in other w'ords: conoluding...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8
In other w'ords: Conoluding Remarks
Th1s i$ aR account of an Gntin reseaJ:dh pJ:OgranlRlG
tin tbo Lakatoat.tlsensa) Oft the methodology of gJ:'OWtb of
~J..l\t1'tc knowldge,.anclithenfoze ahattf.lUpt at its
.tlona~ :t'eOQlls\i:Uction. Analysis of the hiet.ol7 and
109io ·ofappl'ecia_ion of ita C~oMbt subptogntnmesor
thaotles Buonos the epiStemologies Of Kubn,Popper, ' ....
Lakatos ,ana.'ey~na8hows that none oft.be11l 1s radical
or nvol.ut1onaw enc\lgh ~o b$Uaai:ed as what Kuhn. l(-OY&"e, #
.eyoraben4 and otha'r:cU.econt1ftuists 14ke .pOpper wou14 ,
_11 an ow.nhroW:!.hg ftVOllltl0Daa:y tbeoJ:'Y.. nor: Cloes' sllCih
an analysis meet. aby eV14enca of a &'evolutionary, dlscontl ...
hUist, irrational or: non .... aU_al and' rat,1onaJ.1.Y Ulltntel11-
,glble transitions in science d\lJ:'lng its growth. In a
seDse, all thElse epistemoloc;1es (tbeoZ'.1es ·o.g p~ress ,of
SQlcmtlf1C .kftowledge) appeal' as parts of a DOJ:'nHlll science,
and survive for ;a long time 81ong$1_.8a fel"lrabon4
,Stlggest.e4,W'lt,11 theyweaJ:' t;hemeaelvee into disuse Gnu
ex_1nc~loJl ill the face of $oo:Lal eXpariebGa, ncalc1tC'ant
eVidences ,and liuE'V1v1ngtheoa:eticala,,.a pl'&ctlQal p:tab1.enllii. , \
NOI' is in soience 8,I1Y instance of a revolution, ,a C01I'plete
'or suaaenovettbrow ana replacement. oft-heold by the
:1nC~Ds\1nble ll~W. ,The phrase • so1entif:ic revolution'
511
is _ mlSJlOtfter.fl'lGn 1emuchlesB evidence or Justification
tnblstozoy fo~ K,~rd.6\il ges~lt . sWitch ,or fot that mat-ter
'eJ8l"abe.dial'l Gaarcb1c meth04 of·snyt.h1Dg goes allel
eWZ"Yth1rlg stays-,
ThlsUGly ••• also sbc.lwe thai; thiallOlmal, 8=1$*'Q$
aa poitl1:04 out baN ,.. S\Q)stal'lt.tal1ytiff •• Dt fl'Om l¢.uhntan
no_al science \tbleb is' a Grippling anClUIU."Galtstio
conoept 1D _reways than 411e984. PLrstly. it 1& not. a
me&9 'puzzle solVing Jju:,'Og'rammo ))ut. a$ crucal to the .
process of8dleoQa eeany the hj.stoJ:'y ana pnctiee of
sci.ence indioilto. Secondly the labouJ:' that. goes 1ftto
t.bis nortnGlsa1ence18 relevant, aoant.iobal, motilE tcatoJ!'y
ana penatcatl,.'n value and leads to De~ 41scove.1es,
laeas, ttbeoJ:lesjGte. un).,tke 8. KUhn Qlaime.-,h1r41y
it 41ffets from ."ho1fl. 'normal $Cience ift that. t1bal'eiS
'110 p'raaorRiIlant theory or pamtigm dominant enough 'to
COl1\Plet-elyoppI'8sS" oontrol, conta11'l and limit pnl.U'e ... , .
nt101l aD4altemat~_s. Pluralism phvcsllsllntl ail
tbeories 11e side bysi4e untl1 eventually ,hay become
d1s\1&&b1e GD4 until they weu: t:henIS$lves out. They lie
$~de by side aaa' ctorqpete toSEJI'V8 andf,orslU'V1val, lmt
sQJect to.vent.us). pft.r:t...bywpart ellminat.ion anel 4$.S\lSfh
Pourthly, \bere is no or·flclal G.&' eKtr:aol'41Qfllyi SOienca.
