Index

Acid sulphate soils, 108 Acidification, 1048 Adjustment factor, 156 Admiralty method, 101 1 Adsorption, 399 Aeration, see Soil aeration Aeration zone, 604 Aerodynamic

diffusion resistance, 154 evaporation equivalent, 169 resistance, 159 term, 155

Affinity laws, 976 Agricultural soil qualities, 79 Agro-ecological zone map, 695

semi-arid regions, 673 sub-humid zones, 680 temperate humid zone, 670 tropical humid zones, 682

Air entrapment, 900 Albedo, 156 Alkali soils, 109 Alkalinity, 99 Allowable velocity, 768

Alluvial correction factors, 772

fan, 34 lowlands, 1045 plain, 34,305 soils, 436,443

fine-textured, 108 Ancient civilizations, 24 Anisotropy, 84,436 Antecedent

moisture condition, 125, 128 precipitation index, 129

Apparent velocity, 233 Aquiclude, 43 Aquifer, 43

boundaries, 374 confined, 43 elastic storage, 371 hydraulic characteristics, 341 leaky, 445 semi-confined, 44,305,3 1 1

drawdown, 355,368 specific storage, 47,328 thickness, 934 system water balance, 61 1 test, 341,610

analysis, 348

assumptions, 350 duration, 347 execution, 345 late-time drawdown deviations, 374 preparation, 341 semi-confined calculation, 358,369 single well tests, 375 site geology, 375 site selection, 341 steady-state drawdown, 357 synthetic recovery data, 361 time measurement, 346 unconfined calculation, 366

unconfined, 43,316,361,609 deep, 443 drawdown, 350 medium-deep, 442 shallow, 441

Aquitard, 44,934 leakage, 356

Archimedean screw description, 966 dimensioning, 969 discharge characteristics, 967

Artesian conditions, 43 Atmometer, 15 1 Atterberg limits, 90,740 Auger hole method, 455,457

equipment, 460 inversed, 461 principle, 457 procedure, 460 theory, 458

Axial-flow pump, 966,971

Bank-full flow, 736 Base flow, 68,117 Base saturation, 98 Basic allowable velocity, 769 Basin length, 785 Bed-and-furrow system, 802 Bedding system, 800

bed width, 802 construction, 801

Bell-mouth diameter, 987 Benefit-cost ratio, 657, 1062 Bernoulli equation, 230 Bessel function, modified, 357 Best-fitting land slope, 809 Black alkali soils, 99 Black cotton soils, 108

1107

Blaney-Criddle formula, 152 Blindjunctions, 841 Borehole maintenance, 960 Boundary conditions, 410,621

groundwater flow, 249 Bowen ratio, 153 Braided river, 36 Broad-crested weir, 781, 1022 Bulk density, 92,384

dry, 387 wet, 386,481,487

Bypass, 418,572,574,591,593

Cambered beds, 802 Canal

allowable velocity, 773 bottom

hydraulic resistance, 339 infiltration rate, 338 reduced seepage, 338

cross section, 721,750 curvature, 749 depth/width ratio, 745 freeboard, 735 geometry factor, 756 maintenance, 762 normal discharge, 735 partially penetrating, 324 permissible velocity, 764 preliminary design, 73 1 profiles, 750 seepage, 514,1059

analog solutions, 334 calculation, 322,335 linear level change, 324 models, 332 steady-state, 334 sudden level change, 3 17

side slope, 742 stability, 764 structures, 721 system

discharge capacity, 739 lay-out, 727 mapping, 732 storage capacity, 739

Canalized drainage stream, 727 Canopy diffusion resistance, 158, 159 Capacitance method, 387 Capillary

flux, 559 fringe, 226,605 rise, 96,256,390,403,520,558,606,615,

653,1055 height, 391,409, 566 rate, 566

salinization, 533

Cation adsorption, 536 Cation exchange capacity, 88,97,536 Cauchy condition, 410,423 Cauchy-Rieman equations, 248 Cavitation, 978 Censored data series, 188 Centrifugal pump, 970 Channel: compound section, 763 Checked drainage, 636,637 Chemical amendments, 598 Classification

drainage systems, 637 sodic waters, 584 soil, 104,540

FAO-Unesco, 105,541 unified system, 740 US Salinity Laboratory, 540 USDA/SCS, 105 USSR, 541

Clastic sediment, 40 Clay

content, 493 mineralogy, 89 physico-chemical characteristics, 88 tiles, 830

Climatic data, 695,716 CLIMWAT, 170 Coastal plain, 39,445 Coefficient of determination, 21 1 Collector

criteria, 671 design procedure, 887 drain, 29,638,884 drainage, 652 installation, 860 multiple-diameter, 887,888 open, 848 pipes, 848 outlet, 840

Combination method, 146 Compressibility

aquifer, 328 water, 329

Compression constant, 484 index, 483 peat, 506

data bank, 961 model FYRYMO, 500 models, 27 program CAPSEV, 403,409 program SATEM, 358,361,373 programs for ET, 170

Computer-aided design, 721 Concentration factor, 548, 575 Concrete pipes, 830

Computer

1108

Confidence analysis, 185 belt, 186,216 interval, 176, 185,215 statement, 21 I

Conservation of mass, 228 Consolidation, 477,480,486

theory, 483 total pressure, 487

Consolidometer, 486 Constant-head method, 454 Contact erosion, 897 Continuity equation, 229,406 Contour lines, 694 Contraction resistance, 891,893 Contractor, 722 Control gates, 638 Conveyance

efficiency, 521,524 system, 514

Correlation coeficient, 21 1 Corrosion, 953,963 Cost estimates, 721 Cost-benefit analysis, 705, 1062 Cost-effectiveness analysis, 1063 Crop coefficient, 156,165 Crop response, 645 Crop water requirements, 165 Cropping lay-out, 852 CROPWAT, 170 Crust method, 412 Culvert, 790

friction losses, 795 long, 1025 short, 1025 transition losses, 791

Cumulative frequency, 179 Curve Number, 123,127, 128

estimation, 126 factors, 124 method, 121

actual retention, 121 flat areas, I30 initial abstraction, 121 land treatment, 124 land use or cover, 124 potential maximum retention, 121 sloping areas, I31

