ilri-kenya@cgiar ilri is a future harvest centre

Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.

ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya

[email protected] ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre

ILRI

International Livestock Research Institute

Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty

Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott,

Keith Sones & Philip Thornton



Report of a consultancy to identify priority research

opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases

Report of a consultancy to identify priority research

opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases



Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on

behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on

Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World

Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on

behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on

Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World



IntroductionIntroduction

• Why this study?

– Better donor coordination

– Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon?

– What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation?

• Why this study?

– Better donor coordination

– Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon?

– What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation?



FrameworkFramework• Study conducted by the Epidemiology &

Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!)

• 5 month study• Independent and objective; poverty focus• Widest possible consultation• Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East

Asia and South Asia• Quantitative where possible• Time frame of 15 years

• Study conducted by the Epidemiology & Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!)

• 5 month study• Independent and objective; poverty focus• Widest possible consultation• Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East

Asia and South Asia• Quantitative where possible• Time frame of 15 years



20002000 20252025

POVERTYPOVERTY

6 billion people

2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day

1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day

2 more billion people by 2025

97% of these in developing countries

6 billion people

2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day

1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day

2 more billion people by 2025

97% of these in developing countries



How to attack poverty1How to attack poverty1

• Promoting opportunity– Expanding economic opportunities for

the poor– Building the assets of the poor– Increasing return on assets by market

and non-market actions

1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.

• Promoting opportunity– Expanding economic opportunities for

the poor– Building the assets of the poor– Increasing return on assets by market

and non-market actions





• Facilitating empowerment

– Making state institutions more accountable

– Making state institutions more responsive to the poor


• Facilitating empowerment

– Making state institutions more accountable

– Making state institutions more responsive to the poor





• Enhancing security

– Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc.


• Enhancing security

– Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc.





Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor


Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor




So where do livestock and their diseases fit in?

So where do livestock and their diseases fit in?

• Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999).

• Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers

• Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable

• Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important• Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may

be more severe

• Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999).

• Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers

• Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable

• Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important• Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may

be more severe



Study Design Study Design



Study design• Defining and quantifying the location and extent of

poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems

• Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods

• The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases• What have been the constraints to delivering animal health

services?• What are the research opportunities in animal health?• Pulling it all together; disease impact, research

opportunities, and poverty alleviation

• Defining and quantifying the location and extent of poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems

• Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods

• The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases• What have been the constraints to delivering animal health

services?• What are the research opportunities in animal health?• Pulling it all together; disease impact, research

opportunities, and poverty alleviation



How were they achieved?How were they achieved?

• Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

• Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock– Derived from global poverty maps developed

in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001).

• Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

• Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock– Derived from global poverty maps developed

in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001).




• Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system

• Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them– Regional workshops in West Africa,

Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia

• Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system

• Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them– Regional workshops in West Africa,

Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia



OIETHAILAND

LAOS

FAO

CAMBODIA

INDONESIA

VIETNAMMYANMAR




• Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions– Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan &

Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses)

• Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions– Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan &

Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses)




• Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints– Generic research opportunities identified by

workshops– Disease/syndrome specific research

opportunities identified by workshops– Disease specific research opportunities for

selected diseases identified and described by experts

• Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints– Generic research opportunities identified by

workshops– Disease/syndrome specific research

opportunities identified by workshops– Disease specific research opportunities for

selected diseases identified and described by experts




• Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction

• Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction



Quantitative assessmentQuantitative assessment

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions

• … and association with livestock farming systems

• Determine priority species to the poor

• Identify priority disease constraints

• Characterize current control efforts/constraints

• Identify research opportunities

• Determine priorities for poverty reduction










Qualitative approachQualitative approach

















Objectives & steps to achieving themObjectives & steps to achieving them

















Poverty IndicatorsPoverty Indicators

• P-adjusted number of rural poor– Combines “extent” with “severity”– Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the

skewness in income distribution– …and relates it to the poverty line– P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above

poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line)

• P-adjusted number of rural poor– Combines “extent” with “severity”– Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the

skewness in income distribution– …and relates it to the poverty line– P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above

poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line)

2

6000$

11

yG

P



Poverty IndicatorsPoverty Indicators• Number of rural poor

• P-adjusted number of rural poor

• Number of rural poor

• P-adjusted number of rural poor

Rural Poor

PRural

Poor * P

Kenya 3.1 m 0.79 2.4 m

Ghana 5.3 m 0.48 2.5 m

NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor.

NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor.




Characterize poverty in 4 regions







Characterize poverty in 4 regions









Livestock Production SystemsLivestock Production SystemsGROUPS SYSTEMS

LGA Arid/semi-aridLGH Humid/semi-humid

Livestockrangeland-based LGT Temperate/highland

MRA Arid/semi-aridMRH Humid/semi-humidMixed crop-

livestock rainfedMRT Temperate/highlandMIA Arid/semi-aridMIH Humid/semi-humid

Mixed crop-livestock irrigated MIT Temperate/highland

Land-less LL

PASTORALPASTORAL

AGRO-AGRO-PASTORALPASTORAL

PERI-URBANPERI-URBAN

Rough correspondenceRough correspondence



Livestock production systems (From Thornton et al., 2001)Livestock production systems (From Thornton et al., 2001)




Characterize poverty in 4 regions… and association with livestock farming

systems







systems








Priority species for the poorPriority species for the poor

• Ranked in order of importance through discussion and consensus of participants at regional consultations

• Ranked in order of importance through discussion and consensus of participants at regional consultations





systemsDetermine priority species to the poor






systemsDetermine priority species to the poor







Assessing disease impactsAssessing disease impacts

• Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January)

• Revised & used by participants during regional consultations

• Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January)

• Revised & used by participants during regional consultations



Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index

Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index

Economic25%

Social25%

National25%

Zoonotic25%

Economic85%

Economic85%

National 15%National 15%



Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index


Economic

Productionlosses 70%

National 15%

Control 15%

Annual expected herd/flock incidence of

clinical diseasex

Degree of severity of impact within the

herd/flock


clinical diseasex

Degree of severity of impact within the

herd/flock

Current cost of prevention & treatment

% health expenditureson that species

Current cost of prevention & treatment

% health expenditureson that species




Economic


National 15%

Control 15%

Market effectson the poor

10%

Market effectson the poor

10%

Public expenditure5%

Public expenditure5%



Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index

Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index

Zoonotic100%

Zoonotic100%

Impact in affectedindividuals

50%

Impact in affectedindividuals

50%


clinical diseasex

Scope of incidence50%


clinical diseasex

Scope of incidence50%



Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia

Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia

Economic


National 15%

Control 15%

Incidence: 1%Herd impact: 2 (out of 5)Losses 0.02Normalized 0.03 x 0.70

Incidence: 1%Herd impact: 2 (out of 5)Losses 0.02Normalized 0.03 x 0.70

Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05

Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05

Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15

.021.021

.000.000

.400

.000

.400

.000

Sdijk TOTAL: .421Sdijk TOTAL: .421



Qualitative approachQualitative approach

















Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems

Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems



. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line

(From Thornton et al., 2001) (Rural Poverty Rate)

. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line

(From Thornton et al., 2001) (Rural Poverty Rate)

Study areas:

Sub-Saharan Africa,

South Asia and South East Asia



All Four Regions

MIH14%

MRA26%

MRH24%

MIT0%

MRT7% LL

1%

MIA23%

LGA4%

LGH1%

LGT0%

Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = aridLxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humidLL = land-less systems xxT = temperate

Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = aridLxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humidLL = land-less systems xxT = temperate



Rural poor

SA57%

SEA16%

ECSA16%

WA11%

Rural poor adjusted by P

SA57%

SEA9%

ECSA20%

WA14%

Poor livestock keepers

SA49%

SEA15%

ECSA21%

WA15%

Livestock keepers adjusted by P

SA47%

SEA8%

ECSA26%

WA19%

Regional distribution of poverty, as the poverty measure is refined



South Asia (SA)

MIA40%

MIH18%

MRA23%

MRH16%

Other3%

South East Asia (SEA)

MIH28%

MRH68%

Other4%

Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa (ECSA)

MRA30%

MRT32%

Other4%

MRH23%

LGA11%

West Africa (WA)

MRA43%

MRH48%

Other4%LGA

5%



The distribution of poverty: some key points

The distribution of poverty: some key points

• The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5%

• The majority of poor live in South Asia– 57% located there.

