Index

Abercrombie. M .• 216 Allman. G. J .• 18 Anderson. N. G .• 150 Antibodies

used by Spiegel to inhibit cell aggregation. 148

used to isolate cell adhesion molecule in Dictyostelium, 148

used to isolate adhesion molecules in vertebrates. 150

Baer. K. E. von against preformationism. 10. 11 systematized studies of chick development.

8 coined term "spermatozoa," 7 comparative studies, 9 Entwickelungsgeschichte. 7-10 identifications of notochord and neural

folds. 5 discovery of mammalian egg. 5-7 distinguished five parts of brain. 8 dispute with Burdach. 3 formation of extraembryonic layers and gut

organs. 8 frustration studying sea urchins. 70 professional historY. 2. 5 progressive differentiation, 10 refutation of law of parallelism. 11 teleological change within embranchments,

7.11.20 use of theories by Darwin. 18

Balfour. F. M .• 22 Baltzer. F .• 180 Barski, G .• 214 Barth. L. G. and L. J., 119, 120 Bautzmann. H., 118 Beadle. G .• 210 Beisson, J., 250 Bernal, J. D .• 176 Biogenetic law

Haeckel and, 19. 44 His' refutation of, 44

Biogenetic law (cont.) See also Ilarallelism, law of

Biotheoretical gathering Needham and. 165, 176 Waddington and. 196. 199 Woodger and, 165. 173

Born. G. disagreements with Pfluger's interpretations.

47 Entwicklungsmechanik and. 51 transplantation of embryonic tissue. 48

Boveri, T. inflqence on Spemann. 93 nuclear determination of heredity. 52

Brachet. J .• 119. 120. 239 Brooks. W. l< •• 181 Burnet. M., 147. 150

California Institute of Technology Ephrussi and. 210 Waddington and. 191

"Cambridge group," 119 Cadherins. 152 Canalization. 197 Cell adhesion

initiating research in. 130 role of divalent cations in, 140. 150-153 immunological approaches to study. 146-

150 multiple adhesive systems, 153

Cell affinity hypothesis (Holtfreter). 136-139 Cell membranes

considered unimportant in cell function. 132. 141, 219

Ephrussi's view of, 219. 226-227 fluidity of. 141 just's view of, 135 stereocomplementarity of macromolecules

on. 134 Chabry. L.

biographical details. 35, 39 calcium ion deficiency studies. 35, 70-71 conflict with neo-Preformationism. 37-38

259

260

Chabry, L. (cont.) experiments on ascidian embryos, 35-38 influence of G. Pouchet, 35 separation of natural from experimental

monstrosities, 37 socialism and, 39 studies in animal physiology, 35

Chatton, E., 241, 242 Chesley, P., 184 Child, C. M., 235, 238 Chuang, H. H., 117 Ciliates (see unicellular organisms as models

for metazoan development) Competence

amphibian gastrula and, 121, 190, 194-195 lentogenic ectoderm and, 99

Conklin, E. G. biological determinism and, 39 cytoplasmic determinants of development,

238 Cornefert, F., 214 Correlative development (reciprocal

interactions) lens formation seen as, 95, 98, 100-101 proposed by Herbst, 93

Cortical inheritance, 230, 249 cortex as scaffold (Nanney), 252 "Cytotaxis," 250 extrapolations to mosaic embryo!!, 251-252 Sonneborn's studies, 250 "Stability center" (Frankel), 253

Cruikshank, W. C., 6 Curtis, A. S. G., 142, 154 Cyclopea

Herbst's interpretation, 65 Spemann's interpretation, 94

Cytoplasm controlling gene activity, 200 formed by material from nucleus, 233 isotropy and anisotropy of egg, 38,40,44,

47, 241 organization not random, 249

Dalq, A., 39-40 Dareste, C.

teratogenic experiments, 32 arguments with Fol and Warynski, 34

Darlington, S. D., 239 Darwin, C.

