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S @ X K N H D O F S @ X F M O C U D U A X O @ . 4 < 3

D I X M B D L Q G D O N A Y A K @ U G A O ^ R A X M A R

^LA S@XKN HDOF

Mgpr`vmoc Urmgdry LadktlBdra Nakmvary mo Omcarmd

Avmnaoba ir`g I`ur Rtdtas

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S @ X K N H D O F S @ X F M O C U D U A X O @ . 4 < 3

Mgpr`vmoc Urmgdry LadktlBdra Nakmvary mo Omcarmd

Avmnaoba ir`g I`ur Rtdtas

Dirmbd Xacm`o Lugdo Navak`pgaot Napdrtgaot

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B`pyrmclt 8545

^la Motarodtm`odk Hdof i`r Xab`ostrubtm`o don Navak`pgaot / ^la S`rkn Hdof

422, Q.R.D.

Dkk rmclts rasarvanGdouidbturan mo tla Qomtan Rtdtas `i Dgarmbd

Imrst Urmotmoc: Dprmk 8545

Urmotan `o rabybkan pdpar

4 8 2 > 42 48 44 45

S`rkn Hdof S`rfmoc Udpars dra puhkmslan t` b`gguombdta tla rasukts `i tla Hdofs w`rf t` tla

navak`pgaot b`gguomty wmtl tla kadst p`ssmhka nakdy. ^la gdousbrmpt `i tlms pdpar tlarai`ra lds o`t

haao prapdran mo dbb`rndoba wmtl tla pr`banuras dppr`prmdta t` i`rgdkkyanmtan taxts. R`ga s`urbas

bmtan mo tlms pdpar gdy ha moi`rgdk n`bugaots tldt dra o`t radnmky dvdmkdhka.^la imonmocs, motarpratdtm`os, don b`obkusm`os axprassan laramo dra tl`sa `i tla dutl`r(s) don n`

o`t oabassdrmky raikabt tla vmaws `i tla Motarodtm`odk Hdof i`r Xab`ostrubtm`o don Navak`pgaot/^la

S`rkn Hdof don mts diimkmdtan `rcdomzdtm`os, `r tl`sa `i tla Axabutmva Nmrabt`rs `i ^la S`rkn Hdof `r

tla c`varogaots tlay raprasaot.

^la S`rkn Hdof n`as o`t cudrdotaa tla dbburdby `i tla ndtd mobkunan mo tlms w`rf. ^la

h`uondrmas, b`k`rs, nao`gmodtm`os, don `tlar moi`rgdtm`o sl`wo `o doy gdp mo tlms w`rf n` o`t mgpky

doy juncgaot `o tla pdrt `i ^la S`rkn Hdof `i tla kacdk stdtus `i doy tarrmt`ry `r tla aon`rsagaot `r

dbbaptdoba i subl h`uondrmas.

^la gdtarmdk mo tlms puhkmbdtm`o ms b`pyrmcltan. B`pymoc don/`r trdosgmttmoc p`rtm`os `r dkk `i tlms

w`rf wmtl`ut pargmssm`o gdy ha d vm`kdtm`o `i dppkmbdhka kdw. ^la Motarodtm`odk Hdof i`r

Xab`ostrubtm`o don Navak`pgaot/^la S`rkn Hdof aob`urdcas nmssagmodtm`o `i mts w`rf don wmkk

o`rgdkky crdot pargmssm`o pr`gptky t` rapr`nuba p`rtm`os `i tla w`rf.I`r pargmssm`o t` pl`t`b`py `r raprmot doy pdrt `i tlms w`rf, pkadsa saon d raquast wmtl b`gpkata

moi`rgdtm`o t` tla B`pyrmclt Bkadrdoba Baotar, Mob., 888 X`saw``n Nrmva, Ndovars, GD 54=82, QRD,

^ak: =335, www.b`pyrmclt.b`g.

Dkk `tlar quarmas `o rmclts don kmbaosas, mobkunmoc suhsmnmdry rmclts, sl`ukn ha dnnrassan t` tla

@iimba `i tla Uuhkmslar, ^la S`rkn Hdof, 422, QRD, Idx: 858188

8>88, agdmk: puhrmcltsEw`rknhdof.`rc.

MRHO: =3

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mmm

B`otaots

I`raw`rn ....................................................................................................................................mx

Dbfo`wkancgaots .................................................................................................................... x

Dbr`oygs don Dhhravmdtm`os ................................................................................................xm

Axabutmva Ruggdry ............................................................................................................... xmmm

Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Nakmvary mo I`ur Rtdtas ..............................................................xmmm

Qonarstdonmoc tla Uari`rgdoba `i Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra mo tla Rtdtas ...................xvmm

Nmvmsm`o `i Xasp`osmhmkmty dg`oc C`varogaot Kavaks .............................................xvmm

Bmtmzaos/BkmaotsU`kmby Gdfars ....................................................................................xvmmm

U`kmby GdfarsUr`vmnars .................................................................................................. xx

BkmaotsUr`vmnars .............................................................................................................xxm

U`ssmhka Sdys I`rwdrn ..................................................................................................xxmm

4. Motr`nubtm`o ............................................................................................................................ 4

@hjabtmvas ............................................................................................................................. 8

B`obaptudk Irdgaw`rf...................................................................................................... 2

Gatl`n`k`cy ....................................................................................................................... 1

8. B`otaxt .................................................................................................................................... 3

Ladktl @utb`gas don Dbbass t` Ladktl Rarvmbas mo Omcarmd ......................................... 3

B`otaxt mo Rtdtas Mobkunan mo tla Rtuny ........................................................................... =

2. Rtdtus `i Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Rarvmbas........................................................................... 44

@rcdomzdtm`o `i tla Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Rystag ........................................................ 44

Rurvay Xasukts ................................................................................................................... 48

Moirdstrubtura don Dgaomtmas .......................................................................................... 42

Rarvmbas Dvdmkdhka ............................................................................................................. 4>

Aqumpgaot don Ganmbdk Ruppkmas ................................................................................... 41

Uldrgdbautmbdks ................................................................................................................ 49

Ladktl Uars`ooak ............................................................................................................... 43

Axagptm`o don Sdmvar Ur`crdgs .................................................................................. 85

Anubdtm`o don Ur`g`tm`o Dbtmvmtmas `i ULB Rarvmbas ................................................. 25

Rarvmba Bldrcas ................................................................................................................. 24

>. Nmvmsm`o `i Xasp`osmhmkmtmas dg`oc C`varogaot Kavaks ............................................ 22

Kdws don U`kmbmas Moi`rgmoc tla Nmvmsm`o `i Xasp`osmhmkmtmas i`r tla Nakmvary `i

Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra ................................................................................................. 22

Nmvmsm`o `i Xasp`osmhmkmtmas mo Urdbtmba .......................................................................... 2>

U`kmbmas don Cumnakmoas .................................................................................................... 2>

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mv B`otaots

Uars`ooak ^rdmomoc ............................................................................................................ 29

Ladktl Bdra Uars`ooak Gdodcagaot ............................................................................. 29

Moirdstrubtura: B`ostrubtm`o don Gdmotaodoba ............................................................. 23

Ur`buragaot don Nmstrmhutm`o `i Uldrgdbautmbdk Ur`nubts ....................................... 2=Ruparvmsm`o ........................................................................................................................ >4

U`ssmhka Sdys I`rwdrn .................................................................................................... >4

1. BkmaotsU`kmby Gdfars ........................................................................................................ >2

K`bdk C`varogaot Xavaouas don Xasp`osmhmkmtmas ...................................................... >2

Uuhkmb Imodobmdk Gdodcagaot ......................................................................................... >9

K`bdk C`varogaot Bmvmk Rarvmba ..................................................................................... >=

K`bdk C`varogaot Ladktl Axpaonmtura ......................................................................... 15

K`bdk C`varogaot Dbb`uotdhmkmty i`r Rarvmba Nakmvary .............................................. 1>

U`ssmhka Sdys I`rwdrn .................................................................................................... 11

9. U`kmby GdfarsUr`vmnars .................................................................................................... 94

Bldrdbtarmstmbs `i Ladktl Uars`ooak ............................................................................... 98

Anubdtm`o Kavak ................................................................................................................. 92

Mobaotmvas t` Ur`vmnars ..................................................................................................... 9>

Gabldomsgs t` Xawdrn don Nmsbmpkmoa ULB Uars`ooak .............................................. 93

@tlar Oacdtmva Mobaotmvas Idban hy ULB Uars`ooak ................................................... 9

Mobradsmoc Bkmaots U`war ................................................................................................ 3>

Rurvay Xasukts ................................................................................................................... 31

U`ssmhka Sdys I`rwdrn .................................................................................................... 33

Xaiaraobas .................................................................................................................................

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B`otaots v

^dhka 2.2. Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Idbmkmtmas, Moirdstrubtura, don Dgaomtmas dbr`ss

Rtdtas (mo %) ...................................................................................................................... 4>

^dhka 2.>. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas @iiarmoc Hdsmb Rarvmbas dbr`ss Rtdtas .......................... 41

^dhka 2.1. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas wmtl Aqumpgaot don Ganmbdk Ruppkmas dbr`ss

Rtdtas .................................................................................................................................. 41

^dhka 2.9. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas Ldvmoc Hdsmb Uldrgdbautmbdks don Ydbbmoas mo

Rt`bf dbr`ss Rtdtas ............................................................................................................ 43

^dhka 2.3. Dvardca Rtdiimoc `i ULB Idbmkmtmas dbr`ss Rtdtas don Dbr`ss ^ypa `i

@woarslmp ........................................................................................................................ 45

^dhka 1.4. Bldocas mo tla Dbtudk Nmstrmhutm`o `i Ianardtm`o Dbb`uot Xavaouasdbr`ss ^lraa C`varogaot Kavaks (mo %) ....................................................................... >>

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vm B`otaots

^dhka 1.8.Gdmo Imsbdk ^raons i`r tla B`os`kmndtan C`varogaot, 4===8551,

(hmkkm`os `i odmrd) .............................................................................................................. >1

^dhka 1.2. Huncat Axabutm`o Xdta dbr`ss KC mo Fdnuod don Br`ss Xmvar (mo %) ............ >9

^dhka 1.>. Bdpmtdk Huncat Axabutm`o Xdta dbr`ss KC mo Fdnuod don Br`ss Xmvar

(mo %) .................................................................................................................................. >=

^dhka 1.9. Uarbaotdca `i Bmvmk Rarvdots `ut `i ^`tdk U`pukdtm`o mo RuhRdldrdo

Dirmbdo B`uotrmas ............................................................................................................. 15

^dhka 1.3. Xadk Cr`wtl Xdta `i Fdnuod KC Axpaonmturas mo 85525> don 855>51

(mo %) .................................................................................................................................. 12

^dhka 1.

^dhka 1.=. Br`ss Xmvar K`bdk C`varogaots Axpaonmtura 8551 ........................................... 1=

^dhka 1.45. Fdnuod K`bdk C`varogaot Axpaonmtura 8551 .................................................95

^dhka 9.4. Ladktl Bdra Uars`ooak Rdgpkan dbr`ss Rtdtas ................................................... 94

^dhka 9.8. Ladktl Bdra Uars`ooak Rdgpkan hy Caonar dbr`ss Rtdtas ................................ 98

^dhka 9.2. Bldrdbtarmstmbs `i ULB Uars`ooak dbr`ss Rtdtas don dbr`ss ^ypa `i

Idbmkmty @woarslmp .......................................................................................................... 92

^dhka 9.>. Bldrdbtarmstmbs `i ULB Uars`ooak dbr`ss ^ypa `i Uars`ooak ........................... 92

^dhka 9.1. Lmclast Kavak `i Anubdtm`o B`gpkatan hy ULB Rtdii Motarvmawan (Rtdta

B`gpdrms`o) ..................................................................................................................... 9>

^dhka 9.9. Dvardca Rdkdry `i ULB Uars`ooak dbr`ss ^ypa `i Idbmkmty @woarslmp .......... 91

^dhka 9.3. Rdkdry `i N`bt`rs don Oursas mo Xakdtm`o t` CNU par Bdpmtd mo Nmiiaraot

RuhRdldrdo Dirmbdo B`uotrmas (mo %) .......................................................................... 91

^dhka 9.

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B`otaots vmm

Imcuras

Imcura 4. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas Ldvmoc Aqumpgaot don B`osugdhkas dbr`ss

Rtdtas .................................................................................................................................xmv

Imcura 8. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas Ldvmoc Hdsmb Uldrgdbautmbdks don Ydbbmoas `oRt`bf dbr`ss Rtdtas ............................................................................................................xv

Imcura 2. L`usal`kn Rdtmsidbtm`o wmtl Oadrast Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Idbmkmty ...............xvm

Imcura >. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmps hatwaao U`kmtmbmdos/U`kmby Gdfars,

Ur`vmnars, don Bmtmzaos/Bkmaots ...................................................................................xvmm

Imcura 1. Bkmaots/BmtmzaoU`kmby Gdfars Xakdtm`oslmp .....................................................xvmmm

Imcura 9. Xakdtm`oslmp hatwaao K`bdk C`varogaots don Ur`vmnars ................................ xx

Imcura 3. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmp hatwaao Bkmaots don Ur`vmnars .......................... xxm

Imcura 4.4. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmps hatwaao U`kmtmbmdos/U`kmby Gdfars,

Ur`vmnars, don Bmtmzaos/Bkmaots ....................................................................................... >

Imcura 8.4. R`bm`ab`o`gmb Nmspdrmtmas mo Ladktl @utb`gas don Hdsmb RarvmbaQtmkmzdtm`o, Omcarmd, 8552 .................................................................................................. .4. C`varogaot Dcaobmas wmtl Xasp`osmhmkmtmas mo ULB mo Br`ss Xmvar ............ 21

Imcura >.8. C`varogaot Dcaobmas wmtl ULB Nakmvary Xasp`osmhmkmtmas mo Fdnuod....... 21

Imcura 1.4. Dvardca Xdtm` hatwaao Dbtudk don Ur`jabtan Motarodkky CaoardtanXavaouas mo Hdublms K`bdk C`varogaots .................................................................... >3

Imcura 1.8. Rldra `i ^`tdk KC Axpaonmtura Dkk`bdtan t` Ladktl mo Fdnuod KC, 8551 ....18

Imcura 1.2. ^`tdk par Bdpmtd Uuhkmb Axpaonmtura dbr`ss K`bdk C`varogaots mo

Fdnuod don Br`ss Xmvar, 8551 ....................................................................................... 18

Imcura 9.4. Ur`bass t` Nmsbmpkmoa ULB Uars`ooak ................................................................ 93

Imcura H.4. L`usal`kn Rurvay Xasp`onaots Kmtardby Kavak ............................................