• A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined– Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa– P-adjustment: 34%– Poor livestock keepers: 36%– P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45%

• The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5%

• The majority of poor live in South Asia– 57% located there.

• A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined– Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa– P-adjustment: 34%– Poor livestock keepers: 36%– P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45%



The distribution of poverty: future trends?


• Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa

• Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

Sub-Saharan

Africa

East Asia & Pacific

Rest of World

-6.0%

-4.0%

-2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998(Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000))

Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998(Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000))





• Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth

• Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change

• Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth

• Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change



The association of livestock species with the poor


• Issues of data availability & quality• Issues of data availability & quality

Livestock demography data:

the example of disease dynamics,

disease impact and pig production in SE

Asia

Livestock demography data:

the example of disease dynamics,

disease impact and pig production in SE

Asia





• The poor usually keep more than one species

• Each species serves multiple roles for the household

• The “livestock ladder”

• The poor usually keep more than one species

• Each species serves multiple roles for the household

• The “livestock ladder”





• Pastoral systems, several species, dominance of sheep & goats over cattle

• Agro-pastoral systems, cattle predominate (except W. Africa)

• Peri-urban landless, poultry, sheep goats and pigs

• Pastoral systems, several species, dominance of sheep & goats over cattle

• Agro-pastoral systems, cattle predominate (except W. Africa)

• Peri-urban landless, poultry, sheep goats and pigs





• SE Asia, pigs & poultry dominate• S Asia, cattle and buffalo; yaks in

Nepal• ECS Africa, cattle in agro-pastoral• W Africa, sheep & goats, then poultry

in agro-pastoral

• SE Asia, pigs & poultry dominate• S Asia, cattle and buffalo; yaks in

Nepal• ECS Africa, cattle in agro-pastoral• W Africa, sheep & goats, then poultry

in agro-pastoral



Animal diseases and their impact on the poor


• Types of diseases– Endemic global (tropical & temperate)

– Endemic tropical

• Types of diseases– Endemic global (tropical & temperate)

– Endemic tropical





• Types of diseases– Epidemic

– Zoonotic

– Food-borne

• Types of diseases– Epidemic

– Zoonotic

– Food-borne





• Impacts of overt disease• Loss of production• Treatment costs• Farm productivity• Market opportunities• Human health• Human welfare

• Impacts of overt disease• Loss of production• Treatment costs• Farm productivity• Market opportunities• Human health• Human welfare



Animal disease

Overt disease Disease risk

Livestock productivity - production losses - treatment costs

Other income activities - crop production (manure, draught) - fuel, transport

Livestock productivity“Lost potential”

Natural resources - land use - settlement & migration - ecosystem sustainability

Risk management - species & breed choice - management practices - preventive control costs

Human welfare - illness, mortality (zoonoses & food-borne diseases) - food security & quality

Householdincome levels &

asset accumulation

Market disruption - access - price risk



Why the impacts of animal diseases are greater on the poor

Why the impacts of animal diseases are greater on the poor

• Impacts of disease risk• More disease

– Tropics/unrestricted movement/production system

• Less disease control– Technologies/services/evolving systems

• Less capacity to bear risk– Close to survival threshold/ risk averse/no chance

• Impacts of disease risk• More disease

– Tropics/unrestricted movement/production system

• Less disease control– Technologies/services/evolving systems

• Less capacity to bear risk– Close to survival threshold/ risk averse/no chance



A typology of disease impact on the poor

A typology of disease impact on the poor

• Diseases that exacerbate asset insecurity– Threaten & degrade asset base of poor household

under current livestock use conditions– Poor trapped in poverty trap

• Diseases that limit market opportunities– Restrict the poor from exploiting market

opportunities for livestock products

• Diseases that limit livestock-based intensification of farming systems

• Diseases that exacerbate asset insecurity– Threaten & degrade asset base of poor household

under current livestock use conditions– Poor trapped in poverty trap

• Diseases that limit market opportunities– Restrict the poor from exploiting market