Cut/fill ratio, 809

Daily inequality, 1006 Darcy, 71,232,307,405,435,935

applications, 238 validity, 237 Weisbach equation, 876

Databases, 1072

De Zeeuw-Hellinga calculation, 290 equation, 287

De-watering, 860 Dead furrows, 800 Deep borings, 700 Deep percolation, 96,443,545,579 Delayed-yield effect, 374 Delta plain, 37 Depression storage, 117 Design, see also Canal, Drainage

considerations, 27 collector, 887 discharge, 175,650,651,736

optimum capacity, 738 documents, 829 drainage level, 1019 field drain, 884 frequency, 175 peak runoff rate, 142 rainfall, 116, 175 return period, 11 I study, 720 water level, 735 watertable depth, 946

Desorption, 399 Diagnostic plot, 371 Dielectrical soil properties, 389 Diffuse double-layer, 88,538 Diffusor, 972 Dirichlet condition, 410,423 Discharge

coefficient, 1023 hydrograph, 926

Dislocation of soil particles, 896, 898 Dispersion, 571 Displacement, 160 Disposal drain, 638 Distance-drawdown analysis, 349

semi-confined, 368 unconfined, 365

efficiency, 521,524 system, 514

Distribution, see also Frequency distribution

Diurnal tides, I010 Diversion drain, 825 Donnan equation, 266 Drain

alignment, 720,849 depth, 844

critical, 856, 895 discharge, 266,580

measurement, 902 ideal, 271,473,891,892 line performance, 890 non-ideal, 893,895 open, 29,827

1109

outfall, 1057 pipes, 830

hydraulic gradient, 874 hydraulics, 869

spacing, 266,716,844,845 calculations, 277,288

Drainable pore space, 46,95,284,288,402,614 porosity, 95,402,650 surplus, 305,601,612,945,946

calculation, 629 Drainage, 608

agricultural effects, 657 aims, 533 art, 26 base, 844 basin, 118

characteristics, 118 size, 143

benefits, 643 bibliographies, 1086 canals, 725

design criteria, 735 design water level, 735 field check, 731 system

cost, 737 optimum design discharge, 738 planning, 731 quantity estimates, 721

capacity, 718 coastal plains, 727 coefficient, 883 conditions, 441,457 criterion, 27,277,288,292,383,635,642,656,

706,707,846 agricultural, 635 factors, 641 index, 642

Guyana, 683 Indonesia, 686 NW India, 681 Peru, 615,679 technical, 635

criteria, 419

Egypt, 673

design

agricultural, 277,288,292,635 steady, unsteady, 292 technical, 278,288,292

detailed, 829 discharge, 189,718 equations

steady-state, 263,275,649 comparison, 275 discussion, 275 two-layered profile, 272,276,295

unsteady-state, 263,283,649 comparison, 292 discussion, 288

problem, 11 1

direct, 640, 1041 downstream, 1053 indirect, 641, 1042 local side-effects, 1044 negative, 641 positive, 641 upstream side-effects, 1060

efficiency, 1056 effluent, 1053

experimental fields, 456 failure, 907 field experiments, 900 gravity, 638 health, 1051 heavy clay soils, 301 hill-side, 299 history, 24 horizontal, 638,651 intensity, 277 intermediate solution, 818 investigation, 33, 707

lay-out, 852

effects

disposal options, 1055

network, 708

herringbone system, 847 parallel grid system, 847 random system, 847

machines, 855,856 comparison, 859 grade-control system, 856 monitoring, 723 trenchers, 856 trenchless, 856 vertical plough, 856 V-plough, 856

monitoring and evaluation, 723 natural, 44,50,306,443,610,699 need, 23,643,700 network, 706 objectives, 1041 off-season, 646 outlet, 29,694,729 pipe, see Pipe drainage problems, 693,698 problem soils, 107 projects, 1041

alternative options, 1061 planning, 691 proposed land use, 697

pumping, 638 retention reservoir, 727 simulation models, 427

1110 \

sloping lands, 294,726 sluice, 1001, 1020

self-operating, 1021 special situations, 294 strategies, 425 structures, 725

subsidence, 477 subsurface, see Subsurface drainage surface, see Surface drainage survey, 27,691

Pakistan, 703 Peru, 701

combined, 728,817,828 cross-slope, 822 operation and maintenance, 722 parallel open ditches, 8 17 storage capacity, 651 sustainability, 383 testing, 900,902,906

principles, 901 techniques, 25 types, 635

theories, 26 tubewell, see Tubewell drainage vertical, 638 water

regulating, 727

system

quality, 1039 re-use, 515,523,653, 1056

execution, 722 inspection, 722

works

Drawdown, 3 17,349 data, 346

corrected, 352 deviating curves, 371

well field, 939,942

assumptions, 253 formula, 255,313 well flow equation, 258

Dupuit

Dupit-Forchheimer assumptions, 252,264,284 Duration analysis, 187

Earth-moon system, 1005 Earthmoving equipment, 807 Earthwork volume, 809 Ecosystem, 1042

