index [assets.cambridge.org] · 2015. 9. 3. · czechoslvakia, 242, 243, 246, 262, 281, see also...

Aba, Sámuel (king of Hungary), 26Abbas I (Shah), 106, 151Abdi Abdurrahman, 131Achim, András, 235Aczél, György, 329–30Adenauer, Konrad, 347Ady, Endre 237, 255–6, 256Áder, János, 353administration, 23, 33, 35, 49, 57, 75, 103,

141, 157–8, 202, 215, 226, 279, 289,296

agriculture, 82, 102, 155, 176, 218–19, 272agrarian socialist movement, 216Albe (Duke), 109Ajtony, 20, 22Albert of Habsburg (king of Hungary),

60Alexander the Great, 50Allies, 248, 259, 287, 290Álmos, 9, 11, 13Amadé family, 43András Angevin, 49András–Andrew I (king of Hungary), 26,

27András–Andrew II (king of Hungary), 33,

33András–Andrew III the Venetian, 40Andrássy, Gyula, 201, 212, 213Andrássy, Gyula (son), 234, 239Andropov, Yuri, 318, 321Angevins, 40, 42, 46, 47Anne de Candale, 81Anschluss, 280Antall, József, 339, 340, 341–2, 343,

346–7, 348, 349, 350anti-Semitism, 182–3, 224–5, 229, 261,

264, 276, 280, 281, 342, 343, 345,354, see also race laws under Jews

Apáczai, Csere, János, 112Apafi Mihály (prince of Transylvania),

129Apponyi, Albert, 268Apponyi, György, 234Aragon, House of, 41Arany, János, 203, 231–2architecture, 23, 227Arcidiacono, Bruno, 295Arendt, Hannah, 333aristocracy, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 75, 81,

84, 123, 150, 264, 274Arnolphe of Regensburg, 18Aron (voïvode of Moldavia), 105Aron, Raymond, 313, 333Árpád, 13, 14, 16–17Árpád, House of, 17, 30, 39art, 50, 79, 169, 232, 279Arrow Cross party, see political partiesassociations, circles, clubs, 159, 185, 230,

275 see also Galileo circle and Petöficircle

Attila (King), 11Attlee, Clement, 298Augsburg, Battle of, 17Augustus (Roman emperor), 1Aurelius, Marcus (Roman emperor), 2Aurillac Gerbert d’, 121Austria, 188, 191, 195–6, 262, 279, 348Austrian Empire, 143, 158, 201, 206, see

also HabsburgsAustrian Succession, War of the, 139, 142Austria, House of, 73Austro-Hungarian Compromise, 166

INDEX

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Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 241–2, 244,246

Avars, 2, 3, 12, 14Ajtony, 20, 21, 22AVO–AVH (political police), 300, 302,

309, 310, 313, 316, 342

Babits, Mihály, 276Bach, Alexander von, 200–6Bácskai, Vera, 177Baïan, 2Bairoch, Paul, 16, 95, 96Bajcsy-Zsilinsky, Endre, 289, 292Bakócz, Tamás (Cardinal), 75, 81, 82Balassi, Bálint, 111Balázs, Béla, 255Bacescu, Nicolae, 195Balfour, A. J., 244Balkan Wars, 51, 53, 237Balzac, Honoré de, 226Bánffy, Miklós, 216, 223Bárdossy, László, 282, 283Bártfai, László, 173Bartók, Béla, 233, 255, 257, 277Barcza, György, 282Baroque, 124, 143, 145, 150Basta, Giorgio (General), 112Bastide, Jules, 197Báthory Erzsébet, 119–21Báthory family, 81, 87, 119–20Báthory Gábor, 118–21, 145Báthory, Stephen (prince of Transylvania

and king of Poland), 110, 112, 119Báthory Zsigmond (prince of

Transylvania), 100, 112, 115, 119Batsányi, János, 159Battyányi, Lajos, 186, 189, 191, 193, 199Batu, 34Baudoin (king of Jersusalem), 30Bayezid (Sultan), 59Bazin, Count de, 182Beatrice of Aragon, 73, 74, 182Bél Mátyás, 147Béla II (the Blind, king of Hungary), 27Béla III (king of Hungary), 31, 46Béla IV (king of Hungary), 35, 37, 38Bem, Józef (General), 191, 198–9Benda, Kálmán, 159Benes, Edvard, 243, 298Bence, György, 334Berchtold, Leopold, 240Bercsényi, Miklós (General), 134, 137Berend, Iván T., 221, 226, 245Berthelot, Philippe, 243

Berzeviczy, Gergely, 162Berzsenyi, Daniel, 162Bessenyei, György, 153, 164Bethlen, Gábor (prince of Transylvania),

118–19, 120, 121, 145Bethlen, István, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268,

277, 279, 281, 283, 290, 292Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 240Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, 207Bèze, Théodore, 107, 115Bibó, István, 321, 324, 355Bibliotheca Corviniana, 79Bierut, Boleslaw, 302Biró, Mátyás Dévai, 107Bismarck, Otto von, 181, 201, 207Blandrata, Georges, 109Blenheim, Battle of, 135Bocskai, István (prince of Transylvania)

112, 115, 117, 118Bod, Péter, 154Bohemia, kingdom of, 41, 59, 70, 72, 210,

249Bohlen, Charles, 319Böhm, Vilmos, 254Boirebistas, 1Bokros, Lajos, 353Boleslaw the Brave (king of Poland),

26Bonaparte, see Napoleon IBonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see

Napoleon IIIBonfini, Antonio, 68, 79Bolyai Farkas, 153Bolyai János, 153Borbála–Barbara Cillei, 56, 58Bornemissza, Péter, 111Boross, Péter, 341, 349Bosnia, 30, 37, 53–4, 59, 60, 237Bosnia-Herzegovina, 212, 236Bosnian Serbs, 236Botyán János (General), 137Bourbon-Parma, Sixte and Xavier

