improving water use efficiency (wue) under rainfed condition with conservation agriculture hatem...
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Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE) under rainfed
Condition with conservation agriculture
Hatem Cheikh M’hamed (INRAT) and Houcine Angar (INGC)
Definition and principles of conservation agriculture
Conservation agriculture (CA) is become an universal way to achieve sustainable
and profitable agriculture and subsequently aims to improve livelihoods of
smallholders farmers and environment through the application of three principles:
i) Minimum soil disturbance, ii) Permanent soil cover and iii) Crop
diversification.
CA principles (Permanent soil cover) allow to increase water infiltration and to
reduce in water evaporation and erosion (Ma et al. 2006).
CA based on no tillage system and crop residue retention gives positive control
of surface water (Bachmann and Friedrich 2003) and increase plant available water
in arid and semi-arid rainfed agriculture, and may lead to enhanced water use
efficiency (WUE) by crops.
CA based on no tillage system alters the partitioning of the water balance,
decreasing soil evaporation and increasing transpiration, infiltration and deep
percolation, leading to increased yields and WUE (Wang et al. 2004).
Improve WUE and crop resilience
C.A. Projects in Tunisia
• 1999-2002: Integrated Rural and Agricultural Development Project (PDARI): SILIANA et KEF (semi-arid)
• 2002-2006: FFEM Project: Pilot Farms playing an extension role (extension to sub-humid Zones)
• 2006-2012: Project to support CA Development (PADAC): INGC, ESAK et APAD / AFD-FFEM.
• 2006-2009: Project of Direct Seeding extension for Smallholder farmers (AAAID): Governorates of Siliana, Bizerte and Kef
• 2012-2016: Adapting Conservation Agriculture for Rapid Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in North Africa (CANA project)/ICARDA-ACIAR
• 2012-2016: Integrated Crop-Livestock Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Intensification of Cereal-based Systems in North Africa and Central Asia (CLCA)/ ICARDA-IFAD
Cropping Season
Are
a (
ha)
C.A. Development Phases in Tunisia
Phase I
Experimentation
Phase II
Consolidatio
n
Phase III
10-11 11-12 12-13
Co
nso
lid
atio
n a
nd
dis
sem
inat
ion
AdoptionSurvey INGC/ESAKef, 2009
• 120 Farmers and Compagnies • 70% of them had their Own Zero_Till Drillers
(84 ZTD)• Farmers with their own Zero_till Drillers, 39 %
S.A.U is under Zero_till• 25 Farmers have given up (Difficulty of Access
to Zero_till Drills)
Adoption Survey INGC/ESAKef, 2009
Bioclimatic Spread of Zero_Tillage Area
Effect of CA on soil moisture
Results (experimental station)
Blé durProfil de l'humidité
5 -02- 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%)
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
Experimental station Sidi Ahmed Essalah /Kef ( 420 mm)
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
Après 12 jours : 19-02- 2003(+ 37 mm du 5/2 au 19/2/2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Humidité (%)
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
3.5% Humidité
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
Après 1 mois : 5 -03- 2003(+19 mm du 19/2 au 5/3/2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%)
Prof
onde
ur (
cm)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
3%
1%
3%
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
17 -03- 2003(+46 mm du 5/3 au 17/3/2003)
0
1020
30
4050
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%) '
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
2 -04- 2003(+22 mm du 17/3 au 2/4/2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%) '
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
22 -04- 2003(+53 mm du 2/4 au 22/4/2003)
0102030405060
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%) '
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
9 -05- 2003(+50,5 mm du 22/4 au 9/5/2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Humidité (%) '
Pro
fond
eur
(cm
)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
29 -05- 2003(+22 mm du 9/5 au 29/5/2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Humidité (%)
Prof
onde
ur (
cm)
'
Hm-Semis Conventionnel Hm-Semis Direct
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
2003/2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
moi
stur
e (
%)
Rai
nfal
l (
mm
)
Date
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
03/3
/08
08/3
/08
13/3
/08
18/3
/08
23/3
/08
28/3
/08
02/4
/08
07/4
/08
12/4
/08
17/4
/08
22/4
/08
27/4
/08
02/5
/08
07/5
/08
12/5
/08
17/5
/08
22/5
/08
27/5
/08
Hu
mid
ité
po
nd
éral
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
mars-08 mars-08 mars-08 mars-08 mars-08 mars-08 avr-08 avr-08 avr-08 avr-08 avr-08 avr-08 mai-08 mai-08 mai-08 mai-08 mai-08 mai-08
Plu
vio
mét
rie
(mm
)
B (5,12)/SD B (5,4)/SC
2007/2008