Edelman’s auxiliary variable, 317 Effective

destruction, 1043

porosity, 46,95,609,

soil depth see also Drainable pore space

deep profile, 448 layered soil, 450

soil stress, 481 well radius, 948

conductivity, 58,98,533

resistance blocks, 396 Electroneutrality, 538 Elevation head, 94,230,393 Encrustation, 899,961,962 Endoscope, 926 Energy

balance, 152 concept, 391 dissipator, 780

Electrical

map, 623

baffle-block, 786 drop height, 782 inclined drop, 786 selection, 783 straight-drop, 784

kinetic, 229 losses

culvert, 791 culvert bends, 794

water, see Water

factors, 619,643,657 judgment, 26

Engineering

Entrance resistance, 467,470,471,910

Envelope, 832 design, 833 functions, 832

filter, 835 hydraulic, 835

material, 271,833 mineral, 833 organic, 833,839 synthetic, 833,837

calculation, 893

pore size, 839 Environmental

aspects, 1041 concern, 27,30 disturbance, 1043 factors, 643 impact, 1042

assessment, 1060 checklist, 1062 priority ranking, 1063

Equipment suppliers, 1088 Equipotential lines, 243 Equivalent

depth, 268,286 drain radius, 270

Ernst equation, 265,272 calculation, 282 geometry factor, 274

1111

Erosion, 1050 control techniques, 726 control terrace, 823

Error function, 318 Esker, 41 Estuary mixing parameter, 1015 Eutrophication, 1054 Evaporation, 607

demand, 150 method, 413 network, 718 open water, 152, 155 pan, 150,166 plant transpiration, 161 ponds, 1058 radiative equivalent, 168 soil, 161

actual, 147 concepts, 145 cropped surfaces, I56 developments, 145 dry crop, 157 limited soil-water supply, 163 measurements, 147 partial soil cover, 161 partitioning, 162 potential, 147

estimation, 165

Evapotranspiration, 28,145,514,606

empirical methods, 146, 151 FAO modified Penman, 146,156 one-step, 147 two-step, 147, 165 Penman, 152,155 Penman-Monteith, 146,157,167 physically-based methods, 146 weighting term, 167

reference, 147, 156, 160, 165, 166 computation, 167

solar radiation, 171 REF-ET, 170

wet crop, 156

rainfall, 1 18, 133 surface water, 1059

Exchange coefficient, 536 Exchangeable sodium, 536

Excess

effect, 539 percentage, 98,536

Extraterrestrial radiation, 172

Falling-head method, 454 Fallow re-salinization, 946 FAO Modified Penman method, 146, I56 Feasibility study, 691,705

density of observations, 708 preliminary design, 731

1112

Field application efficiency, 52 I , 526 capacity, 94,398 drain, 29,814,884

design procedure, 884 lay-out, 816 outlet, 840 V-shaped, 814 W-shaped, 814

criteria, 670 su b-areas, 7 15 system, 636

drainage

parallel, 8 16, 847 random, 8 16,847

irrigation losses, 556 lateral, 815 salt balance, 526 water balance, 526

construction, 779 function, 835 material beneath riprap, 776 natural build-up, 897 permeability, 776 stability, 777 strip, 825

Fissure development, 914,917 Flap gate, 1025 Floccules, 538 Flood plain, 36,441 Flood protection, 636,698 Flow

above drain level, 267 below drain level, 267 conditions near a pipe drain, 891 domain, 602 horizontal, 238,273 net, 337,448,590,624,626

diagrams, 244 literature, 1067 overland, 1 17 pipe see Pipe flow radial, 273 steady-state, 347,407 subcritical velocity, 753 supercritical velocity, 753 to drains, 29

basic assumptions, 263 subsurface, 263

to pumped wells, 30 turbulent, 752 uniform, 75 1,773 unsteady-state, 407, 410 vertical, 239,272

Filter

steady-state, 408

Flushing drain pipes, 866 effect, 868 machine, 867

Fluvisols, 106, 108 Forchheimer equation, 254 Fossil salts, 520 Free water surface, 225,250 Frequency

analysis, 175 interval method, 176 relative frequency, 176

density function, 193 distribution, 191,644

censored, 179 comparison, 203 exponential, 201 extreme values, 198 fitting, 192

parametric method, 192 plotting method, 192

Gumbel distribution, 198 log-exponential, 202 log-normal, 198 mean value, 193 median, 194 mode, 194 normal distribution, 193

censored, 196 standard, 195

duration analysis, 187 exceedance, 177 non-exceedance, 179 occurrence, 176 recurrence predictions, 181

Fresh-water head, 23 1 Friction factor, 876 Froude number, 754,783,1016,1023

standard deviation, 193

Gamma-ray attenuation, 386 Gapon equation, 536 Gas diffusion, 96 . Gated culvert, 1001, 1024 Geological

cross-sections, 696 map, 696

Geomorphology, 441 Geostatistics, 84,425 Geotextiles, 779,825,833 Glacial plain, 41 Gley, 91 Gleysols, 106 Glover-Dumm

calculation, 288 equation, 284,286

Graded river, 36

Grading curve, 835 Gravel

envelopes, 834 moles, 926 pack, 49,343,957

Gravimetric method, 384 Gravitational

head, 393 potential, 392

Gravity outlet see also Drainage sluice capacity, 1027 computation errors, 1035 construction, 1037 crest level, 1037 critical flow, 1023 design, 1020 discharge, 1023, 1024 doors, 1038 drainage period, 1002 flushing, 1040 gates, 1038 location, 1027 operation, 1039 outer water level, 1003 sedimentation, 1039 storage

calculation, 1030,1034 level, 1020 period, 1002 volume, 1002

structures, 1001 subcritical flow, 1022 types, 1020 width calculation, 1028, 1033

point elevation, 809 survey, 508 system, 710

Ground pressure, 481 Groundwater

balance, 609,649 data

collection, 47 interpretation, 65 processing, 59

definition, 225 depletion curve, 121 depth change, 525 divide, 603 flow, 29,225,305,701

Grid

boundary free water surface, 250 impervious layer, 249 plane of symmetry, 249 seepage surface, 25 1 water at rest, 251