(princes of), 242bourgeoisie, 99, 149, 151, 229, 239, 266,

271, 273–4Brankovic, George (‘despot’, prince of

Serbia), 63Braudel, Fernand, 84, 100Brezhnev, Leonid, 325, 326Briand, Aristide, 263Bródy, Sándor, 232Brunswick family, 150Bucharest, Treaty of, 252Bucovina, 249

358 Index






Budapest, 48, 76, 131–3, 178, 226, 228,230, 265, 274, 294, 354

liberation of, 131–3Bulcsu, 18, 19Bulgaria, 53, 237Bulgars, 2, 3Bullinger, Heinrich, 107Byzantine Empire, 2, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 41

Cadogan, Alexander, 288Calixtus III, Borgia (Pope), 65Calvin, John, 94, 109, 115Calvinism, 107, 245Camus, Albert, 323, 324Capestrano, John, 65capitalism, 154, 227, 266, 300, 326–7,

349–50Caracalla, 2Castaldo, Giovanni (General), 92Castillon, Battle of, 65Cassou, John, 324Castren, M.A, 8Castriota, George, see SkanderbegCatherine II the Great, 139, 156Catherine Podebrady, 68–70Catholic Church, 24, 25, 26, 38, 45, 72,

107, 108–9, 110, 124, 216, 218, 271,280, 299, 317

Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène, 197Cavour, Camillo Benso, 205Celts, 1Cesarini Julian (Cardinal), 63Charlemagne, 2Charles the Younger (prince of Durazzo),

51, 55, 79Charles I of Habsburg (Austrian

emperor), 242, 244, 246, 250, 263Charles I (king of England), 125Charles II of Anjou, 41Charles III of Habsburg (king of

Hungary and German emperorunder the name of Charles VI)138–40, 166

Charles IV of France, 46Charles IV of Lorraine, 131–3Charles IV of Luxemburg (king of

Bohemia and German emperor), 55Charles V (German emperor), 85, 88, 93Charles VI of Hungary, see Charles I of

HabsburgCharles VII (king of France), 65Charles-Albert (king of Sardinia and

Piedmont), 188Charles-Albert of Bavaria, 142

Charles-Robert of Anjou (or Carobert,king of Hungary), 41–3, 44, 45–7, 49

China, 324Christianity, conversion to, 18, 19, 21Christina (queen of Sweden), 126Churchill, Winston, 83, 295, 301Ciano, Galeazzo, 282Cillei (family), 56, 57Cillei, Ulrik, 67Clark, Adam, 171, 177Clemenceau, Georges, 243, 261, 263Clement VI (Pope), 49Clement VIII (Pope), 105Clerk, Sir George Russel, 261Closca, Juon, 161Cluny, Odilon de (Abbot), 22Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 156Comenius, Jan Ámos, 125commerce, see tradeCommunism, collapse of, 332–3Communist Party, see political partiescompromise, Austro-Hungarian, 166,

206–8, 233, 236, 245Conrad the Redhead (duke of

Lotharingia), 18Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, 240Conservative Party, see political partiesConstantine VII Porphyrogenitus

(Byzantian emperor), 11, 12, 14, 18consumerism, 331–2Counter-Reformation, 106, 109, 123Crankshaw, Edward, 174Croatia/Croats, 30, 31, 37, 53, 59, 100,

102, 168, 179, 187, 189, 202, 210,220, 236, 246, 248, see also nationalminorities

Cromwell, Oliver, 125crusades, 30, 31, 65, 82Csák family, 45, 123Csák, see Maté CsákCsáky, István, 282Csemicei, János, see Janus PannoniusCsók, István, 232Csontvári Kosztka, Tivadar, 232Csoóri, Sándor, 335, 339, 345Csurka, István, 335, 342, 345, 354culture, 29, 78–9, 110, 124, 150, 169, 171,

221, 255, 274, 275, 305, see also art,intellectuals, literature, writers andpolitics

Cumans, 31, 26, 29, 32, 38–9Cyril (saint), 10Czech and Moravian lands, 58, 60, 72,

123

Index 359






Czechoslvakia, 242, 243, 246, 262, 281,see also Czech and Moravian lands

Dacian Empire, 1, 115Dalmatia, 30, 37, 51, 54–5, 59, 73, 102,

149Dalmy, Battle of, 162Damjanich, János (General), 194Danton, Georges Jacques, 161Darányi, Kálmán, 280Dávid, Ferenc, 109–10Déak, Ferenc, 183–4, 186, 206–7, 210–11,

221, 245Déak, István, 184De Gaulle, Charles (General), 290De Lobit (General), 253Dembinski Henryk (General), 194, 198–9Democratic Charter, 344–5demography, 41, 47, 48, 95, 148, 168, 179,

216Demszky Gábor, 334Denis, Ernest, 243Déry, Róza, 170Déry, Tibor, 305, 324Dévai Biró, Mátyás, 107Diets, see representative assembliesDiderot, Denis, 150Dimitrov, Georgi, 302diplomacy, 73, 75, 196–7, 243–4, 282, 283,

287, 348Dobó, István, 105Dollfuss, Engelbert, 279Donáth, Ferenc, 303, 335Donner, Georg Raphäel, 145Dózsa, György, 82Dracula, Vlad, 65dual monarchy, see compromiseDubcek, Alexander, 326Duby, Georges, 32Duclos, Jacques, 303

economy, 32, 37, 47, 95, 100, 154, 169,215, 218, 221, 226, 268–71, 296, 300,325–8, 349–51, 352–4

Edelpöck, Barbara, 80Edelsheim-Gyulai, Ilona, 293Eden, Anthony, 287Edict of Tolerance, 149, 153, 157education, 118, 124, 147, 152–3, 110–11,

211–12, 215, 221–3, 269, 331Ehrenbourg, Ilia, 306Eichmann, Adolf, 289Eisenhower, Dwight David, 318Eisenmann, Louis, 166, 208, 223

elections, see suffrageElias, Norbert, 150, 229Elisabeth Kotromanic of Bosnia, 54Erzsébet (Elisabeth) Lokietek-Piast, 45, 49Elisabeth (or Sissi, Austrian empress),