proposed gemmules as hereditary determinants, 232

used Baer's examples, 18 de Graaf, 6 Developmental biology, ix, 207, 221 Developmental genetics

Ephrussi's contribution to, 217-219 term used by Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer,

185

Developmental genetics (cont.) operon model in, 246 research programs of Gluecksohn­

Schoenheimer, 185, 187 technological metaphors in, 245-246 Waddington's models in, 191

de Vries, H., 232 "Diachronic biology," 188 Dictyostelium, 148-149

Index

Differential adhesion hypothesis (Steinberg), 137,142

DNA transfection, 153 Dollinger, 1., 2-3 "Double assurance"

proposed by Braus, 101 Spemann's view, 101 Wolff's influence on, 93

Driesch, H. blastomere separation experiments, 51-52,

93, 236 evidence for induction, 75 personality, 67 vitalism, 52, 237 internal and external stimuli, 93, 129, 236

Drosophila eye pigments Ephrussi and Beadle's experiments, 210 Waddington's interpretation of research,

192-194 Dumas, J. B., 6 Dunn, L. C., 191

Edelman, G. regulator hypothesis, 137 use of antibody approach to isolate N-CAM,

149,153 Ehrlich, P., 134, 146 Embryonic fields

chordamesodermal field, 118 Lwoff's usage, 248 Sinnot's understanding, 243 Spemann's understanding, 99, 102

Embryology as key to understanding life, 17 major problem of (according to Holtfreter),

124 split from genetics, 18, 237-238

Entwicklungsmechanik origins of, 23, 43, 55 His' call for physiological approach to

embryos, 44 Roux's call for, 51, 56-57

Ephrussi, B. as embryologist using genetic techniques,

191, 210, 217-218 early experiments, 208-209 Barski, G. and, 214 cytoplasmic inheritance of petite mutant of

yeast, 211, 239

Index

Ephrussi, B. (cont.) cytoplasm as seat of differentiation, 244 "epigenotype" regulation, 216 establishment of genetics in France, 211, 221 Faure-Fremiet, E. and, 208, 217 Harris, H. and, 216 "household" versus "luxury" functions of

the cell, 215 Hybridization of Somatic Cells, 214 importance of cell membrane and

cytoplasm, 219, 226-227, 241 intrinsic factors crucial to differentiation,

208 Monod, J. and, 220 Nuc1eo-cytoplasmic Relations in

Microorganisms, 240 nucleus/cytoplasm interactions, 211, 241, 245 Rapkine, L. and, 208 regulatory genes in differentiation and

malignancy, 216 skepticism of morphological data, 209, 213 skepticism on prokaryotic models of

differentiation, 220, 247, 251 Slonimski, P. and, 211 somatic cell hybridization, 213-215 unicellular organisms as models, 210-211,

216,220 Epigenesis: see Preformation and epigenesis Epigenetic landscape, 197 "Epigenotype," 216 Evolution and development, 18

Faure-Fremiet, E., 242 Fertilization, 16-17 Frankel, J" 230, 253 "Freiburg group," 119 Fol, H., 33-34

Galtsoff, P. S. importance of calcium in sponge

aggregation demonstrated, 133 amoeboid movement of isolated sponge cells

demonstrated, 133 species-specific sponge cell adhesion

demonstrated, 133 Gegenbauer, C., 44

influence on Spemann, 92 Gene theory

founded from embryology, 182 similarity to Weismann's hypotheses, 237

Genetic assimilation basis for evolutionary change, 195-196 competence as the basis for, 195

Genetics, rise of, 182, 237 Gerisch, G., 148 Germ layers

Baer and, 8-10

Germ layers (cont.) Balfour and, 22

261

ectoderm and endoderm named by Allman, 18

Haeckel and, 21-22 Huxley and, 18 Kleinenberg and, 21 Kovalevsky and, 20-21 Metchnikoff and, 20-21 Pander and, 3-4