,iftbly, ·dle~ 1sI10 _cas ion or maohac1Gm -ofttiSge,stalt
switcMs anti COh'V8J:Blon eJq)Elr1ellces that \Jive 'birth 4e
512
novo OJ: sui ~~1$.. to new evolUf:io • ., ',",cmmensu~l..
PElradl-,ms 1ibatQOnlp1&te17 -eiim1Mt.e :tbs preva-t11ng ol'thoCloq.'
Cl'Uc1altr.ests moy gel'Sl.1a4e .1#JnU1ati'~.s ,Pogpersuggastea;
but. they oah QCClirany -1tne 1ft, tbe p&'a~lde of science. 4
All 'times, scienae 4.8 tlozmal des.p1,te aiscQvetr,tes an4 . . J:$jectiOlls" S.~x_l\l.,,f' all)' i.W :moaificeU~l1 ..,r cOJ:'.t'ect.1on
£e$4s.to ed\fancemeQt ,j.n .kraow1eage ,or lnformesid.oft __ which
WbG'Dsufflo1ently 'dGUDte~$1ftg to ,:be old tbeoq caQ
serve elSa ~ramewo.k fCN'Ust.ncclon of .new )!ela:ttOllships
and CJC)nce,pt:\1e;J. sc:bsmes. AU sucbt1mae, tlWy leaA to end
mGtivate41sQ,Wil1£'iCat1onanc1 even reject1cm ,of 'the·old' , '" " .. '. - , -
t.beo~ _ often pettlaUy OJ;'eveo the major oon~e'ftUone of
'the tbeoxy_ S.veft~ly; elthQugb alsoo_~1ea -V .. '.~\, '" ., I
fma11ae4 by sagle indl'v,i4\l&ls, JOOst. often, the '!>'
.1'lvih~~t.4 .aa4 ,1.u:'OImat.lorial s\990R CQmestbl'e)u9h
·t:eatO\1S, prOlonged.' aetezmlDeuefforts ofse_.rtal
, S(Jient1stenone Of whom alon8 gossesseel .11 Womat1ona, , .
.-e1ni:.el'1u:et eagerlenoe end test sl.lch l'8Oonst.uottons
aDd __ 01'05. .
. 0££0#1;, an4 _(:1lU$$ ofa11 ~se fact-ore., is G ~aw.... .
goverrne4;l:U7~te:ma t;tc...log1Cij,l. ·e.ccQ1n\li~t'oD ot.data lIase
,eti4 pilOGeQ&ta9. of infoz.mat~'tG sa.t.tefy the oQnt1n~ousl:v .
. ,cl\allg1ng ana e1q)all41ng demancts .0J1. thef.'l'.:isttngtheoltY O~ . .
$,13
theot1fU. to aCdount ~o'ral1 of ~hsm in fa mota effiLc:a.ent
atta"agreeableway .. "sgZ$eable'to·t:M scd.GD.ti.e ic·' •• t1
canmohsGftSO ex.PGd.~n_ ,Qf'f;bePhctistra\1Scisnt1sts.
'the accumQ1a~'o ... ofinfoJ:mat.iOft Just: .8 tbeagreei.nt.
1s l'eachec1 evol\1tlonaI'Uy,. ~betefo.n tb$ wbol.e p~"ss • l "
of science ,fJ:OlU. & ,,4!achmnlQ po!fl~ of vtew 1s ,evolutionary # , '
J'at1onal,jI rat:1ollal1y 1n_l1ig1ble,1 oOllt:lnU()~s ,acCl'ee.l.obal
aha. mOtilf ica1:1ona1 process.
, a~1enCfl ~$ bot ~be ~el'l~ll _tween, t.he ~ntlnu_
of two llOal'by 'or 41sttaftt;. theories a't, two, elltls, :l.t is Q
lorjg. con~1,n ... um wi t1\ _ _ginnlng root$!· in the first
conscious man·s curosltysaek1ng .1ntenst . to the end of
mankind." It aoes not. st~~ with't.he .\ata$t;t:heory_ .t has a long bj.storyand n1stor1da.lrat10nal'i~allC1 rational.;
1ntelL1gibl~1 ty. There ,1a no sUc:h r&410a1 :.LnC<ln!il8nsw:8.
b11i.ty in oclel\co,.. viewed from tbis rational. .historical
poiptof view.. K~bn ;t S I Popper' s, i.aKet.os t aDd
',eyeraben.4' s ~ol1'les GP! a.11partof the selen_ that
seeks ,to ,z:ewalthe un6erlylng "~ory that; elQ:)la;lns the
p~ess o£ Progz:eS$ ofsclence GPd ittslogl<h 'They am
'ilQt the liteg1aner$,. l'lOJ" the last" they az:a :cot.tevolu.'t:1.onat;y
discoverers,;, nol; Qn1mportaDt. .'to 1s tbeno:tmalse1ence . ,,- .
end that is only Jloz.tQQ' ,soienee 1n seJ.enc:cJ,.IUll$s$ .va,:y
silly claim of' S'ultGka, 1~ a ... eal-mu"~ ..