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vmmm B`otaots

H`xas

H`x 4.4. Nabkdrdtm`o `i DkgdDtd: Motarodtm`odk B`oiaraoba `o Urmgdry Ladktl

Bdra, DkgdDtd, (prasaotky Dkgdty, Fdzdflstdo) 4=3< ................................................ 2

H`x 2.4. Ur`p`san Ladktl Gdop`war i`r d ULB Baotar t` Ur`vmna tla GmomgugLadktl Bdra Udbfdca ....................................................................................................... 4. ............................................................................................ >=

H`x 1.8. Bmtmzao Xap`rt Bdrns: ^la Hdocdk`ra Axparmaoba ................................................ 13

H`x 1.2. Udrtmbmpdtmva Dppr`dblas mo tla Gdodcagaot `i Anubdtm`o: Kmtardby

Aoldobagaot Dssmstdoba Ur`jabt (KADU) ...................................................................... 13

H`x 3.4. Fdnuod: Axdgpka `i Idbmkmty Ladktl B`ggmttaa X`ka mo Mgpr`vmoc tla

B`onmtm`o `i ULB Idbmkmtmas ............................................................................................ 3

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mx

I`raw`rn

dbl yadr gdoy kmvas, aspabmdkky blmknraos, dra k`st mo Omcarmd. B`gguombdhka

nmsadsas, pdrtmbukdrky gdkdrmd, poaug`omd, don nmdrrlad, `itao kmofan wmtl

gdkoutrmtm`o, bdusan g`st `i tlasa pragdtura nadtls. G`st motarvaotm`os pr`vao t`

pravaot `r tradt tlasa mkkoassas dra prmgdry ladktl bdra motarvaotm`os6 s`ga `i tlag bdo

ha pr`vmnan hy tla l`usal`kns tlagsakvas ditar s`ga `rmaotdtm`o ir`g d ladktl

pr`vmnar, amtlar mosmna ladktl idbmkmtmas `r tlr`ucl b`gguomty `utradbl.

Gdtarodk g`rtdkmty ms dks` lmcl mo tla b`uotry. R`ga `i tlasa nadtls bdo dks` ha

pravaotan. Dktl`ucl dbbass t` raiarrdk bdra ms assaotmdk t` mgpr`va gdtarodk survmvdk6

prmgdry ladktl bdra motarvaotm`os bdo pravaot s`ga `i tla monmrabt bdusas `i gdtarodk

nadtls subl ds doagmd, gdkdrmd, R^M ds wakk ds tla gdj`r idbt`rs uonarkymoc ganmbdkbdusas.

Cmvao tla mgp`rtdoba `i prmgdry ladktl bdra sarvmbas i`r tla b`uotry t` dblmava tla

Gmkkaoomug Navak`pgaot C`dks, mt ms mgp`rtdot t` caoardta fo`wkanca `o tla

bldkkaocas idban mo nakmvarmoc ULB sarvmbas tldt w`ukn dkk`w dutl`rmtmas t` nasmco don

mgpkagaot pr`crdgs t` rasp`on t` tlasa bldkkaocas. ^lms rap`rt tlao dmgs prabmsaky dt

uonarstdonmoc tla pari`rgdoba `i prmgdry ladktl bdra (ULB) pr`vmnars mo i`ur

Omcarmdo stdtas, Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvars, Fdnuod, don Kdc`s don tla vdrmdhkas nrmvmoc tlms

pari`rgdoba. ^la rap`rt dks` dmgs dt `iiarmoc p`kmby `ptm`os t` mgpr`va tla nakmvary `i

ULB sarvmbas mo tlasa stdtas.

^lms rap`rt wds prapdran hy tla S`rkn Hdof mo pdrtoarslmp wmtl tla Odtm`odkUrmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot Dcaoby, tla Ianardk Gmomstry `i Ladktl, don tla

Bdodnmdo Motarodtm`odk Navak`pgaot Dcaoby. ^la rap`rt wds gdna p`ssmhka tldofs t`

tla supp`rt rabamvan ir`g tla Rtdtas Gmomstrmas `i Ladktl `i Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvar,

Fdnuod, don Kdc`s don tla imodobmdk supp`rt `i tla Bdodnmdo Motarodtm`odk

Navak`pgaot Dcaoby. Imodkky, tla stuny dks` haoaimtan ir`g s`ga imodobmdk supp`rt

ir`g tla Hdof Oatlarkdons Udrtoarslmp Ur`crdg (HOUU).

Dcoas R`ubdt

Dnvms`r, Ladktl Outrmtm`o U`pukdtm`o i`r Dirmbd,

Dirmbd Xacm`o Lugdo Navak`pgaot

^la S`rkn Hdof

A

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x

Dbfo`wkancgaots

lms stuny wds uonartdfao hy tla S`rkn Hdof mo pdrtoarslmp wmtl tla Bdodnmdo

Motarodtm`odk Navak`pgaot Dcaoby6 ^la Ianardk Gmomstry `i Ladktl, Omcarmd6 don

tla Odtm`odk Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot Dcaoby.

^la Omcarmd tadg wds ladnan hy Grs. F`ka`s`Dnakafdo (Axabutmva Nmrabt`r `i

Odtm`odk Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot Dcaoby) Nr. Rlalu Gdlnm (pravm`us

Axabutmva Nmrabt`r `i Odtm`odk Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot Dcaoby), don Nr.

Guldggdn Udta (Axabutmva Nmrabt`r `i Odtm`odk Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot

Dcaoby dt tla tmga `i tla nmssagmodtm`o `i tla stuny). ^la tadg wds b`gp`san hy Ur`i.

Dfpdkd (Nmrabt`r `i Ukdoomoc, Xasadrbl, don Rtdtmstmbs, OULBND), Nr. Mydh` Kawms

(B`osuktdot, OULBND), don Nr. @. @cha (Napdrtgaot `i Ukdoomoc, Xasadrbl, donRtdtmstmbs, OULBND). Nr. ^`ku Idfaya (Ladn Nmvmsm`o `i Motarodtm`odk Ladktl,

Napdrtgaot `i Ladktl Ukdoomoc don Xasadrbl, Ianardk Gmomstry `i Ladktl) wds dks`

pdrt `i tla tadg.

^la S`rkn Hdof tadg wds ladnan hy G.A. H`omkkdBldbmo (Raom`r Ab`o`gmst,

DI^L2) wl` b``rnmodtan tla `vardkk w`rf don wr`ta tla rap`rt. Xdgasl C`vmondrdj

(Raom`r Ladktl Rpabmdkmst, DI^L2) don Grs. Dooa@fmch` (Raom`r Ladktl Rpabmdkmst,

DI^L2) dks` pdrtmbmpdtan mo tla w`rf. Oc`zm Gdkmia pr`vmnan cradt supp`rt t` tla

tadg. ^la stuny wds n`oa uonar tla `vardkk cumndoba `i Kyooa RlarhuroaHaoz (Rabt`r

Gdodcar) don @oo` Xulk (B`uotry Nmrabt`r).

^lms rap`rt ms gdmoky hdsan `o qudotmtdtmva survays `o ladktl idbmkmtmas, ladktl bdrapars`ooak, don l`usal`kns mo tlamr vmbmomty tldt wara b`ggmssm`oan i`r tlms stuny.

^lasa survays wara nasmcoan don mgpkagaotan hy d b`os`rtmug `i tla i`kk`wmoc imrgs:

AU@R Ladktl B`osuktdots6 Bdodnmdo R`bmaty i`r Motarodtm`odk Ladktl6 don Baotar i`r Ladktl

Rbmaobas ^rdmomoc, Xasadrbl don Navak`pgaot (BLAR^XDN). ^lms b`os`rtmug dks`

prapdran d rap`rt `o tla rasukts `i tla survays tldt sarvan ds hdbfcr`uon i`r tlms rap`rt.

^la tadg dks` dbfo`wkancas tla pdrtmbmpdtm`o `i Gr. Umarra ^raghkdy

(Navak`pgaot @iimbar, BMND), Gr. Gdrtmo @suh`r (Navak`pgaot @iimbar, BMND), don

Gr. Harodrn Ladvao (Navak`pgaot @iimbar, BMND) ir`g tla Bdodnmdo Motarodtm`odk

Navak`pgaot Dcaoby.

Sa dks` crdtaiukky dbfo`wkanca tla supp`rt `i tla Rtdta Gmomstrmas `i Ladktl `i tla

pdrtmbmpdtmoc stdtas: Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvar, Fdnuod, don Kdc`s. Mo dnnmtm`o, tla stuny

haoaimtan ir`g movdkudhka succastm`os don b`ggaots ir`g: Nr. F`kdw`ka Gdxwakk

(UD^LR), Nr. Rtutm Flagdom (Raom`r Ab`o`gmst, S`rkn Hdof), Nr. Jaiiray Ldggar

(Kadn Ab`o`gmst, S`rkn Hdof), Nr. @sbdr Umbdz` (Raom`r Ab`o`gmst, S`rkn Hdof), Gr.

Msgdmk Xdnwdo (Raom`r URN Rpabmdkmst, S`rkn Hdof) don Nr. Gduraao Kawms (Dnvms`r,

S`rkn Hdof). Imodkky, tla stuny haoaimtan ir`g b`ggaots rabamvan nurmoc d w`rfsl`p

tldt t``f pkdba mo Nabaghar `i 8553 wlara tla prakmgmodry rasukts `i tla survay wara

prasaotan.

^lms stuny wds b`gpkatan gdmoky wmtl tla imodobmdk supp`rt `i tla BdodnmdoMotarodtm`odk Navak`pgaot Dcaoby don dks` haoaimtan ir`g tla Hdof Oatlarkdons

Udrtoarslmp Ur`crdg.

^

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xm

Dbr`oygs don Dhhravmdtm`os

DB^ Drtagmsmo B`ghmodtm`o ^radtgaot

HDRAANR Hdublm Rtdta Ab`o`gmb Agp`wargaot don Navak`pgaot Rtrdtacy

HLB Hdsmb Ladktl Rarvmbas

HA@B Hdsmb Agarcaoby @hstatrmb Bdra

BNB Baotar i`r Nmsadsa B`otr`k

BLB B`gpralaosmva Ladktl Rarvmbas

BLAS B`gguomty Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfar

BL@ B`gguomty Ladktl @iimbar

BMND Bdodnmdo Motarodtm`odk Navak`pgaot Dcaoby

BUR B`uotry Udrtoarslmp RtrdtacyBRX B`uotry Rtdtus Xap`rt

ND Navak`pgaot Drads

NIMN Napdrtgaot `i Motarodtm`odk Navak`pgaot

NLR Nag`crdplmb don Ladktl Rurvays

NULB Napdrtgaot `i Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra

AD Aougardtm`o Drad

ARS Ab`o`gmb don Rabt`r S`rf

ID Ianardtm`o Dbb`uot

ILB Idbmkmty Ladktl B`ggmttaa

IG@L Ianardk Gmomstry `i LadktlCNU Cr`ss N`gastmb Ur`nubt

LMY/DMNR Lugdo Mgguo`naimbmaoby Ymrus/Dbqumran Mgguoa Naimbmaoby

Ryonr`ga

LON Lmclar Odtm`odk Nmpk`gd

LU Ladktl U`sts don Nmspaosdrmas

MCX Motarodkky Caoardtan Xavaoua

M^O Mosabtmbmna ^radtan Oat

JBLAS Juom`r B`gguomty Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfar

KADU Kmtardby Aoldobagaot Dssmstdoba Ur`jabt

KAAGU K`bdk Agp`wargaot don Aovmr`ogaotdk Gdodcagaot Ur`jabt

KC K`bdk C`varogaot

KCD K`bdk C`varogaot Drad

KCRB/KCR

H

K`bdk C`varogaot Rarvmba B`ggmssm`o/ K`bdk C`varogaot Rarvmba

H`drn

GNC Gmkkaoomug Navak`pgaot C`dks

ODINDB Odtm`odk Dcaoby i`r I``n, Nruc Dngmomstrdtm`o don B`otr`k

OAANR Odtm`odk Ab`o`gmb Agp`wargaot don Navak`pgaot Rtrdtacy

OKRR Omcarmdo Kmvmoc Rtdondrns Rurvay

OULBND Odtm`odk Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Navak`pgaot DcaobyO]RB Odtm`odk ]`utl Rarvmba B`rps

@ON @rnmodry Odtm`odk Nmpk`gd

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xmm Dbr`oygs don Dhhravmdtm`os

@XR @rdk Xalynrdtm`o Rdkts

UD^LR Udrtoarslmp i`r ^rdosi`rgmoc tla Ladktl Rystag

UAGIDX Uuhkmb Axpaonmtura Gdodcagaot don Imodobmdk Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xavmaw

UIG Uuhkmb Imodobmdk Gdodcagaot

ULB Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra

RDBM Rtdta Dbtm`o B`ggmttaa i`r Mgguomzdtm`o

RAANR Rtdta Ab`o`gmb Agp`wargaot don Navak`pgaot Rtrdtacy

RGKC Rtdta Gmomstry `i K`bdk C`varogaot

RG@L Rtdta Gmomstry `i Ladktl

RXNB Rtdta Xurdk Navak`pgaot B`ggmssm`o

RRD RuhRdldrdo Dirmbd

R^M Raxudkky ^rdosgmttan Moiabtm`os

^H ^uharbuk`sms

QOIUD Qomtan Odtm`os U`pukdtm`o Iuon

QOMBAI Qomtan Odtm`os Blmknraos Iuon

QRDMN Qomtan Rtdtas Dcaoby i`r Motarodtm`odk Navak`

YD^ Ydkua Dnnan ^dx

SNX S`rkn Navak`pgaot Xap`rt

SL@ S`rkn Ladktl @rcdomzdtm`o

SLR Sdrn Ladktl Rarvmbas

SGLBU Sdrn Gmomgug Ladktl Bdra Udbfdca

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xmmm

Axabutmva Ruggdry

lms stuny dmgs gdmoky dt uonarstdonmoc tla pari`rgdoba `i prmgdry ladktl bdra

(ULB) pr`vmnars mo i`ur Omcarmdo stdtas don tla vdrmdhkas nrmvmoc tlms

pari`rgdoba. ^la stuny ms prmgdrmky hdsan `o qudotmtdtmva survays dt tla kavak `i

prmgdry ladktl bdra idbmkmtmas, ladktl bdra pars`ooak, don l`usal`kns mo tlamr vmbmomty.

^lasa survays wara mgpkagaotan mo i`ur stdtas: Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvar, Fdnuod, don

Kdc`s.

Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Nakmvary mo I`ur Rtdtas

^la `rcdomzdtm`o `i tla nakmvary `i prmgdry ladktl bdra sarvmbas kdrcaky vdrmas dbr`ss

stdtas. ^la r`ka `i tla prmvdta sabt`r mo sarvmba pr`vmsm`o ms kdrcar mo tla s`utlaro stdtas,

pdrtmbukdrky mo Kdc`s. ^la puhkmb ULB nakmvary systag dks` vdrmas smcomimbdotky. I`r

mostdoba, gdoy stdtas ldva pr`crassmvaky akmgmodtan ladktl p`sts don nmspaosdrmas.

^lasa dra tla sgdkkast ULB idbmkmtmas `iiarmoc `oky d kmgmtan sat `i sarvmbas, gdmoky blmkn

ladktl sarvmbas. L`wavar, mo tla o`rtlaro stdtas, don pdrtmbukdrky mo Hdublm, tlay

raprasaot do mgp`rtdot sldra `i ULB idbmkmtmas.

^la rasukts `i tla ladktl idbmkmty survay sl`ws tldt `itao tlasa idbmkmtmas ldva

nabdymoc moirdstrubtura, n` o`t `iiar dkk hdsmb sarvmbas, don n` o`t ldva dkk tla ladktl

pars`ooak, aqumpgaot, ganmbdk suppkmas, don pldrgdbautmbdks oaanan t` aiiabtmvaky

`iiar sarvmbas. ^lara dra, l`wavar, kdrca nmiiaraobas dbr`ss stdtas, rurdk don urhdo k`bdk

c`varogaots, don dbr`ss puhkmb don prmvdta `woarslmp.

Mo caoardk, tla b`onmtm`o `i tla moirdstrubtura `i ULB idbmkmtmas, pdrtmbukdrky puhkmb

idbmkmtmas, ms p``r. Ds saao mo tdhka 4, dh`ut tw` `ut `i avary imva idbmkmtmas sdgpkan mo tla

survay ldva kadfy r``is, hr`fao wmon`ws don/`r n``rs. Kass tldo tlraa `ut `i avary

i`ur idbmkmtmas ldva wdsta nmsp`sdks, akabtrmbmty, irmnca/mbah`x, `r t`mkats.

^dhka 4. Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Idbmkmtmas Moirdstrubtura dbr`ss Rtdtas don Idbmkmty@woarslmp (mo %)

Hdublm Br`ss Xmvar Fdnuod Kdc`s Urmvdta C`varogaot

Moirdstrubtura^dps wmtl ruoomoc wdtar 88 89 83 > 95 24 =1 => 22 18 44 41 13

Hr`fao n``rs/wmon`w 94 >5 19 48 41 13

Brdbfan ik``r 32 >> 13 49 82 95

Bkado

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xmv Axabutmva Ruggdry

G`st ladktl idbmkmtmas `iiar blmkn ladktl sarvmbas, l`wavar, gdtarodk sarvmbas don

pdrtmbukdrky idgmky pkdoomoc sarvmbas dra kass kmfaky t` ha `iiaran. ^ypa M idbmkmtmas

(ladktl p`sts don nmspaosdrmas) dra kass kmfaky t` `iiar gdtarodk sarvmbas, mobkunmoc

pravaotmva sarvmbas subl ds dotaodtdk bdra. Ds g`st idbmkmtmas mo Hdublm dra typa M, tlasa

sarvmbas dra kass iraquaotky dvdmkdhka mo tla stdta. Idgmky pkdoomoc don tla b`otr`k `i

saxudkky trdosgmttan nmsadsas dra tla sarvmbas tldt dra kadst dvdmkdhka mo ULB idbmkmtmas,

pdrtmbukdrky mo tla o`rtlaro stdtas.

D kdrca sldra `i ULB idbmkmtmas n` o`t ldva dkk tla aqumpgaot oaanan t` `iiar hdsmb

sarvmbas t` tla b`gguomtmas tlay sarva. ULB idbmkmtmas dra g`ra kmfaky t` ldva ganmbdk

b`osugdhkas subl ds hdondcas, starmka ck`vas, don syrmocas (imcura 4). Rmgmkdrky, g`st

idbmkmtmas ldva s`ga hdsmb aqumpgaot subl ds tlarg`gatars, don statl`sb`pas.

L`wavar, kass tldo tw` tlmrns `i ULB idbmkmtmas ldva `tlar hdsmb aqumpgaot don

suppkmas subl ds blmkn wamclt sbdkas, sldrp b`otdmoars, don dotmsaptmbs.

Imcura 4. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas Ldvmoc Aqumpgaot don B`osugdhkas dbr`ss Rtdtas

R`urba: Ladktl Idbmkmty Rurvay (AU@R, BRML, BLAR^XDN, 8553).

D kdrca parbaotdca `i idbmkmtmas n` o`t ldva hdsmb pldrgdbautmbdks `o st`bf don

`oky dh`ut ldki `i tla ULB idbmkmtmas ldva vdbbmoas `o st`bf (saa imcura 8). Dotmgdkdrmd

nrucs dra tla g`st iraquaotky dvdmkdhka nrucs mo tla idbmkmtmas. L`wavar, `oky tw` `ut

`i avary tlraa idbmkmtmas ldva @XR sdblats `o st`bf. Gmbr`outrmaot suppkagaots dra dks`

mo k`w suppky. Naspmta tla aii`rts don b`osmnardhka mgpr`vagaots mo mgguomzdtm`os,

gdmotdmomoc vdbbmoas `o st`bf ragdmos bldkkaocmoc.

5 85 >5 95

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xv

Imcura 8. Uarbaotdca `i Idbmkmtmas Ldvmoc Hdsmb Uldrgdbautmbdks don Ydbbmoas `oRt`bf dbr`ss Rtdtas

R`urba: Ladktl Idbmkmty Rurvay (AU@R, BRML, BLAR^XDN, 8553).

^lara dra gdj`r b`ostrdmots mo tla raiarrdk systag. Dktl`ucl g`st `i tla idbmkmtmas

raiar pdtmaots, `oky dh`ut ldki `i tlag ldva adsy b`gguombdtm`o wmtl tla raiarrdkbaotar. ^la dvardca wdkf tmga t` raiarrdk baotars ms 95 gmoutas don tla nrmva tmga 85

gmoutas6 oavartlakass, tla bldobas `i aob`uotarmoc nmiimbuktmas wmtl trdosp`rtdtm`o dra

b`osmnardhka, smoba `oky 24 parbaot `i tla ladktl idbmkmtmas ldva dbbass t` trdosp`rtdtm`o

t` nadk wmtl agarcaoby bdsas.

G`st ULB idbmkmtmas, wmtl tla axbaptm`o `i Kdc`s, dra stdiian hy b`gguomty ladktl

w`rfars don oursas don gmnwmvas. B`gguomty ladktl w`rfars, mobkunmoc B`gguomty

Ladktl @iimbars (BL@s), B`gguomty Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfars (BLASs) don Juom`r

Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfars (JBLASs), dra uomqua t` Omcarmd. ^lasa bdnras `i ladktl

bdra pars`ooak wara motr`nuban hy tla Hdsmb Ladktl Rarvmba Mgpkagaotdtm`o Rblaga

(4=314= JBLASs, kass tldo 8 BLASs, don

kass tldo 2 oursas/gmnwmvas `o stdii.

5 45 85 25 >5 15 95

Blk`r`qumoa

DB^

Dotmhm`tmbs

@XR sdblats

Ymtdgmo D

B`on`gs

B`-trmg`xdz`ka

Gadskas

NU^

Hdublm Br`ss Xmvar Fdnuod Kdc`s

Uarbaot

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xvm Axabutmva Ruggdry

Idbmkmtmas mo dkk stdtas `iiar axagptm`os don wdmvars hut t` d kmgmtan nacraa.

Idbmkmtmas mo dkk stdtas `iiar axagptm`os t` s`ga ladktl sarvmbas subl ds r`utmoa

mgguomzdtm`o, idgmky pkdoomoc, don dotaodtdk bdra. Idbmkmtmas mo Br`ss Xmvar g`ra

iraquaotky `iiaran iraa sarvmbas, wlmka tl`sa mo Kdc`s ldn tla k`wast parbaot `i

axagptm`os. L`wavar, tlasa axagptm`os wara o`t stdondrn ds g`st `i tlag wara

`iiaran kass tldo 15 parbaot `i tla tmga. B`obaromoc iaa wdmvars i`r nmsdnvdotdcan

cr`ups, g`st cr`ups wara caoardkky dsfan t` pdy i`r sarvmbas wmtl tla axbaptm`o `i

bkmaots wmtl ^H / kapr`sy don `obl`barbmdsms. Kdc`s ldn tla lmclast parbaot `i pa`pka

raqumran t` pdy mo dkk cr`ups.

L`usal`kn Rdtmsidbtm`o wmtl Rarvmbas Ur`vmnan hy Oadrast ULB Idbmkmty

@o dvardca, l`usal`kns dra sdtmsiman wmtl tla dvdmkdhmkmty `i sarvmbas mo tla ULB

idbmkmtmas, dktl`ucl tlara dra kdrca nmiiaraobas dbr`ss stdtas. Xaikabtmoc tla rasukts `i tla

idbmkmty survay, l`usal`kns mo Hdublm dra tla kadst kmfaky t` ha sdtmsiman wmtl tla

dvdmkdhmkmty `i sarvmbas mo tlamr oadrast ULB idbmkmty, pdrtmbukdrky racdrnmoc tladvdmkdhmkmty `i gdtarodk sarvmbas.

L`wavar, sdtmsidbtm`o wmtl tla sarvmbas pr`vmnan hy ULB idbmkmtmas ms k`w mo dkk

stdtas. Kass tldo 15 parbaot `i l`usal`kns wara sdtmsiman wmtl tla dvdmkdhmkmty `i nrucs,

aqumpgaot, ganmbdk suppkmas, don stdii. ^la pdttaro `i sdtmsidbtm`o dbr`ss stdtas dks`

gmrr`rs tla dvdmkdhmkmty `i tla aqumpgaot don suppkmas mo tla ladktl idbmkmtmas dbr`ss

stdtas. L`usal`kns mo Hdublm don Fdnuod wara tla kadst sdtmsiman, i`kk`wan hy Br`ss

Xmvars don Kdc`s (saa imcura 2). Rdtmsidbtm`o wmtl wdmtmoc tmga, wmtl moi`rgdtm`o

pr`vmnan racdrnmoc nmsadsa b`otr`k don bdra, don wmtl moi`rgdtm`o `o idbmkmty

gdodcagaot wds lmclast mo h`tl Br`ss Xmvar don Kdc`s. ^la kavak `i l`usal`kn

sdtmsidbtm`o dks` vdrman wmtl tla caonar `i tla l`usal`kn ladn, ds w`gao wara g`ra

kmfaky t` ha sdtmsiman wmtl tla sarvmbas.

Imcura 2. L`usal`kn Rdtmsidbtm`o wmtl Oadrast Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Idbmkmty

R`urba: L`usal`kn Rurvay (AU@R, BMRL, BLAR^XDN, 8553).

5 45 85 25 >5 15 95 35

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xvmm

^la pdttaro `i sdtmsidbtm`o wmtl idbmkmty stdii dttmtuna wds nmiiaraot. L`usal`kns mo

Hdublm wara tla g`st sdtmsiman wmtl tla dttmtuna `i ladktl bdra stdii, wlmka tl`sa mo

Fdnuod tla kadst sdtmsiman. ^lms wds mo caoardk tla ladktl sarvmba dspabt tldt rabamvan

tla kdrcast parbaotdca `i sdtmsidbtm`o. L`wavar, kass tldo 95 parbaot `i l`usal`kn

ladns wara sdtmsiman wmtl tla stdii dttmtuna.

^lara dra pdrtmbukdr wadfoassas racdrnmoc tla anubdtm`o don pr`g`tm`o dbtmvmtmas

`i ULB idbmkmtmas, pdrtmbukdrky mo tla tw` o`rtlaro stdtas. @oky iaw l`usal`kns rap`rtan

ldvmoc dbbass t` h`tl `utradbl don puhkmb ladktl anubdtm`o dbtmvmtmas mo dkk stdtas, hut

pdrtmbukdrky mo Fdnuod don Hdublm. Rmgmkdrky, tla kavak `i l`usal`kn sdtmsidbtm`o wmtl tla

moi`rgdtm`o `o nmsadsa pravaotm`o don b`otr`k ms dks` vary kmgmtan. Mo h`tl Hdublm don

Fdnuod, kass tldo 81 parbaot `i l`usal`kns wara sdtmsiman wmtl tla moi`rgdtm`o rabamvan.

Qonarstdonmoc tla Uari`rgdoba `i Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra mo tla Rtdtas

^lms stuny i`kk`ws tla S`rkn Navak`pgaot Xap`rt (SNX) 855> irdgaw`rf `o sarvmbanakmvary t` uonarstdon tla pari`rgdoba `i ULB sarvmbas mo Omcarmd. ^lms irdgaw`rf

axpkdmos sarvmba pari`rgdoba tlr`ucl tlraa dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmps: v`mba

hatwaao bmtmzaos/bkmaots don p`kmtmbmdos/p`kmby gdfars, b`gpdbt hatwaao p`kmby

gdfars don pr`vmnars, don bkmaot p`war hatwaao pr`vmnars don bkmaots. Mi doy `i

tlasa rakdtm`oslmps ms o`t w`rfmoc, tla sarvmbas pr`vmnan wmkk o`t gaat tla oaans `r

axpabtdtm`os `i tla pdtmaots. ^lus t` mgpr`va sarvmba nakmvary b`gguomty gaghars

ldva tw` nmiiaraot r`utas6 d k`oc r`uta hy axarbmsmoc prassura t` tlamr akabtan `iimbmdks

i`r tlag t` aosura tldt pr`vmnars `iiar qudkmty sarvmbas, don d sl`rt r`uta hy

mobradsmoc tlamr p`war `var pr`vmnars.

Dbb`uotdhmkmty mo tlms stuny ms naimoan ds tla `hkmcdtm`o t` doswar quastm`osracdrnmoc nabmsm`os don dbtm`os (Hrmofarl`ii, 855>). Dbb`uotdhmkmty w`ukn tlao mgpky

h`tl rap`rtmoc moi`rgdtm`o don justmimbdtm`o i`r dbtm`os don nabmsm`os. Mt dks` mgpkmas

tla axmstaoba don dppkmbdtm`o `i sdobtm`os.

Nmvmsm`o `i Xasp`osmhmkmty dg`oc C`varogaot Kavaks

Imcura >. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmps hatwaao U`kmtmbmdos/U`kmby Gdfars, Ur`vmnars,don Bmtmzaos/Bkmaots

R`urba: Dndptan ir`g SNX 855> don S`rkn Hdof 8559.

