imrad sample

7/25/2019 IMRaD Sample

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INTRODUCTION

According to the Inquirer Washington Bureau (2012), they have predicted that major

health prolems !ill come "rom the !idespread occurrence o" chronic in"ectious diseases that

!ill greatly a""ect the elderly and those !ith lo! immunity# $hese in"ectious diseases lead to

increased death rate all over the !orld ased "rom the latest report (%&A $oday 'e!s, 2011)#

iseases lie !hooping cough, uonic plague and tuerculosis caused y acteria are some

speci"ic reasons o" this death rate (*ann,200+)# Broad spectrum antiiotic are used as an

e""ective drug against a !ide range o" in"ectious microorganisms !hich includes oth ram

positive and ram negative acteria (&-& .harmaceuticals ./$# $, 2010)# But despite o" this

augmentation, the World ealth rgani3ation reported that acteria are ecoming resistant to

these antiiotics (eyes, 2014)# $his is ecause antiiotics has een over5prescried and are used

"or a long period o" time ('atural 'e!s, 2014)#

n the other hand, terrestrial plant community is est descried y its composition and

dynamics# .lants elonging to terrestrial community indicates their potential role in supplying

di""erent nutritional values and medicinal uses (&hurin et al, 2006) due to the presence o"

secondary metaolites !ith road iological activities (7lleuch et al., 200+)#

Anacardium occidentale, commonly no!n as 8ashe!contain anacardic acid "ound not

only in the cashe! pericarp oil ut also in the nut and the "ruit juice possessing antio9idant

activities (:uoet al., 2006)# $he liquid gained usually distinguish as 8ashe! 'uts &hell iquid

(8'&) has a road application use"ul in oth medical purposes and development o" drugs,

antio9idants, "ungicide, and other chemicals (Andrade et al, 2011)# $he e9tracts !ere evaluated

to e9hiit strong antimicroial properties against gram5positive acteria (imejima et al, 1++1)#


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In this study, the road5spectrum antiacterial properties o"Anacardium occidentale

leaves and pericarp methanolic crude e9tracts !ere evaluated against human pathogens

(Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and

Bacillus cereus)# $his leads to the isolation, identi"ication and elucidation o" potent

allelochemicals "or drug development#

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of Cashew Leaes and Pericarp

Anacardium occidentale leaves and pericarp !ere collected "rom 8ashe! plantation area

in uimaras last *ay 2014# 8ollected samples !ere !ashed thoroughly and air dried at room

temperature "or t!o days#

E!traction of Anacardium occidentale

Anacardium occidentale leaves and pericarp !ere then separately soaed in methanol "or

t!o days# &amples !ere rought to the %niversity o" the .hilippines /isayas, *iag;ao 8ampus,

Analytical &ervice aoratory "or in acuoe9traction at 00 mg?mAnacardium

occidentale leaves and $reatment 2 ; >00 mg?mAnacardium occidentale leaves compared to a

positive control (tetracycline) and negative control (*&)#


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&o"t!are# $he statistical tools used in this study !ere= *ean5 $he mean !as used to e9press the

average diameter o" the 3one o" inhiition developed in each treatment in this study# &tandard

deviation5 $o determine the dispersion et!een the mean# A'/A5 used to determine the

signi"icant di""erence o" three or more groups means set at 0#06 level o" signi"icance# uncanCs

*ultiple -ange $est (*-$) ; compare signi"icant di""erences o" means o" various groups or

treatments in the study#

Plant identification

8ollected plant samples o" cashe! leaves and pericarp !ere rought to the %niversity o"

the .hilippines, *iag5ao, Iloilo "or plant identi"ication#

RESULTS

$he diameter o" the clear 3one o" inhiition around the impregnated dis dispensed on the

sur"ace o" the agar indicates antiacterial activities o" the e9tracts eing tested# $hese results are

compared to the t!o standardsD one is the positive control tetracycline a no!n antiiotic and a

negative control, dimethyl sul"o9ide= the diluent used to prepare the various concentrations# $he

quantitative data is e9pressed in millimeter and "urther analy3e o" itCs the potency y determining

the Antimicroial Inde9 (AI)# $he closer the value o" AI to 1 the more potent is the sample# $his


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is the asis "or "urther io5directed antiacterial assay "or the detection o" secondary metaolites

as antiiotic#

$he antiacterial activities o" the samples againstE. coli sho!ed that the cashe! leaves

and the pericarp methanol crude e9tracts e9hiited resistant activities comparale !ith the

* $etracycline eing a no!n antiacterial agent e9hiited 1#60 "ollo!ed y $etracycline having a mean o" 20#


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$he antiacterial activities o" the samples againstBacillus cereussho!ed that the