514
'this stu4yel1deavo\la;:'S ~ flJilOse tb8 hol1ownessd
'thOepi-stemology ,cf •. jecU<»1 ad .-vo1utioD8 ;tba~ .i~o"~
·the !cumUlatiw. .b1st<Jl.".lcd.at, contln1.l1st ana evolut1oll8&7
char.eta.1" of sQ1e .... t.leiC! pzog.tess anel; 4ef!on4., exhofteftta
&ft4 nbabll.ltt$tQ J:.Gvolut1one With the h$~ of 'haDe OV1<=&8.
,$.Dd .samat'ltic twist.s i:osc_ .appeaS'EihOi:lS. It .t~t.,to
advocate that.; ~ tbe ,fI'amEJWOJ:'k of tID old. theollY
baoomes oonstrtC!ltlng as alltbe po&!islbll1t1es ofdeWlop~
m$nt .... thin it. .U'Q. exhau.sted,; sa$,epce can Qnd ,aOO$ fAevelog
un4move€o~ri.notne.s_,"ilY ,by ~jeC'tiOh end
hplacement iftt()t:o of tbe ola tbeoJ:'Y'# but by pa4u.01
and sUbstantial. modif 1cat.iObsantlexgallJJtons of tbG
theory;; If zeplacenu!tht OQcuJ:s at. 43.1 it; OQcu~graaual1y
ana evolutlono1!11Yllnd in'lalrl.ably '~$vanlJ'~ e~1'Y ohange
anti W'll:'avsll.S;ng of the c:r:eatl_ .MW dtrwantJlona of theories
,13 4acompantedby %'l.lt:ional discourses of san.tJ or. othel:
k1na.pa.~tiQ!;!let~ by ,C:;t, hett'ardhyof tl'luu:este· oVal: a
~oU'l'e.t'.toa.i't. :&].$0 1nvolws ccmtlnQ.o\\si.nflow of
·sttmulQS .tt? tecueQfl1Qt met'Oly ldeasbut also~Qbn1q,_#
instt'umeJ)ts ,Of datQ.a't101'1~ .measu~nt -.aye).!',lfif;i!iJtlOl'l$. F -. :,.," • T '
. practices b1thsR(,) unavail.able. but ava1.LablehQl.il £l!'4n " I
inside the entl.t'G 'realm .of SC,1ence and 'tecbnolQ(Jy,# "sQC;t.al
'03pQrle'o'C#$ ena ·alaltt:u:e .•
¢onUnu1s't b1storY'l'ecGgn':ses' tbet tb$pest 'notooc1:y
c.oDstralntr;t tits bistor1Cal agents' 10f. change ~t also ",' .. ' . -~
51S
at1ntulai:estbam of~en·. aesic1estt.hepustMstotF;Of-~ I
theory, the Whole·~J:'azyofe.eJtl$i1C&. tbehorJ.zon of
expact.etJ.ons, 'backgJ."OUn\i k.Jlow1edge ana wbat~OP.P8l:'woul4
ca.J,l tba ttbid world: of abstl'actknqwledge, ·8 Mowle4ge
ldtbout. aknOWUlg SUbjeat,serve 'as a .sto_bOus~to "fer to and caraw ~r:om., Dl- fsetftom, Plat.ow Bolzano ,.ft4
'iI'1ge haa anticipated a pOSition .similar to that: of
P .• p$1"'ts lfo~la411 1ft th1ecoMectton., _.,4 haC'! beld tbat.:.,
oVi)1:' ana -a'bovca materiel things and mental Gta.tes Was a
timele$$ 0.&-0£ tner.at.Qise~ueJi<:~$ or _ ebst.racUons· or
logicalessen_so£' univet:salsan<l pt'OPOSlt1ofto,ln the
actual mpd,g,ogpea:ts -r;1ght 1ft qua11fy1ngehaee
knowledge.' iUS, o~j.ct.#..w a1'14 aut.onomous beC«.lGS$ t,hey. ~J:e
expressions ·of -logical. relat10nsand logi.callY.mlcteCl
atru.ct'1.I1e ofebtiit:J:act essencats ana*",-&son trans,i.-ent. of
ell actual humi.ln 'thinking.