1113

one-dimensional, 247 partial differential equation, 621 problems, 341 steady, 254

unconfined, 252 unsteady differential equation, 285, 317

' two-dimensional, 240,248

hydraulic boundary, 44 hydrograph, 59,65 inflow, 609 integrated models, 622 interception, 445 investigations, 33 maps, 59,61,69

model interpretation, 69

numerical, 620 prediction, 621 SGMP, 629 simulation, 629 steady-state, 621 types, 62 1 unsteady-state, 621

observation frequency, 907 network, 52,719

density of observations, 53,708 lay-out, 52 spacing, 53

period, 907 well, 48, see also Piezometer

correlation, 66 depth, 53 elevation, 54 wetted tape method, 54

outflow, 609,615 profile in a dam, 256 quality, 56,617,936

chemical constituents, 59 map, 64,73 measurements, 58

recession curve, 61 recharge, 632

Punjab, 51 8 runoff, 68,117,120

rating curve, 68 seepage, 546 salt balance, 619

Guelph method, 455 Gypsum, 535

application efficiency, 599 requirement, 598 saturated irrigation water, 557

Habitat, 1045 Hand-dug well, 48 Hanging-water-column method, 40 1

Hantush inflection-point method, 356,358 Hantush well function, 356 Hantush-Jacob

drawdown equation, 356 method, 369

analysis, 1008 motion, 325

Harmonic

Head-differences map, 64,73 Head-discharge relationship, 78 1 Herringbone system, 847 High-water line, 739 Highly saline subsoil, 562 Histosols, 106, 108, 503 Homogeneous soils, 275 Hooghoudt

calculation, 278 equation, 264,265

simplified, 287 equivalent depth, 268,286 nomographs, 268 series solution, 268,280 tables, 268

application, 278,280 Hosts, 1073 Humus, 89 Hydraulic

characteristic, 984 accuracy, 358

conductivity, 46,96,233,265,406,487,492 see also K-value, permeability function, 424 horizontal, 436,442 map, 714 measurements, 435,708 vertical, 273,436 saturated, 415,435

drop, 754 gradient, 265,436 head, 44, SO, 93,230,251,308,315,393

measurements, 902 tidal influence, 327

jump, 754,784 output power, 969 overpressure, 489 pressure, 328,481 pump losses, 982 radius, 755 resistance, 47,308,356,439,933,934 soil properties, 28, 104

unsaturated, 410, see also K, K(h), K-theta accuracy, 425

Hydrocompaction, 478 Hydrodynamic period, 489 Hydrodynamics, 228 Hydrogeological sub-areas, 61 2 Hydrogeology, 33

1114

Hydrograph, 1,19,329 baselength, 121,134 composite, 134, 139 single-peaked, 119,120

Hydrologic cycle, 116 data, 716

regime, 695 Hydrological

soil group, 125 soil-cover complex, 126 soil-group map, 126

Hyetograph, 134 Hysteresis, 95,399,613

analysis, 175

Impact evaluation methods, 1062 Impeller

pumps description, 970 hydraulic behaviour, 97 1

size. nomograph, 992 speed, 978

Impermeable layer, 267,715 In-service training, 722 Infiltration, 96,586,588,606,607

wetting front, 461 Infiltrometer, 461,596 Information

addresses, 1089 dissemination, 1069 document delivery, 1071 quality, 1068 retrieval, 1067, 1070 sources, 1072

Infrastructure, 850 Institutions, 1084

aspects, 705,719 Intensified cropping, 1054 Intensity-duration-frequency curve, 115 Inter-disciplinary approach, 669 Interception

estimation, 148 formula, 150 surface. runoff, 726

drain, 28,825 height, 300

drainage, 298,636 canal, 727

Interflow, 117 Interfluve, 69 Intergranular pressure, 328,480,483 Interior plain, 39 Internal rate of return, 1062 Inundation damage, 736

Interceptor

Invers e Hooghoudt equation, 529 models, 622

procedure, 464 theory, 461

Inversed auger hole method, 456

Investment costs, 736 Ion concentration, 533 Iron ochre, 899 Irreversible shrinkage, 491, 503 Irrigation, 608

drainage, 513,533,652 basins, 806 efficiency, 521,632,654,1055

increase, 524 project, 521

environmental effects, 5 13 operational spills, S I S regime, 654 water

bicarbonate, 583 requirement, 523 salinity, 576 sodium hazard, 580,581

Isobath, 63 Isohyets, 113 Isopluvials, 113 Isothermal evaporation, 155 Isotropy, 236

Jacob’s straight-line method, 351,353,372 Jensen-Hake formula, 152

K-estimation: indirect, 413 parameter estimates, 413 parameter optimization, 41 5

K-measurement: direct, 412 crust method, 412 instantaneous profile method, 412 sorptivity, 412

K(h) prediction, 413 soil texture, 413 soil-water retention, 414

K(h) relationship, 409 K-theta relationship, 41 1

inverse method, 415 K-value, 435, see also Hydraulic conductivity

Darcy, 234 determination, 450

correlation, 451 grain-size distribution, 453 pore-size distribution, 452 soil mapping unit, 453 soil texture, 45 1

extraction, 455 hydraulic, 451 in-situ, 451

1115

large-scale, 456 parallel-drain methods, 466 small-scale, 454,457

Guelph method, 455 shallow well pump-in method, 455

laboratory methods, 451,453 flow induction, 454 permeameter method, 456 soil sampling, 453

geometric mean, 438 granular materials, 237 horizontal, 455 internal variability, 437 layered soils, 439 parallel drains, 466 representative K-value, 438,441 semi-confined aquifers, 444 time trend, 440 unconfined aquifers, 441 variability, 436

seasonal, 440 weighted average, 439

Kirkham equation, 264 Kopecky ring, 453

Lake plain, 40 Land

infiltration, 455

classification, 697 crowning, 802 drainage, 23, see also Drainage

definition, 24 objectives, 640, 1041

evaluation, 107 form, 33 forming, 800

grading, 803 farm size, 820

calculations, 807 centroid, 808 design, 804, 807 operations, 807

planing, 803 reclamation, 478 slope, 447 subsidence, see Subsidence use, 519

map, 101, 126 planning, 692

Langelier-Bower nomograph, 582 Laplace

equation, 248,406 operator, 248

Lateral, see Field drain Latosol, 440 Leaching, 527,608,652,1042,1050

depth, 546,597

calculation, 593,594 rule of thumb, 597

efficiency coefficient, 569, 573 equations, 591 fraction, 546,567,575,579 intermittent, 589 irrigation and rainfall, 575 ponding, 589 requirement, 28,544,546,564,584,654 techniques, 589