204, 207emigration/exile, 204, 243, 246, 298–9Engels, Friedrich, 223England, 139, 196, 205, 243Enlightenment, 147, 150, 159, 162, 164,

166, 183Entente, 241, 242–3, 251, 261, 268Eörsi, István, 335Eötvös, József, 167, 175, 183, 186, 206,

210–12, 221–22, 232Erdei, Ferenc, 275Erhard, Ludwig, 347Erasmus, 106Esperey, Franchet d’ (General), 241, 252Esze, Tamás (General), 137Eszterházy family, 124, 146, 218Eszterházy, Imre, 145Eszterházy, Miklós (palatine), 125, 145,

248Etelköz, 4, 10Eugene of Savoy, 133, 136–7Evans, R. J. W., 110exports, 37, 154–5, 352, see also trade

Fascism, 264, 274, 280, 300, 342Faidit, Gaucelm, 29Fajsz, 17Farkas, Mihály, 303Fazekas, György, 308Féja, Géza, 275Fejéráry, Géza (General), 234Fejtö, Francis, 276, 323Ferdinand of Aragon (king of Naples), 73Ferdinand I of Habsburg (king of

Bohemia and Hungary, Germanemperor), 88–96, 104, 108

Ferdinand II of Habsburg (king ofBohemia and Hungary, Germanemperor), 104, 118, 182

Ferdinand III of Habsburg (king ofBohemia and Hungary, Germanemperor), 104, 125

Ferdinand V of Habsburg (Austrianemperor, king of Bohemia andHungary), 167, 183, 191

Ferenc Rákóczi I, 122, 124Ferenc Rákóczi II, 122, 130, 134, 137Ferenczy, Károly, 232Festerics, György, 171

360 Index






feudalism, 98–9Ficius, Marsilius, 79Fifteen Years’ War, 100, 105Finno-Ugric peoples, 5, see also languageFoch Ferdinand (Marshal), 261foreign investment, loans and debts, 226,

263, 270, 328, 349–51Forgách family, 123France, 16, 41, 94, 129, 142, 163, 242, 243,

253, 319, 323Francis of Lorraine (German emperor as

Francis I) 141–2, 156, 159Francis I of Habsburg (Austrian emperor

and king of Hungary) 159, 162,166–7

Francis I (king of France), 85, 94Francis II (German emperor), see Francis I

of HabsburgFrancis Ferdinand (Austrian archduke),

235, 240Francis Joseph I of Habsburg (Austrian

emperor and king of Hungary) 191,199, 201, 203, 203, 206–7, 212,233–4, 235–6, 240, 243, 244

Franco, Francisco (General), 279Franco-Soviet Pact, 279Franks, 2–5, 11, 13, 21Fráter Utiniesic, György, 91, 123Frederick Barbarossa (German emperor),

31Frederick of Hohenzollern (margrave of

Brandenburg), 55Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (German

emperor), 41, 139, 142, 156Frederick II the Great (king of Prussia),

139, 142Frederick III (German emperor), 64, 67,

78Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 139freemasonry, 153, 159, 230, 266, 344French Communist Party, 323French Revolution, influence of 158,

159–61, 162, 166, 183

Gaj, Ljudevit, 179Galeotto, Marzio, 68, 79Galileo circle, 239, 255Garai (family), 54, 56, 57, 67, 68Garai, Miklós (palatine), 57Garai, Miklós (son), 57, 67, 68Garasanin, Ilija, 180George Podebrady (king of Bohemia),

67–72Gesta Hungarorum, 10

Gérard (saint), 22Gerbert d’Aurillac, see Sylvester IIGermany, 18, 237, 241, 279–80, 282, 289,

291Gerö, Ernö, 306, 310, 312, 313Géza I (king of Hungary), 1, 8, 19Géza II (king of Hungary), 20, 27, 31Géza III (king of Hungary), 114Ghengis Khan, 9, 34, 35Gimes, Miklós, 308, 311, 323Gizella of Bavaria, 20Godefroi de Bouillon, 30Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 156, 164Gog (king of Scythes), 10Gombár, Csaba, 342Gömbös, Gyula, 268, 278, 279Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 311, 312, 329Göncz, Árpád, 323, 339, 341, 342–3, 353Gorbachev, Mikhaïl, 330, 337Görgey, Artur (General), 193–4, 198–200Gosztonyi, Péter, 291Goths, 2Gotthardi, Franz, 161‘Goulasch’ Communism, 330–2Granasztoi, György, 47Grassalkovich, Antal, 145Grassalkovich family, 150Gratz, Gusztáv, 239Great Britain, 289, 319Great War, 240–1Grey, 171Gritti, Lodovico, 89Grösz, József (archbishop), 302, 310Grösz, Károly, 334Guerdan, René, 53Guizot, François, 183Gyöngyösi, István, 112György Rákóczi, see Rákóczi IGyörgy Rákóczi, see Rákóczi IIGyula, 14, 19, 20, 21gyula, 17

Habsburgs and Habsburg Empire, 41, 61,74, 85, 88, 92, 93, 96, 103, 104–5,115, 119, 123, 139, 148, 166, 182,188, 201, 235–6, 245, 246, 249, 263

anti-Habsburg activities, 128, 133,244–5

Habsburg-Lorraine, House of, 141Hadik, András (General), 143, 248Hajdu, Tibor, 253Hajnal, István, 29Hanák, Péter, 226, 245Hankiss, Elemér, 333, 341

Index 361






Hantsch, Hugo, 192Haraszti, Miklós, 335Haraszti, Sándor, 303Harruckern family, 150Hatvani, István, 153Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm, 143Háy, Gyula, 324Haydn, Joseph, 145, 156Haynau, Julius von (General), 194, 198–9Hedwige or Jadwige (king of Poland), 54Hegedüs, András, 312, 335Heller, Ágnes, 335Heltai, Gáspár, 77, 111Helvetius, Claude Adrien, 164Hemingway, Ernest, 241Henry of Bavaria, 20Henry III (king of France), 109Henry IV, 26, 27Henry V (king of England), 58Herder, Johann Gottfried, 156Hermann (Abbot), 34Hess, András, 79Hitler, Adolph, 279, 280, 281, 282, 286,

