Independent Boord of

PO Box 32293 Broomfontein 2017 Johonnesburg South Africo Phone (011) 403-3256f7 Fox (011) 403-1366

REpoRT OF THE INDEPENDENT BOARD OF INOUIRY FOR THE MONTH OF

MARCH 1992

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION: .................................. 1-5

II. STATE INSTITUTIONS:

1. The Goldstone Commission ....................... 5-S

III. ATTACKS ON INDIVIDUALS: ...................... s-io

IV. THE RIGHTWING: ................................ 11-12

V. NATAL:

1. The Trust Feeds Massacre Case .................. 12-14

2. The Maphumulo Inquest .......................... 14-15

SOARD MEMBERS: Prof Lourie Ackermonn. Dr Allen Boesok. Dr Alex Boraine. Mrs Judy Chalmers. ~ Dr Frank Chikane. Dr Max Coleman: Mr Briol Currin. Prof John Dugord. Mrs Sheena Duncan. Mr Peter Harris. Mr Peler Kerchholl. Mrs Lydia Kompe. Mrs Emma Mashinini. Br Jude Pieferse. Archbisnop Desmond Tulu

VI. REEF VIOLENCE:

1 . Alexandra •..•...•••••...••••..••.•..... ; ..•.•.. 15-19

2. Soweto .••.•••....••••.•.•.••••••.•.•....•.••.. ,.19-20

3. East Rand .•..••........••...................... 20-21

4. Weapons .......•........•....................... 21-22

5. Train Attacks • ..•.......•..•••......•.......... 22-25

VII. CONCLUSION: •••••••••••••••••••••••• : •••••••••••• 25

I. INTRODUCTION

In the 25 days following the state,President's announcement

that he would hold a referendum on the question of

negotiations 308 people lost their lives and 631 people were

injured . March has also seen an increase in the number of

train attacks to an all ·time high of 27 since the attacks

began in July 1990. Hostels continue to be the focal point of

violence in the Reef townships. In Soweto, residents fiving :s

in Meadowlands, Jabulani and Dob~onville have all come under ?: .~

attack from hostel dwellers. In Alexandra, north of ! Johannesburg, residents have called for the closure of the ii'

Madala hostel which was the scene of several clashes between

the inmates and residents. Snipers operating in the hostel

killed at least 10 people making their way to work along a

road bordering the hostel.

In the Board's February report the implementation of the

c; National Peace Accord (NPA) at the grass roots level was put

under the spotlight. One of the essential aspects of the NPA

is the impartiality of the police and their willingness to

accept help from organisations and individuals working in

various communities. Our experience is that we have been

unable to assist members of the South African Police (SAP) to

the best of our abilities due to their negative attitude

towards "outsiders" assisting them.

-2-

Despite the many calls in the media by the South African

Police for witnesses to come forward and assist the police,

when attempts are made to facilitate this, we often find

ourselves arr ested or accused of tampering with or changing

statements. One of our researchers who has been involved . in

investigating the shooting of an African National Congress

member in Sharpeville was accused by a members of the SAP,

right in front of an Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) hostel, of

being involved in the burning down of IFP houses in the area.

Board r .esearchers have also encountered problems with the SAP

while assisting the legal teams at the Thokoza Commission

which is investigating the massacre of 23 Inkatha supporters

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on September 8, 1991, the assassination of civic leader Sam

Ntuli in late September and the deaths that occurred after

Ntuli's funeral on October 7 1991. One rese'archer came under

fire at the commission from counsel for the SAP for allegedly (

telling witnesses not to co-operate with the police. The

researcher, however, was followed by two white men in a kombi

whilst st~t~ments, were being taken from potential witnesses.

Whenever the researcher entered a · house the kombi parked a .

few doors away. When the researcher left the house, the kombi

then parked outside the house where the researcher had just .

been.

-3-,.

In Alexandra the Board has assisted several members of the

community in the laying of charges at the local police

station after,' attempts by the residents to do so themselves

failed . One resident who was allegedly assaulted by members

of the SAP tried to lay a charge at the Wynberg Police

Station but was informed by a policewoma n in the charge

office that she could not accept his case as there were no

dockets. The man, with the assistance of the Board, later

laid a charge of assault .

