73,87 Nalorphine, 279 Naloxone, 223,275,276,283,

284,288,291,292,295, 297~301,304,305

Naltrexone, 280,288,298-300 NE (see Norepinephrine) NECA (see N-E thylcarbox-

amidoadenosine) Negative reinforcement,

281,282 Neonates, 141,395 Nest-building behavior in mice,

370 Neuromuscular junction, 98 Neuronal cell cultures, 97,98 Nicotine, 75,3X5-340

Self-administration of, 331337

Nictitating membrane tone, 152 NIH-07 diet, 174 NMDA, 84 Nonalternating (NA) trials,

Index

11,12 Norepinephrine (NE), 413,414 NP beeE;hanol-nonprejkrring

Nucleus accumbens, 222,238,239,242

Offspring of selected lines, 71 6-OHDA (see 6-

Hydroqiopamine~ 8-OH-DPAT (see 8-Hydroxy-2-

(di-n-propylamino)- tetralin)

Olfactory cortex, 222 5-OMe-DMT (see SMethoxy-

N,N-dimethyl- typtamine)

Oocytes, 84-87 Open-field behavior, 370 Operant behavior, 10,98,185,

243,277,319 Opiates, 75,171,272,275,278,

279-282,286,296,301, 306,353,391

Dependence, 280 Withdrawal, 271-275

Opiate withdrawal-produced dysphoria, 271

Description of a taste aversion model, 285-305

Models of withdrawal motivation, 274285

Orbital sinus veins, 104 Osmotic minipumps, 184,213,

221,296 Oxazepam, 214

P (see Ethanol-preferring lines) Pain withdrawal, 152 Pair-feeding technique, 108 Paralydehyde, 170 Paranoid ideation, 349 Parkinsonian patients, 349 Partial (inverse) agonists,

433

215,217,219 Partition coefficients, 127,130 Pascal program, 250-263 Passive avoidance, 401 Pavlovian conditioning,

110,113,302 PCP (see Phencyclidine) PeniciIIin, 328 Pentobarbital, 82,84,126,127,

133,134,136-138,140, 147,148,154,158,159, 161,165,171,180,181, 183,186,189-191,326

Pentylenetetrazol(e) (PTZ), 159, 166,183,184,223,280, 281,351

Perinatal caffeine exposure, 383417

Perphenazine, 234 Pharmacodynamic tolerance,

147,168 Pharmacogenetics, 65,66,89 Pharmacokinetics, 126,139,143,

146,147,155,191,213, 214,385,386

Pharmacokinetic tolerance, 146,179

PhenaIkyIamine hallucinogens, 351

Phencyclidine (PCP), 346,353, 359,363,369

Phenobarbital, 126,127,131, 132,136138,141,161, 165,166,170,174,178, 179,181,186,193

D-Phenylisopropyladenosine (D-PIA), 408411

Phenylisopropylamines, 347 Phosphodiesterase, 388 Physical dependence, 157,158,

165,167,168,171,173, 185,189

Physiological and behavioral tests, 98

434 Index

Picrotoxin, 167,351 Piloerection, 161,163 Pimozide, 234 Pipradrol, 351 Pirenperone, 354,362,364,365 Pizotifen, 354 Pizotyline, 350 Placental barrier, 129 Plasma pH, 130 Plasma protein, 127-W Pleiotropism, 67 Plus-maze, 224 PMA, 369 Polydipsia, 8,9,16 Polygenic control, 66 Positive reinforcement, 282 PR (see Progressive-ratio

schedules) Prandial drinking method, 10,

11,13,15,16,20 Predictive validity, 36 Primates, 185,243 Primidone, 170 Prochlorperazine, 351 Progressive-ratio (PR)

schedules, 233,236,237, 239-241,243,250,331

Promazine, 351 Psilocin, 352,358,359,368 Psilocybm, 353 Psychological dependence, 157 Psychomotor stimulants (see

also the individual drugs), 233,235,243, 337

PTZ (see Pentylenetetrazol) Purkinje cells, 3877

Quantitative trait loci (QTL), 8890

Quipazine, 349,351,353,359, 362,366

QTL (see Quantitative trait locz)

Rapid tolerance, 100,105 Recombinant inbred (RI) strains,

38,71,79-81,88 Reinforcement, 186,188,192 Renal excretion, 132 Reserpine, 351 Restriction fragment length

polymorphisms (RFLPs), 80,81,88-90

RPLPs (see Restrictionfragment length polymorphisms)

Rhesus monkeys, 224,236 RI (see Recombinant in bred

strains) Rl analyses, 79,80,88 Righting reflex, 73,149 Ritanserin, 354 RNA, 84-87,401,403,404 Ro 15-1788 (see Flumazenil) Ro 16-6028,215,216 Rotarod test, 46,47,98,151,218