Leaf area index, 162 Leakage factor, 47,308,332,356

Least squares method, 205,210,101 1 Leg fissures, 914 Lime, 535 Literature

determination, 309

abstract journals, 1072 bibliography, 1067 books, 1075 grey, 1067 journals, 1073 multilingual dictionaries, 1086 newsletters, 1075 primary, 1067 proceedings of symposia, 1087 tertiary, 1072

Lithology, 714 Loess, 43 Logarithmic type curve, 322 Longitudinal profile, 721,750 Lunar tide, I005 Lysimeter, 148

Macroporosity, 418 Magnum terrace, 823 Main drainage, 699, see also Drainage

maintenance equipment, 746 system, 725

canal, 29, see also Canal

design, 706 system, 636

Maintenance canal, 762 pipe drainage systems, 865 pumps, 962

lay-out of canals, 725

Manholes, 842,904 Manning

equation, 747,755,870,876 resistance coefficient, 756

grain roughness component, 759 surface irregularity component, 759 vegetal drag component, 760 vegetal retardance, 761

Manometric pump head, 982 Mass conservation, 406

1116

Mass flow of gas, 96 Matric head, 94,392 Matrix potential, 392 Maximum recharge, 947 Measurements

drain testing, 907 drain discharges, 902 evapotranspiration, 147 groundwater salinity, 58 hydraulic head, 902 overpressure, 903 soil-water pressure head, 394 soil-water suction, 396

concept, 390 sounder, 55

Meteorological data, 167 Mineral soils, 89 Miscible displacement, 571 Mixed tides, 1011 Mixed-flow pump, 966,970 Modelling

Mechanical

groundwater flow, 620,629 drain depth and crop yield, 427 drainage for salinity control, 431 water supply and surface drainage, 430

Modulus of elasticity, 329 Mole

channel failure, 9 18 grade, 922 grade control, 923 outlet, 921 stability, 918 stability requirements, 919

depth, 920 formation, 913 spacing, 920 length of run, 921

drainage, 9 13 ' flow paths, 914,917 introduction, 926 investigations, 926

drain

foot diameter, 921 plough, 91 3

expander, 913,921 floating, 925 foot, 91 3 front-skid, 924 mounted, 923 scrubbing, 924 types, 923 wedge, 9 17

timing, 920 Mottling, 91 Mountains. 33

Muck soils, 89 Multi-criteria analysis, 1063 Multi-piezometer well, 54

Natural drainage, 44, SO, 306,443,610,699 resources, 1043

positive suction head, 980 present value, 958, 1062

Neumann condition, 410,423 Neutron

Net

probe, 615 scattering, 385

Nichols terrace, 822 Nile hydrology, 516 Nitrogen fertilizer, 668 Nodal

areas, 622 network, 422 points, 712

Non-erodible velocity, 804,824 Non-linearity, 620 Non-return valve, 990 Numerical

methods, 421 boundary conditions

lower, 423 upper, 422

finitedifference, 421,621 finite element, 422,621 initial conditions, 422 leaching calculation, 594 synthetic Newton-Raphson, 871

calibration, 424 groundwater, 620 input, 621 Cauchy condition, 410,423 Dirichlet condition, 410,423 Neumann condition, 410,423 shrinkage, 500 validation, 424

models

Nutrient supply, 667

Off-season drainage, 646 Open

augerholes, 904 collectors, 848 drains, 29,827

variable, 295 Organ i c

carbon oxidation, 477, 503 matter, 89

content, 493 decomposition, 503

soils, 89, 108,503, 504

1117

Osmotic head, 393 potential, 392 salinity effect, 542

Outlet, see Drainage outlet, Gravity outlet Oven-dry point, 398 Over-designing, 738 Overland flow, 117 Overpressure, 91 1 Oxidation

organic carbon, 477,503 pyrite, 104

Pan evaporation, 150,166 Particle-size distribution, 85 Peak

discharge, 636 drainage requirement, 946 runoff, 119

rate, 111, 136 estimation, 139

Peat, 89,108 Pedo-transfer functions, 4 13 Pedogenesis, 78 Penetration ratio, 943 Penman

FAOmodified, 146,156 formula, 155 method, 152

Penman-Monteith approach, 157,167 equation, 146

Perched watertable, 44,915 . Percolation, 96,515,606

losses, 578 net, 575

Periodicity, 222 Permeability, 44,96,585

pF, see Soil-water retention Photo mosaic, 731 Phreatic

conditions, 43 surface definition, 225

see also Groundwater observation well depth, 344 head, 50,230 method, 455 network, 905 number, 345 spacing, 344

see also Hydraulic conductivity, K-value

Piezometer, 49,231,344,610,902,903

confined aquifers, 345 semi-confined aquifers, 345 unconfined aquifers, 344

Pipe connections, 841

1118

diameter, 846, 870 drain, 29,827

area drained, 870,884 bridges, 842 chemical deposits, 899 cleaning, 866 gradient, 846,870,874 flow equation, 870

adapted, 872 full-flowing, 870 laminar, 234 non-uniform, 872 partially full, 871

envelope, see Envelope invert level, 845 length, 870,884 multiple-diameter, 885 outlets, 840 physical conditions, 895 plastic, 830