288, 293Hohenzollern, Frederick, 55Hóman, Bálint, 62, 275, 278Honterus, Johannes, 114Horea/Ursu Vasile Nicolas, 161Horn, Gyula, 335, 349, 351, 352Horthy, Miklós, 244, 260, 261, 262, 278,

279, 281, 282, 287, 288, 290, 292, 348

Horthy regime, 239, 262, 264–6, 291Horváth, János, 106Horváth, Szhárosi, András, 107Hötzendorf, Conrad von, 240Hubay, Kálmán, 280humanism, 106Hundred Years’ War, 42Hungarian minorities, 243, 262, 268, 281,

344, 345, 348–9Hungarian Red Army, 261Hungarian Uprising 1956, 311–21, 320Hungarian War of Independence, 192–4Hunor, 10Huns, 2Hunszár, Károly, 261Hunyadi family, 86, 114Hunyadi, János, 61–6Hunyadi, Lászlo, 67Hunyadi, Mátyás, see Matthias I CorvinHunyadi, Vajk, 61Husák, Gustáv, 329Huss, Jan, 55, 72

Hussites, 59, 70Huszár, Károly, 261

Ignotus, Pál, 276Illyés, Gyula, 275Ilosvai Selymes, Péter, 111Illyrians, 1immigration, 31, 37, 47, 96, 148, 181–3Imre (Emery, prince and saint), 22Imrédy, Béla, 278, 280, 281Independence Party, see political partiesindustry, 100, 154, 169, 176, 219–21, 226,

269–70, 301, 326, 327Innocent XI (Pope), 131inquisition, 153insurrections, see revolts and revolutionintellectuals, 166, 243, 254, 275–6, 279,

301, 302, 305, 309, 323, 324, 334,343, 344, see also writers and politics

Irinyi, József, 185, 187Isabelle of Anjou, 40Isabelle Jagiellon, 89–93István, see Stephen VIsvolski, Alexander, 237Italy, 2, 16, 18, 53, 237, 241, 248–9, 279Ivan IV (Tsar), 94

Jacobin movement, 159–61Jagiellons, 54János–John Corvin, 77, 79, 80János–John I Szápolyai (king of

Hungary), 80, 85–9, 96, 109János–John II (or John Sigismund, king

of Hungary) 89–96, 105, 109, 112Janus Pannonius, 75, 79Jászi, Oszkár, 231, 237, 239, 250, 253, 255Jeanne (queen of Naples), 49Jefferson, 156Jellacic, Josip, 188–9, 191, 194Jesuits, 124, 134, 147Jeszenszky, Géza, 349Jews, 33, 37, 110, 124, 133, 181–3, 211,

218, 224–5, 229, 239, 274, 344, 345,see also anti-Semitism

‘final solution’/deportation of, 283,286, 289–90, 292–3

race laws (numerus clausus), 264, 266,280

Jewish writers, 232Jiskra, Jan, 61, 65, 70John II Sobieski (king of Poland), 131John XXIII (anti-pope), 55Jókai, Mór, 185, 202, 232Joseph I of Habsburg (king of Bohemia

362 Index






and Hungary, German emperor),135, 137–8

Joseph II of Habsburg (king of Bohemiaand Hungary, German emperor),147, 153, 155–7, 158, 166, 183

Joseph of Lorraine, 155József, Attila, 276Juhász, Gyula, 286, 288Juhász, Péter Melius, 107Julianus, 9Justh, Gyula, 234

Kabars, 12, 13, 17Kádár, János, 297, 303, 309, 313, 314,

322, 324, 328–30, 329, 334, 337Kádár regime, 321, 324, 325, 327, 333,

342, 352Kahlenberg, Battle of, 131Kállay, Miklós, 278, 286, 287, 289Kálmán (Bishop), 45Kálmán I (Colman the Bibliophile, king

of Hungary) 27, 28, 30Kaluzál, 186Kán, László, 43, 45Kaniszai (family), 57Kanizsai, János, 56Kant, Immanuel, 156Kánya, Kálmán, 280Kápolna, Battle of, 190Karadzic, 180Karageorgevitch (dynasty), 236Karinthy, Frigyes, 276Karlóca, Treaty of, 133Károlyi, Gáspár, 111Károlyi government, 251Károlyi, Gyula, 268, 278Károlyi, Mihály–Michael, 239, 244,

250–3, 307Károlyi, Sándor (General), 137Kasimir III the Great, 54, 72Kassák, Lajos, 276Katona, József, 170Katus László, 226Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, 157–8Kazinczy, Ferenc, 162, 164Kecskeméti, Károly, 163Kemény, János, 123Kemény, Zsigmond, 206, 211, 232Kempelen, Farkas, 153Kende, Pierre, 324Kenedi, János, 335Keresztes-Fischer, Ferenc, 278Kéthly, Anna, 317Kézai, Simon, 11

Khan Ogoday, 34Khazars, 9, 10, 13Kinizsi, Pál, 81Kiss, János (General), 292, 334Kiss, József, 232Kis Szegei, István, 107Klapka, György (General), 194Klauzál, Gábor, 186Klebelsberg, Kuno, 275Klimt, Gustav, 233Knox, John, 115Kodály, Zoltán, 233, 277, 323Kölcsey, Ferenc, 167, 169Kollár, Jan, 180Kollonich, Léopold (Archbishop), 134Kolowrat, Franz Anton, 167–8Kolozsvári brothers, 50Konrád, György, 335, 344Kónya, Imre, 341Koppány (Prince), 20, 21Kornai, János, 304Kosáry, Domokos, 149, 200, 245, 324Kosovo, Battle of, 53, 65Kossáth, Ferenc, 234Kossuth, Lajos, 167–8, 171–3, 174, 176,