IanardkC`varogaot

Rtdta

C`varogaot

K`bdk

C`varogaot

Bkmaots/Bmtmzaos Ur`vmnars

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xvmmm Axabutmva Ruggdry

Mo Omcarmd tlara dra tlraa k`oc r`utas `i dbb`uotdhmkmty ds sl`wo mo imcura >. ^la

tlraa kavaks `i c`varogaot, Ianardk, stdta, don k`bdk c`varogaots ldva s`ga

rasp`osmhmkmty mo tla pr`vmsm`o `i ladktl sarvmbas. ^la tlraa kavaks ldva rakdtm`oslmps

wmtl bmtmzaos don wmtl tla ULB pr`vmnars, mo pdrtmbukdr tla stdtas don KCs. ^lus, ds

hdsmb sarvmba nakmvary mo tla b`uotry ms nabaotrdkmzan, t` uonarstdon tla pari`rgdoba `i

ULB idbmkmtmas ms dks` mgp`rtdot t` uonarstdon tla rakdtm`oslmps hatwaao tla nmiiaraot

kavaks `i c`varogaot racdrnmoc ladktl sarvmbas.

^la nmvmsm`o `i r`kas don rasp`osmhmkmtmas hatwaao tla ianardk, stdta, don k`bdk

c`varogaot kavaks, pdrtmbukdrky hatwaao stdtas don KCs, ms b`gpkax don vdrmas dbr`ss

stdtas. ^la k`bdk c`varogaots ldva tla gdmo rasp`osmhmkmty racdrnmoc tla gdodcagaot

`i ULB. L`wavar, tlara ms o` smocka kavak `r d smocka dcaoby mo bldrca `i imodobmoc,

gdodcmoc, don suparvmsmoc tlasa sarvmbas6 `i rabrumtmoc, trdmomoc, don pr`g`tmoc ULB

pars`ooak6 `i sattmoc don pdymoc stdii sdkdrmas6 humknmoc don gdmotdmomoc idbmkmtmas6 don

pr`vmnmoc nrucs don suppkmas. @itao tla tlraa kavaks `i c`varogaot don vdrm`us

dcaobmas wmtlmo adbl kavak pdrtmbmpdta mo tlasa dbtmvmtmas, bradtmoc nupkmbdtm`o don cdps

mo pr`vmsm`o. Mo dnnmtm`o, s`ga stdtas ldva bradtan d suhnmvmsm`o `i tla KCDs, tla

navak`pgaot drads, wlmbl dks` ldva s`ga rasp`osmhmkmtmas racdrnmoc ULB.

^lasa uobkadr kmoas `i rasp`osmhmkmtmas ldva uonargmoan tla dbb`uotdhmkmty

rakdtm`oslmps hatwaao bmtmzao don p`kmby gdfars, ds mt ms o`t bkadr wlmbl kavak `i

c`varogaot `r dcaoby wmtlmo adbl kavak sl`ukn iukky doswar tla b`gguomty `o sarvmba

nakmvary mssuas. ^la dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmp hatwaao pr`vmnars don p`kmby gdfars

ms dks` uonargmoan, ds tlara dra gdoy dcaobmas wmtl rasp`osmhmkmty mo tla gdodcagaot

`i lugdo ras`urbas, gdfmoc sdobtm`os i`r mgpr`par haldvm`r nmiimbukt t` mgpkagaot.

Bmtmzaos/Bkmaots-U`kmby Gdfars

Imcura 1. Bkmaots/Bmtmzao-U`kmby Gdfars Xakdtm`oslmp

R`urba: Dndptan ir`g SNX 855> don S`rkn Hdof 8559.

Ianardk

C`varogaot

Rtdta

C`varogaot

K`bdk

C`varogaot

Bkmaots/Bmtmzaos

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xmx

Dktl`ucl g`st kavaks `i c`varogaot don nmiiaraot dcaobmas wmtlmo adbl kavak sldra

ladktl bdra rasp`osmhmkmtmas, tla k`bdk c`varogaots dra tla gdmo kavak mo bldrca `i

nakmvarmoc hdsmb sarvmbas. ^` ha iukky dbb`uotdhka t` bmtmzaos, k`bdk c`varogaots oaan t`

ldva tla bdpdbmty t` pr`vmna sarvmbas, mo `tlar w`rns, tlay oaan t` ldva tla imodobmdk

don lugdo ras`urbas raqumran.

K`bdk C`varogaot Xavaouas don Xasp`osmhmkmtmas

I`r gdoy yadrs tlara lds haao d nahdta `o wlatlar k`bdk c`varogaots rabamva ao`ucl

ras`urbas t` gaat tlamr rasp`osmhmkmtmas (S`rkn Hdof, 8558). Nurmoc tla kdst gmkmtdry

racmga ditar gdoy b`gpkdmots i`r o`opdygaot `i prmgdry sbl``k tadblars sdkdrmas,

tla ianardk c`varogaot stdrtan t` nanubt tla sdkdry `i tadblars ir`g tla KCDs (KCDs)

Ianardtm`o Dbb`uot (ID) dkk`bdtm`o. Gdoy KCs b`gpkdmoan tldt tlms nanubtm`o dt

s`urba bradtan subl d kdrca ranubtm`o `i tlamr t`tdk ravaouas tldt tlay wara kait wmtl d

zar`dkk`bdtm`o t` iukimkk tlamr `tlar rasp`osmhmkmtmas (S`rkn Hdof, 8558).

L`wavar, tla k`bdk c`varogaot ravaouas ldva mobradsan b`osmnardhky mo tla kdstyadrs don tlus tla zar`dkk`bdtm`o plao`gao`o ms o`t do mssua dt tla g`gaot. ^la

KCs sldra `i tla Ianardtm`o Dbb`uot, wlara `mk ravaouas dra baotrdkmzan, lds mobradsan

smcomimbdotky smoba 4===. Mo dnnmtm`o, tla t`tdk b`os`kmndtan ravaouas `i tla aotmra

c`varogaot ldva dks` mobradsan tldofs t` tla mobradsmoc `mk prmbas.

Oavartlakass, KCs idba gdoy kmgmtdtm`os mo tla usa `i tlasa ras`urbas. R`ga `i

tlasa kmgmtdtm`os dra stdtut`ry, subl ds nanubtm`os dt s`urba6 `tlars dra dngmomstrdtmva,

subl ds kmgmtdtm`os t` tlamr dut`o`gy mo nrditmoc don axabutmoc tlamr huncat `r mo

pars`ooak gdodcagaot (S`rkn Hdof, 8558). I`r mostdoba, mo g`st stdtas, KCs oaan

bkadrdobas ir`g tla stdta c`varogaot t` spaon ras`urbas dh`va d tlrasl`kn `r t` `htdmo

d k`do. ^lasa kmgmtdtm`os bdo ha kdrca don vdry dbr`ss stdtas.

L`wavar, tlasa kmgmtdtm`os t` tla KCs dut`o`gy don tla kmttka ravaouas tlay

rabamvan mo tla pdst n` o`t iukky axpkdmo tlamr sarvmba nakmvary rab`rn. Uuhkmb

axpaonmtura gdodcagaot mo KCs ms wadf: huncats dra uoradkmstmb, rab`rn faapmoc ms

p``r, don mrracukdrmtmas mo tla usa `i iuons dra b`gg`o. Mo dnnmtm`o, gdoy k`bdk

c`varogaots, naspmta ldvmoc `varstdiian bmvmk sarvmbas, ldva kmgmtan bdpdbmty mo puhkmb

imodobmdk gdodcagaot don `tlar dspabts kmofan t` tlamr sarvmba nakmvary rasp`osmhmkmty.

K`bdk C`varogaot Ladktl Axpaonmtura

Dnnmtm`odkky, k`bdk c`varogaot axpaonmtura `o ladktl ms k`w don vdrmas kdrcaky dbr`ss

don wmtlmo stdtas. I`r mostdoba, `o dvardca, k`bdk c`varogaots mo Fdnuod spaon dh`utQR$8 par bdpmtd `o ladktl don k`bdk c`varogaots mo Br`ss Xmvar spaon dh`ut QR$4.51

par bdpmtd mo o`osdkdry ladktl axpaonmtura. Naspmta mobradsas mo t`tdk k`bdk c`varogaot

axpaonmtura par bdpmtd mo tla kdst yadrs, mo tla mostdobas wlao ladktl axpaonmtura lds

mobradsan, mt lds n`oa s` dt d gubl k`war rdta. G`st `i tlms axpaonmtura ms `o pars`ooak

raguoardtm`o, vary kmttka ms sat dsmna i`r `tlar raburraot b`sts. Mo pdrtmbukdr, vary kmttka ms

dkk`bdtan t` tla gdmotaodoba `i ladktl idbmkmtmas.

K`bdk C`varogaot Dbb`uotdhmkmty i`r Rarvmba Nakmvary

KCs wadf dbb`uotdhmkmty t`wdrns ladktl pars`ooak b`obaromoc pdygaot `i sdkdrmas

ldva haao o`tan hai`ra (Flagdom, 8551). Mo tla stdtas sdgpkan mo tlms stuny tlms n`aso`t saag t` ha do mssua, dktl`ucl nakdys mo sdkdry pdygaots dra. Oavartlakass, mo Br`ss

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xxm

Naspmta tlasa p`smtmva dspabts mo tla rabrumtgaot `i ULB pars`ooak, tlara ms stmkk

r``g i`r mgpr`vagaots ds gdoy idbt`rs natargmomoc ladktl pars`ooak g`tmvdtm`o dra

gmssmoc. G`st ULB pars`ooak ldva rabamvan tlamr sdkdrmas mo tla kdst yadr6 l`wavar, d

kdrca sldra `i tlag rabamvas tlamr sdkdrmas wmtl nakdys. Mo rakdtm`o t` CNU par bdpmtd,

wlao b`gpdran t` `tlar b`uotrmas mo tla racm`o, tlasa sdkdrmas dra rakdtmvaky k`w. Mo

dnnmtm`o, w`rfmoc b`onmtm`os dra nmiimbukt, pdrtmbukdrky mo rurdk drads. Ladktl w`rfars

`itao n` o`t ldva hdsmb nrucs don aqumpgaot t` `iiar sarvmbas6 n` o`t rabamva dnaqudta

trdmomoc6 don dra p``rky suparvmsan. Imodkky, ladktl bdra pars`ooak dra vary uoaqudkky

nmstrmhutan dbr`ss rurdk don urhdo drads, pdrtky habdusa tla mobaotmvas t` sarva mo rurdk

don ms`kdtan drads dra sgdkk.

Mo dnnmtm`o, pr`vmnars dbb`uotdhmkmty mo rakdtm`o t` p`kmby gdfars don bkmaots ms

wadf. Gadsurmoc pr`vmnars dbb`uotdhmkmty t` k`bdk c`varogaots don pdtmaots ms

nmiimbukt. Kawms (8559) mobkunas ds d fay gadsura `i pr`vmnars dbb`uotdhmkmty tla

dutl`rmty t` rawdrn pari`rgdoba don nmsbmpkmoa, trdosiar, don targmodta agpk`yaas

wl` aocdca mo dhusas. Mo tla i`ur stdtas survayan, tla gdodcagaot `i ULB pars`ooak

ms bughars`ga don irdcgaotan cmvao tla oughar `i dcaobmas mov`kvan. Rmgmkdrky, tla

kmoas `i rasp`osmhmkmtmas racdrnmoc pars`ooak suparvmsm`o don gdodcagaot dra o`t

dkwdys bkadr. ^lms gdfas doy gadsura t` nmsbmpkmoa `r g`tmvdta ladktl pars`ooak

nmiimbukt t` mgpkagaot. Ds d rasukt, ir`otkmoa pr`vmnars idba kmttka b`osaquaoba i`r o`o

pari`rgdoba. Imodkky, tlamr sdkdrmas dra imxan don o`t kmofan t` tla pr`vmsm`o `i sarvmbas6

tlus, tlay ldva kmttka mobaotmvas t` rasp`on t` tla b`gguomtmas nagdons.

Gdoy w`rfars, mo rasp`osa t` modnaqudta raguoardtm`o don w`rfmoc b`onmtm`os,

rasp`on hy navak`pmoc nmiiaraot b`pmoc strdtacmas (Ydo Karharcla at dk., 8558). Dktl`ucl

tla gdj`rmty `i ULB pars`ooak w`rf iukk tmga, d kdrca parbaotdca suppkagaots tlamrsdkdrmas, aspabmdkky mo tla tw` o`rtlaro stdtas. G`st n` dcrmbukturdk w`rf6 l`wavar, do

mgp`rtdot parbaotdca dks` sakks ganmbmoas `r pr`vmnas ladktl bdra dt l`ga.

Bkmaots-Ur`vmnars

Imcura 3. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmp hatwaao Bkmaots don Ur`vmnars

R`urba: SNX 855>.

Slao tla k`oc r`uta `i dbb`uotdhmkmty ms o`t pr`parky w`rfmoc, mobradsmoc

bkmaots p`war bdo rasukt mo mgpr`vagaots mo sarvmba nakmvary, hut ms o`t d pdodbad, ds

tlara dra mgp`rtdot gdrfat idmkuras tldt diiabt ladktl sarvmbas don mo pdrtmbukdr bkmombdk

sarvmbas (S`rkn Hdof, 8552). ^lara dra moi`rgdtm`o dsyggatrmas hatwaao pdtmaots don

ladktl pars`ooak, ds tla kdttar fo`w g`ra dh`ut tla pdtmaots nmdco`sms don tradtgaot.

Mo dnnmtm`o, wmtl`ut ladktl anubdtm`o don b`gguombdtm`o, tla nagdon i`r pravaotmva

sarvmbas ms usudkky k`w. ^lasa mssuas ranuba tla aiiabt `i tla sl`rt r`uta `i

dbb`uotdhmkmty (saa S`rkn Hdof, 8552).

Bkmaots/Bmtmzaos Ur`vmnars

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xxmm Axabutmva Ruggdry

@oa gabldomsg t` mobradsa bkmaots p`war ms tlr`ucl tlamr nmrabt mov`kvagaot mo

b`pr`nubmoc don g`omt`rmoc ladktl sarvmbas (S`rkn Hdof, 8552). ^la Omcarmdo

c`varogaot lds k`oc rab`comzan tla mgp`rtdoba `i b`gguomty pdrtmbmpdtm`o mo tla

nakmvary `i hdsmb ladktl bdra sarvmbas don lds tlus trman t` mov`kva tla b`gguomtmas mo

tla navak`pgaot `i ULB dk`oc tla kmoas `i tla Hdgdf` Momtmdtmva. Monaan, tla

cumnakmoas i`r tla navak`pgaot `i tla ULB systag astdhkmsl tla navak`pgaot `i ladktl

b`ggmttaas t` supp`rt dbtmvmtmas dt vmkkdca don wdrn kavak. Dkk tlasa b`ggmttaas dra

mov`kvan mo gdoy oaanan ladktl dbtmvmtmas, dktl`ucl o`t oabassdrmky mo tlamr

gdodcagaot.