corrugated, 831 corrugations, 877 double-walled, 831 PE, PP, PVC, 83 1 smooth, 831

quality, 832 root growth, 899 roughness, 875 safety factor, 881 sedimentation, 882 single-diameter, 885

implementation, 827 inspection, 722

frequency, 866 methods, 863

drainage, 639

level recording, 864 rodding, 863

routine checks, 866 installation, 854

effects, 895 logistics, 861 post-construction check, 866 special conditions, 862 staking out, 854 supervision, 863 wet conditions, 862

performance monitoring, 865 structures, 840 systems

composite, 847 design, 829 lay-out, 846 maintenance, 865 operation, 865 singular, 847

testing, 900

measurements, 907 discharge, 902

overpressure, 903

I

I t hydraulic head, 902

Piping, 898 I Plains, 33

I Plane method, 808,810 Planosols, 106, 109,437 Plasticity index, 90 Playa, 40 Plinthosols, 107 Pluviograph, 115 Pluviometer, 115 Point rainfall, 112 Poiseuille equation, 234 Polder, 25,636 Ponded water case, 590,912 Porchet method, 462 Pore-size distribution, 92 Porosity, 91,233,481,486,504 Post-authorization study, 691,720,829 Potential head, 50,230 Precipitation, 607, see also Rainfall

bicarbonate, 583 calcium carbonate, 580 magnesium carbonate, 583 slightly-soluble salts, 583

Preferential flow, 418 sink term, 419 source term, 419

head, 94,230,393 logger, 55 membrane method, 402 pan method, 402

Probability paper Gumbel, 200 normal, 196

Press ure

Production casing, 950,953 Profile method, 81 1

calculation, 812 Proportionality principle, 134 Protective lining, 773

sieve curves, 777 stone size, 773

Pseudo-steady-state aquifer tests, 347,365 drawdowns, 366

modified, 159,168

adjustment, 984 best-efficiency point, 972,975 capacity, 945 characteristic, 984 dimensions, 978 discharge

Psychometric constant, 154, 168

Pump, 965

aquifer tests, 347 measurement, 347

maintenance, 962 power, 993,995 power reduction, 995

efficiency, 969,974 housing, 950,952 maintenance, 962 net positive suction head, 980 operating point, 984 operating range, 974 relations diagram, 991 selection, 990 shaft input power, 969,974,993 specific speed, 974 static head, 983 submersible, 957,962 system characteristic, 986 total head, 982 types, 966

driver, 995

axial flow, 966,971 centrifugal, 970 impeller, 970 mixed-flow, 966,970 screw

advantages, 967 disadvantages, 967

Pumping station, 699,965 design, 986

multiple-sump, 989 single-sump, 987 sump model tests, 987

location, 997 multiple, 853

Pumping test, 349 Pyrite oxidation, 104

Quick-sand, 845

Radial flow, 273

parallel pumping, 987

resistance, 70,296,892 towards a drain, 296 hydraulic conductivity, 436,442,443 pump, 966

Radiation net, 168

long-wave, 169 short-wave, 168

term, 155

analysis, 11 1 Rainfall

depth-area, 112 depth-area-duration, 114 depth-duration-frequency, 11 5, 188 maximum totals, 187

1119

moving totals, 187 ranking ofdata, 181 successive totals, 187

areal, 112 depth, 11 1 intensity, 11 1 irrigation schemes, 523 maximum ratios, 116 observation network, 717 phenomena, 11 1 records, 717 regime, 654

Rainfall-frequency analysis, 115, 718 approach, 11 1

Rainfall-runoff relationship, 123, 718 Ratio method, 205,206 Rational method, 137

drainage basin slope, 138 maximum length of travel, 138 time of concentration, 137

Reaction factor, 286,287,293 Recharge, 256

non-uniform, 287. Reclamation, 490,915

considerations, 588 field tests, 596 newly reclaimed soils, 490 saline sodic soils, 598 salt-affected soils, 588 sodic soils, 598 time required, 597

basic data, 694 basic data collection, 692

groundwater, 515,523 test, 349

Regression analysis, 175,205,474 coefficient, 209 constant, 209 intermediate, 215 reduced sum of squares, 210 segmented, 217

two-way, 214,469 y upon x, 209

Relaxation method, 259 Remote sensing, 163 Reservoir

Reconnaissance survey, 49,691,692

Recovery

break points, 217

analysis, 1035 series, with bypass, 593 single, with bypass, 591

drawdown, 360 Residual

data, 361

sodium carbonate, 583 soil-water content, 414

Resistance network, 296 Return

flows, 5 15 period, 181

conditional, 184 Reynolds number, 237,752 Richards’ equation, 407 Rip-rap, 774 River

catchment, 612 deltas, 445 floods, 1014 gauging network, 719 plain, 34 runoff, 613

depth, 97 drying, 561 four-layered, 567,573,594 leaching, 567 one-layered, 544, 573 salinity: estimating, 578 salt balance, 544

Roughness length, 160 Row drain, 8 17 Runoff

Rootzone

calculation procedure, 141 cycle, 116 direct, 117, 120, 707

depth estimation, 129 hydrograph, 120 rate, 133

time distribution, 133 groundwater, 68,117, 120 hydrograph, 118 peak runoff reliability, 143 phenomena, 116 response characteristic, 124 surface, 51 5 total, 117