183–4, 186, 189, 192–6, 199–200,202, 205–6, 244–5

Kosztolányi, Dezsö, 276Köszegi family, 43Kovács, Béla, 300, 313Kovács, Imre, 275Kristó, Gyula, 35Kristóffy, József, 283Kroum Khan, 2Krudy, Gyula, 276Krushchev, Nikita, 306, 308, 309, 320,

322, 325Kun, Béla, 254, 255, 258, 259Kuncz, Ignác, 231Küprülü, Ahmed, 128Kursan, 13, 14kuruc movement, 129, 137, 140Kurusu, 282

labanc movement, 137, 140Lackfi family, 53Lackfi, István, 56Lacouée, Gérard, 163Ladislas, I see László ILadislas V of Habsburg, 67Lajos, see Louis I the GreatLajos, see Louis II king of HungaryLakatos, Géza (General), 290Lamartine, Alphonse de, 197

Index 363






Lamberg, Franz Philippe (General), 189language

Hungarian, origins of, 5–8, 12, 13Hungarian, use of, 107, 111, 164–5national minorities, 212, 223nationalism, 164–5, 168self-determination, 180, 195social distribution, 79, 141, 150, 154,

157, 165, 234Lansing, Robert, 244Lajos Angevin, see Louis the Greatland ownership and distribution, 23–5,

32, 35, 46, 47, 77, 98–9, 158, 271–2,296, 301, 304, 340, see alsoagriculture

László I–Ladislas I (saint and king ofHungary), 27, 28, 50

László–Ladislas IV the ‘Cuman king’, 29,39

László–Ladislas V of Habsburg (king ofHungary), 60, 64

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de, 156legislation/judicial system, 28, 29, 57, 77,

83, 141, 151, 153, 157, 167, 168, 186,195, 208–10, 212, 221, 223, 231

Lenin, 255, 259Leo the Philosopher (Byzantine emperor),

4Leo X (Pope), 82Leopold I of Habsburg (king of Bohemia

and Hungary, German emperor),104, 122–5, 129, 131, 133, 136, 183

Leopold II of Habsburg (duke of Tuscany,king of Bohemia and Hungary,German emperor), 156, 158, 166

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 164Levedia, 10Lezay-Marnésia, Adrien, 163Liberal Party, see political partiesLindolph, 18literature, 110–12, 126, 147, 154, 163, 166,

169, 202, 231–2, 275–6, 329, 334, seealso writers and politics

Little Entente, 262, 263, 268Lloyd George, David, 259Lokietek, Elisabeth, 49Lokietek-Piast, 54Lorenzo the Magnificent, 74Losonczy, Géza, 383Louis the Infant, 13Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, see Napoleon

IIILouis I the Great of Anjou (king of

Hungary, 43–54

Louis II (king of Hungary), 84–5Louis VII (king of France), 31Louis IX (saint, king of France), 34Louis XI, 68Louis XIV (king of France), 129, 133–7,

139Louis-Philippe (king of the French), 183Lovászy, Márton, 255Lueger, Karl, 229Lukács, György, 255, 305, 313Luther, Martin, 110

Macek, Josef, 72Madách, Imre, 202Magog (king of the Scythians), 10Magor, 10Magna Hungaria, site of, 9Mahler, Gustav, 233Makino, 244Maksay, 98Malenkov, Gheorgi, 306, 308Maléter, Pál (General), 314, 318Malinovski, R. J. (General), 111, 293Mannheim, Karl, 255Manuel I Comnene (Byzantine emperor),

31Mao Tse-tung, 319Marcus Aurelius, see AureliusMária (queen of Hungary), 54–6Maria Theresa (queen of Bohemia and of

Hungary), 139–42, 144, 147, 149,151, 156, 166, 183

Maria Vetsera, 235Marie-Antoinette, 155Marie of Habsburg, 87Marlborough, John Churchill (General),

136–7Marosán, György, 302Maróti family, 57Martin V (Pope), 55Martinovics, Ignác, 160, 161Mary of Habsburg, 88, 106Marx, Karl/Marxism, 175, 223, 239, 240,

255Masaryk, Tomás Garrigue, 243Máté Csák, 36, 39, 43Matthias I Corvin (king of Hungary),

66–72, 69, 75, 86Matthias II of Habsburg (king of

Hungary), 104Maupassant, Guy de, 232Maximilian I of Habsburg (king of

Bohemia and Hungary and Germanemperor), 73, 80, 84, 104–5, 121

364 Index






Mazarin (Cardinal), 125Merseburg, Battle of, 18Mészöly, Miklós, 345Metternich, Klemens von, 162, 166,

167–8, 171, 183, 186Mezö, Imre, 316Mezölaki, 108Michelangelo, 94Micunovic, Veljko, 322middle classes, 99, 229, 239, 266, 271,

273–4, see also bourgeosieMiklós, Béla (General), 296Mikoyan, Anastas, 309, 315Mikszáth, Kálmán, 215, 232Mindszenty, József (Cardinal), 299, 302,

310, 317military organisation, 17, 19, 66, 70, 105,

141–2, 189, 193–4, 198, 209, 234,241–2, 260–1, 279, 283

Móga, János (General), 191Mohammed II (Sultan), 66Moïmer II, 4Mohács, Battle of, 85, 94Molière, 226Molnár, Ferenc, 232Molnár, Szenczi Albert, 107Molotov, Viatcheslav, 283, 287, 315Mongol Tatars, 8, 34, 37–8, see also

TatarsMontecuccoli, Raimondo (General), 128Moravia/Moravians 3, 4, 13, 16, 38, 58Móricz, Zsigmond, 276Morisini, Tomasina, 40Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 156Münich Agreement, 281Münnich, Ferenc, 314Münzer, Thomas, 82Murad I (Sultan), 63Murad II (Sultan), 65Murad III (Sultan) 87, 105Musil, Robert, 209Muslims, 31, 38, 103, 110, 136, see also

religious distributionMussolini, Benito, 264, 279, 287

Nádas, Lajos, 291Nádasdy family, 123Nádasdy, Ferenc, 119, 128, 143Nagy, Ferenc, 300Nagy, Imre, 306–7, 307, 309, 310–11, 312,