^la rasukts `i tla idbmkmty survay sl`w tldt ldki `i dkk ULB idbmkmtmas ldva `r dra

kmofan t` d b`gguomty ladktl navak`pgaot/gdodcagaot b`ggmttaa.^lasa b`ggmttaas dra

prasaot mo tw` tlmrns `i puhkmb idbmkmtmas don mo kass tldo d tlmrn `i prmvdtaky gdodcan

`oas. ^la gdj`rmty `i tla gaghars `i tlasa b`ggmttaas dra gao wmtl axbaptm`o `i

Kdc`s stdta wlara, `o dvardca, tlara ms tla sdga oughar `i w`gao don gao mo tlasa

b`ggmttaas. G`st ladktl b`ggmttaas gaat dt kadst `oba d g`otl. Mo Hdublm, l`wavar,

25 parbaot `i tlasa b`ggmttaas `oky gaat d iaw tmgas d yadr.

Smtl axbaptm`o `i idbmkmtmas mo Hdublm, g`st puhkmb ULB idbmkmtmas sdgpkan mo tla

survay w`rfan bk`saky wmtl ladktl b`ggmttaas tldt gat dt kadst g`otlky. L`wavar, tla

mov`kvagaot `i tlasa b`ggmttaas mo tla gdodcagaot `i idbmkmtmas ms rdtlar kmgmtan, ds

g`st nabmsm`os dra tdfao hy amtlar tla idbmkmty ladn `r hy tla KCD. ^lms ms o`t

surprmsmoc ds gdoy `i tlasa b`ggmttaas wara bradtan t` supp`rt ladktl dbtmvmtmas hut

nmn o`t ldva d str`oc gdondta t` pdrtmbmpdta mo tla idbmkmtys gdodcagaot. Mo

pdrtmbukdr, tla b`gguomty ladktl navak`pgaot b`ggmttaas, ds sat up mo tla odtm`odk

cumnakmoas, dra o`t nmrabtky mov`kvan mo tla gdodcagaot `i ladktl idbmkmtmas. ^la SdrnNavak`pgaot B`ggmttaas, mo b`otrdst, dra supp`san t` `varsaa tla iuobtm`omoc `i tla

idbmkmtmas mo tla Sdrn.

Do`tlar gabldomsg t` mgpr`va bkmaots p`war mo rakdtm`o t` pr`vmnars ms hy

gdfmoc tla pr`vmnars mob`ga napaon `o tla nagdon `i bkmaots, pdrtmbukdrky p``r

bkmaots (S`rkn Hdof, 8552). Hy pdymoc i`r sarvmbas, pdtmaots bdo axart tlamr p`war t`

rabamva dnaqudta sarvmbas. Mi tlay dra o`t sdtmsiman wmtl tla sarvmba `iiaran tlay bdo

dkwdys c` t` do`tlar pr`vmnar. ^lms ms wldt pdtmaots n` mo prmvdta idbmkmtmas. Mo Omcarmd,

g`st sarvmbas pr`vmnan hy puhkmb ladktl idbmkmtmas ldva iaa bldrcas. ^lasa bldrcas,

l`wavar, ldva o`t mobradsan tla p`war `i bkmaots, ds tla idbmkmtmas don ladktl pars`ooak

bdoo`t ratdmo tlasa ravaouas don usa tlag i`r mgpr`vagaots. ^lasa ras`urbas dra saothdbf t` tla k`bdk c`varogaot ds tlay dra b`osmnaran pdrt `i tlamr motarodkky caoardtan

ravaoua.

U`ssmhka Sdys I`rwdrn

^lara ms do urcaot oaan t` bkadrky naimoa tla iuobtm`os `i adbl kavak `i c`varogaot don

dcaobmas wmtlmo adbl kavak. Bkadrky naimomoc wl` ms rasp`osmhka i`r wldt w`ukn dv`mn

tla axmstmoc cdps don `varkdps. ^lms ms pdrtmbukdrky tla bdsa i`r stdta c`varogaots. D

kdrcar pdrtmbmpdtm`o `i tla stdta mo tla pr`vmsm`o `i tlasa sarvmbas, ds motaonan mo tla

B`ostmtutm`o, b`ukn mgpr`va tla b`onmtm`o `i tlasa idbmkmtmas don gmclt nabradsa tla

irdcgaotdtm`o mo tla raiarrdk systag. Mo pdrtmbukdr, tla stdta sl`ukn ha mo bldrca `i

iuobtm`os tldt ldva sbdka ab`o`gmas ds ms tla bdsa `i tla pr`buragaot `i nrucs don

ganmbdk suppkmas don tla trdmomoc `i pars`ooak, h`tl momtmdk don mosarvmba trdmomoc. D

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xxmmm

g`ra bkadr nmvmsm`o `i rasp`osmhmkmtmas b`ukn dks` mgpr`va tla dbb`uotdhmkmty `i p`kmby

gdfars mo rakdtm`o t` b`gguomtmas don `i pr`vmnars mo rakdtm`o t` p`kmby gdfars ds tlay

wmkk bkadrky fo`w wl` tlay dra doswardhka t`.

Kmofan t` d bkadrar nmvmsm`o `i rasp`osmhmkmtmas, tlara ms dks` d oaan i`r do

mostmtutm`odk ravmaw `i stdta dcaobmas wmtl ladktl sarvmba nakmvary rasp`osmhmkmtmas. ^lms

wmkk dkk`w d hattar uonarstdonmoc `i tla strubtura `i sarvmba nakmvary mo adbl stdta don

wmkk pr`vmna oaanan moi`rgdtm`o t` prapdra i`r doy dnjustgaot oaanan t` akmgmodta

ranuondobmas don mgpr`va tla nakmvary `i sarvmbas.

Mgpr`vmoc tla pari`rgdoba don dbb`uotdhmkmty `i k`bdk c`varogaots don pr`vmnars

racdrnmoc sarvmba nakmvary `itao raqumras rai`rgs tldt c` hay`on tla ladktl sabt`r, mo

pdrtmbukdr bmvmk sarvmba rai`rg. D b`gpralaosmva bmvmk sarvmba rai`rg tldt ranubas tla

oughar `i bmvmk sarvdots mo tla k`bdk c`varogaots don bldocas tlamr sfmkk gmx wmkk ha

oaanan. ^lms rai`rg ms dks` oaanan t` dkk`w d g`ra ikaxmhka don rasp`osmva gabldomsg

t` g`tmvdta don nmsbmpkmoa ir`otkmoa pr`vmnars. Lugdo ras`urba gdodcagaot i`r ladktl

ms irdcgaotan, tla KC don tla KCRB `r KCRH ldva tla gdmo rasp`osmhmkmty, hut `tlar

dcaobmas dks` motarvaoa.

Uari`rgdoba hdsan gdtblmoc crdots ir`g tla ianardk `r stdta c`varogaots t` k`bdk

c`varogaots bdo ha usan ds mostrugaot t` mgpr`va hdsmb ladktl sarvmba nakmvary. H`tl

tla ianardk don stdta kavak c`varogaots ldva sl`wo motarast mo mgpr`vmoc hdsmb sarvmba

nakmvary mo tla b`uotry. ^lay ldva usan nmiiaraot mostrugaots t` n` s`. ^la stdtas

racukdta don b`otr`k g`st `i tla dbtmvmtmas `i tla KCs6 tlay dks` nanubt ras`urbas ir`g

tla KCs dkk`bdtm`o t` aosura tldt s`ga dbtmvmtmas dra bdrrman `ut. Gdoy `i tlasa

mostrugaots ldva o`t pr`nuban tla motaonan haoaimts ds tla pari`rgdoba `i sarvmbas

bdo tastmiman. Gdtblmoc crdots b`onmtm`odk `o pari`rgdoba bdo `iiar k`bdk c`varogaotstla mobaotmvas t` mgpr`va sarvmbas, pr`vmnan tldt tlay ldva ikaxmhmkmty don bdpdbmty t`

usa tlasa ras`urbas.

^la ianardk c`varogaot lds usan tlms mostrugaot t` mgpr`va sarvmba nakmvary . ^la

@iimba `i tla Raom`r Rpabmdk Dssmstdot t` tla Urasmnaot i`r tla Gmkkaoomug Navak`pgaot

C`dks lds stdrtan d b`onmtm`odk crdot gabldomsg motaonan t` trdosiar iuons t` tla suh

odtm`odk c`varogaots t` mgpr`va hdsmb sarvmba nakmvary don pr`crass t`wdrns

dblmavmoc tla GNCs. ^la ras`urbas tldt iuon tlms pr`crdg b`ga ir`g naht rakmai. ^la

Ladktl Hmkk tldt ms burraotky mo tla Odtm`odk Dssaghky w`ukn bradta d smgmkdr gdtblmoc

crdot, tla ULB Navak`pgaot Iuon.

^lasa gdtblmoc crdots tldt tla ianardk kavak ms o`w pr`vmnmoc don tla iutura ULBNavak`pgaot Iuon b`ukn ha gdna b`onmtm`odk `o pari`rgdoba, mo pdrtmbukdr,

b`onmtm`odk `o mobradsmoc tla b`vardca `i hdsmb sarvmbas, pdrtmbukdrky p`pukdtm`o hdsan

sarvmbas tldt dra adsy t` g`omt`r, subl ds vdbbmodtm`os, praodtdk don p`stodtdk bdra,

don s` i`rtl. Dt tla g`gaot, tla trdosiars ir`g tla GNC `iimba dra gdmoky trdosiars i`r

bdpmtdk pr`jabts. Rmgmkdrky, tla ULB Iuon saags t` ha gdmoky i`busan `o tla j`mot

imodobmoc `i bdpmtdk pr`jabts. ^lasa pr`jabts dra oaanan cmvao tla kdrca oaan i`r

raldhmkmtdtm`o don aqumpgaot `i idbmkmtmas. Hut tlasa ras`urbas b`ukn dks` ha usan i`r

raburraot b`sts oaanan t` mgpr`va tla b`vardca `i hdsmb pravaotmva sarvmbas tldt

ragdmo k`w. Mo `tlar w`rns, tla dg`uots `i tla trdosiars ds wakk ds tlamr b`otmoumty

b`ukn ha b`onmtm`odk `o pari`rgdoba gadsuran mo tla mobradsa mo tla usa `i sarvmbastldt bdo ha adsmky g`omt`ran.

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I`r tlms pari`rgdoba hdsan imodobmoc t` ha aiiabtmva, pr`vmnars oaan g`ra

dut`o`gy mo tla usa `i ras`urbas don tlamr raguoardtm`o sl`ukn dks` ha hdsan `o

dblmavmoc rasukts `o tla cr`uon. Dt tla g`gaot, prmgdry ladktl bdra idbmkmtmas `oky

rabamva ras`urbas mofmon ir`g tla nmiiaraot kavaks `i c`varogaot (i`r axdgpka, nrucs

don suppkmas). ^lay b`kkabt s`ga ras`urbas ir`g iaas hut tlay bdoo`t usa tlasa

ras`urbas ds tlay ldva t` raturo tlag t` k`bdk c`varogaots. Smtl s` kmttka dut`o`gy mo

tla usa `i ras`urbas, mt ms ldrn t` gdfa tlasa puhkmb pr`vmnars dbb`uotdhka t` mgpr`va

sarvmba pr`vmsm`o. Hy dkk`wmoc idbmkmtmas t` ratdmo tla ras`urbas tlay `htdmo ir`g tla

pr`vmsm`o `i sarvmbas don hy ranubmoc tla mofmon imodobmoc `i tla idbmkmtmas, tlay bdo ha

g`ra rasp`osmva. I`r mostdoba, mi pari`rgdoba hdsan trdosiars dra usan, idbmkmtmas b`ukn

rabamva iuons dks` hdsan `o dblmavmoc d bartdmo kavak `i b`vardca. ^la b`gguomty

b`ukn `iiar `varsmclt mo tla usa `i ras`urbas don bdo dks` lakp mo g`omt`rmoc rasukts.

L`wavar, i`r tlasa b`onmtm`odk crdot pr`crdgs don pari`rgdoba hdsan imodobmoc

`i pr`vmnars t` `htdmo tla motaonan haoaimts, tlara ms d oaan i`r systagdtmb b`kkabtm`o,

dodkysms, don rap`rtmoc `i moi`rgdtm`o (Hmrn, 8555).^lms moi`rgdtm`o ms oaanan t` varmiy

b`gpkmdoba wmtl c`dks don t` dssmst iutura nabmsm`os `o wlatlar `r o`t t` b`otmoua

pr`vmnmoc crdots t` suhodtm`odk c`varogaots `r pr`vmnars.

Moi`rgdtm`o `o sarvmba nakmvary ms o`t just mgp`rtdot i`r bradtmoc dbb`uotdhmkmty

ir`g k`bdk c`varogaots t` `tlar kavaks `i c`varogaot hut dks` t` mobradsa

dbb`uotdhmkmty `i KCs mo rakdtm`o t` bkmaots. G`ra moi`rgdtm`o t` tla b`gguomty `o

sarvmba nakmvary bdo mobradsa dbb`uotdhmkmty `i k`bdk c`varogaots don dks` `i pr`vmnars.

G`omt`rmoc tla pari`rgdoba `i c`varogaot p`kmbmas, tlr`ucl rap`rt bdrns bdo dks`

w`rf. ^lasa rap`rt bdrns ldva haao usan mo nmiiaraot b`uotrmas. Mo Omcarmd, d sb`rabdrn

dssassgaot `i rurdk c`varogaots mo omoa stdtas, imodoban hy tla pr`jabt KAAGU mo 8551,wds mo assaoba d rap`rt bdrn. ^lus, puhkmbmzmoc hr`dnky tla rasukts `i tla dssassgaot

don rapadtmoc mt, b`ukn sarva t` g`omt`r k`bdk c`varogaots pari`rgdoba.

Moi`rgdtm`o `o sarvmba nakmvary ms dks` mgp`rtdot t` mobradsa tla dbb`uotdhmkmty `i

pr`vmnars mo rakdtm`o t` bkmaots. Mobradsmoc moi`rgdtm`o don b`gguomty dwdraoass `o

tla sarvmbas idbmkmtmas pr`vmna don tla ras`urbas tlay ldva t` pr`vmna tlag don `o tla

branaotmdks don stdondrn `i sarvmbas `i pr`vmnars bdo lakp.

^` aosura pr`vmnars dbb`uotdhmkmty t`wdrns tla nakmvary `i qudkmty sarvmbas, mt ms

dks` oabassdry t` aosura tlay n` o`t idba nmsmobaotmvas mo tlamr w`rf. Ds nasbrmha

hai`ra, `itao pr`vmnars dra pdmn wmtl nakdys don w`rf mo nmiimbukt b`onmtm`os. Ur`vmnmoc

tlag wmtl tla oaanan aqumpgaot, suppkmas, don motmga raguoardtm`o b`ukn bartdmokylakp.