Sabakh soil, 541 Saline

soils, 109, 540 groundwater head, 23 1 seep, 5 19 sodic soils, 540

Salinity, 98, 440,519, 533,652, 669 classification, 543 control, 28,533,652, 1041, 1054

drainage, 579 effects

crop growth, 542 local, 520 regional, 519 specific ion, 542

1120

long-term, 575 natural, 696 sources, 57 subsoil salts, 520

with seepage, 562 without seepage, 561

affected soils, 540

balance, 601

Salinization, 104,513,533,1048

Salt

salic horizon, 542

assumptions, 545 equations, 617 groundwater zone, 619 rootzone, 544 studies, 620 surface, 617 total, 619 unsaturated zone, 618

build-up, 619 concentration, 98,533 displacement, 569 equilibrium, 544

calculation, 550 equation, 549

calculation, 1018, 1019 maximum length, 1017 minimum length, 1016

intrusion, 1015

rootzone, 548 slightly soluble, 556 storage, 548

calculation, 550 equation, 549

tolerance, 542

pumping, 963 trap, 957

ESP nomogram, 537 irrigation water, 580 soil solution, 580,585

extract, 534 paste, 534 thickness, 46 zone, 225

model, 622 water balance, 609 salt balance, 619

Sand

SAR

Saturated

Savenije method, 1017 Scaling, 425 Scarification, 803 Scouring

outlets, 1039 protection, 773

Sediment bed-material load, 768 suspended, 768 transport, 765

Sedimentation primary, 898 secondary, 898

area, 67 dam, 312 dike, 3 13

downward, 610 equation, 308 open channels, 332 river, 305 spatial distribution, 309 surface, 25 1 unsteady, 316 upward, 44

SE, index, 648 Shear stress, 227 Sheet flow, 806 Sheet piles, 1039 Shrinkage, 477,489

calculation

Seepage, 69,305,443,1049

calculation, 315

calculation, 3 1 1

heterogeneous soil, 499 homogeneous soil, 498

density-comparison method, 494 estimation, 494

Silt content, 559,566 Simulation model, 420

data input, 424 SWACROP, 420,426,427 SWATRE, 162,164,431

aquifer tests, 375 residual drawdown, 363 unconfined calculation, 353

Single-well test, 341, 358

Siphon, 791, 1025 Sodic soils, 109, 539,540

natric horizon, 542 Sodicity, 98,533,440, 585, 668

crop growth, 542 Sodification, 104 Sodium

adsorption ratio, 98,536 adjusted, 586

hazard, 580,58 1 plant sensitivity, 544

acidity, 99,440,669 aeration, 492, 1042 aggregates, 90 air, 96

Soil, 77

carbon dioxide pressure, 585

1121

alluvial, 436,443 alkali, 109

bearing capacity, 665 black cotton, 108 characteristics, 85 classification, see Classification colour, 91 compaction, 477 compression, 477,480 conditions, 77 consistency, 90, 740

limits, 90,740 Atterberg, 90, 742 liquid, 90 plastic, 90

black, 99

plasticity index, 90 consolidation, see Consolidation crack formation, 492 crust, 539 data

collection, 100 drainage design, 28,277,292 existing, 101 measuring programme, 101

deficiencies, 109 depth, 97 dispersion, 539 drying, 1042 fertility, 99 formation, 77

factors, 78 climate, 78 human activity, 80 organisms, 80 parent material, 78 time, 80 topography, 78

processes, 80 biological, 81 chemical, 8 1 physical, 80

heterogeneity, 83 homogeneity, 83 horizons, 8 I

functional, 414 master, 82 soil differentiation, 8 I

map, 99,700,708 mapping, 103 matrix, 93 mechanics, 477

' mineral,89 mineral composition, 87 muck, 89 organic, 89, 108,503,504 peat, 108

peds, 90 phases, 91 physical behaviour, 537 pit, 700 pores

macro-pores, 93 meso-pores, 93 micro-pores, 93

pressure calculation, 48 I profile, 82

master horizons, 82 stratification, 845

properties, 90,45 1 drainage, 104 physical, 9 I

biological, 491 chemical, 490 classification, 493 physical, 490

saline, 109,540 salt-affected, 540 sodic, 109,539,540 salinity see Salinity samples

disturbed, 100 undisturbed, 100

ripening, 104, 108,490

saturation, 397 specific heat capacity, 97 stability, 897 structure, 90,539,664 subsidence, see Subsidence suitability, 697 survey, 99, 103

systematic, 696 taxonomy, 541,697 temperature, 97,664 texture, 85,578,833 visual observations, 100 water

balance method, 147,544 characteristic, 397,424,614 content, 92,403,613

mass basis, 384 measurement, 383 volume basis, 384

diffusivity, 412 dynamics

basicconcepts, 389 mathematical models, 420

extract, 535 flow simulation, 419 mixing, 546 movement equation, 416 retention, 93,94,397

curve, 94,397,613 determination, 400

1122

in situ, 400 laboratory, 401 porous medium, 401 suction, 94,395 suction plate method, 401

storage, 606 storage coefficient, 402 tension, 395 zone, 605

Solonchak, 106,541 Solonetz, 107,541 Solubility

workability, 649,665

calcium carbonate, 556,58 1 gypsum, 556

Sorjan system, 803 Sorptivity, 412 Source-sink system, 566 Spatial variability, 425,436,620,63 1

hydraulic soil parameters, 425 water balance terms, 425

surface Specific

area, 88 ratio, 453

volume, 494 water capacity, 407 yield,46,95,317,351,364,372,609,614

calculation, 353 recovery, 361 underestimation, 363

Statistical analysis, 456 Step-drawdown test, 353 Stomatal resistance, 157 Storativity, 46,328,350 Storm surges, 1013 Stream function, 242 Streamlines, 240

refraction, 245 Structural stability, 919 Student

distribution, 207 t-test, 221

Sub-irrigation, 529 Subcatchment, 61 2 Subsidence, 30, 104,440,477,483,667, 1046

calculation, 485 computer model, 489 degree, 479 effects

direct, 486 drainage, 479, SO8 land use, 478 secular, 486 structures, 479

organic soils, 503 calculation, 507

equations, 504 oxidation, SOS peat, 504 rate, 479 time-dependent, 486

see also Pipe drainage, Tubewell drainage rice fields, 85 1 problems, 699 soil features, 102 system, 636,639,827