In previous monthly reports the Board has highlighted its

role in assisting the police investigation into allegations

of torture and extra-judicial executions at the Welverdiend

and Carletonville police stations. Although the Welverdi'end

Police station has been closed down and 11 policemen have

been suspended the investigation has not been without its

problems. The investigation from the begining has been marked

by a lack of sincerity on the part of the local police in the

area. It is the Board's perception that the investigation

team, brought in from Pretoria an~ commanded by Colonel stear

were not given full co- operation by the local police station.

The Board believes that every attempt was made to undermine

the investigation.

-4-

During the first weeks of the investigation four local '

residents were detained and allegedly tortured by members of

the Welverdiend Unrest Unit the very subject of the

investigation.

Residents in the township are beginning to ask: What is the

price of co-operation? No fewer that nine pe.ople have been

arrested and/or charged in a court of law after having given

evidence against the police, generally assisting the

investigation or laying a complaint at the Carletonville

charge office against members of the force. To date two

people have had their charges withdrawn following a

recommendation by the Attorney General, two were acquitted

and one was discharged following the presentation of the

state's case. At least six formal complaints -one of

attempted murder and five of assault - have been lodged

against the police since the inquiry began. Three of the

complainants and two of the potential witnesses were later

arrested .

witnesses have th,reatened and warned that they are "not far

off from the mortuary". The Board's researcher and the local

ANC chairperson were told that a certain suspended policeman

had plans to eliminate them as they were the cause of the

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-5-

suspensions Qf members of the force. ~

The Board believes that the bail conditions set at the time

of the researchers arrest for allegedly intimidating a police

officer were to try and circumvent the investigation. The

bail conditions were that the researcher and the local ANC

chairperson were not allowed within 500 metres of the

Carletonville police station and magistrate's court.

The above highlights the fact that, despite the best

intentions by senior police officers to investigate police

irregularities, the attitude of their more junior colleagues

often leaves much to be desired.

That this need not be the case is shown by the Trust feeds

case in Natal, which is fully detailed in that section.

II. STATE INSTITUTIONS

1. The Goldstone commission

The second session of the Goldstone Commission enquiring into

the activities of SADF "front comp~nies"and the 200 Zulu men

-6-

trained in the Caprivi sat in Pretoria from February 25 to

March 4. The key witnesses at this session were Brigadier

Mathe of the Kwa-Zulu Police (KZP); Melchidizec Zakhele (MZ)

Khumalo ex personal assistant to Inkatha president Mangosuthu

Buthelezi and Mbongeni Khumalo ex Inkatha Youth Brigade (IYB)

organiser.

Brigadier Mathe contradicted evidence that he had given at

the earlier session of the Commission in Cape Town. At the

Cape Town hearings Mathe had said that all 200 caprivi

trainees received KZP ID cards, but in Pretoria he said that

only 78 trainees received such cards. The - Commission

Chairman, Mr. Justice Richard Goldstone questioned Mathe as

to how he could contradict himself in this manner. Mathe was

unable to provide a satisfactory answer to this question.

Mathe said that any information on the trainees should be

addressed to MZ Khumalo as he was the person who was in

charge of the project. Mathe also failed to provide the

Commission with documentation relating to the trainees which

he had undertaken to provide at the Cape Town hearings.

MZ Khumalo testified that_ the training of the Caprivi 200 was

undertaken by a firm called Swart Security and that funding

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-7-

for the projebt was provided by a firm called Richards

Appointments. At the time Khumalo believed these two to be

private companies and it was only some time later that he

became aware that the funding and training was being done by

the South African Defence Force (SADF). He did not enquire at

the time as to whom these companies represented. Justice

Goldstone remarked that Khumalo's lack of inquisitiveness

"boggles the imagination". Khumalo admitted that the SADF had

spent millions of rand on the project and subsequent payments j

to the trainees:

He contradicted himself as to whether Buthelezi knew that the

funding came from the SADF. At first he said that Buthelezi

had known and then he said that he did not, because if he had

known he would never have approved of the project. He also

contradicted Mathe and said that Mathe had never approached

him for documentary evidence about the trainees. He alleged

Q)" that the crucial person to provide information on the

trainees was Mathe himself.

He also admitted to the fact that he had been dishonest and

lied in the past on a number of occasions. This was in

response to questions relating to his convictions on charges

-8-

of fraud and theft. He insisted, however, that he had been

completely honest with the Commission. The substance of his

allegations was not really challenged during this cross

examination.