'1'llese changes espectallyascontatbe4 ill i:he l\f)W
14etls anaaiscoveries 40 hot.a~i_ as fantaslGs,tDor ill:8
'they PQt5ue4 on -the basi. of blind :faitb as l(\iM would
bave U;,# or ino,ltnat.ons as Feyeraberaci thai •• a Upon.
A11t.hadlsc\&sseti pbl1osopba.rs ba~el're4 1n Il()'t. *ce1y
d'st.~ngulshlftg a aepscate context of 41$coveq, ~UfeJ:_t
from the! context Qf j~stlf~C6tton. They ~.~ igbored
the £s'O.1;- thet -t:be .P",CGss,of 41soovery !e ,nottQn. il',l'8 ....
t.ional pt'Qa$$$,f!b$ #$s1l1~ of a,gasblt. ,$\f1tcbj - ",,114
516
4zeam or fehtasy. 'that is why tbisscUdy 'heg1ns ft:em the
p#ertd._ (and a1S~UlgQ1sheGitaelf f,~ the ep1s*01og1ea . , ,
dlec\\$sed hea:e)t.hllt there !elnOra ·to sCie."C8 Qna. ita
growt:h ana blstozr.ic)g."gbi' OJl'ph11.QSoghy Of $C1_-.:. tban
e~'1ttat.1n9 theoo~t:ext. ,of justiS; ,cat.lon, demarcat,1on
pl:'o'blemot' GllamUJ$t:J.o. of the finished z:e-arab "pon.
1ft fact th1$stUc1F tZ'8.~8 elaborat.elytbe quast,1cm ,of
,(1iscove17 t.hrough &J\\ovolut.1onuye.,1st.emologywIl11e
Q~ the, ,sa.itl$ .~imedollfi8t:,1ng ·~c::ontl.in'tsoS. :4tSCQV8X'Y
tatleiju.sttf,qat10l:!. ,ris ¢hey G" ,1htegnlpha_e of on4$1
ana tbesame phlincmen8,. aatl~.l 8p,&,r.alsal $,san
"nte9ra~ pltocas$ 'of 4i,sQova:t'Y._
'This s'Cu4y recognises ,tilt!. gr~a~ valUQ. of Poppe.t'len
i;\'ls1st.enca on 'th0 logic: of d.lseowry., although tbJre 1:8 '-' .. ...
~ gre~t ","nt.b hi44an ,in Kuhn,i,an~taJi?hQr ofsoc1Q ...
psycholog:1sm. aut, as long ss t.hey h~la ~otbai.r qwn
$tQss to the a:lo].\18108 of the ether an4 tOd\e e~clusion
of the role of61t~;:t'bat1.V$ ~spetJts, ElQtS tol'l$teby lost
touch with, haltty aftd ~ascn" tbs:te rameiftei! llO, PQ$s;lbLll.ty ¢;~i&J.:~. provj.4ing: Ii cOlllpt,\allh&ns1ve aha.