B`otrdbtmoc`ut sarvmbas t` tla prmvdta sabt`r ms dks` do `ptm`o t` axpk`ra. B`otrdbts

dra nmiimbukt t` g`omt`r don aoi`rba, mo pdrtmbukdr b`otrdbts i`r bkmombdk sarvmbas.

L`wavar, mt ms p`ssmhka t` stdrt hy b`otrdbtmoc `ut sarvmbas tldt dra adsmky t` g`omt`r

don dra lmclky b`staiiabtmva subl ds s`bmdk gdrfatmoc `i b`osugdhkas (mosabtmbmna

tradtan oats, @XR sdblats, b`on`gs) don p`pukdtm`o hdsan sarvmbas subl ds

vdbbmodtm`os, gmbr`outrmaot suppkagaotdtm`o, don s` i`rtl. Gdfmoc tlasa b`otrdbts

hdsan `o pari`rgdoba, i`r mostdoba hdsan `o dblmavmoc d praspabmiman b`vardca kavak

w`ukn bartdmoky dkmco pr`vmnars mobaotmvas wmtl tla dblmavagaot `i tlasa tdrcats (saa

K`avmos`lo, 855

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Axabutmva Ruggdry xxv

nasmco don g`omt`rmoc `i b`otrdbts, `tlar sarvmbas, mobkunmoc burdtmva bkmombdk sarvmbas,

b`ukn dks` ha b`otrdbtan.

Cmvao tla nmiimbuktmas mov`kvan mo mgpr`vmoc tla k`oc r`uta `i dbb`uotdhmkmty, mo

tla oadr iutura, mgpr`vmoc bkmaots p`war mo rakdtm`o t` pr`vmnars gmclt ldva tla

kdrcast rasukts. Xabaot momtmdtmvas t` ravmtdkmza ladktl b`ggmttaas don t` aosura tlamr

pdrtmbmpdtm`o mo tla gdodcagaot `i ladktl idbmkmtmas ldva dkradny stdrtan t` pr`nuba

s`ga aiiabts. Mo Fdnuod tla RG@L, wmtl tla supp`rt `i NIMNimodoban Udrtoarslmp i`r

^rdosi`rgmoc tla Ladktl Rystag (UD^LR), ms mgpkagaotmoc do momtmdtmva t` humkn

bdpdbmty mo ULB b`ggmttaas, s` tldt tlay bdo pkdy d g`ra pr`gmoaot don pr`dbtmva

r`ka mo ladktl don t` aosura tldt tla b`gguomty v`mbas bdo ha ladrn hy ladktl

pr`vmnars don tla c`varogaot (@pardtm`o Gdoudk i`r Ladktl Idbmkmty B`ggmttaas mo

Fdnuod Rtdta). ^la Fdnuod Idbmkmty Ladktl B`ggmttaa Rtraoctlaomoc Momtmdtmva baotars

tla r`ka `i tla B`ggmttaa dr`uon tla ladktl idbmkmty, s` tldt mt bdo supp`rt tla idbmkmty

w`rf don kmof mt wmtl tla oadrhy b`gguomty. UD^LR lds dks` supp`rtan smgmkdr

momtmdtmvas mo Afmtm don mot` kass axtaot mo Jmcdwd, Fdo`, don Aoucu.

^la momtmdtmva mo Fdnuod ms gadot t` mobradsa bkmaots p`war mo rakdtm`o t`

pr`vmnars o`t `oky tlr`ucl tla idbmkmty ladktl b`ggmttaas (ILB) pdrtmbmpdtm`o mo tla

gdodcagaot don g`omt`rmoc `i tla idbmkmtmas hut dks` tlr`ucl aob`urdcmoc bkmaots

b`gpkdmots don ranrass gabldomsgs. ^la ILB mo tla stdtas dra aob`urdcan t` sat up

succastm`o h`xas, astdhkmsl i`rgdk systags i`r bkmaot b`gpkdmots, don uonartdfa

survays `i bkmaot sdtmsidbtm`o. ^la gaghars `i tla ravmtdkmzan ILB ldva dks` haao

trdmoan t` dnv`bdta mo ir`ot `i p`kmby gdfars, mo pdrtmbukdr tl`sa tldt b`otr`k tla

huncats, i`r mssuas diiabtmoc tla pari`rgdoba `i tla ULB.

Gdoy stdtas ldva stdrtan t` mgpkagaot pr`crdgs t` `iiar iraa sarvmbas t` w`gaodon blmknrao. ^lms p`kmby bdo pr`vmna do `pp`rtuomty t` gdfa tla mob`ga `i pr`vmnars

napaon g`ra `o tla sarvmbas tlay pr`vmna. ^la suhsmny b`ukn ha pdmn nmrabtky t` tla

bkmaot tlr`ucl v`ublars don o`t t` tla pr`vmnar ds lds haao n`oa uotmk o`w. Mo gdoy

urhdo don sagmurhdo drads mo Omcarmd tlara dra guktmpka pr`vmnars, h`tl puhkmb don

prmvdta. Hy suhsmnmzmoc tla nagdon don cmvmoc pdtmaots d bl`mba `i pr`vmnars, v`ublars

bdo bradta mobaotmvas dg`oc pr`vmnars t` mgpr`va sarvmba nakmvary. Y`ublars dra

mobradsmocky hamoc usan mo gdoy navak`pmoc b`uotrmas t` mgpr`va dbbass don qudkmty `i

sarvmbas6 mobkunmoc s`ga suhRdldrdo Dirmbdo b`uotrmas subl ds Faoyd, ^dozdomd, don

Qcdond.

Imodkky, b`gguomty mosurdoba sblagas bdo dks` mobradsa tla bkmaots p`war mo ir`ot`i tla pr`vmnars. ^lay bdo b`otrmhuta t` ladktl bdra b`sts don mobradsa utmkmzdtm`o (Bdrmo

at dk., 8551). ^lasa sblagas huy sarvmbas mo hukf ir`g tla idbmkmtmas, mobradsmoc tlus tla

p`war `i tla b`gguomty mo rakdtm`o t` pr`vmnars.^lara dra dkradny s`ga iuobtm`omoc

b`gguomtyhdsan ladktl mosurdoba sblagas mo Omcarmd, dktl`ucl dt tla g`gaot tlay

`oky b`var d vary sgdkk parbaotdca `i tla p`pukdtm`o.

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4

B L D U ^ A X 4

Motr`nubtm`o

la nakmvary `i qudkmty prmgdry ladktl bdra (ULB) sarvmbas bdo ldva d kdrca mgpdbt

`o tla ladktl `i Omcarmdos. Gdoy `i tla g`st b`staiiabtmva ladktl motarvaotm`os t`

pravaot don tradt tla gdj`r bdusas `i g`rtdkmty don g`rhmnmty mo tla b`uotry don

pr`crass t`wdrns tla ladktl Gmkkaoomug Navak`pgaot C`dks (GNCs) bdo ha `iiaran dt

tlms kavak `i bdra. Mo dnnmtm`o, aqumty b`obaros nrdw dttaotm`o t` ULB ds tla p``r mo

Omcarmd dra g`ra kmfaky t` saaf bdra mo ULB idbmkmtmas tldo tla rmbl (IG@L & S`rkn

Hdof, 8551).

^la mgp`rtdoba `i prmgdry ladktl bdra mo tla b`uotry lds k`oc haao rab`comzan hy

tla c`varogaot. Mo 4=31, tlraa yadrs hai`ra tla DkgdDtd b`oiaraoba `o ULB, tla

Omcarmdo c`varogaot stdrtan t` put mo pkdba d ULB systag mo tla aotmra b`uotry

tlr`ucl tla Hdsmb Ladktl Rarvmbas Mgpkagaotdtm`o Rblaga (4=314=

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8 S`rkn Hdof S`rfmoc Udpar

avmnaoba hdsa `i tla ianardk c`varogaots ladktl systag rai`rg aii`rts6 (mm) t` moi`rg

tla Hdofs don BMNDs sabt`r p`kmby nmdk`cua wmtl tla c`varogaot6 don (mmm) t` moi`rg

tla burraot don avaotudk ladktl supp`rt pr`crdgs `i h`tl n`o`rs dt stdta kavak.

^lms stuny raprasaots tla sab`on pldsa `i tla Omcarmd Ladktl, Outrmtm`o, don

U`pukdtm`o B`uotry Rtdtus Xap`rt (BRX). ^la imrst pldsa dmgan dt dodkyzmoc tla ladktl

smtudtm`o `i tla p``r don l`w tla ladktl systag wds pari`rgmoc mo targs `i gaatmoc

tlamr oaans. ^lms imrst pldsa mnaotmiman ULB ds tla wadfast bldmo mo tla aotmra ladktl

sabt`r don tla kavak `i bdra tla p``r usa tla g`st. ^lms sab`on pldsa `i tla BRX ms

tlarai`ra i`busan `o tla dodkysms `i tla nakmvary `i ULB sarvmbas. Mo b`otrdst t` tla imrst

pldsa, tlms stuny ms gdmoky hdsan `o prmgdry ndtd, ndtd b`kkabtan tlr`ucl idbmkmty,

ladktl pars`ooak, don l`usal`kn survays. ^lms stuny i`kk`ws d smgmkdr gatl`n`k`cy

usan hy d idbmkmty survay mgpkagaotan mo F`cm don Kdc`s mo 8558 (Nds Cuptd, Cdurm,

don Flagdom, 8552). L`wavar, tlms stuny ms i`busan mo tla b`kkabtm`o `i moi`rgdtm`o o`t

pravm`usky dvdmkdhka, subl ds natdmkan r`kas don rasp`osmhmkmtmas `i tla KCD don stdtas

don b`gguomty parbaptm`os `i ULB sarvmbas.

Ds `oa `i tla purp`sas `i tlms stuny ms dks` t` supp`rt `oc`moc `r avaotudk ladktl

supp`rt pr`crdgs `i BMND don tla S`rkn Hdof dt tla stdta kavak, tla stuny wds n`oa

`o tla stdtas wlara BMND ms burraotky w`rfmoc, Hdublm don Br`ss Xmvars, don mo s`ga

`i tla S`rkn Hdof kadn stdtas, Fdnuod don Kdc`s.

@hjabtmvas

^` hattar nasmco don mgpkagaot p`kmbmas t` mgpr`va sarvmba nakmvary i`r tla p``r mt ms

oabassdry t` caoardta tla oaanan avmnaoba don t` uonarstdon tla uonarkymoc

rakdtm`oslmps hatwaao tla nmiiaraot dbt`rs mov`kvan mo tla nakmvary `i ladktl sarvmbas.^lms stuny dmgs prabmsaky dt caoardtmoc tlms moi`rgdtm`o don lakpmoc us uonarstdon tla

vdrmdhkas diiabtmoc tla pari`rgdoba `i idbmkmtmas don ir`otkmoa pr`vmnars. ^lms

moi`rgdtm`o wmkk lakp us caoardta p`kmby rab`ggaondtm`os `o l`w t` mgpr`va

pari`rgdoba dt tlms kavak.

^la spabmimb `hjabtmvas `i tlms sab`on pldsa `i tla BRX dra t` ldva d hattar

uonarstdonmoc `i:

Uari`rgdoba `i ULB pars`ooak don idbmkmtmas, h`tl puhkmb don prmvdta, don tlavdrmdhkas nrmvmoc tlms pari`rgdoba.

Ik`w `i puhkmb iuons t` ULB idbmkmtmas. X`kas `i tla stdtas don KCDs mo tla nakmvary `i ULB.

Dktl`ucl Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra sarvmbas b`var d hr`dn rdoca `i motarvaotm`os tldt

bdo tdfa pkdba h`tl mo don `utsmna ladktl bdra idbmkmtmas (saa h`x 4.4)6 tlms stuny wmkk ha

i`busan `o tl`sa sarvmbas tldt dra burraotky hamoc `iiaran mo ULB idbmkmtmas `r tlr`ucl

b`gguomty `utradbl n`oa hy ladktl pars`ooak hdsan `o tlasa idbmkmtmas. ^lms stuny

`oky k``fs dt i`rgdk puhkmb don prmvdta ULB idbmkmtmas6 pdtaot ganmbmoa vaon`rs,

trdnmtm`odk ganmbmoa prdbtmtm`oars, `r pldrgdbmas wara o`t mobkunan mo tla stuny.

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Mgpr`vmoc Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Nakmvary mo Omcarmd: Avmnaoba ir`g I`ur Rtdtas 2

H`x 4.4. Nabkdrdtm`o `i Dkgd-Dtd: Motarodtm`odk B`oiaraoba `o Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra,Dkgd-Dtd, (prasaotky Dkgdty, Fdzdflstdo) 4=3 irdgaw`rf `o sarvmba

nakmvary t` uonarstdon tla pari`rgdoba `i ULB sarvmbas mo Omcarmd. ^la irdgaw`rf `i

tla SNX 855>, Gdfmoc Rarvmbas S`rf i`r U``r Ua`pka, axpkdmos sarvmba pari`rgdoba

tlr`ucl tlraa dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmps: v`mba hatwaao bmtmzaos/bkmaots don

p`kmtmbmdos/p`kmby gdfars6 b`gpdbt hatwaao p`kmby gdfars don pr`vmnars6 don

bkmaot p`war hatwaao bkmaots don pr`vmnars. Bkmaots, tla pdtmaots mo d ULB idbmkmty,ldva d rakdtm`oslmp wmtl pr`vmnars, oursas, b`gguomty ladktl w`rfars don `tlars. I`r

prmvdta pr`vmnars, tla usar bdo lakn tlag dbb`uotdhka tlr`ucl tlamr pdygaots. Mi tlay

dra o`t sdtmsiman wmtl tla sarvmba tlay bdo k``f i`r sarvmbas s`gawlara aksa. L`wavar,

i`r puhkmb sarvmbas tlara ms `itao o` nmrabt dbb`uotdhmkmty `i tla pr`vmnar t` tla bkmaot6

tlms sl`rt r`uta `i dbb`uotdhmkmty ms `itao o`t w`rfmoc. L`wavar, tlara ms `itao d

k`oc r`uta `i dbb`uotdhmkmty hy wlmbl tla usar bdo gdfa tla akabtan c`varogaot

dbb`uotdhka i`r tla pr`vmsm`o `i qudkmty sarvmbas don tla akabtan `iimbmdks `r p`kmby

gdfars bdo tlao moikuaoba pr`vmnars t` aosura tldt tlasa sarvmbas tdfa pkdba.

Mo Omcarmd tlara dra tlraa k`oc r`utas `i dbb`uotdhmkmty ds sl`wo mo imcura 4.4.