opportunities for livestock products

• Diseases that limit livestock-based intensification of farming systems



POVERTYPOVERTY

Enhancing market

opportunities

IntensificationSecuring assets

Endemic diseases, zoonoses

Zoonotic, food-borne and transboundary

diseases

Endemic diseases that

prohibit intensification



ZOONOSES

Informal meat markets

Meat condemnation

Food borne

CysticercosisBrucellosisTuberculosis

Livestock producers

Poor urbanconsumers

Low product prices

Infectious

Tuberculosis

Livestock producers

Ruralconsumers

Ruralpopulation

Poor urbanpopulation

Vector borne

TrypanosomiasisRVF

Rabies

Poor health and low incomes

Impact on the poor of zoonotic disease



Zoonotic diseases and their impact on the poor: key points

Zoonotic diseases and their impact on the poor: key points

• The poor are particularly at risk– E.g. cysticercosis, leptospirosis….

• The lower down the poverty scale, the more likely to be at risk to MULTIPLE zoonoses

• Prevention is through control in animals– Sleeping sickness, rabies, brucellosis,

neurocysticercosis

• The poor are particularly at risk– E.g. cysticercosis, leptospirosis….

• The lower down the poverty scale, the more likely to be at risk to MULTIPLE zoonoses

• Prevention is through control in animals– Sleeping sickness, rabies, brucellosis,

neurocysticercosis



Animal disease impact on the poor: study results

Animal disease impact on the poor: study results

Government health warning!!• Mixture of diseases & syndromes• No homogeneity of knowledge on impacts• Experiences, opinions• Incidence and impacts on poor poorly understood• Global rankings weighted by poor (S. Asia)• RANKINGS OF DISEASES/SYNDROMES,

NOT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

Government health warning!!• Mixture of diseases & syndromes• No homogeneity of knowledge on impacts• Experiences, opinions• Incidence and impacts on poor poorly understood• Global rankings weighted by poor (S. Asia)• RANKINGS OF DISEASES/SYNDROMES,

NOT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES



Disease impact ranking: globalDisease impact ranking: global

• 20 highest ranked:

– 3 syndromes (neo-natal mortality, reproductive disorders, nutritional/micronutrient deficiencies)

– 4 general disease categories (G-I helminths, ectoparasites, respiratory complex, mastitis)

– 13 specific diseases

• 20 highest ranked:

– 3 syndromes (neo-natal mortality, reproductive disorders, nutritional/micronutrient deficiencies)

– 4 general disease categories (G-I helminths, ectoparasites, respiratory complex, mastitis)

– 13 specific diseases



Disease impact ranking: globalDisease impact ranking: global

The 13 specific diseases:

• FMD, fascioliasis, Newcastle disease, anthrax, Toxocora vitulorum, HS, PPR, Brucella abortus, haemonchosis, African trypanosomosis, coccidiosis, T. evansi, rinderpest

The 13 specific diseases:

• FMD, fascioliasis, Newcastle disease, anthrax, Toxocora vitulorum, HS, PPR, Brucella abortus, haemonchosis, African trypanosomosis, coccidiosis, T. evansi, rinderpest



00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1P

rio

rity

in

de

x

Global priorities

East, Central, Southern AfricaWest Africa

South AsiaSouth East Asia

Disease impact rankings



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1P

rior

ity In

dex

Global prioritiesFarm impacts

National impacts6

4456

24124 3 1 3 2 4

Number of species

Importance of species index.49

.64.32

.79.70 .47.67.64

.53 .73.78

.82.51

.57 .82

Disease impact rankings



Disease impact ranking Disease impact ranking

Comments• Syndromes

– Production inefficiencies compounded by nutritional inadequacy

– The “three old enemies” (WHO, 1996). More than half the human disease burden in Africa

– Poverty predisposes, and is a consquence of...

• Helminths• FMD

Comments• Syndromes

– Production inefficiencies compounded by nutritional inadequacy

– The “three old enemies” (WHO, 1996). More than half the human disease burden in Africa

– Poverty predisposes, and is a consquence of...

• Helminths• FMD



Disease impact ranking: globalDisease impact ranking: globalWhy are your favourites not up there?

• Tick-borne diseases

• All ranked, but not among highest

• ECF– 1 region, 1 species, more of a constraint to

intensification than securing assets

• Sensitivity analysis on combining TBDs– From 27 (heartwater) to 15

Why are your favourites not up there?