Subsurfacedrainage, 29,301,631,715

types, 827 Superposition principle, 135 Surface

drainage, 29,301,65 1,799 definition, 799 design capacity, 115 problems, 698 regular, 637 sloping-area, 821 soil features, 103 system, 636,639,799

flushing, 590 mulch, 560 run-off, 515, 726 salt balance, 617 stagnant water, 912 water balance, 607 water inlets, 843 water storage, 607, 818

Survey procedures, 69 I Sustainable land use, 1043 Swelling and shrinkage, 89,440

Tail recession, 466 Tensiometer, 93,393,395 Terrace, 821 Terzaghi theory, 483 Textural triangle, 87 Thalweg, 849 Theis

equation, 350 recovery method, 361 well function, 35 1

Dupuit equation, 365,368 straight-line method, 365

Thiem

Thiessen method, 113 Thoma number, 980 Tidal

amplitude, 1009 angular speed, 1009 components, 1008 current, 1013 drainage, 1001 fluctuations propagation, 329 level, 1009

1123

phase lag, 1009 prediction, 101 1 river, 101 1 sluice simulation model, 1036 wave, 1004

amplitude, 326,331 ratio, 330 reduction, 327

frequency, 326 phase shift, 327,331 transmission

semi-confined, 327 unconfined, 327

Tide, 1003 mixed, 101 1 neap tide, 1007 semi-diurnal, 1006, 101 1 spring tide, 1006

Till, 41 Time

domain reflectrometry, 389 drawdown analysis, 349,350,364

semi-confined, 355 unconfined, 350

intensity rainfall graph, 134 invariance principle, 134 concentration, 137 recovery analysis, 349,360,364 series

extrapolation, 222 missing data, 223 periodicity, 222 screening, 175,220

stability, 220 to peak, 136 trend, 220

Topographic grid survey, 807 map, 694,73 1

Tractive stress, 766 Training facilities, 1088 Transmissivity, 46,239,273, 3 17,35 1, 364,365,

372,439,628,933,934 calculation, 322,353 overestimate, 363

Transpiration rate, 416 Trash rack, 996 Trench backfill, 834

erosion, 862 Trenchers, 856 Trenchless drainage machines, 856 Tubewell, 28, 520, see also Well

depth calculation, 955 design discharge, 945 drainage, 30,63 1,639,65 I , 93 1

advantages, 932 disadvantages, 932

equations, 937 feasibility, 933 systems, 93 1

irrigation, 936 operating factor, 945 public, 93 I pump, 957 system design, 944

Turc formula, I5 I

Unit hydrograph, 133 dimensional, I36 dimensionless, 136 parametric, 136

Unit storm period, 133 Unsaturated zone, 226,383

flow equation, 406 hydraulic conductivity, 410 model, 62 1 salt balance, 6 I8 water balance, 604

V-plough, 856 Vadose zone, 604

Van Genuchten equation, 414

Van Os&Abraham method, 1016 Vapour pressure

deficit, 170 method, 402

intermediate, 605

shape factor, 414

Varve, 42 Vector-borne diseases, 1052 Vegetated waterways, 824 Vegetation map, 101 Velocity

coherent earthen canals, 769 grassed channels, 769 head, 230 potential, 243

Vertical plough, 856 Vertisols, 106, 108,437 Void ratio, 483 Volute, 972

Water available, 95, 398

' balance, 27,513,521,601 analysis, 61 2,622,624 applications, 612 calculation, 625 changes, 519 components, 602 equations, 601,617 features, 602 integrated, 610 overall. 61 1

1124

studies, 63 I surface, 607 time, 602,6 16 top-soil, 610 unsaturated zone, 604

density, 226, 1036 development, 705 energy, 229 kinetic, 229

potential, 229 pressure, 229 total head, 230,753

sink term, 416 extraction by plant roots, 416

factor, 493 flow in isotropic media, 406 holding capacity, 95 level

fluctuations, 325 indicator, 55 measurement, 54,346 recorder, 55 losses from irrigation systems, 513

lifting devices, 965 management change, 525 potential, 93,391

mass basis, 392 volume basis, 392 weight basis, 392

quality, 719 readily available, 399 related diseases, 1052 retention, see Soil water retention transmitting properties, 96 uptake functions, 417 use efficiency, 28 viscosity, 227

dynamic, 227 kinematic, 227

Waterlogging, 513,578,635, 1041 Watertable, 609

contour map, 61,69,260,623 crop production, 659 definition, 225 depth, 615,707

critical, 561, 660 design, 946 map, 63,72,623 optimum, 565 permissible, 647,656

drawdown, 656 fluctuation, 650

map, 63,72 height, 265 index, 644,645

lowering, 1046 critical duration, 651

measurement frequency, 56 shape, 69 soil condi tions, 663 to discharge ratio, 656 yield relationships, 659

cased, 49 depth, 950 design, 950 development, 954 diameter, 951 distance calculation, 947 field

configuration, 948 design, 947

Well, see also Tubewell

computer program, 960 flow

equation, 341

steady-state, 257 steady-state, 937

formation, 952 location, 342 log, 345 losses, 952

non-linear, 352 maintenance, 960 pattern

rectangular, 940 triangular, 937

penetration full, 343 partial, 343,366,369,372,942

physical plugging, 962 records, 961 rehabilitation, 961 screen, 343

corrosion, 962 diameter, 955 entrance velocity, 945,954 functions, 953 length, 955 section, 950,953 semi-confined aquifers, 343 slot size, 954 unconfined aquifers, 343

spacing calculation, 949 system design optimization, 958 pointing, 860 uncased, 48

Wetlands, I044 Weisbach-Darcy Equation, 796 Wilting point, 95, 398

1 I25

J