j:flteg~atet\ app.t'Qaeh tow~l"as t.he babavJ.O\1~·~· so,ehoe
Gila tll~ rl0g:i~1 prDCedu}r$ of ,. .. ts gr()wtb.. ,oI;t.Uha~ely# 1. • 1
SQ:LeJ:1'.' :fjllcQae(iad 1ft: conttn\K11lS1y tan~.1ehing1t.seif (luring
its growth ,l;)a9au$a ~9i'act.lG$ri9an4 4!t;covaring
~lent'.,$1:$., tJy atltl lElJ!ga.. .bad f,Qll.owe4 botlt. Popper 8114
517
~tll1ft .• ,oppe ... . ttl thei# 'W.P'11ca~1ol'l of C'eason~ .log10 ·Gd
,Qate.t.l~WCJ:.1t'AC'sm .as wail as~alsJ:f'~.t:lonl_, .4 .Kubl\
1ft ~hel" hconQl1ia'tlOb eo ~gafte.talwls4Gm , .. "CG~$eDSua moul4ec1 1'Iy peez;s ,Ut tbefle14Gf scl._. Jt, .ls 'tbnugb
a JU41cU.ous p~atJftQt>10 aR4 fat,ef~ comb.lnatioft ·oftbl
u.at:8grl'ty 'ofaeason. logic ana sttUct.U&eci an4lnfoznta4
imaginatiOn ·~ndCZ'$8t'W tb:LDit.1Dgd\at, sclence f0\U14 ih
evargrov1nt aDa wlc1enlng horizons. aneS cUmensiona of
p"aic~ab,le~o&9t1cal ~oJ'._s,pOlldeDGe witb .t.b$ .s~rl.lC'uze
_ eocta~ ••. J:lence oinatunl phenomena. The fonalgl\t
,Qlld wisdcm of 'tb~laomlnaDt 'scientists of tntegdt;F .od
&,'90UI: tba1:_1.Ps,b1l114 an4sbake up 1:ba sUQc'tU. of
. selen., 1s a g\la1\"Gl):tG$ tbat:. 418C1pJ.1A9S science . -"to e
nc:m-non •• nse .Bct'.'Uyoi sOCial nCoDst&"UottoD of ~al1ty.
Both paych0109F ,etta 10910 GJ:e .iDse,p8J:'ab:lepans ~
.sct-ca.or ltsmst.boa. .Pun peyehologlsm without .t.ha
~pUcatiql'lQflQglc vou14 bow made ac1eD_ aftf.u:ohto',
logioalC'eaaon1Ilgwltb)lIt p$YObologlcal .4@_.lnl$m ana ccmGebS\lSmouJ.aea by dnetive scientists _ t ... teUl:lty
'" \ . ~" .
WCNlci be..,. maGe all k.nowJ,eagEi ~st.or,cal1y J:elativJ.8tJ.o
to suah .ft 'ax\$ft~tbat at no Uma''WOu14 ~e bavebeea. , '
allY knOlfled9B any' two me. aO\lld eve~ 8'J:e$ Upon.
eo.pperian $cbame Gn$uns the outlawing· of 'fX-lvolo\lsness
. ~science. Ku.bn1.n pi!yc~log'l~ W1.l1 ,provide ilba$!8 . .
fot: . acceptance _ ~CltiEln~ 11'1. socle_y~ 'lire .. " ~ftOfsClen_
518
.i'Oft iDOt ,p&I'SWllctea by tbe aes~ba_iC8Jlgeal w tID hew
. -~.Orv. as~~t:l-oD -ana -.pla __ at. may pncede j elt$ftate t
·.vez-leg· QI' evan pl.",y S~$aW'. ThtJorj.ee be .. t.o "t1sfy
. ,aot. _J.,. tbe 109'0 but aleosOCd.al G"Periertee, but. eyeh
••• t.he bumanbetngG~
9qp.P8tlea dOi'lCl$ptiOft ·of. gl:'QW'i:b as'~ibg01lpos1-
t!onan4'ra1:,.onel (!~lt'c,_'of the he;J,J:C1Z'Cby ~ t.haoi'1es
that arise 1n tNt. ,QoD.t$xt. of problems ad pm'blerDeof
·graatGJt4ep1:b .4~neec.a" actonl!" foriU ,sp.bs1:QnU ..
tion of .vol\&tI.OM·ft'~ nt .... l ilnd het_ally lnt.el11g1b1e
,prooeeao' 8al(fft'ttC;i;Q p.J:'4MJI'8SS _-1$1." 'fQJ:' ,.1t·serqpb&s4s
l3othCl:Ll'ectan4Aa.l.J:'eot.. ~h the· $Pp.J.,'eoiati- ofpa:oagmatic
Gn4 S'Qa1.1sttc f1<:JaeJP1UUl. of 'tbeodes#ae they Breana
:f,C'¢ what they aft woztb, .l.bfI1tteJltet1valy .S1s "solute
OppoSition to Cf.J#1:1tUc:a ~n9C1en.. aD4 »h11osopby 1.' /.
lauCla..,le as sc1e~1fio tempe!:", . xt .,8 al~o en 8~etnp~
to overcome 'th$ p,.oblemsGJ"ls1b.g frQRl. aa:elat1vJ.&t:Lo
a.tt.£~\lae a. mllOh as blstOl'ic:1Si; an4pqcbologl.stio, . ; ',' . .
ntionaUty ,as Op1hst.theep'st.eM1o end' j)J:sgmet.1c .-at4.o
ttallty,. Popg&l'i4'f.'Clftfth1tton ~1i.'Qtiotlal1ty thallk£Uly
,"8 coDflrle4 ~$howin9 wbat\ .it .1S aad bow it can be
.*,cbieW4.,· 'Stis in hi-. pl:8scriptiO!i$ I'8ga:l'4iog the .