Germ plasm, 232-235 Gluecksohn-Waelsch (Gluecksohn­

Schoenheimer), S. Dunn and, 184 initiated program for "developmental

genetics," 185 on roles of induction, 181 research on T locus, 184 Spemann and, 183, 185 viewed T-Iocus as gene for organizer Waddington and, 183, 191

Goldschmidt, R. B. attempt to synthesize genetics and

embryology, 182, 185 on Herbst, 69

Goodwin, B., 253 Gradients, 123, 190 Gregg, G. J. H., 148

Haeckel, E. "fundamental biogenetic law" of ontogeny

recapitulating phylogeny, 19 germ-layer doctrine and, 21

Haldane, J. S., 176 Hamburger, V.

definition of induction, 64 O. Mangold's assistant, 114 on Herbst, 67, 69, 73 The Heritage of Experimental Embryology,

109 Harris, H., 216 Harrison, R. G., 64, 99, 124

likens nerve-muscle interaction to fertilization, 134

on importance of cytoplasm in development, 238

Hausman, R. E., 145 Harvey, W.

attempt to discover mammalian egg, 5 observations of chick embryonic blood and

heart, 1 Hayashi, Y., 119 Hemitery, 36 Herbst, C.

mechanical interpretations abandoned, 79 calcium ion deficiency experiments, 70-73,

150 crustacean regeneration studies, 80

262

Herbst, C. (cont.) disagreement with Pouchet and Chabry, 75 effects of external stimuli on development,

78 effects of internal stimuli on development,

78-79 foundations of chemical embryology, 73 Formative Reize, 64 friendship with Driesch, 65 gall formation as inductive, 79 heteromorphosis (homeosis), 80 influence of plant tropism theories, 74 influenced Hamburger to enter embryology,

69 interpretation of cyclopea, 65 lens induction, 65, 95 lithium ion experiments, 73 mechanical view of induction, 76, 93 opposed by Spemann for directorship of

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 67 opposition to Nazis, 69 professional history, 65-70 sea urchin development, 70 sex determination in Bonellia, 70

Hershey, A. D., 251 Hertwig, o.

attempted to reconcile preformation and epigeneis, 40

constriction of amphibian eggs, 64 Heteromorphosis (homeosis), 70 His, W.

call for physiological embryology induction, 81 microtome, 22, 43, 45 modeled embryonic movement by stretching

deformable material, 129 organbildende Keimbzirke, 45, 52 refutation of biogenetic law, 22, 44-45

Holtfreter, H., 109, 118 Holtfreter, J.

activity of "killed tissue" inducers, 116-118, 190

autoinduction hypothesis definition of induction, 64 devised amphibian culture medium, 116 determination of gastrula tissues, 116 disagreement with Spemann's concept of

vital organizer, 117-118 disputed existence of gradients in

amphibian embryos, 124 doctoral thesis under Spemann, 110 early life, 110-114 explores Lapland, 111 failure of program to find neural inducing

molecule, 119-123 interned during WWII, 126 as "intuitive scientist," 138 at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 115

Holtfreter, J. (cont.) life as a painter, 111 on Dreisch, 135 on Roux, 136 as O. Mangold's assistant, 114 "sandwich experiment," 117

Index

shows chordamesoderm essential for neural induction, 119

shows that killing can activate neural inducer, 120

tissue affinity studies, 135, 142, 153 travels to Asia, 125

Homogenetic induction, 120 H6rstadius, S., 111 Huxley, J., "organization center" and, 190 Huxley, T. H.

germ layer theory and coelenterate taxonomy, 18

importance of cell surface in development, 141

Ideology, as cause and result of embryological research, 1, 38-39, 52,167, 186, 196

Induction chick embryo, 189 definition by Holtfreter and Hamburger

(1955), 64 first used as a term for development by

Pfeffer, 81 first used in science by Faraday, 84 Herbst's views, 77-78, 93 His' view, 81-82 Holtfreter's attempts to identify neural

inducer, 115-124 identical term to "correlation," 76 importance of (Holtfreter), 123 likened to environmental sex determination,