The Commission resumes its hearings on April 7.

III . ATTACKS ON INDIVIDUALS

Townships in the Vaal triangle have experienced a spate of

killings of activists, particularly members of the ANC's

armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). The latest death was that

of south African Communist Party (SACP) official Saul

Tsotetsi. According to the SACP, Tsotetsi died while being

attacked by a group of five men.

However, spokesperson for the SAP said: lOA handgrenade

exploded in Tsotestsi's hands, killing him, Elias Motloung

and Alfred Yika instantly. Two other men injured in the

explosion were taken to hospital .

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-9-

Tensions in Sharpeville are running high following the

killing of at least five ANC members in three months : I.n the

latest incident, a young ANC activist and key witness to the

killing of Andries Molebatsi, Doctor Motsitsi, was found dead

outside his grandparents home. The Board had .taken a

statement from Doctor Motsitsi who claimed that Molebatsi .. 'as

shot dead by Constable Skuta Marumo on March 1.

Tsepo Lengwati (24) a member of MK was shot dead while

accompanying police on their investigations in Sharpeville .

Prior to his death Lengwati had made a statement to his

lawyer in which he stated that he feared for his life. He

also laid a charge of assault against the investigating

officer Sergeant Pedro Peens . Peens was the la·st person to

see Lengwati alive.

Police claim that Lengwati was killed when the police vehicle

he was travelling in came under attack. According to the

police he was shot in the neck and head . An independent

pathologist however says that he found 17 bullets in

Lengwati's body all 17 had penetrated him from the front. Of

the seven people arrested with Lengwati for an alleged murder

of a police officer and a robbery in Vanderbijlpark, three

-10-

are dead. One died while allegedly fleeing the scene, one in

custody and one in a shoot out with police in Soweto. The

Board has subsequently discovered that the police vehicle

which took Lengwati into Sharpeville the day he was killed,

was uS'ing false number plates.

The Board is also currently investigating a case where

eyewitnesses claim that two 2l-year-olds , Rangwani Lifiedi

and Thabo Mosebi, both members of the ANC were shot dead by

police during r aid on a Sharpeville home. A week prior to his

death Lifiedi's brother Kgabi was picked up by members of the

SAP based in sebokeng. Amongst them was Constable Skuta

Marumo and he asked about the whereabouts of Liefiedi. Kgabi

was told that the police were aware that Rangwani was not

staying at home and that he was moving from house to house.

Kgabi was told that the minute his brother was found they

would destroy that house and all in it.

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-11-

IV. RIGHT WING.

1. The Orde Boerevolk (OB) Bombers .

As detailed in earlier reports, three members of the ultra

right ~ing group the Orde Boerevolk (OB), Adriaan Maritz,

Henry Martin and Lood Van Schalkwyk were charged with one

count of murder, two counts of attempted murder and two

counts of malicious damage to property. These charges arise

out of two bomb blasts in 1990, one in Durban and one in

Pretoria. Whilst the .three were awaiting trial they allegedly

went on a hunger strike, although medical tests done at the

end of the strike cast severe doubts on wether the men had in

fact stopped eating. The three were then granted bail and

Maritz and Martin fled to England.

Early in March, Maritz gave an interview to the British

Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in which he claimed that the

parcel bomb, which killed Durban computer operator, Nicholas

Cruise, was posted by a security Policeman, Warrant Officer

Steyl Abrie. Maritz alleged that he was working for Military

Intelligence at the time of both b~mbings. The SAP strongly

denied any involvement in the bombing, stating that Abrie was

a constable at the time of the incident and that he had never

been a member of the Security police .

-12-

Fellow accused, Lood Van Schalkwyk, went on trial on the

charges in mid March . He pleaded guilty to all the charges.

Abrie, who had been granted indemnity on the charges under

the c r iminal Procedure Act , admitted to posting the parcel

bomb on the request of Van Schalkwyk and claimed that the

bomb had actually been built by Maritz and Martin. After the

bomb went off, killing cruise, Abrie confessed his role in

the events to his father, a Colonel in the Security Police.

Arguing in his defence, Van Schalkwyk's counsel alleged that

the initiative for both bombings came from Maritz and Martin.