8ashe! pericarp methanol crude e9tract revealed the highest antiacterial activity having a mean

o" >4#44 mm "ollo!ed y $etracycline having a mean o" 26#00 mm !hile negative activity

e9hiited y the 8ashe! leaves and *

ne5!ay analysis o" variance and uncanCs test revealed signi"icant di""erence in the

mean 3one o" inhiitions againstBacillus cereushaving a p5 value o" #000F0#06 level o"

signi"icance#

$he antiacterial activities o" the samples againstBacillus subtilis sho!ed that the

8ashe! pericarp methanol crude e9tract revealed the highest antiacterial activities having a

mean o" >


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p value = .000

Staphylococcusaureus

Cashew Leaves 0 0 0 0c 0 0

Cashew pericarp 30 2 3 30.00a 4.00

DMS (!) 0 0 0 0c 0 0

"etrac#line ($) 31 1 13 19.67b 2.28

p val'e 000

Bacillus cereus


Cashew pericarp 0 0 30 43.33a 6.22

DMS (!) 0 0 0 0c 0 0

"etrac#line ($) 20 3 20 25.00b 3.17

p val'e 000

Bacillus subtilis


Cashew pericarp + 3 , 46.00a 6.67

DMS (!) 0 0 0 0c 0 0

"etrac#line ($) 3 3% + 39.00b 5.50

p val'e 000

* Col'mn means with common letter s'perscripts per -acteri'm are not si.ni/icantl# i//erent at 00 levelo/ si.ni/icance -# ne!wa# AA an D'ncans test**Antimicro-ial Ine4 1 or 5 than is potent antimicro-ial a.ent

$ale 1

Antibacterial actiities of Cashew leaes and shell e!tracts on selected human pathogens

compared to the control and its antimicrobial inde! *A$)

C


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%igure +# -evealed clear 3ones o" inhiition around the impregnated dis o" the samples used=(A)E. coli, (B)P. aeruginosa, (8) S. aureus, ()B. cereusand (7)B. subtilis.

DISCUSSION

$he 3ones o" inhiitions !ere oserved around the discs, this indicated antiacterial

activities o" the plant leaves and pericarp e9tracts# $he sensitivity o" the di""erent test organisms

to methanolic e9tracts o" the leaves and pericarp o"Anacardium occidentale !as sho!n y 3one

o" inhiitions a"ter 1@ hours o" incuation(As illustrated in igure 1)#

$he asence o" 3one o" inhiitions around each discs signi"ied resistance# It !as oserved

that the crude e9tracts o"Anacardium occidentale leaes did not inhiit the gro!th o" any o" the

test acteria# While theAnacardium occidentalepericarp e9tract e9hiited potent or strong

antiacterial properties againstE. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,

Bacillus cereus, andBacillus subtilis higher than the positive control ; tetracycline# $his

indicates that the 8ashe! pericarpl is rich in allelochemicals or secondary metaolites that

e9hiited the antiacterial properties#


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According to 'andi (2014), the cashe! shell contains reddish ro!n oil and high 3inc

concentration# $his concurs !ith the !or o" :annan et al.(200+) sho!ing that it has various

range o" iological properties and distinct range o" phytochemicals present# 8ontrastingly to the

study o" Agedah et al.(Bioline, 2010), the leaves e9tract e9hiited antiacterial activities against

E. coli and S. aureus.

$he antiacterial assay o" 8ashe! pericarp and leaves provide strong indication that the

pericarp contains allelochemicals !ith road5spectrum antiacterial activities# $his result also

encourages the isolation, characteri3ation and elucidation o" allelochemicals !ith potent

antiacterial activities# 8onsidering that today a lot o" diseases are attriuted to the prevalence o"

in"ections caused y these range o" human pathogens# $he "ormulation and production o" end

products "or !ide array o" medicinal, medical and industrial uses "rom the 8ashe! pericarp is

also e9pected "rom this providing aseline in"ormation "or in5depth research#

CONCLUSIONS

$he cashe! pericarp methanolic crude e9tract contain allelochemicals !ith potent

antiacterial properties against ram positive and ram negative human pathogensD S. aureus, P.

aeruginosa, B. cereus andB. subtilis e9ceptE. coli. n the other hand, the cashe! leaves

methanolic crude e9tract e9hiited negative antiacterial properties against all tested human

pathogens# -esults lead to "ormulation o" several products !ith !ide array o" medicinal uses and

identi"ication o" the potent allelochemicals#


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References Cited

Andrade, $# , AraGjo, B#, 8itH, A# *# , &ilva, #, -ichter *# # ,erra3, A# (2011)

Antio!idant properties and chemical composition of technical Cashew ut Shell

Li-uid *tCSL)# -etrieved last &eptemer E, 2014 "rom

http=??academic#research#microso"t#com?.ulication?>+44+@2>?antio9idant5

properties5and5chemical5composition5o"5technical5cashe!5nut5shell5liquid5tcnsl

7lleuch, # , &haaan, *# ,&maoui, , *ellouli, # , -eai,I# :#, Ben guira, # #, &haaan,

:# A# , and aatsch, #( 200+)Bioactie Secondary #etabolites from a ew "errestrial

Streptomyces sp. "++. -etrieved last &eptemer E, 2014 "rom

http=??!!!#nci#nlm#nih#gov?pmc?articles?.*8412@E0>?