81,193 likened to fertilization, 121 likened to plant tropisms, 74-76, 81-82 Kinky gene and, 186 mechanical nature of, 76 methylene blue and, 190-191 T-Iocus gene and, 186 Sd gene and, 187 Spemann's understanding, 102 sterols and, 189-190 vague usage by Driesch and Herbst, 75

IKB,205 Ishihara, K., 109-110

Jacob, F., 245 Jeffreys, H., 173 Jenkinson, J. W.

published first textbook of experimental embryology, 57

canonized Roux's version of Entwicklungsmechanik, 58

Index

Jenkinson, J. W. (cont.) sought basis of cytoplasmic organization, 238

Jennings, H. S., experimental method and, 59 Just, E. E.

attempt to synthesize genetics and embryology, 182

view of cell surface, 135, 243

Kawakawi, I. K., 119 King, H., obtains "free lenses," 99 Kinetoplasts, 241 Kinky gene, 186 Kintner, C. R., 154 Koelliker, A., 16 Kovalevsky, A., germ layers and, 20 Kuusi, T., 119

Landauer, W. Creeper mutation and, 185 teratology studies, 70

Langley, J. N., 134 Lens induction

Herbst and, 65 Jacobson and, 106 Liedke and, 106 Mencl and, 96 King and, 100-101 Lewis and, 97, 102 paradigmatic inductive process, 91-92, 95,

96,103 Reyer and, 106 species specificity, 101 Spemann's entry to, 95 Spemann's experiments, 95-102 technical problems in transplantations, 101

L'Heritier, P., 239 Lilien, J., 145, 148, 154 Loeb, J.

influences Herbst, 74 sought basis for cytoplasmic organization,

238 Lewis, W.

disputed King, 100 lens induction experiments, 97, 102 refuted Mencl, 97

Lillie, F., 133 Loeb, J., 133 Luria, S., 248 Lwoff, A.

extrapolation of ciliate cortex to metazoans, 244

importance of plasmagenes, 239, 241-242 Problems of Morphogenesis in Ciliates, 241

Mangold, H. P., 63, 91, 115 Mangold, 0., 114-115, 124

gastrula ectoderm acquires inducing ability, 119

Maynard Smith, J., 230 Mencl, E., 96-97 Metchnikoff, E., 20 Molecular biology, 177 Monod, J., 220, 245 Morgan, T. H.

263

against role of cytoplasm in inheritance, 231,237-238

Embryology and Genetics, 182 Ephrussi and, 208 favored cytoplasmic determination of

development, 181 refuted Roux's paper on cleavage planes, 54 Theory of the Gene, 182 translated Boveri's paper on nuclear

determination, 54 Moscona, A. A.

on fluidity of membranes, 141 qualitative membrane differences mediate

cell adhesion, 141, 144 search for tissue-specific cell adhesion

molecules, 145, 148, 153 rotating cell cultures, 144 trypsin, calcium-free medium for cell

dissociation, 144, 150 Muller, F., Fiir Darwin, 18

Nanney, D. L. formation of supramolecular structures, 251 on importance of protozoological studies,

230 on ciliates as exceptions to general rule, 230 role of cortex as scaffold, 252

N-CAM,150 Needham, J.

attempts at characterization of organizer molecule, 189-190

biotheoretical gathering formed, 165 championed biochemical embryology, 159 concern with biological organization, 175-

176 defense of philosophical integrity of

biochemistry, 163-165 dialectical materialism, 196 meets and corresponds with Woodger, 165 Dunn Laboratory of Biochemistry, 159 Hopkins and, 163 reconciliation of embryology and

biochemistry,174 reconciliation of mechanism and

organicism, 159, 164 reconciliation of physics and biology, 174-

175 supports Holtfreter at Cambridge, 126

Niu, M. C., 119, 120

Okada, Y. K., 119 Oocyte cytoplasm, 44, 47

264

Operons "masked evocator" and, 197 models of differentiation, 196, 201, 245-246 reconciles "developmental paradox," 247