Saccharin, 173,212,277,280, 283,289,305

Salt-resistant (SR) line, 5,72,86 Sardinia nonpreferring (SNP)

rats, 40,73 Sardinia preferring (SP) rats,

40,73 Schedule-induced polydipsia,

8,16 SCH 23390,235 Scratch reflex, 350,351 SDPs, 88 Secobarbital, 126,127,133,134,

136,137,189 Second-order fixed-interval

schedule, 243,320 Sedation, 215 Sedative Hypnotic Anti-

Anxiety Drug Behavioral Rating Scale (SHAAD BRS), 160

Index 435

Sedatives, 128,154,157,215,224 Seizures, 159,163,183,221-223 Self-administration, 5,7,18,35,

185,188-193, 212, 233-264,281,282, 3X-340,362

Apparatus for studying, 243-249

Programming, 249-253 Rodent model for nicotine

self-administration, 315-340

Schedules of reinforcement, 233-243

Surgery, 253 Serotonin @hydroxytryp-

tamine; 5-HT), 239,349, 351,368

Serotonin (5-HT) syndrome, 351

Severe ethanol withdrawal (SEW) mice, 41,57

SEW (see Severe ethanol withdrawal mice)

SHAAD BRS (see Sedative Hypnotic Anti-Anxiety Drug Behavioral Rating Sale)

Short-sleep (SS) mice, 38,40,45, 73,74,82,105

Shuttle avoidance, 370 Silastic pellet implant, 213 Silastic tube, 109,221 Silicone catheter, 186 Single traits, 66 Sleeping time, 98,139,154 Slow mice, 40,57,73 SNP (see Sardinia

nonpreferring rats) Sources of genetic differences,

69 SP (see Sardrnia preferring rats) Spiperone, 235

Spontaneous benzodiazepine withdrawal, 222

Spurious line differences, 55 SR bee Salt-resistant line) SS (see Dahl salt-sensitive line

of rats) SS (see Short sleep mice) Startle response, 163,357 Startle threshold, 98 Stereoselectivity, 350,356,358,

364 Stereospecificity, 126,134,295 Striatum, 413,415 Substantia nigra, 218,222 Subtractive hybridization, 90 Sucrose, 18 Sucrose-fading procedure, 18 Sulpiride, 234 Swim-maze performance, 370 Syringe pumps, 244

T-maze, 280 Tabutal, 126 Tail vein, 104 Taste aversion, 285,292,294,

297,300 Taste conditioning, 277,305 Taste preference, 292,294-297,

300,301 Tea, 392 Temporal access, 18 Test phase, 10-12,17 Tetrahydrocannabinol (I’HC),

346,363 Thalamus, 414 THC (see Tetrahydrocannabino1) Theophylline, 392,393,396,397,

403,405,412,415 Therapeutic use of caffeine, 392 Thiobarbiturates, 126 Thiopental, 126,127,131,132,

137,138 Thioridazine, 235

436

Tilting plane test, 46,47,98,113 3,4,5-TMA (see l-(3,4,5

Trimethoxyphenyl)-2- aminopropane)

TMAs, 347 Tolerance, 95-117,143,144,

148-150,153-155,165, 175,177,211,214,215, 217,219~221,225,316

Total intensity scores, 164 Training drug, 363 Triazolam, 214 Trifluperazine, 359 Trimethadione, 170 l-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-2-

aminopropane (3,4,5-TMA), 353

Tryptamine, 368 Tryp tophan, 351 Twin studies, 31,32 Two-bottle choice model, 2,3

UChA (see Low alcohol preference line)

UChB (see High alcohol preference line)

UCRs (see Unconditioned responses)

Unconditioned consequences of withdrawal, 275

Unconditioned responses (UCRs), 302

Unconditioned stimulus (US), 285

Unlimited access models, 317 Urea, 125 US (see Unconditioned

sfimulus~

Visual cortex, 222 Voluntary ethanol

consumption, 40

Wet doe shake. 352

Index

Withdrawal, 41,57,73,142,160, 161,164,166,169,173, 174,185,190,214,219, 221-223,271-306

Withdrawal dysphoria, 271-306 Withdrawal motivation,

274,282,285 Withdrawal Observation Form,

160 Withdrawal seizure prone

(WSP) mice, 41,57,73, 74,142

Withdrawal seizure resistant (WSR) mice, 41,57,73, 74,142

Withdrawal shift, 219 Withdrawal syndrome, 279 Within family selection, 49 WSP (see Withdrawal seizure

prone mice) WSR bee Withdrawal seizure

resistant mice)

Xanthine, 390,398 xenopus laevis, &I,85 Xylamadine, 353

Yohimbine, 353

ZK 93426,215,219 Zoxazolamine, 351