Experimental station ESA-Kef ( 380 mm)
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
21/0
1/20
0926
/01/
2009
31/0
1/20
0905
/02/
2009
10/0
2/20
0915
/02/
2009
20/0
2/20
0925
/02/
2009
02/0
3/20
0907
/03/
2009
12/0
3/20
0917
/03/
2009
22/0
3/20
0927
/03/
2009
01/0
4/20
0906
/04/
2009
11/0
4/20
0916
/04/
2009
21/0
4/20
0926
/04/
2009
01/0
5/20
0906
/05/
2009
11/0
5/20
0916
/05/
2009
21/0
5/20
09
Date
Pluie
(mm
) '
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Lect
ure
sond
e '
Pluie (mm) B (6,3,2) B (6,9,2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
21/0
1/20
0926
/01/
2009
31/0
1/20
0905
/02/
2009
10/0
2/20
0915
/02/
2009
20/0
2/20
0925
/02/
2009
02/0
3/20
0907
/03/
2009
12/0
3/20
0917
/03/
2009
22/0
3/20
0927
/03/
2009
01/0
4/20
0906
/04/
2009
11/0
4/20
0916
/04/
2009
21/0
4/20
0926
/04/
2009
01/0
5/20
0906
/05/
2009
11/0
5/20
0916
/05/
2009
21/0
5/20
09
Date
Pluie
(mm
) '
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lect
ure
sond
e '
Pluie (mm) B (6,3,4) B (6,9,4)
15 – 30 cm15 – 30 cm
45 – 60 cm45 – 60 cm
AC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
21/0
1/20
09
26/0
1/20
09
31/0
1/20
09
05/0
2/20
09
10/0
2/20
09
15/0
2/20
09
20/0
2/20
09
25/0
2/20
09
02/0
3/20
09
07/0
3/20
09
12/0
3/20
09
17/0
3/20
09
22/0
3/20
09
27/0
3/20
09
01/0
4/20
09
06/0
4/20
09
11/0
4/20
09
16/0
4/20
09
21/0
4/20
09
26/0
4/20
09
01/0
5/20
09
06/0
5/20
09
11/0
5/20
09
16/0
5/20
09
21/0
5/20
09
Date
Plui
e (m
m)
'
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
lect
ure
sond
e '
Pluie (mm) B (6,3,1) B (6,9,1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
21/0
1/200
926
/01/2
009
31/0
1/200
905
/02/2
009
10/0
2/200
915
/02/2
009
20/0
2/200
925
/02/2
009
02/0
3/200
907
/03/2
009
12/0
3/200
917
/03/2
009
22/0
3/200
927
/03/2
009
01/0
4/200
906
/04/2
009
11/0
4/200
916
/04/2
009
21/0
4/200
926
/04/2
009
01/0
5/200
906
/05/2
009
11/0
5/200
916
/05/2
009
21/0
5/200
9
Date
Pluie
(mm
) '
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180Le
cture
son
de
'
Pluie (mm) B (6,3,3) B (6,9,3) Durum wheat/ Barley
2008/2009
30 – 45 cm30 – 45 cm
0 – 15 cm0 – 15 cm
CoA
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
Results (On farm trials)
0
10
20
30
40
50
6 8 10 12 14
Humidité(%)
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
SD SC
0
20
40
60
8 9 10 11 12 13
Humidité (%)
Prof
onde
ur (c
m)
sd sc
Krib/Siliana (480 mm), 10 years under CA
2003 2004
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Humidités (%)
Pro
fond
eur
(cm
)
SD SC
01/02/2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Humidité (%)P
rofo
nd
eur
(cm
)
SD SC
12/03/2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
Humidité (%)
Pro
fon
deu
r (c
m)
SD SC
15/02/2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Humidité (%)Pr
ofon
deu
r (c
m)
SD SC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Humidité (%)
Prof
ondeur
(cm
)
SD SC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Humidité (%)
Pro
fondeur
(cm
)
SD SC
2/2005 Pois
3/2005 Pois
4/2005 Pois
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
05
101520253035404550
Campagne agricole
Tau
x d'
infil
tratio
n (m
m/h
eure
) '
SD SC
05
10152025303540
Campagne agricole
Ren
dem
ent (
qx/h
a) '
SD SC
Infiltration rate increased under CA
Yields increased under CA system
INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC
Effect of CA on WUE
Experiment was carried out on farm located 30 km from Tunis,
Tunisia (36° 36' 37,3'' N Lat, 10° 0,8' 30,7'' E Long, 65 m asl),
during three cropping seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009 and
2009/2010).
• Climate is semi-arid and the annual rainfall average is about 400
mm.
• Soil had a clay texture with 180 mm m-1 total available water.
• Biennial rotation was tested [Durum wheat/ Durum wheat (W/W),
Durum wheat/ Faba bean (W/F)].
Methodology
• Soil water balance and crop water uptake was determined
• At the harvest, the TDM and yields compound of durum wheat
were determined.
- Biological Water Use Efficiency (WUE-b) = Total dry matter/ETR
(kg/ha/mm)
- Grain Water Use Efficiency (WUE-g) = Grain yield/ETR
(kg/ha/mm)
An analysis of variance for all measured parameters was made, using
Statistical Analysis System software (SAS, 1985).
Measurement
Cropping season
Treatment Grain yield(kg/ha)
TDM (kg/ha)
WUE-g (kg/ha/mm)
WUE-b (kg/ha/mm)
W/W W/F W/W W/F W/W W/F W/W W/F
2007-2008 CACoALSD(0.05)
2800a 3100a
2600b 3300b
175 193
6900a 7500a
6300b 7950b
266 320
7.36a 8.15a
6.19b 7.85b
0.15 0.28
18.15a 19.73a
15.00b 8.92b
1.13 1.41
2008-2009 CACoALSD(0.05)
3200a 3420a
3000b 3460a
192 210
7600a 8050a
7250b 8100b
320 460
8.08a 8.50a
6.66b 7.55b
0.36 0.42
19.00a 20.12a
16.15b 18.00b
1.32 1.18
2009-2010 CACoALSD(0.05)
3050a 3430a
2980a 3640a
160 202
7300a 8080a
7280a 8250a
380 500
7.14a 8.09a
6.52b 7.82a
0.41 0.38
17.38a 19.23a
15.82b 7.93b
0.95 1.22
Results
Cheikh M’hamed H., et al., 2014 (WCCA/Canada)