Organizer cornerstone of embryology, 172 discovery, 63, 91, 115-116 Holtfreter and 0. Mangold attempt to

characterize, 114-117 Holtfreter's dislike of term, 117 Kinky gene seen as, 186-187 T-locus gene seen as, 184, 186-187 sterols seen as possible inducing molecules,

189

Pander, C. Beitrage, 3 germ layers of chick, 3-4 mutual assistance of germ layers, 4 professional history, 2

Pangenes, 232 Parallelism, law of

Baer's refutation, 11 Haeckel's support, 19 Meckel support, 11 F. Miiller's support, 18 Rathke's support, 13 Serres support, 11 See also Biogenetic law

Pauly, A., 93 Pfl iiger, E.

Entwicklungsmechanik and, 46, 51 hybridization research, 46 gravitational fields and development, 47 sex determination research, 46 manipulation of development by

environment, 47 Physics, 161, 171, 175 Plant development as source of first induction

models, 74, 81 Plasmagenes

in yeast, 211-212 T. M. Sonneborn and, 239, 240 used to account for cell differentiation, 239,

240, 244 Positional information

Goodwin's model, 254 Wolpert's model, 253-254

Pouchet, G., 35, 70-71 Preformationism and epigenesis

Baer on, 10 Driesch on, 93, 129, 236 Pander on, 4 political use of, 38 Prevost and Dumas on, 10 Roux on, 48-50 Weismann on, 232, 236

Prevost, J. L., 6

Przibram, H., 160 Purkinje, J. E., 6

Index

Quantity versus quality in development, 140

Rabl, T., 95 Rathke, H.

comparative embryology of invertebrates and vertebrates, 14

comparative embryology of urogenital organs, 12-13, 14-15, 26

discovery of gill slits in human embryo, 11-13

distinguishes male and female gonoducts, 14-15

formation of vertebrate skull, 13 law of parallelism and, 13 professional history, 3, 12

Rauber, A., 36 Regeneration, 70 Regulator hypothesis, 137 Remak, R.

cell theory and germ layers reconciled, 17 cellular nature of the egg, 16

Retinal-tectal interaction, 145 Rhumbler, L., 137, 139 Rinaldi, 1., 151 Ringer, S., 150 Roseman, S., 145 Roth, S., 146 Roux, W.

blastomere cauterization experiments, 49-50, 52, 93, 129, 236

cleavage plane determination, 48 Der Kampf der Theile, 48, 82 edited Archiv, 57 Entwicklungsmechanik proposed, 51, 56-57 separation of blastomeres in calcium-free

medium, 150 qualitative nuclear division, 48 self-differentiation, 48, 50, 93, 129 Weismann on, 236

Rutishauser, U., 154

Sachs, J., 74 Saint-Hilaire, E. G.

belief in the unity of plan throughout animal kingdom, 32

defends epigenesis, 38 teratological experiments, 32

Saint-Hilaire, 1., 36 Saxen, L., 119 Schaper, A., 22 Schwann, T., 16 Sex determination, 46, 79, 182

Herbst's experiments on Bonnellia, 80 Schoenheimer, S.: see Gluecksohn-Waelsch, S. Sinnot, E., 243

Index

Slonimski, P., 211, 213 Somatic cell hybridization: see Ephrussi, B.,

somatic cell hybridization Sonneborn, T.

cortical inheritance in Paramecium, 250 G-antigen experiments, 200-201 killer trait in Paramecium, 240 independent evolution of genome and

cortex, 250 plasmagenes in Paramecium, 239 disagreed with extrapolation of operon

model to eukaryotes, 247 disagreed with extrapolation of viral

morphogenesis to cells, 24a Sorieul, S., 214 Spemann, H.

advised Mangold not to hire Holtfreter, 115 Boveri and, 93 confirmation of Driesch's results, 94 "crushed organizer" experiments, 116 dictum for experimental embryology, 185 disputes with Mencl, 97 dorsal lip experiment (Spemann and