.p~4~s,~ftO~.t~_ I"Ul.es aa4 ·att.1t;qtlea 'to sc1ebt;J.f' 10
~cct·tl~ •• G'.imellt.$;~c:1 m,Gt,bQ4·t-bat. ".·pUJipOI.'Ub;) e,u;;~
,_.oDa~'ty ..
519
1(. ana J?eyGl'a1;teh4 '·aU on t"_e~eftQ8 - the
~O_.l' SUh1ld&t1ftg 'the· #9epGft.$h11lt., u- peel' 9fO.saad
'tllalrinclinat1on, ana the: lat.terr qllest.lon1ng the .'stance 'Qf r:atlOfteltty ,j.tseU. S~h _ttlb~ae.also ~ .. ' ,"-
"S,. for ,tbe4 •. ,6114$_. to ~'o..p$yohologtsm ;tncase
of J(~ ast4bistc>r.a.cal col.ativism,;. aaBJ:Obiem an4 recklees
aemaDds of free4Cin ,in -ca- .Qf the latt.e:t. 80th att.1tu4es
op'UtIlr:aalistlc, in'pwan1eable Ulc1 'u:n4esslra:ble I.nscience.
,he f~f:- attl_\\dQ WQQ14 haW1\)"ilt. a c:luu:ab .of! .soienQ8j
.helat~r would. bav .. ob11:1teratea eciOJlae asaceo~g
to it thare daft Mv,er' _ any .reliable kn~ie4ge, st~nul!aJ."ds
Q~ S'at,lonelit;y .a 'Val.14 meth040109ieal log1c.. ~b$1t
£u.nbe&" flaw is '~~~1Ji' convo~n_in 1:81y1ng ,9ft t.he / ,
_~J:'atiollal,.a~e.t.ori_l# atl:Jit.l'aty f1ashas of 1ftslght,
'"tic ,lnt\d.t;10DI' ,.antaS,l1., 1nc1;1.na'tl_., il'" gesta).t: '
.-1tchea as 'tOe metoD ·of 'aeva).opment..-'.1'.bis is 'baca,use
t:hey a. ~o&me4bY • ,,'gi4 dlaUncl:lcll bettweenpS!rG:ho.
logy ena 109*c; ana be~. 4isc()v~ an4J\&$t'f1~ati_. fbls P$~e<lU'" hils 'nfl\telleei t::bea~:I4. t;.helJ:
a_i~ot'1ea1 bl~OlrlO\lrapby .non .... rat.lc;mal .aD4 _ntional1y ,
If 'dle elemeilts oflAw .. g1vlntnat.u&"$ lm»11e411ra
•. 'J?OJI'pertaD' f·alslf:Lc8tlonism tba. daman4a elim#.M'tiOft 01
·Jre~ut~tl'aew'esafi:e .. ;s~safid.ftil'$1f .icat1-onattemgts
p.1Qce· paera1;eS :a,uthot'lt.at'J.an tendencies" moaomallUl ana
S20
. stUfling l.!tnI.tat,ions Ob t.b$sCl$n.t1Gt.~ as WEill as the
~futed th~ry~ iK~":S--6ftd ta somewaY's LrAketosAf #;tlal
stlr:rendel" tQ arbl tI'Qt1onOf lea.ding sQ'entt~s f·or vaU .....
~ ... OD otthec)I".1QS ,1$., ftO lessC\llpabllia to autborltat'1an.:Lsm
and mobps:yCholQgy,., Ja£eC~ltham tbcaaisa4valltage of
alt:oga'thel' $Cu..ttl:l;ng tlt$J:QlEi of 10g4.0' .nO _8S0ft .. in '
~!ent.tfle .pl'actloa p,,£-.wur .of' .inQ':U;nattiQlla~-ta.stes
. and u.lt~a.t81y 9aredl1#;ct1oil*" of .tbe lea4tng scientists
~ose .fal11b11..1t.y ,oannot altoget.he~be tust:snteed figal11s-t.