^la tlraa kavaks `i c`varogaot, ianardk, stdta, don KCDs, ldva s`ga rasp`osmhmkmty mo

tla pr`vmsm`o `i ladktl sarvmbas. ^lasa tlraa kavaks `i c`varogaot ldva rakdtm`oslmps wmtl

bmtmzaos don wmtl ULB pr`vmnars, mo pdrtmbukdr tla stdtas don KCDs.

Mi doy `i tlasa dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmps bkmaot p`war `r sl`rt r`uta don

v`mba/b`gpdbt `r k`oc r`uta idmks, sarvmba nakmvary w`ukn dks` idmk (S`rkn Hdof,

8552). I`r mostdoba, mi tla mobaotmvas idban hy p`kmby gdfars dra o`t dkmcoan wmtl tl`sa

`i b`gguomtmas racdrnmoc tla nakmvary `i ladktl sarvmbas, tlasa sarvmbas wmkk o`t ha d

prm`rmty don o`t ao`ucl ras`urbas wmkk ha spaot `o tlag. L`wavar, avao mi p`kmby gdfars

dra b`ggmttan t` mgpr`va ULB, mi tlay dra o`t dhka t` caoardta d w`rfmoc b`gpdbt

wmtl pr`vmnars hy, i`r mostdoba, o`t dssassmoc `r rawdrnmoc pari`rgdoba dbb`rnmoc t`wlatlar tlay mgpr`va sarvmbas, tla nakmvary `i sarvmbas wmkk dks` idmk (S`rkn Hdof, 8552).

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> S`rkn Hdof S`rfmoc Udpar

Imcura 4.4. Dbb`uotdhmkmty Xakdtm`oslmps hatwaao U`kmtmbmdos/U`kmby Gdfars,Ur`vmnars, don Bmtmzaos/Bkmaots

R`urba: Dndptan ir`g SNX 855> don S`rkn Hdof 8559.

Imodkky, bkmaot p`war `r tla sl`rt r`uta `i dbb`uotdhmkmty ms nmiimbukt t` dblmava mo tla

sl`rt ruo, aspabmdkky mo tla bdsa `i burdtmva ladktl sarvmbas wlao tlara dra kdrca

moi`rgdtm`o dsyggatrmas hatwaao pdtmaots don ganmbdk pars`ooak. Oavartlakass,

bkmaot p`war bdo smcomimbdotky mgpr`va sarvmba nakmvary mi tla hdrcdmomoc p`war `i

tla bkmaot ms straoctlaoan mo rakdtm`o t` pr`vmnars.

Hai`ra dodkyzmoc tla dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmps hatwaao p`kmby gdfars,

pr`vmnars, don bkmaots tlms stuny dssassas tla pari`rgdoba `i ULB idbmkmtmas donpars`ooak don axpkdmos tla mostmtutm`odk `rcdomzdtm`o `i tla ULB sabt`r mo Omcarmd. I`r

tlms dssassgaot, tla stuny nasbrmhas: (m) idbmkmtmas humknmoc b`onmtm`os6 (mm) dbbass t`

wdtar, sdomtdtm`o, don akabtrmbmty6 (mmm) dbbass t` do uomotarruptan suppky `i nrucs don

ganmbdk suppkmas6 (mv) dbbass t` aqumpgaot6 (v) sarvmbas `iiaran6 (vm) dvdmkdhmkmty `i

qudkmiman ganmbdk pars`ooak6 (v) bldrdbtarmstmbs `i pars`ooak6 (vm) rasp`osmvaoass `i

tlasa sarvmbas t` tla oaans `i w`gao, gao, cmrks don h`ys mo tla b`gguomty: w`rfmoc

l`urs, b`urtasy, wdmtmoc tmga i`r sarvmbas, `tlars. Mo dnnmtm`o, tlms sabtm`o avdkudtas tla

nmiiaraobas hatwaao puhkmb don prmvdta (i`r pr`imt don o`oi`rpr`imt) pr`vmnars.

Ds sl`wo mo imcura 4.4, nua t` tla nabaotrdkmzdtm`o `i sarvmba nakmvary mo tla

b`uotry tlara dra tlraa nmiiaraot kavaks `i c`varogaot wmtl s`ga rasp`osmhmkmty mo tla

nakmvary `i sarvmbas. ^la stuny tlus nasbrmhas tla mostmtutm`odk `rcdomzdtm`o `i ULB

sarvmba nakmvary don tla nmvmsm`o `i rasp`osmhmkmtmas dbr`ss tla tlraa kavaks `i

c`varogaot.

^la dssassgaot `i r`kas don rasp`osmhmkmtmas racdrnmoc ULB sarvmbas ms i`kk`wan hy

do dodkysms `i tla dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmps tldt gmclt axpkdmo sarvmbas

pari`rgdoba. ^la i`bus `i tla stuny ms `o dodkyzmoc tla p`kmby gdfarpr`vmnar don tla

pr`vmnarbkmaot rakdtm`oslmp. ^la bkmaotp`kmby gdfar rakdtm`oslmp ms g`ra nmiimbukt t`

dodkyza usmoc survays don bldocas mo tlms rakdtm`oslmp c` hay`on tla ladktl systag6

l`wavar, do dodkysms ms n`oa hdsan `o sab`ondry ndtd don moi`rgdtm`o b`kkabtan

tlr`ucl motarvmaws wmtl stdta don k`bdk c`varogaot `iimbmdks mo tw` stdtas tldt

pdrtmbmpdtan mo tlms stuny: Fdnuod don Br`ss Xmvar.

Ianardk

C`varogaot

Rtdta

C`varogaot

K`bdk

C`varogaot

Bkmaots/Bmtmzaos Ur`vmnars

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Mgpr`vmoc Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Nakmvary mo Omcarmd: Avmnaoba ir`g I`ur Rtdtas 1

Bkmaotsp`kmby gdfar rakdtm`oslmp: ^la stuny k``fs dt tla dbb`uotdhmkmty `i tla

c`varogaot don mo pdrtmbukdr k`bdk c`varogaots mo rakdtm`o t` b`osugars racdrnmoc

ULB sarvmbas. ^la stuny axdgmoas k`bdk c`varogaot ravaouas, puhkmb imodobmdk

gdodcagaot, don ladktl axpaonmtura.

U`kmby gdfarspr`vmnars rakdtm`oslmp: Slao p`kmby gdfars ldva str`oc mobaotmvas t`

gdfa ULB sarvmbas w`rf, l`w subbassiuk tlay dra napaons `o l`w tlamr b`ggmtgaot

ms pdssan`o t` pr`vmnars (S`rkn Hdof, 8552). ^lms tlao napaons, dg`oc `tlar

tlmocs, `o l`w aiiabtmva dra tla pr`vmnars gdodcan. ^la stuny avdkudtas tla mobaotmvas

idban hy ULB pars`ooak mo h`tl tla puhkmb don prmvdta sabt`r. Mo pdrtmbukdr, tla stuny

k``fs dt raguoardtm`o sblagas6 rawdrns don sdobtm`os kmofan t` pari`rgdoba mo h`tl

tla puhkmb don prmvdta sabt`r6 `tlar o`oimodobmdk mobaotmvas idban hy pr`vmnars6 don

pr`vmnar b`pmoc gabldomsgs wlao idban hy modnaqudta mobaotmvas.

Ur`vmnarbkmaot rakdtm`oslmp: ^` uonarstdon tla rads`os halmon tla straoctl `r

wadfoass `i tlms dbb`uotdhmkmty rakdtm`oslmp, tla stuny wmkk dssass b`gguomty

pdrtmbmpdtm`o `o tla gdodcagaot don g`omt`rmoc `i ladktl sarvmbas: axmstaoba `i

iuobtm`omoc ladktl b`ggmttaas wmtl b`gguomty pdrtmbmpdtm`o, don dvdmkdhmkmty `i d

iuobtm`omoc b`gpkdmomoc gabldomsg.

Gatl`n`k`cy

^la stuny wds hdsan gdmoky `o axtaosmva qudotmtdtmva survay w`rf dt tla kavak `i ULB

idbmkmtmas, ladktl bdra pars`ooak, don l`usal`kns mo tlamr vmbmomty. ^lraa hdsmb survay

mostrugaots i`r prmgdry ndtd b`kkabtm`o wara usan:

Ladktl Idbmkmty Rurvay^lms survay wds dngmomstaran t` idbmkmty ladns t``htdmo moi`rgdtm`o `o caoardk idbmkmty bldrdbtarmstmbs don sarvmbas pr`vmnan.

ULB Rtdii Rurvay^lms survay `i stdii `i ladktl idbmkmtmas mobkunan motarvmaws`i d sdgpka `i ladktl idbmkmty stdii ir`g dkk idbmkmty `bbupdtm`os, don b`kkabtan

moi`rgdtm`o `o tlamr caoardk bldrdbtarmstmbs, w`rfmoc aovmr`ogaot, don

mobaotmvas.

L`usal`kn Rurvay^lms survay `i ladktl idbmkmty bkmaots (tldt ms, l`usal`knskmvmoc oadr tla bdra idbmkmtmas) wds usan t` b`kkabt ndtd `o tlamr pars`odk

bldrdbtarmstmbs, idbmkmty usdca, don sdtmsidbtm`o wmtl sarvmbas don bdra.

Ndtd b`kkabtm`o wds b`onubtan mo Gdy 8553 mo Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvar, don Fdnuod,

i`kk`wan hy Kdc`s mo Raptaghar.^la stuny ms tlao hdsan `o tla Imodk Xap`rt suhgmttan hy tla imrgs tldt

mgpkagaotan tla survays: AU@R Ladktl B`osuktdots6 Bdodnmdo R`bmaty i`r

Motarodtm`odk Ladktl6 don Baotar i`r Ladktl Rbmaobas ^rdmomoc, Xasadrbl don

Navak`pgaot (BLAR^XDN).

Moi`rgdtm`o `o tla sdgpka smza natargmodtm`o don sdgpkmoc pr`banuras bdo ha

i`uon mo Dppaonmx D. ^dhka 4.4 sl`ws tla sdgpka smza dbbruan dt tla aon `i tla stuny.

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9 S`rkn Hdof S`rfmoc Udpar

^dhka 4.4. Dodkysms `i Rurvay Tuastm`oodmras

Rtdta KCD Ladktl Idbmkmty Rurvay ULB Rtdii Rurvay L`usal`kn Rurvay

Fdnuod

Mfdrd 81 81 42>

Fduru 88 21 444

Blmfuo 85 19 449

Rtdta 93 449 294

Br`ss Xmvars

Bdkdhdr 89 454 421

]dfurr 81 458 423

]dkd 84 =1 421

Rtdta 38 8=< >53

Hdublm

Hdublm 29 491 885

Cdojuwd 89 19 415

Mtds/Cdnud 42 1> 3=

Rtdta 31 831 >>=

Kdc`s

Apa 45 84 4>4

Miak`nuo/Djar`gm 8< 13 495

Rurukara >< 44> ==

Rtdta 55

Rurvay `tdk Dkk Rtdtas 255

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3

B L D U ^ A X 8

B`otaxt

mtl 4>5 gmkkm`o pa`pka, Omcarmd ms tla omotl g`st p`pukdtan b`uotry mo tla w`rkn,

raprasaotmoc bk`sa t` 85 parbaot `i tla p`pukdtm`o mo suhRdldrdo Dirmbd (RRD). Mt

lds d vary nmvarsa p`pukdtm`o wmtl g`ra tldo 255 atlomb cr`ups don g`ra tldo 155

kdocudcas sp`fao. Dngmomstrdtmvaky, tla b`uotry ms `rcdomzan ds d ianardtm`o wmtl d

ianardk c`varogaot, 29 stdtas, don 33> KCDs. ^la b`uotry ms `itao suhnmvmnan mo smx

ca`p`kmtmbdk z`oas: O`rtl Sast, O`rtl Baotrdk, O`rtl Adst, R`utl Sast, R`utl R`utl,

don R`utl Adst.

Ladktl @utb`gas don Dbbass t` Ladktl Rarvmbas mo Omcarmd

Adbl yadr gdoy kmvas, aspabmdkky blmknraos, dra k`st mo tla b`uotry (IG@L don S`rkn

Hdof, 8551). @oa mo avary tao blmknrao nmas hai`ra lms imrst hmrtlndy don `oa mo avary

imva hai`ra lms imitl. Blmkn gdkoutrmtm`o rdtas dra dks` vary lmcl (saa tdhka 8.4), dktl`ucl

tla parbaotdca `i blmknrao blr`ombdkky gdko`urmslan lds haao nabradsmoc `var tmga.

^lasa `utb`gas dra k`w o`t `oky mo dhs`kuta targs hut dks` wlao b`gpdran t` `tlarb`uotrmas mo RuhRdldrdo Dirmbd.

B`gguombdhka nmsadsas, pdrtmbukdrky gdkdrmd, poaug`omd, don nmdrrlad, `itao

kmofan wmtl gdkoutrmtm`o, dra tla gdj`r bdusas `i g`rtdkmty don g`rhmnmty dg`oc

blmknrao uonar imva. ^lasa nmsadsas bdo ha pravaotan `r tradtan dt d vary k`w b`st, hut tla

b`vardca `i gdoy `i tla ladktl motarvaotm`os oaanan t` pravaot don tradt tlag ms vary

k`w (IG@L don S`rkn Hdof, 8551). I`r mostdoba, mo 8552 tla Omcarmd NLR sl`wan tldt

`oky 4 parbaot `i blmknrao uonar imva skapt uonar do mosabtmbmna tradtan han oat6 `oky 43

parbaot `i blmknrao smx g`otl `i dca `r y`uocar wara axbkusmvaky hradstian6 `oky 2>

parbaot `i blmknrao uonar imva rabamvan d vmtdgmo D suppkagaot6 don `oky 42 parbaot `i

`oa yadr `kns wara iukky mgguomzan. ^lara dra smcos `i mgpr`vagaots mo s`ga ladktlsarvmbas, pdrtmbukdrky mo blmkn mgguomzdtm`o. ^la c`varogaot lds tdfao gdoy gadsuras

t` mgpr`va mgguomzdtm`o don t` ardnmbdta p`km`. Mo tla bdsa `i p`km`, 8553 wds tla yadr

wmtl tla k`wast p`km` mobmnaoba smoba 8558 don tla k`wast mobmnaoba avar `i typa 4

p`km`, tla g`st vmrukaot `i dkk p`km` vmrusas. Naspmta tlasa rabaot mgpr`vagaots,

Omcarmd ms o`t kmfaky t` dblmava tla ladktl rakdtan Gmkkaoomug Navak`pgaot C`dks. Dkk

`i tla motarvaotm`os t` dnnrass tlasa mssuas dra ULB motarvaotm`os. R`ga `i tlag bdo

ha pr`vmnan hy tla l`usal`kns tlagsakvas ditar s`ga `rmaotdtm`o ir`g d ladktl

pr`vmnar, amtlar mosmna ladktl idbmkmtmas `r tlr`ucl b`gguomty `utradbl.