• Tick-borne diseases

• All ranked, but not among highest

• ECF– 1 region, 1 species, more of a constraint to

intensification than securing assets

• Sensitivity analysis on combining TBDs– From 27 (heartwater) to 15



Disease impact ranking: ECS Africa

• Neonatal mortality• Helminthosis• Haemonchosis • Newcastle Disease Virus• Ecto-parasites• Nutritional/micronutr def.• Respiratory complexes• Rift Valley fever • CBPP• Liver fluke• East Coast fever

• Neonatal mortality• Helminthosis• Haemonchosis • Newcastle Disease Virus• Ecto-parasites• Nutritional/micronutr def.• Respiratory complexes• Rift Valley fever • CBPP• Liver fluke• East Coast fever

• Infectious Coryza

• Trypanosomosis

• Tick Infestation

• Heartwater

• Babesiosis

• Foot problems

• Reproductive disorders

• Foot and Mouth Disease

• Fowl Pox

• Infectious Coryza

• Trypanosomosis

• Tick Infestation

• Heartwater

• Babesiosis

• Foot problems

• Reproductive disorders

• Foot and Mouth Disease

• Fowl Pox



Disease impact ranking: speciesDisease impact ranking: species

PIGS• Ecto-parasites• Helminthosis• Hog cholera• Neonatal mortality• Foot and Mouth Disease• ASF• Cysticercosis • Brucella suis • Trypanosomosis • Japanese B encephalitis

PIGS• Ecto-parasites• Helminthosis• Hog cholera• Neonatal mortality• Foot and Mouth Disease• ASF• Cysticercosis • Brucella suis • Trypanosomosis • Japanese B encephalitis

CAMELS• T. evansi• Neonatal mortality• Helminthosis • Mange • Tick Infestation• Rift Valley fever• Haemonchosis • Respiratory complexes• Camel Pox• Acute Resp Syndrome• Anthrax• Rabies

CAMELS• T. evansi• Neonatal mortality• Helminthosis • Mange • Tick Infestation• Rift Valley fever• Haemonchosis • Respiratory complexes• Camel Pox• Acute Resp Syndrome• Anthrax• Rabies



00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1Pr

iorit

y In

dex

Disease impact index for zoonoses

Scope of Incidence

Severity to Individual



0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Pri

ori

ty i

nd

ex

Disease impact rankings for zoonoses

East, Central, Southern AfricaWest Africa

South AsiaSouth East Asia



The role of research in alleviating poverty through improved animal health

The role of research in alleviating poverty through improved animal health

• Prevention of disease through artificially-induced population immunity

• Prevention through genetic resistance• Improved therapy• Improved diagnosis• Epidemiology, economics, impact

assessment: strategies and policies• Delivery and adoption

• Prevention of disease through artificially-induced population immunity

• Prevention through genetic resistance• Improved therapy• Improved diagnosis• Epidemiology, economics, impact

assessment: strategies and policies• Delivery and adoption



POOR LIVESTOCK KEEPERS

Diseaseprevention

Management& hygiene

Diseasetreatment

Delivery and adoption of technologies and information

VACCINESTHERAPY USE,STRATEGIES,& POLICIES

TREATMENTSVACCINE USE,STRATEGIES,& POLICIES

New vaccines

Modifying

existing vaccines

Policy, delivery strategies, best-bet delivery

pathways

Epidemiology economics

& impact assessment

Diagnostic indicators

Target outcomes

Research products

Research areas



Research opportunities for the development and adaptation of disease

control technologies targeted at the poor, and for their delivery, adoption and impact

Research opportunities for the development and adaptation of disease

control technologies targeted at the poor, and for their delivery, adoption and impact

• Generic areas from the field

• Disease-specific areas from the field

• Generic areas in delivery of animal health services

• Commissioned reviews by research scientists

• Generic areas from the field

• Disease-specific areas from the field

• Generic areas in delivery of animal health services

• Commissioned reviews by research scientists



Generic areas from the fieldGeneric areas from the field• Vaccines

– The difficulty with the cold chain– Access to biological products

• Diagnostics– Pen side and interpretable– Available and affordable

• Epidemiology/economics & impact assessment– Targeted to interventions– Impact in poverty terms