"nm this po1Dt ·of ,,;Lew Po,pper bas p"~1dea a motor,
• J:aasonably St.'CU&"e4 .flSoclalfoun4Gt:.1on fortbe stl'uc:tul:9
of progJ:ess tbl"Ollgh rational cr;i.tici.~. 4iSC:1i'J.tne4
e~I'JmentaUol'l.i'la e-'.l.lyst.a-naa .. 4sof "Wlt,if.location
0# demarcat1in.ais beg-timing ,., the problems ill bis
t:e~ndic $cbama is a viable fo_lila to exp1.Gu. ."late ~
and eDsu~sQ1·~tif to Pt'og_~$!, Kt.ibD' .8D4Feyorabeai . ~ _ ~~J, i. . ,
ba,..· llothUigtq ,g1va in t.belJ:'ep1stemologles by wal'Of
fl mote.l' ,0£ ~wl~Etbtas they' '+.eava ,solan. to the -- ~/ ~/" - ~ .. .
'.gal'JA.sof wh.t.rn.'ioa, faatasie's # __ J.a~'ODS ,- dreams,
.. OOft.lU:~"OD .. ed.enc::es •. ,8vell.fu_ tbet, they "ao :Ilot. .' _ _ • '" ~ ,to- __.", t.. _. . _ _ " _ _ _ r;'
pcescribB e. .1abieallQ .11a~le:oJ,"'lo91cal method •.
eDs'Lim" wliCiation'0;1'4lsc:te411;at'1onoftheor:1es;.aDfJ -< ' ,
_.fore 'to '(i;Jfts\P:e"th$ movGmehtaact grognsfS ofsc1enae. '. " .
"be .-eCOtn1tiOnbr popper Of, . the eoclaliuDcticD
,.4 tbt.\ soc1al I'GIlU:aoa fOI: human 1rl_1J.ecWaJ. acttvi.t_
521
a, ,pzro'b1em Sol.~9thto\tgb,="elect.l_ hygotbasisauoD 1s "
~U11aam.Dtal tio~e W'1ae!tlil~n41D9 Of -_lie p..-oc:eesan4 ,legit:
•• rlylagin the 91'OWthoi kaowlEkige. ,\ provJ.4$s .t.bQ
_to.l' for aiacOWtY*, al-.gn poppe.... basignoJ'El4 ittUs '
,asp.t .• ,IU.8 pnl:$Jl\p~.iYa,sm'8_1 ,of tbe· pl'~;of ;, the
ntalill8i: '0£ 8.:.rtVPl\J ~, '....., idaa,ilea rob 'baa l'Qucdl of' the ,"
wiuooe h:'sQOtDn11_nt:. to ntiollal,ea41o,loai methoi"
uCl. 'p~8S ~·.reason1J'l9 •. That.· .. c:ou1d not. ViSual1'.
~ .. s~steDtlYlft hts \f.t'ltings.t.bat tb&.li'toc:esB,ofdl$eovery
involvesth. reasoned andstru.ctuzosCi 111QrQlnet1on of a
new£abr.1o of 'relat:ionsh1ps 8fQong t:he uniVac. 'of factual
and ~rivatlwdata. '&tad the aonscio\lszewGling.of new
dimensJ,ol'i$ of, ,relationships, 16 \Ulfortunat.tIJ • . '! I
':be .. :ta, evergrC)w1ag evlclence fi:Gntbe f1e1.4 of
pi"act.j.cal 801 •• $ ttu\ts\lppoi't theoon~DtlG1l that. the
ClisC0V8q ,of an_ice. tsa st;ructll~4., .I'eauOfte4,.rat1cma1.
!rationally #.Rtel1tg1b1e, conttftl.lOU~4'/ curtl1;alati ve 1/ modlf1-, .
catlonal ana evolutl.onary P"OCQI:'~, that et14s .Ul. ';he. a:e-
draw,1..:ngof the p"CCil~~.1Cpllcation ~ _1s proce$.,en4
tb.$. 2:010' ,of ,.luaSQa '41.4 conttin .. 't.y. in ·t:bep.~ss .haIl . .
.enat~tsa ~n' t_ . p_V.i01lS c~ptJlJ: ~o prOvi.40'.