Despite the fact that the state asked for a sentence of life

imprisonment, Justice OJ Curlewis sentenced Van Schalkwyk to

death . Legal experts point out that this raises problems with

the possible ext~adition of Maritz and Martin, as British law

does not allow this if there is a poss-i l5i·lity of offenders

being s e ntenced to death .

V. NATAL .

1 . The Trust Feeds Massacre Case

(For details on this incident, see earlier reports) .

captain Brian Mitchell, one of the accused in the case, has

changed his plea of not guilty to guilty .

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-13-

His plea was changed due to a new found religious conviction.

" In giving evidence he admitted that he had ordered special

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Constables to kill united Democratic Front (UDF) members in

the Trust Feeds area but that he had never intended them to

kill women and children.

He believed that the special Constables would get information

on the whereabouts of UDF members from local Inkatha leader,

Jerome Gabela. Mitchell said that he saw himself as a soldier

fighting ~n a civil war and that he was on the side of the

government. He sympathised with Inkatha ,as he did not see

them as part of the "revolutionary onslaught". He brought the

special Constables into the area for the specific purpose of

integrating with Inkatha and killing members of the UDF.

Shortly before the attack a "prevention of crime" operation

was carried out in the area by the Riot Control'Unit.

According to Mitchell the aim of this was to remove a number

of young men from the UDF "fighting force " and to seize

weapons belonging to UDF supporters.This would make them

vulnerable to an Inkatha attack.

After a meeting between Gabela, the late Major Deon

Terblanche of the Riot Control unit , and Inkatha leader, David

Ntombela, Mitchell gained the impression that Terblanche ~nd

Ntombela had told Gabela to attack the UDF in Trust Feeds and

that Special Constables would be provided to assist him.

-14-

special constable; Kehla Ngubane, one of Mitchell's co-accused, disputed aspects of his evidence. He claims that Mitchell pointed out the house which was to be attacked and that he, Mitchell, fired shots into the house himself. More disturbing facts have emerged from the evidence of Special Constable Thabo Sikhosana and Special Sergeant Dumisane Ndwal~e, another two accused.

Sikhosana alleges that after the attack he was told by his co-accused Sergeant Neville Rose to run away and hide. He also claims that when he tried to give his version of events to Colonel Langenhoven he was shouted at and told he was a liar . Chief investigating officer, Captain Dutton, said that he had had reservations about this interrogation. In a similar vein, Ndwalane, claimed that co-accused, Captain Jacobus Van den Heever threatened to kill him if he did not go into hiding.

The trial continues.

2. The Maphumulo Inguest

A finding was given .in this matter on March 16. Mr. Justice Page found that unknown people were responsible for the killing.

-15-

He found that the evidence of sipho Mdladla, who had

implicated menib~rs of the SAP and MI, to be false. The

security forces were thus cleared of any involvement in the

murder.

VI . REEF - VIOLENCE

The role of hostels in fermenting the Reef violence has corne

sharply into focus this month . Both in Alexandra and Soweto

the hostels have been at the centre of the violence .

1 . Alexandra

The Madala Hostel in Alexandra Township is built on a rise

and it has a commanding view of the township. There has not

always been tension between the community and the hostel

dwellers. The first attacks in Alexandra began almost a year

ago when the original hostel inmates claimed they were

trapped outside the hostel because of "foreign" elements who

had taken it over. A shebeen owner who refused to be named at

the time said: "I know almost all the inmates in the hostel

and I can give you a guarantee that all those in the hostel

at the moment are not residents there (sowetan 11/2/1991).

-16-

The current violence was sparked off when members of the IFP

attempted to bury one of their alleged members in the local

graveyard . The Board has been able , to establish that the man

was killed during a quarrel over a woman and it is believed

that the local IFP leadership decided to politicise the

funeral. The Board also received information that a meeting

was held at the George Goch hostel in Johannesburg to plan

the funeral. This was done with the full knowledge that any

attempt to bury an IFP "supporter" in the Alexandra cemetery

could be met by strong resistance from the community.

On March 7, hundreds of IFP. supporters .gathered at the Madala

hostel for the funeral. As the procession left the hostel

they came under attack from unknown gunmen . According to a

photographer on the scene pandemonium broke out. He said that

many people in the crowd were wearing red head bands and w.ere

carrying dangerous weapons . The photographer said that the

"men in the crowd seemed to be looking for trouble" .