314, 315, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324,325, 335, 336

Nagy, Jenö, 292Nagyatádi Szabó, István, 231

Nándorfehérvár, siege of, 66Naples, 50Napoleon I (emperor of France), 139,

140, 162–3Napoleon III (emperor of France), 202,

205Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 319nationalism, 159–61, 166–8, 173–4, 177,

210–11, 218, 223, 231, 248, 262 seealso language and literature

national/ethnic minorities, 113, 149, 157,162, 179, 181, 186–8, 195, 209–11,215, 221–3, 218, 230, 233, 235, 237,244, 246, 248, 250, 263, 346

Croats, 179, 246, 248, see alsoCroatia/Croats

Czechs, 180, 246Dalmatians, 246, see also DalmatiaGermans, 148, 181–2, 218, 224, 229,

248, 346, see also SaxonsGypsies, 344, 346Romanians, 96, 114–15, 148, 180, 218,

223, 346Ruthenians, 248Saxons, 48, 106, 113–14, 181, 248Serbs, 96, 148, 180, 187, 218, 248Slavs, 96, 246Slavonians, 56Slovakians, 180, 187, 218, 229, 246,

248, 346National Assembly, 185, 186, 187, 189–91,

193, 207, 296, 338Nehru, Jawaharlal, 323Németh László, 164, 275Németh, Miklós, 334, 335, 337Nicholas I (Tsar), 194, 197Nicholas III (Pope), 39Nicholas V (Pope), 65Nicolson, Harold, 243Nikápoly (Nicapolis) Battle of, 56, 60Nikisch, Arthur, 233Nikolsburg, Treaty of, 119nobility, 33, 35, 38, 42–3, 58, 61, 62, 67,

80, 81, 82, 83, 97–9, 108, 114, 123,124, 129, 138, 149, 150, 159, 168–9,173, 264, 266, 304

Nyári, Pál, 225Nyugat (journal), 237, 238, 276

Obrenovitch, Alexander (king of Serbia),236

Ocskay, László, 137Ogoday (Khan), 34Oiseleur, Henri I’, 18

Index 365






Olah, Miklós, 114Olomouc, Treaty of, 73Onogurs, 9Oppenheimer family, 124Orbán, Viktor, 353, 354Ordass, Lajos, 310Orseolo, Peter, 26Otto I (German emperor), 17–8, 21Otto II (German emperor), 19, 21Otto III (German emperor), 18, 21Otto de Freysing (Bishop), 31Otto Wittelsbach (king of Hungary),

41Ottokar (king of Bohemia), 39Ottoman Empire, 59, 60, 63, 66, 85, 86,

92, 94, 102–3, 106, 115, 119, 133,237, see also Turks

Ozorai, Pipo, 58

Palacky Frantisek, 180Pálffy family, 123Pálffy, Pál (Count), 125–6Pálffy, János (Count), 137Palmerston, Lord, 171, 196Pareto, Vilfredo, 240Pasic, Nicola, 236Paskievich, Ivan Fyodorovich (General),

195, 200Pázmándy, Dénes, 196Pázmány, Péter (Cardinal), 109, 112,

122–4Peace Party, see political partiesPeasants’ revolt, 82, 86Pechenegs, 13, 17, 20, 26, 31, 32, 38Péchi, Simon, 182Peel, 171Péter, Gábor, 303Peter I (Tsar) 136–7, 139Petöfi, Sándor, 169, 177, 184, 185–7, 199,

202, 231–2, 311Petöfi circle, 309, 311Pfalz, Henriette de, 125Philip II (king of Spain), 88Philippe-Auguste (king of France), 46Philip the Fair (king of France), 42Philip de Fermo (Bishop), 39Philip the Good, 65, 70piarists, 147Piast, 45Pichon, Stephen, 243, 252, 261, 263Pikler, 231Pius II Piccolomini (Pope), 63, 70Poincarré, 242Poland, 242, 248, 311, 319

Polányi, Károlyi and Mihályi, 255Polish Uprising, 311Popular Catholic Party, see political partiespolitical parties

Arrow Cross, 292Christian Democrat, 338, 351Christian Socialist, 279Communist (MSzMP), 297, 298–9, 300,

301, 302, 303, 314, 325, 328, 335, 351Democratic Forum, 338, 339, 34o, 341,

352Hungarian Race, 280Independence, 234, 250League of Free Democrats (SzDP), 339,

352, 353Liberal, 210, 213, 215, 226, 279MIEP, 354National Christian, 268National Independence Front, 296, 297National Peasant, 297National Unity, 268, 279Peace, 192–3, 200Race Conservation, 278Radical, 250Smallholders’, 235, 279, 280, 297, 299,

300, 338, 340, 352Social Democratic, 216, 235, 241, 250,

253–4, 259, 263, 266, 278, 279, 280,297, 302, 304, 310, 317, 338, 351, 354

Socialist (MSzP), 338, 351Socialist Workers’, 325Workers’, 230Young Democrats (FIDESZ), 338, 351,

354political police, see AVOPozsgay, Imre, 334, 335Prague Panslavic Congress, 180press (printing, publishing, newspapers),

111, 154, 169, 175, 180–1, 225, 229,232, 237, 239, 266, 269, 276, 309,323, 331, 341, 343, 345

censorship, 157, 280Princip, Gavrilo, 240Protestants, 104–6, 107, 109, 147Proto-Hungarians, 5–8Pulsky, 231Proletarian Republic 1919, 256–9

Quadi, 2Quisling, Vidkum, 287, 288

railways, 177, 220, 269Race Conservation Party, see political

parties

366 Index






Radetzky, 188Radicals, 250Rainer, János M., 324Rajacic, Josip, 180Rajk, László, 302–3, 310Rajk, László (son), 334Rákóczy family, 119, 129–30, 121, 126,