Mangold, 1924), 63, 91, 115-116 "double assurance," 93, 101 egg constriction experiments, 64, 94 embryonic fields, 99 Embryonic Development and Induction, 63 genetics and, 191 heteroplastic transplants, 104 induction and, 63-64, 91-92, 102 Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer and, 183, 185 lens induction, 95-102 King and, 100-101 Kramer and, 116 Lewis and, 97, 102 metaphysical concept of organizer, 117 Nobel Prize, 63, 91 opposed Herbst for directorship of Kaiser

Wilhelm Institute, 67 optic cup

dependence, 95 removal,64

organisers, 104 Pauly and, 93 professional history, 92-95 progressive determination, 105 reciprocal interactions, 98, 104 regulation and self-differentiation in

gastrula, 103-104 regulation and self-differentiation in lens, 100 skeptical of attempts to find organiser

"molecule," 105 scientific caution, 96, 99-100 technical difficulties with transplantations,

101, 105 vertebrate body axis, 64, 94 Wolff and, 92, 98-99

Spencer, H., 232 Spiegel, M., 148 Sponge reaggregatation

H. V. Wilson and, 130-131 Galtsoff, 132-133

Steenstrup, J., 17 Steinberg, M., 140-143, 151; see also

Differential adhesion hypothesis (Steinberg)

Stevens, N., 182 Sturtevant, A., 210 "Substrate competition" model of

differentiation, 201, 212

Tartar, V., 242, 249 Takeichi, M.

265

calcium as protecting cell adhesion proteins, 151

discovery of cadherins, 152-153 transfecting cadherin genes into amphibian

embryos, 154 Taxonomy

role of comparative embryology, 16 germ layers used for, 18

T-locus, 184, 209 Thompson, D., 164 Tiedemann, H., and H., 119 Trinkaus, J. P., 151 Trypsin in cell dissociation, 141, 143-144 'lYler, A., 147 Townes, P., 138

Unicellular organisms as models for metazoan development

Ephrussi and, 210-211, 216, 220 Waddington and, 200-201 Nanney and, 229-230

Virchow, R. influence on Herbst, 82 views on stimulation and evocation, 83

von Bertalanffy, 166 von Ubisch, 111

Waddington, C. H. Antennapedia gene and, 192 biographical information, 188, 191 canalization hypothesis, 197 chick embryo induction, 189 Drosophila wing mutants and, 191 "Genes as Evocators in Development," 192 genetic assimilation hypothesis, 195-197 Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer and, 183, 191 identified organisers and genes, 192-194 Introduction to Modern Genetics, 192 member of "Cambridge group," 119 on outsiders, 181 operons and, 201-202

266

Waddington, C. H. (cont.) New Patterns in Genetics and Development,

201, 203 Organisers and Genes, 192 Principles of Embryology, 200, 201 Whitehead and, 188, 196-200

Warynski, S., 33-34 Wehmeier, E., 118-119 Weston, J., 146

biophors, 232 chromosomes as bearers of heredity, 233 germ line theories, 22, 49, 181, 231

Weiss, P. lock-and-key stereospecificity on cell

surface, 146, 147 interdependent molecular interactions, 154

Whitehead, A. N. Waddington and, 174, 188, 196-197 concept of organism uniting biology and

physics, 163, 171, 174 importance of relations, not classes, 168 Woodger and, 167-168

Wilson, E. B. championed nuclear determination of

development, 181

Wilson, E. B. (cont.) repeated Driesch's experiments, 53

Wilson, H. V., 130 Wolff, G.

Index

introduced Spemann to lens induction, 92 purposefulness of organic nature, 92

Wolpert, L., 253 Woodger, J. H.

biotheoretical gathering and, 165, 173 Biological Principles, 160-161 criticisms of Needham, 166-167, 170 intrinsic properties versjJs relational

properties, 168 influenced by Przibram, 160 influenced by Vienna Circle, 169 life as characterized by quantity of

organization, 168 view of biology and physics as equals, 161,

166

Yamada, T., 119

Zwilling, E., 150