'moJ:.'e S\1l:il3'taD~1~8f,l4 "allst.lc£o .. 4at~on to t.he evolut:lQ"",
Il8ry ep~stientOlogy ,of IJcieat.if*'c PJ:'09"S$~ ,
This ·of o.\l~ liO$s not-bagG_or a.valW1tt.he
strengtbsof K"1'11\1&,., ,£jakatosiatl ,an4I'~Y'.rabendi.aft· c:ontri-
522
buttes. 'trhe".C:Jt9aSing .uthent:1f 1cSUOD that we f1.4
'il"KUhh,ts an4-ilaket:.s· CI~teUPt-. 'Q) thIJ PI'8gm&t.j;O'.Dc!i
.'al'1stie 'appa:oac:h to,t:he Ubdel"st,an41h9 ,of thepl"O(te,ea
of soi_tiflc p,~_$a .is l'loteworthy~ '.fa ac:na_Mnse, ,of blstolY aDel $octQo.p&YOhologioa~ lnfl.n.the .. '.~4s
, '
lIC~nCe ,tha.ttUlm ,_4 z.akilt.08 ua4Gl.'milfte aatlJlot. 'be,' >set, ,
l')$3.4e. ewn 1f1t 'J$ Cliff iwit to g. to ~1J:' e~es~
'1heSuJ'B .... ,,...., '~l. t.hai,ca_ ,pbt~osqpbe ... 'to t"he):'ole . "
,of no~nt1~1 ,tn' (ll$COWQ ~ ,Gwl'l't.hc;nlgh bon it 119 ".1
. erg'ueil a,ga~nsti"CaritlQt ~lt~a~ly ,be ,#eJected tn, etlt.t'rltf' ' '. '. .
01' <!ategot'1_11y~l'h"S1S baca,usea'i!Btbet.tc cb01~;ia
involveClin the .t4en't1f1cat,1on a_a pJ:efe,nnCl$ of new.
:lei.SlP SoweV$t" Wh~i'r. t;b~ __ 'a&:t.ed is "ifttlOt ncogw...
n1singtlw f&ct'ha't, e'Cfen this ,1ntolpl.y of aeetbeUc
atldlntult:t\le a(~~$~n~1iQk1og 1s :ultj,mately l1ilked 'to
',aildgowrne4 by \~Q 10g10 ,bot diffe:rtentfr:om t.helcgl0 of
all Ciecis10n tna'kiug that_ know of. ,The_fort! the ilftal .
fall »aclc. ofUl the_, pl1il~.~pbe'r8 onthehOn-RUona,l
. ana thereferet;he .~volu.tlonary p'x-ogress· In tbet.
ahistC?t'ical pers.piict,lCV8S .of 9.t'owt'h Gf sQ.$.Gnce~ '$gener1c
t;9, their. .flGwa #.lJ'1te£p"ata~:1on of· _be p:l'oaaas ofdSoaoGVezr.r
a~dJU$tU 1¢at.19n.
"< ... 1
skspt$;-<:lsm ti'M!4twe' .f'$.~tl tn,tbe-eml)ryo of popper1&ft .' t
523
~ ,
1ftgon 'Dotbing_ no'teveQ, tentatively. the facts, exper 1enC$"
tbeo.t1$s,t)tatlQJl~ltty"trtletboa or truth. '1'0 f Qllow , '1' , .
'eyerai1end tbru:eiore'would meaD .rUQl'liQgaround in endless
circles. aut. for ,Feyatabend. tMn. t.besearch fQZ' t.xouth .. . ., .
~Dd tha~oWl(,bOWledg9'1' is ~ttraetiye)as tbegoal.
,His al1e,e4 hunt. fot; ,be4onlst.S.oleals ana· means caD
hardly serve eseha socia~ ze4son in t.ha pursuit. of
s;;:i-encze. BecauGC;!the-n; '·cme may ask., whyshou14 anyone , ; .
do ,it 11l·nclence if one could obtain it 1n .relaxation.
and raanat1Qn?
Yet Felte rab end • sj,dealism 1s a f,,;r:ther: exten~1on ... ~ .
o1fPopper: t $ ,own seal:dh' for human freedom ·ana totbet extent. .r • I... ,.
1:he.refQIG;#Peyerabond' couio. bed(lndoried ·ana pel:h~ps, ~habl11tGtea.