%eyes & ' D& (2$13) The end of Modern Medicine has arrived, according to

the WHO

etrieve* pril 11& 2$13 ,r.

http/00wwwnatralnewsc.0$35"#$antiiticsresistance%Oht.l
http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50761101/teresinha-de-jesus-aguiar-dos-santos-andradehttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/51436065/bruno-quirino-araujohttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50714018/antonia-maria-das-gracas-lopes-citohttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/51172870/marc-francois-richterhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50244683/alexandre-de-barros-falcao-ferrazhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50244683/alexandre-de-barros-falcao-ferrazhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/49339824/antioxidant-properties-and-chemical-composition-of-technical-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-tcnslhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/49339824/antioxidant-properties-and-chemical-composition-of-technical-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-tcnslhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Elleuch%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shaaban%20M%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shaaban%20M%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Smaoui%20S%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mellouli%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Karray-Rebai%20I%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Karray-Rebai%20I%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fourati-Ben%20Fguira%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shaaban%20KA%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Laatsch%20H%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.naturalnews.com/035890_antibiotics_resistance_WHO.htmlhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/51436065/bruno-quirino-araujohttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50714018/antonia-maria-das-gracas-lopes-citohttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/51172870/marc-francois-richterhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50244683/alexandre-de-barros-falcao-ferrazhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/49339824/antioxidant-properties-and-chemical-composition-of-technical-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-tcnslhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/49339824/antioxidant-properties-and-chemical-composition-of-technical-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-tcnslhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Elleuch%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shaaban%20M%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Smaoui%20S%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mellouli%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Karray-Rebai%20I%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fourati-Ben%20Fguira%20L%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shaaban%20KA%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Laatsch%20H%5Bauth%5Dhttp://www.naturalnews.com/035890_antibiotics_resistance_WHO.htmlhttp://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/50761101/teresinha-de-jesus-aguiar-dos-santos-andrade


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imejima *# and :uo I# (1++1) Antibacterial Agents from the Cashew Anacardium

occidentale *Anacardiaceae) ut Shell /il. -etrieved last &eptemer E, 2014 "rom

http=??!!!#aseaniotechnology#in"o?astract?2100002+#pd"

u.ages, (2014)#icrobial 0 #icrobiological assay1 $ts 'efinition 2ses and methods# -etrieved

last April 11, 2014

http=??heem#hupages#com?hu?*icroial5*icroiological5assay5Its5e"inition5%ses5

and5methods

:uo, *asuoa, a, $sujimoto , (2006)Antio!idant actiity of Anacardic acids# -etrieved last

April 11, 2014

http=??!!!#agronavigator#c3?user"iles?ile?Agronavigator?:vasnicova?anacardic

J20acids#pd"

Mann& D& (2$$#) Study: Showerheads may deliver blast of bacteria. etrieve* last

Septe.er !& 2$13 ,r.

http/00e*itincnnc.02$$#0%6T%0$#0140shwerhea*acteria0in*ex

ht.l

7S T*ay& (2$11 ) WHO's to !illers: Heart roblems, infectious diseases, canceretrieve* last pril 11& 2$13

http/00sat*ay3$sat*ayc.0news0health02$$"-1$-2!-wh-*eath-

reprt8ht.

Shrin& ' 9& :rner : S& an* %illeran* % (2$$5" #ll wet or dried u$ %eal

di&erences between auatic and terrestrial food webs. etrieve* last

Septe.er !& 2$13 ,r.

http/00wwwncinl.nih;v0p.c0articles0


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*rs# loria 8armencita imoto, *r# ione # uman and *rs# -osene *# uman,

parents o" the researchers#

*r# eandro amarcha and *rs# *a# $heresa -omey o" the 8ollege o" Arts and

&ciences, %./5 *iag5ao 8ampus#

*rs#-ose 7angcol o" &iunag, uimaras "or providing the samples#

*r# -onilo /# Aponte and *rs# Branche A# &umido, -esearch Advisers

*s# race *amon and *r# 'eil ohn oquiKo, the researchersC grammarian and

statistician# *rs# $oni inah 8heer ernande3, epartment ead o" &chool o" the uture (&),

Iloilo 'ational igh &chool# *r# 7d!in # *osura, -esearch ead5 -esearch epartment, Iloilo

'ational igh &chool# r# 'ordy # &iason r# .rincipal I/5 Iloilo 'ational igh &chool

*ost o" all, to the Almighty od "or the strength and !isdom provided to the researchers#

imrad sample

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