Following the ambush the funeral was postponed. A week later

IFP supporters once again gathered at the Madala hostel for

the funeral. Police appealed to the hostel dwellers to

abandon their weapons but these requests failed to prevent

the 'mourners rampaging through the township, leaving at least

two people dead and several injured in their wake.

-17-

As the hostel dw~llers surged. out of the hostel gates police

came under sniper 'fire from the hostel.

Sniping from the Madala hostel is not unusual . On March 9,

four residents on their way to work were shot by snipers

operating from the hostel winqows . Traffic officials cordoned

off the area in an attempt to stop people walking in that

direction, but five other people were injured in the area

when they were shot at after the traffic officials left the

scene. Snipers have on more than one occasion brought

schooling to a halt when they fired on primary school

children making their way to school. Snipers again opened

fire on residents on March 16 forcing many to flee their

homes, which border the hostel, .under -police protection.

Members of the SAP then searched the hostel and confiscated

three rifles , a hand gun and some ammunition. The local IFP

leader in the area, Simon Nxumalo, s~id that the sniper

attacks were acts of vengence following the ambush on the

funeJ;"al.

For the second time in a year residents living in the areas

close to the Madala hostel have fled from their homes. ,

Residents claim that their homes have now been occupied by

IFP members.

-18-

One resident Zora Fox (37) claimed that her house was raided by a group of men who demanded that she produce an' IFP

membership card. When she said she was apolitical, the men

said they would return for her after rounding up the other

residents. She fled before they returned. Residents in the

area allege that they are asked questions to determine

whether they are bona fide IF'P members, ' or whether they just

purchased membership cards in the hope that they would offer

some sort of protection against attack. Residents conceded

that they took out membership with the IFP in the hope that

this would protect them. Residents say that adults have to

pay R5 a month to the IFP and R3 is charged per month for

each child in the home.

Despite various peace initiatives in the area, there are

certain elements, particularly in the hostel, who are

determined to undermine the peace process in the area. The

Reverend Samson Makhalemele, a member of the Alexandra Peace

Forum, was abducted by hostel dwellers during the second week of March . Makhalemele said the people who abducted him were

aware that he was involved in peace initiatives in Alexandra.

Makhalemele was warned about his involvement in "this peace

committee".

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Makhalem~le said that his major concern was that several

women and: childrJ n are being held in the hostel against their

will and are the subject of brutal attacks by hostel inmates.

On Thursday March 26, Alexandra residents attempted to march

on the Madala hostel. Permission for the march had been not

been granted by a magistrate, but the residents decided to

march despite this. The police intervened and over 100 people

were treated at the Alexandra Clinic for shotgun injuries.

The residents have demanded that the Madala hostel be

converted into family units, that the present occupants leave

the hotel and that they be provided with alternative

accommodation in the township until the alterations are

completed.

2. Soweto

Violence in Soweto .continues to be focused in areas where

hostels are situated. Hostel dwellers and residents in

Meadowlands face each other across a row of burnt out houses.

The conflict in the area has claimed the lives of at least a

dozen people. The community has been polarised to such a ,

degree that one can be killed for no other reason than living

on the wrong side of the street. A .photographer and a TV crew

were attacked in Meadowlands when a hand grenade was thrown

-20-

at them. In a second hand grenade attack, several commuters

were injured when an unknown person threw a handgrenade at a

line of people waiting to board a taxi.

Dobsonville has been the scene of running battles between

residents and hostel inmates. A house in the area was

attacked twice and the occupants believe that the attackers

carne from the hostel. In Mzimhlope at least one woman was

shot dead and another left paralysed after residents of the

area claim they were attacked by heavily armed inmates from

the nearby men's hostel.

3. East Rand

Violence on the East Rand continues, despite the presence of

a newly resuscitated Local Dispute Resolution Committee. In

one of the worst incidents of violence thus far, five men

were found shot near the Kwesini hostel in Katlehong. The

men's hands had been bound behind their back. Spent AK47

cartridges were found near the bodies. A further two bodies

were found near the Mazibuko hostel.

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In a a further deve"lopment a .witness has told the Weekly Mail

of a "human. abattoir" in a Thokoza hostel , where abducted

township residents are butchered and body parts removed for

use as stre~9th-giv1ng muti . A woman claimed that she lived

at the hoste~ between April and December last year, at the

height of the of the bloody conflict between Inkatha

supporting hostel dwellers and residents . She said that she

personally wi,tnessed "three separate killings carried out in a

room in Block D of the hostel's Madala section.