163Rákóczi, Ferenc I (prince of

Transylvania), 122, 129, 130Rákóczi, Ferenc II (prince of

Transylvania), 122, 130, 134–9, 135,245

Rákóczi, György–George I, 122Rákóczi, György–George II, 122, 125, 129Rákóczi, Zsigmond, 121–2, 125Rákosi, Mátyás, 297, 298, 302, 303,

306–7, 309, 322, 325Ránki, György, 221, 226, 245, 290Red Army, 290, 292Red Terror, 259, 261reforms, 143, 151, 156, 158, 167–72, 185,

202, 256, 279, 296, 304, 326–7, seealso legislation

Reformation, 103, 106–8Reguly, Antal, 8religious/denominational distribution, 18,

25–6, 72, 104, 106–7, 110, 124, 149,179, 218, 268

religious wars, 72, 109, 112Renaissance, 78, 106Renouvin, Pierre, 197, 263representative assemblies, 42, 43, 57, 64,

66, 67, 82–3, 97, 105, 110, 113, 118,123, 140–1, 142, 157, 158, 167–9,184–5, see also suffrage/elections

Republic of Councils, 252–9Reszler, André, 347Révai, Jozsef, 305, 312Révai, Miklós, 164Revész, Sándor, 347revolts and revolution, 133–7, 149, 158,

161, 163, 166, 173, 175, 183–8, seealso Hungarian Uprising 1956,Hungarian War of Independence

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 282, 286, 288Richelieu (Cardinal), 122Rippl-Ronai, 232Robert of Naples, 49Robespierre, Maximilien, 161Roger, Master, 34Roggendorf, Wilhelm von (General), 91Rokycana, Jan (Bishop), 72Romania/Romanians, 53, 114, 173, 180,

181, 242, 243, 248, 250–2, 262, 281,see also national minorities

Romans, 1romanticism, 169, 231–2Rommel, Erwin, 286Romsics, Ignác, 261, 266Ronsard, Pierre de, 111Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 295Röpke, Wilhelm, 248Roth, Joseph, 234Roth, Karl (General), 189Rothermere, Harold Sidney, 268Rothschild, Nathan, 171Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 159, 164Rüdiger of Starhemberg, Ernst, 131,

199Rudolph of Habsburg, 235Rudolph I of Habsburg (king of

Hungary), 104, 105, 148Rudolph II (king of Bohemia and

Hungary as Rudolph I, Germanemperor), see Rudolph I

Russia, 198–9, 237, 240, 286, 347, 354Ruthenia, 281

Sabbatist sect, 182Sadowa (Königgrätz), Battle of, 207Sajnovics, János, 8Sakmyster, Thomas L., 242, 292Salamon (king of Hungary), 27Sámuel, see AbaSánta, Kálmánscehi Márton, 107Sára, Sándor, 348Sarmatians, 2Sarolt, 19Savards, 5Saxons, 48, 113–14, 180, see also national

minoritiesscience, 156, 231Schiele, Egon, 233Schlik (General), 194Schmerlig, Anton von, 207Schöbrunn, Treaty of, 162Schwarzenberg, 191, 199, 201Schönborn family, 151Schönerer, Georg von, 229Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 279Schwarzenberg, Felix, 191secessionism, 233Segesvár, Battle of, 199Selim II (Sultan), 87, 105Selymes Ilosvai, Péter, 111Serb Autonomy Party, 236Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom, 262

Index 367






Serbs/Serbia 30, 53, 54, 60, 180–1, 189,236–7, 240, 241, 349, see alsonational minorities and Hungarianminorities

Serbs in Croatia, 236Servet, Michel, 109Seton-Watson, Robert W., 243Seven Years’ War, 139, 143Seybolt, Hans, 73Shakespeare, William, 164, 232Sieniawski-Lubomirskis, 134Sigismund of Luxemburg (king of

Bohemia and Hungary and Germanemperor), 55–9

Sigismund I Jagiellon (king of Poland), 94Sigismund II Jagiellon (king of Poland), 94Siméon (Bulgar tsar), 4Sipos, Péter, 281Sissi, see Elisabeth (Austrian empress)Skanderbeg, 65Skorzeny, Otto, 287Slavs 19, 173, 236, see also national

minoritiesSlovaks 180, 189, 248, see also national

minoritiesSlovakia, 37, 348Smallholders’ Party, see political partiesSmith, Adam, 156Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 261Social Democratic Party, see political

partiessocial organisation and stratification, 23,

25, 32, 97, 150–1, 168, 218, 229–30,269, 270–1, 332

social reforms, 153, 157, 168, see alsoreforms and legislation

socialist movement, 230–1sociology and political reform, 239Solferino, Battle of, 205–6Sophocles, 111Sonnino, Sidney (Baron), 244Soviet Army of occupation, 296Soviet invasion, 320–1Soviet Russia, 254, 282, 299, 324Sozzini, Leo and Fausto, 110Spanish Civil War, 279Spencer, Herbert, 240Stalin, 295, 296, 298, 302, 303, 306, 333Steed, Wickham, 243Stefan of Moldavia, 105Stendhal, 305Stephen Douchan (king of Serbia), 53Stephen I (saint and king of Hungary),

18, 20, 22, 23, 23, 25, 26

Stephen Tvartko I (king of Bosnia), 53Stibor family, 57Stúr L’udovit, 180Suez crisis, 319Stügkh, Karl von, 240Subic family, 43suffrage/elections, 64, 80, 118, 187, 296–7,

299, 301, 337, 338–9, 351–2Suleiman I the Magnificent (Sultan), 85,

87–93, 105Surányi, György, 345, 352Suslov, Mikhaïl, 315Svatopluk (king of Moravians), 4Sylvester, János, 107Sylvester II (Pope), 21Szabó, Dezsö, 275Szabó, Ervin, 240, 254Szabó, István, 235Szabó, Miklós, 239Szabó, Zoltán, 275Szabolcs, 17Szakály, Ferenc, 82, 105Szakasitts, Árpád, 302Szalási, Ferenc, 280, 291, 292Szalay, László, 196, 210Széchenyi, Ferenc, 171Széchenyi, István, 167, 170, 171–2, 172,