• Technology transfer/adoption/delivery– Weakness of traditional delivery systems– Research results not filtering down

• Vaccines– The difficulty with the cold chain– Access to biological products

• Diagnostics– Pen side and interpretable– Available and affordable

• Epidemiology/economics & impact assessment– Targeted to interventions– Impact in poverty terms

• Technology transfer/adoption/delivery– Weakness of traditional delivery systems– Research results not filtering down



Generic delivery & adoption issues

• Accessibility

• Acceptability

• Affordability

• Sustainability

• Accessibility

• Acceptability

• Affordability

• Sustainability



Synthesis of opportunities derived from all sources

Synthesis of opportunities derived from all sources



Research opportunity

Type of research

Time frame (L, M, S)

Cost per annum

Probability of success (E, G, F, L)

Vaccine

Diagnostic

Therapeutic

Epidemiology

Delivery and adoption

For each diseaseFor each disease



Disease Research opportunity

Vaccine Diagnosis Therapy Epi/imp Deliv/

adopt

Knowledge & tools

Helminthosis

* ** ***

Neo-natal mortality

** *** ***

FMD ** ** * *** *Fascioliasis * ** * * ***Newcastle ** ****Anthrax ** **Toxocora vitulorum

**** *

HS ** ** ** **PPR *** ** ** ***




Vaccine Diagnosis Therapy Epi/imp Deliv/

adopt

Knowledge & tools

Trypanosomosis * ** *** *** ***CBPP **** ** * ** *Heartwater *** **** * ** **S & G pox *** * ** ***Babesiosis *** * ** **Brucellosis *** * *** **TB ** *** * **** ****C. cellulosae *** ** ** ** ****ASF *** *** *** ***



The balance between diseases with the highest impact, and the opportunities for

research on their better control: a synthesis

of research priorities

The balance between diseases with the highest impact, and the opportunities for

research on their better control: a synthesis

of research priorities • Transferring knowledge and available

tools to attach the classic performance inhibitors

• Making existing technologies more effective and appropriate for the poor

• Capitalising on developments in science: the next frontier

• Transferring knowledge and available tools to attach the classic performance inhibitors

• Making existing technologies more effective and appropriate for the poor

• Capitalising on developments in science: the next frontier



POVERTYPOVERTY

Enhancing market

opportunities

IntensificationSecuring assets

Endemic diseases, zoonoses

Zoonotic, food-borne and transboundary

diseases

Endemic diseases that

prohibit intensification



Research & development categories

Contribution to poverty alleviation

Securing assets Reducing constraints to intensification

Improving market opportunities

Transferring knowledge and available tools

Improved tools, better strategies, better delivered

New tools and approaches



Research & development categories

Contribution to poverty alleviation

Securing assets Reducing constraints to intensification

Improving market opportunities

Transferring knowledge and available tools

Neonatal mortality Hygiene for mastitis prevention

Hygiene for cysticercosis prevention

Improved tools, better strategies, better delivered

HS vaccine development

T. vitulorum therapy

Integrated tryps control

Stategies for anthelminitic resistance management

C. cellulosae vaccine testing

Improved FMD vaccines

Delivery & adoption of heath services & technology issues

New tools and approaches

Oral recombinant vaccines for PPR

Fasciola vaccines

ECF & other TBD vaccines

Vaccines for CBPP & CCPP



But what about funding??But what about funding??




Beneficiaries Possible funding source

FMD Vaccine development

Pen-side diagnostics

International traders in livestock commodities, developed world

Livestock commodity exporters

Public sector of FMD free countries?

National strategy & policy development

Global markets

Toxocora vitulorum

Pyrantel + management

Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceurical/

donor partnerships

Anthrax

B. melitensis

Impact & intervention targeting

Diagnostics

Countries susceptible to bioterrorism

Funders of bioterrorism



[email protected] ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre

ILRI

International Livestock Research Institute

ilri-kenya@cgiar ilri is a future harvest centre

Documents

livestock health

livestock production

animal health research

livelihoodsthe poor

livelihoods of poor

extent of poverty

poverty alleviationhow

oxford university press