IMRaD: Qualitative Research Reporting

Rudolf Cymorr Kirby P. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

Learning Objectives

• Understand the IMRaD structure • Enumerate the general content of each

section • Recognize the unique attributes of reporting

qualitative research in IMRaD

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

IMRaD • Most prominent norm for a scientific

journal article • Facilitates literature review, allowing readers

to navigate articles more quickly to locate material relevant to their purpose

• It is a structure, not a format/style (APA 6th Ed)

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

Appendices

References

Body

Abstract

Title page

Standard Content

IMRaD Structure

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

IMRaD Structure

General Content A. Context of the Study B. Literature Review C. Aim/ Question D. Framework

General Question: Why was the study undertaken?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Question: Why was the study undertaken?

General Content A. Context of the Study B. Literature Review C. Aim/ Question D. Framework None

IMRaD Structure

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Design/ Approach

B. Setting, Sampling and Population

C. Data Gathering Procedure

D. Instrumentation

E. Analysis Plan

F. Ethical Considerations

IMRaD Structure General Question:

When, where, and how was the study done?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Design/ Approach

B. Setting, Sampling and Population

C. Data Gathering Procedure

D. Instrumentation

E. Analysis Plan

F. Ethical Considerations

Philosophical Underpinning

Selection of Participants

Ways of Gathering the Narratives

None

Process of Reflective Analysis

IMRaD Structure General Question:

When, where, and how was the study done?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Figures, Graphs, Tables

B. Analysis of Data

IMRaD Structure General Question:

What did the study found?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Figures, Graphs, Tables

B. Analysis of Data

The Participants

Result/ Insights (Themes, Codes, etc)

IMRaD Structure General Question:

What did the study found?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Analysis with Literature

B. Conclusion

C. Recommendation

IMRaD Structure General Question:

What might the answer imply & why does it matter?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content

A. Analysis with Literature

B. Conclusion

C. Recommendation

Resonance (RRL)

Creative Synthesis

Implication and Future Direction

IMRaD Structure General Question:

What might the answer imply & why does it matter?

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

APA Heading Levels APA Headings

Level Format

1 Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings

2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings

3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.

4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.

5 indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

Sample (Result of an Interpretative

Phenomenological Study)

Results

The Participants

Themes

Behind the Mask: The Blurring Self

Forbidden: Not Forgotten

Nasty Needles: A Friend and A Foe

Another subheading.

Another part of subheading.

Eidetic Insight

Symbolic Representation

APA Heading Levels Level 1

Level 2

Level 2

Level 2

Level 2

Level 3

Level 3

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

General Content A. Reflexivity B. Consent Form C. Tools/ Instrument D. Communications E. Other forms

Appendices

References

Body

Abstract

Title page

Reflexivity “ changes brought about to ourselves, as a result of the research process, and how

these changes have affected the research

process. It highlights the journey of discovering how we, as researchers, shaped and how we were shaped by the research process

and outputs” *

Standard Content

*(Palaganas et al., 2017)

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

References American Psychological Association (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Brain, L (1965). Structure of the scientific paper. British Medical Journal, 2, 868–869. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5466.868.

Burrough-Boenisch, J (1999). International reading strategies for IMRD articles. Written Communication., 16(3), 296– 316. doi:10.1177/0741088399016003002.

Day, R. (1989). The origin of the scientific paper: the IMRAD format. AMWA Journal, 4(2). 16-25. Retrieved from: http://www.amwa.org/default/publications/journal/scanned/v04.2.pdf

Malterud, K. (2001). Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. The Lancet, 358, 483-488. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05627-6.

Palaganas, E. C., Sanchez, M. C., Molintas, M. P., & Caricativo, R. D. (2017). Reflexivity in Qualitative Research: A Journey of Learning. The Qualitative Report, 22(2), 426-438. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol22/iss2/5

Sollaci, L. B., & Pereira, M. G. (2004). The introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) structure: a fifty-year survey. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 92(3), 364–371.

Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007) Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349– 357, doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

Maraming Salamat

R. Martinez, PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT

PhD, MA, RN, CAA, LMT, CSTP, FRIN

ResearchGate: https://goo.gl/dNr2Zs