175, 183, 186, 199, 206, 229, 273Szekfü Gyula, 68, 83, 138, 143, 210, 245,

272, 275Szeklers, 12, 17, 20, 113, 141, 149, 243,

281, see also Hungarian minoritiesSzelényi, Iván, 335Szemere, Bertalan, 186, 193Szenczi Molnár, Albert, 107Szepsi Csombor, Martin, 95Szerb, Antal, 164Szerémi, György, 87Szigethy, Attile, 323Szilágyi, Mihály, 67, 70Szinnyei Merse, Pál, 232Szkharósi Horváth, András, 107Szkhátosi, Mihály, 107Szolártsik, Sándor, 159Szondi, György, 105Sztárai, Mihály, 107Sztójaj, Döme, 289–90Szücs, Jenö, 83, 97, 355Svatopluk (King), 4, 13

Taborites, 60Taksony, 17Tamerlan, Timür Land, 59Táncsics, Mihály, 185

368 Index






Tapié, Victor L., 143Tartsay, Vilmos, 292Tatars, 9, 32, 131taxation and tax reforms, 37, 49, 57, 78,

81, 103, 104, 138, 158, 167–8, 175,183, 186

Teke, Zsuzsa, 64Teleki, Jószef (Count), 150, 197Teleki, László, 197Teleki, Pál, 263, 266, 268, 281, 282, 284Thackeray, William Makepeace, 232theatre, 169–70, 229, 232, 277, 289, 309,

310Thirty Years’ War, 118, 122Thökóly, Imre, 129–30, 163Thonuzoba, 19Thorn, Ludwig, 197Thurzó family, 121Tiberius (Roman emperor), 1Tierney Clark, William, 177Tildy, Zoltán, 302Tinódi, Sebestyén, 111Tisza, István, 234–5, 240, 241, 244, 248Tisza, Kálmán, 212, 214Tito (Marshal), 302, 303, 308, 310, 311,

319, 322Tocqueville, Alexis de, 211Tökés, László, 314Tolbukhin, F.I. (Marshal), 293Tomasevic, 70Tomori, Pál, 85Tormás, 19trade, 81, 100, 124, 177, 219, see also

economy and exportstrade unions, 230, 275, 304Trajan (Roman emperor), 2Transylvania, 47, 60, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93,

100, 102, 105, 106, 110, 112–13, 115,118, 122, 141, 149, 176, 180, 182,187, 202, 209, 252, 344, see alsoSzeklers and Hungarian minorities

Trefort, Ágoston, 211trials and executions

political, 161, 199, 236, 292, 297, 299,300, 302, 303, 309, 322, 324, see alsoWhite terror, Red terror

Trianon, Treaty of, 250, 262–3, 268, 280,281–2, 344, 348

Tripartitum, 83, 99Trollope, Anthony, 226, 232Truman, Harry, 298Turenne, Henri de (Marshal), 128Turkey, 237Turkish Bulgars, 9

Turkish influence on language seelanguage, Hungarian, origins of 7, 8

influence on culture, 104occupation, 87, 88Wars, 126–8, 139, 145, 149

Turks, 2, 12, 19, 56, 63, 70, 73, 81, 91,102–3

Ujhelyi, Szilárd, 303Ukraine, 347, 348, 349Unitarian Church, 110United States, 242Unity Party, National, see political partiesUralian, see language, Hungarian, origins

ofUrban VI (Pope), 51urbanisation, 37, 47–8, 100, 102, 118,

151–2, 169, 176–7, 215, 270

Valliani, Léo, 248Vásárhelyi, Miklós, 308, 335, 344, 349Vásvár, Treaty of, 128Vásvári, Pál, 185Vata, 27Vazul, 26Veesenmayer, Edmund, 289Venice, 30, 53, 59, 73, 81Veress, László, 287Vidal, Peire, 29Vienna, Treaty of, 115Villars, Claude Louis, 137Villon, François, 111Viteazul Mihály (prince of Walachia), 105Vitéz, János (Archbishop), 64, 79Vix, Ferdinand, 253Vladislas I Jagiellon (king of Poland and

of Hungary), 54, 60, 61, 64, 73Vladislas II Jagiellon (king of Bohemia

and of Hungary), 80, 82Voltaire, 159, 164Vorochilov, Kliment, 295, 297, 315Vörös, János, 291Vörösmarty, Mihály, 169, 232

Walachia, 53, 105Wallenberg, Raoul, 293Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel (General),

119Warsaw Pact, 308, 314, 315, 318Washington, 156Watt, 156Weber, Caroline, 173Wekerle, Sándor, 216, 234, 248Welden, Ludwig von, 194

Index 369






Wellington, 171Wenceslas Premysl (king of Hungary), 41Werböczi, István, 83, 91Wesselényi, Miklós, 167–8, 172, 229Westphalia, 115, 121, 125Welden, Ludwig von (General), 194Werböczi, István, 83, 91Werth, Henrik, 283Wertheimer family, 124Westphalia, Treaty of, 115, 121, 125Wesselényi family, 123Wesselényi, Ferenc, 128–9, 180White Mountain, Battle of, 118, 166White Terror, 261, see also Red TerrorWilliam the Conqueror, 26William IV (king of England), 171Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 242, 261Windecke, 58Windischgratz, Alfred (General), 188,

191–2, 194Wordsworth, William, 156

Workers’ Councils, 316, 317, 323Workers’ Party see political partieswriters and politics, 185, 237, 239, 275–6,

305, 311, 323, 324, 335

Yalta Conference, 295Yugoslavia, 282, 320

Zah, 45Zdhanov, André, 301Zhou Enlai, 319Zhukov (Marshal), 315Zizka, Jan, 59Zizendorf, Carl von, 150Zola Emile, 305Zolmán, 203Zrinyi, Ilona, 130, 134Zrinyi, Miklós, 100, 105, 111, 124, 125–8,

127, 129, 145Zwingli, Ulrich, 107

370 Index






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