incident prevention
DESCRIPTION
Incident PreventionTRANSCRIPT
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Learning Objectives
• To define what is incident
• To explain the causes of incident & role
of management control
• To explain 3 theory on accident
causation
• To list the cost involved in an incident
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Scope
• Principles of loss prevention
• Causes of incidents
• Incidents and productivity
• Approach to loss prevention
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Principles of
Incident Prevention
1. Incident prevention is an essential part of good management
2. Management and workers must fully cooperate
3. Top management must lead in organising safety
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Principles of
Incident Prevention
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation and
resources to implement the OSH
policy
6. Best available knowledge and methods must be applied
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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What Is An Incident?
• An incident is:
– An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
– That occurs through a combination of
causes
– Which result in:
• Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,
• Damage to property,
• A near-miss,
• Any combination of these effects. © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Why Prevent Incidents?
• Legal
• Human Rights
• Business
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Causes of Incidents
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Types of Incidents
• Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property:
– A forklift dropping a load
– Someone falling off a ladder
• That occur over an extended period:
– Hearing loss
– Illness resulting from exposure to
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Early Theory of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social environment
Fault of a person
Unsafe act/condition
Accident
Injury © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Heinrich’s
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social environment
Fault of a person
Unsafe act/condition
Accident
Injury © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Accident Causation Model
(1974)
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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•Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions •Personal Factors •Environmental Factors
Unplanned Incident
The Three Basic Causes of
Accidents
Unsafe Condition
Unsafe Act
Direct Causes
Indirect causes
ACCIDENT Personal Injury,
Property Damage
Basic Causes
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Lack of Management Control
• Management responsible for:
– Selection of workers
– Machinery and equipment
– System of work
– Information, training and Instruction
– Supervision, etc
• The accident prone worker is a false
approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Multiple Cause of Accidents
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory
Cause A (Poor lighting)
Cause B (Not look where going)
Cause C (Wood in walkway)
Accident (Trip)
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Fall From a Defective Ladder
– Why was the defective ladder not identified during normal inspection?
– Why did the supervisor allow its
usage?
– Didn't the injured employee knew it should not be used?
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Fall From a Defective Ladder
– Was the employee well trained?
– Was the employee reminded not to
use the ladder?
– Did the superior examine the job
first?
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
– Was there a necessity for that person
to walk in that area or was there a
safer route
– If the person was not in a hurry
would they have been more aware
of their surroundings and avoided the wood
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
– If the area was better lit would the
person have avoided the wood
– Could the wood have been
removed
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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The Accident Pyramid
TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
400 Near misses
80 Property
50 First aid
3 Lost days
1 Fatal / Serious injury
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Accepted Accident Theory
• Multiple Causation Theory
– A single unsafe act or condition may or
may not cause an accident but both
are caused by lack of management
control
• Bird Loss Causation Model
– In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of
quality control
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Accepted Accident Theory
• Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
– Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream
control and worker participation
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Productivity Aspect of OSH
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg
It is estimated that
for every $1 in direct
incident costs, there are anywhere from
$4 to $11 in indirect
or “hidden” costs
Indirect
Costs
Direct
Costs
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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The Hidden Costs
1. Product and material damage
2. Plant and building damage
3. Tool and equipment damage
4. Expenditure on emergency
5. Fines 6. Legal costs
7. Investigation time 8. Supervisors time
diverted 9. Clerical Effort 10.Overtime working 11.Temporary labour 12.Loss of expertise /
experience supplies 13.Clearing site 14.Production delays
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage. Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Incident Prevention Costs
• DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine
guards)
• OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE,
etc.)
• SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health
surveillance, audits etc)
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Cost- Benefit Analysis of Control
Measures
• Compare specific incident costs with
cost of specific improvement being
suggested
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• All injuries and occupational illnesses are
preventable
• Management is directly responsible for
doing this
• Safety is a condition of employment
• Training is required © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• Safety audits and inspections must be
carried out
• Deficiencies must be corrected promptly
• All unsafe practices, incidents and injury
accidents will be investigated
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• Safety away from work is as important as
safety at work
• Incident prevention is cost-effective; the
highest cost is human suffering
• Employees must be actively involved
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Summary
• Incident in the workplace is largely caused
by lack of management control
• “If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents”
• Implement an appropriate company policy
• Control OSH risk
• Put a management system in place
• Promote Occupational Safety and Health
© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.