The witnesses alegged that the killings generally took place

at night and that local residents" were dropped off at the

hostel , by taxi drivers sympathetic to ·Inkatha. The victims

were then dragged into the complex by hostel dwellers .

4. Weapons

!~ The new government proclamation banning the carrying of

dangerous weapons and firearms ·as "well as replicas at

political gatherings was tested twice in Johannesburg this

month . The proclamation was welcomed b~ the ANC but came

under attack from the IFP who claimed t .hat they had never

been consulted on the issue .

-22-

IFP central committee member Walter Felgate said 'that it was

"absolutely unacceptable that traditional weapons should be

politicised in the way that they had" and denied that the

carrying of traditional weapons at political gatherings

resulted in violence."

On March 18, several hundred ANC members from Davey ton were

disarmed on arriving at the Johannesburg station by members

of the SAP before being allowed to proceed on to the meeting

point for a march on John voster Square. However, on Saturday

March 21, several thousand armed IFP supporters marched

through the streets of Johannesburg. They were not disarmed

and at least seven members of the public were injured by the

crowd. The march, dubbed a "peace" march, was watched by

heavily armed policemen. A police spokesperson said that of

the seven people injured two were stabbed and five had been

beaten. He said reasons for the attack were unknown, but

suggested some "bloody-minded supporters" were responsible.,

5.Train Attacks

Despite a complete 'weapons ban on Reef trains comming into

effect on March 22 1992 indiscriminate attacks on commuters

continue.

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March has seen fhe highest number of incidents, twent seven,

since the attacks, first began in July 1~90. Thirty-five

people ~lost their lives on trains this month, the second

highest toll since July 1990. Most of the attacks occurred on

the East Rand trains where 21 people lost their lives and

seven were injured.

Despite the weapons ban and Spoornet locking the interleading

doors between carriages, commuters are still being targeted.

The Board took two statements from passengers travelling on

a East Rand train in late February and from these it is .clear

that the attackers adapt their method· of attack to the

changing circumstances.

A witness told the Board that instead of being. attacked . on

the train, commuters were now being shot at when they

attempted to disembark. Others, particularly those on the

East Rand trains ', jump off the trains between pilot and

Kwesini stations. They do this because they believe if they

stay on the train they will be abducted and taken to the

Kwesini Hostel.

On March 23 1992 members of the SAP claimed a major

breakthrough in their investigations into recent train

violence, when they arrested two Zulu speaking men.

-24-

The men aged 24 and 26 were alleged to be responsible 'for the

attack on commuters on March 19 between Braamfontein and

Doornfontein stations, in which nine men and a woman were

injured . The police apparently boarded a train bound for the

East Rand with witnesses, who pointed out the suspects to the

SAP. In a follow up investigation a third man was arrested at

his p~ace of work. All three men are inmates of the Merafe

Hostel .

However, three Nancefield hostel dwellers, who were arrested

last year for an attack on Soweto train" had their charges

withdrawn because of a lack of evidence . A spokesperson for

the Attorney-General's office said that no credible witnesses

could be found to positively identify the men as the train

attackers. Seven people were killed and 18 injured in the

attack which took place on June 25 at the Kliptown station.

-25-

According to the spokesperson. all the victims jumped off the

train before any shots were fired, so it was impossible for

them to identify the people who fired the shots.

Mr. Justice Goldstone has announced that a Commission has

been established to examine the issue of train attacks and

that it will commence its hearings on May 4. Acopy of the

Board's special report on train attacks, "Blood on the

Tracks", has already been forwarded to the Commission's

officers.

VII. CONCLUSION , .

Despite the positive outcome of the whites only referendum

the brutal reality of life for township dwellers is that they

continue to die at a rate of about seven a day in political

violence . Solutions to the violence will not be easy to find

and will have to adress both political and socio-economic

issues. However, until the problems of South African Police

partiality, lack of investigation and negative attitude to

outside assistance are adressed, even short term solutions in

specific areas will be very difficult to implement .

Collection Number: AG2543 INDEPENDENT BOARD OF INQUIRY (IBI) Records 1989-1996 PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand Location:- Johannesburg ©2012

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