Gdtarodk g`rtdkmty ms dks` tl`uclt t` ha lmcl. Adbl yadr do astmgdtan 1=,555

w`gao nma ir`g pracodoby rakdtan bdusas (SL@, QOMBAI, QOIUD, S`rkn Hdof,

8551). R`ga `i tlasa nadtls ds wakk ds s`ga oa`odtdk nadtls bdo dks` ha pravaotan.

L`wavar, ndtd ir`g tla NLR 8552 sl`ws tldt `oky 95 parbaot `i pracodot w`gao

S

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1.>

O`rtl Adst 895 23 3 82 9.5 43.4

O`rtl Sast 89= 12 9.3 4=.3 2.3 45.>

R`utl Adst 452 82 >.4 >.9 .4

R`utl R`utl 439 49 >.9 44.4 85.< 12.8

R`utl Sast 442 82 >.4 49.3 28.1 33.9

R`urba: NLR 8552.

^lara dra dks` kdrca mob`ga moaqudkmtmas mo h`tl ladktl `utb`gas don utmkmzdtm`o `i

ladktl bdra. Ds saao mo imcura 8.4, moidot don blmkn g`rtdkmty rdtas dg`oc tla p``rast 85

parbaot `i tla p`pukdtm`o dra 8.1 tmgas lmclar tldo dg`oc tla rmblast 85 parbaot. Iukk

mgguomzdtm`o rdtas dg`oc tla p``rast 85 parbaot `i tla p`pukdtm`o dra 42 tmgas k`war

tldo dg`oc tla rmblast 85 parbaot. Rmgmkdrky, tla blr`omb gdkoutrmtm`o rdta dg`oc tla

p``r ms dh`ut tlraa tmgas lmclar tldo dg`oc tla rmbl6 tlms ms tla lmclast rmblp``r

nmiiaraoba rap`rtan mo doy RRD b`uotry wlara NLR ndtd ms dvdmkdhka (IG@L don

S`rkn Hdof, 8551).

Imcura 8.4. R`bm`ab`o`gmb Nmspdrmtmas mo Ladktl @utb`gas don Hdsmb Rarvmba

Qtmkmzdtm`o, Omcarmd, 8552

R`urba: Ianardk Gmomstry `i Ladktl don S`rkn Hdof 8551 hdsan `o NLR 8552 ndtd.

5

45

85

25

>5

15

95

35

lmclast

qumotmka

%g

dko`urmslan

5

15

455

415

855

815

255

215

uonar-1g`rtdkmtypar4,5

55

blmkn blr`omb gdkoutrmtm`o

w`gao gdkoutrmtm`o

uonar-1 g`rtdkmty

5

45

85

25

>5

15

95

35

lmclast

qumotmka

Uarbaot

iukk mgguomzdtm`o

DXM/iavar tradtgaot

qudkmiman nakmvary bdra

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Mgpr`vmoc Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Nakmvary mo Omcarmd: Avmnaoba ir`g I`ur Rtdtas =

Ndtd ir`g tla Omcarmdo Kmvmoc Rtdondrn Rurvay (OKRR) 855> dks` b`oimrgs tla

kdrca moaqudkmtmas mo ladktl sarvmba utmkmzdtm`o. Dg`oc tl`sa mkk `r mojuran mo tla tw`

waafs prabanmoc tlms survay, `oky dh`ut tlraa pa`pka mo avary imva vmsmtan d ladktl bdra

pr`vmnar. L`wavar, dg`oc tla p``rast 85 parbaot `i tla p`pukdtm`o, `oky 25 parbaot `i

pa`pka wmtl do mkkoass `r mojury vmsmtan d ladktl pr`vmnar. Mo b`otrdst, 38 parbaot `i

pa`pka wmtl do mkkoass `r mojury mo tla rmblast aon `i tla mob`ga nmstrmhutm`o nmn.

^la OKRR ndtd dks` sl`wan tldt tla p``r dra g`ra kmfaky t` usa ULB idbmkmtmas i`r

`utpdtmaot bdra don dra kass kmfaky t` usa d prmvdta pr`vmnar tldo tla rmbl. Ds saao mo

imcura 8.8, tla lmclar tla mob`ga kavak, tla lmclar tla pr`p`rtm`o `i pa`pka tldt usan d

l`spmtdk i`r `utpdtmaot b`osuktdtm`o. Ds saao mo tla crdpl, tla p``r dra g`ra kmfaky t`

usa d ULB idbmkmty (tldt ms, bkmombs, nmspaosdrmas, ladktl p`sts, don `tlars)6 wlmka tla lmclar

tla l`usal`kn axpaonmtura kavak, tla g`ra kmfaky tla monmvmnudk vmsmts d l`spmtdk.

Rmgmkdrky, tla usa `i i`rgdk prmvdta pr`vmnars mobradsas wmtl l`usal`kn axpaonmtura

kavak.

Imcura 8.8. Qtmkmzdtm`o `i @utpdtmaot Bdra dbr`ss U`pukdtm`o B`osugptm`o Tumotmkasdon ^ypa `i Ur`vmnar `r ^ypa `i Ur`vmnar @woarslmp

R`urba: Omcarmd U`varty Dssassgaot (S`rkn Hdof, 8559), astmgdtm`os hdsan o OKRR 85525>.

B`otaxt mo Rtdtas Mobkunan mo tla Rtuny

^la rasukts `i tlms stuny dra o`t gadot t` ha raprasaotdtmva `i tla aotmra b`uotry, hut `i

tla i`ur stdtas sdgpkan: Hdublm, Br`ss Xmvar, Fdnuod, don Kdc`s. ^lara dra kdrcanmiiaraobas dbr`ss tlasa stdtas mo targs `i p`pukdtm`o, mob`ga kavaks, don ab`o`gmb

dbtmvmtmas (tdhka 8.8). Moi`rgdtm`o `o ladktl `utb`gas don dbbass t` ladktl bdra dt stdta

kavak ms sbdrba, don avao tl`ucl moi`rgdtm`o dt ca`p`kmtmbdk z`oas bdo ha monmbdtmva mo

s`ga bdsas mt bdo dks` ha gmskadnmoc. I`r mostdoba, Fdnuod ms pdrt `i tla O`rtl Sast

ca`p`kmtmbdk racm`o, hut mt lds tla k`wast p`varty rdta mo tla racm`o.

Hdublm stdta ms d pran`gmodotky rurdk stdta k`bdtan mo tla O`rtlAdst racm`o `i

Omcarmd. Dcrmbuktura ms tla gdmo ab`o`gmb dbtmvmty `i tla stdta. Mt ms `oa `i tla p``rast

stdtas mo tla b`uotry wmtl dh`ut 33 parbaot `i mts p`pukdtm`o kmvmoc uonar tla p`varty

kmoa (S`rkn Hdof, i`rtlb`gmoc). Hdublm ms dks` tla stdta wmtl tla i`urtl kdrcast mob`ga

moaqudkmty monax. Dngmomstrdtmvaky, tla stdta ms suhnmvmnan mot` 85 KCDs.

5

5.4

5.8

5.2

5.>

5.1

5.9

5.3

U``rast MM MMM MY Xmblast

L`spmtdk ULB Uldrgdby @tlar

5

5.4

5.8

5.2

5.>

5.1

5.9

5.3

5.

Ca`p`kmtmbdkz`oa Rtdta

U`pukdtm`omo gmkkm`os

U`vartyladn b`uot

U`vartycdp

U`vartysavarmty

Cmommonax

O`rtl Adst 93.9

Hdublm >.3 33.5 22.4 4>.4 >2.9

R`utl R`utl 14.2

Br`ss Xmvar 8.= 11.5 82.3 =.1 >5.3

O`rtl Sast 92.=

Fdnuod 9.5 >5.= 48.3 2.< 29.2

R`utl Sast >2.8

Kdc`s =.5 93.5 21.9 4=.3

Odtm`odk 4>5.5 1>.3 88.< = >4.8

R`urba: p`pukdtm`o imcuras Baosus 8559, dkk `tlar ndtd ir`g Omcarmd U`varty Dssassgaot.

Br`ss Xmvar stdta ms smtudtan mo tla R`utl R`utl racm`o. Mt lds d p`pukdtm`o `i dh`ut

8.= gmkkm`o nmstrmhutan mot` 4< KCDs. ^la p`varty rdta mo tla stdta ms smgmkdr t` tla

odtm`odk dvardca, monmbdtmoc tldo g`ra tldo ldki `i tla p`pukdtm`o kmvas uonar tla

p`varty kmoa. ^la gdj`rmty `i tla stdtas p`pukdtm`o ms aocdcan mo suhsmstaoba idrgmoc.

Fdnuod ms tla tlmrn g`st p`puk`us stdta k`bdtan mo tla O`rtlSast `i tla b`uotry

wmtl do astmgdtan p`pukdtm`o `i 9.4 gmkkm`o pa`pka. Mo b`otrdst t` Hdublm don Br`ss

Xmvar, d kdrca sldra `i Fdnuods p`pukdtm`o kmvas mo urhdo don sagmurhdo drads. Ds

gubl ds 85 parbaot `i tla p`pukdtm`o b`obaotrdtas mo tw` urhdo drads: Fdnuod don

Zdrmd. Naspmta tla mgp`rtdot sldra `i tla p`pukdtm`o kmvmoc mo h`tl urhdo don sagm

urhdo drads, tla gdmo ab`o`gmb dbtmvmty `i tla p`pukdtm`o ragdmos dcrmbuktura. Dh`ut

tw` `ut `i avary imva pa`pka mo tla stdta kmva uonar tla p`varty kmoa6 l`wavar, tla

p`varty rdta mo tla stdta ms k`war tldo tla odtm`odk dvardca. Dngmomstrdtmvaky, Fdnuod

ms suhnmvmnan mot` 82 KCDs.

Kdc`s stdta ms tla sab`on g`st p`puk`us stdta mo tla b`uotry. Mt lds tla sab`on

g`st p`pukdtan bmty mo Dirmbd ditar Bdmr`. Dbb`rnmoc t` tla 8559 baosus, tla stdta lds =

gmkkm`o pa`pka, tla gdj`rmty `i tlag kmvmoc mo urhdo drads. ^la baosus astmgdtan tldt

tlara wara bk`sa t` < gmkkm`o pa`pka kmvmoc mo Gatr`p`kmtdo Kdc`s dk`oa. Dh`ut tw`

tlmrns `i tla p`pukdtm`o kmvas mo p`varty don tla stdtas lds tla sab`on kdrcast

moaqudkmty monax mo tla b`uotry. Dngmomstrdtmvaky, tla stdta lds 85 KCDs `i wlmbl 49

dra pdrt `i Gatr`p`kmtdo Kdc`s.

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44

B L D U ^ A X 2

Rtdtus `i UrmgdryLadktl Bdra Rarvmbas

@rcdomzdtm`o `i tla Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Rystag

D iaw yadrs hai`ra tla Dkgd Dtd b`oiaraoba, tla Omcarmdo c`varogaot bradtan tla

Hdsmb Ladktl Rarvmbas Mgpkagaotdtm`o Rblaga (4=314=). ^lms moo`vdtmva sblaga motr`nuban don navak`pan nmiiaraot typas `i b`gguomty

ladktl bdra pars`ooak t` stdii ULB idbmkmtmas. ^lasa ULB w`rfars dra uomqua t` Omcarmd.

Burraotky, tla b`gguomty ladktl w`rfars ldva haao stradgkmoan mot` tlraa, tla

B`gguomty Ladktl @iimbar (BL@), B`gguomty Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfar (BLAS),

don Juom`r B`gguomty Ladktl Axtaosm`o S`rfar (JBLAS). ^la sblaga motaonan t`

humkn d B`gpralaosmva Ladktl Baotar, > Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Baotars, don 85 bkmombs

don g`hmka bkmombs mo adbl KCD.Mo Nabaghar `i 8555, tla Sdrn Ladktl Rarvmba (SLR) Rystag wds motr`nuban t`

aosura tldt ladktl nmstrmbts b`mobmna wmtl p`kmtmbdk wdrns (sarvmoc 85,55525,555

pa`pka). Adbl wdrn ms suhnmvmnan mot` sabtm`os mo urhdo drads don mot` cr`ups `i

vmkkdcas mo rurdk drads. Dbb`rnmoc t` tla SLR @pardtm`odk Cumna (OULBND, 855>),

adbl sabtm`o `r cr`up `i vmkkdcas sl`ukn ldva d ladktl p`st. Adbl wdrn sl`ukn dks`

ldva d Sdrn Ladktl Baotar tldt sl`ukn sarva ds imrst raiaraoba t` tla Ladktl U`sts mo

tla sdga wdrn.

^la burraot `rcdomzdtm`o `i tla ULB systag raikabts tla SLR ds wakk ds pravm`us

c`varogaot sblagas. Uuhkmb ULB idbmkmtmas dra tlao bkdssmiman mo tla i`kk`wmoc i`ur

typas:

^ypa M: Dbb`rnmoc t` tla 855> ULB cumnakmoas4adbl b`gguomty sl`ukn ldva`oa typa M idbmkmty wlmbl dra ladktl p`sts `r nmspaosdrmas. Oavartlakass, s`ga

stdtas ldva pr`crassmvaky akmgmodtan tlasa idbmkmtmas.

^ypa MM: D cr`up `i b`gguomtmas wmtl dh`ut 8555 pa`pka sl`ukn ldva dUrmgdry Ladktl Bdra Bkmomb `r typa MM.

^ypa MMM: Urmgdry Ladktl Bdra Baotars `r Sdrn Ladktl Baotars6 tlara sl`uknha `oa ULB mo adbl wdrn.

^ypa MY: B`gpralaosmva Ladktl Baotars wara gadot t` ha d raiarrdk i`r dkkULB mo tla sdga KCD. ^lay `iiar kmgmtan surcmbdk sarvmbas. Mo prdbtmba, gdoy

`i tlasa idbmkmtmas ldva haao upcrdnan don burraotky w`rf ds caoardk `r b`ttdca

l`spmtdks.

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48 S`rkn Hdof S`rfmoc Udpar

^lms bkdssmimbdtm`o n`as o`t dppky t` tla prmvdta sabt`r6 raonarmoc nmiimbukt tla

bkdssmimbdtm`o `i tlasa idbmkmtmas.

Rurvay Xasukts

^la ladktl idbmkmty survay sdgpkan d t`tdk `i 255 idbmkmtmas6 43= (95 parbaot) mnaotmiman ds

puhkmb, 44< (>5 parbaot) prmvdta don 2 wara `i uofo`wo `woarslmp. ^la sdgpka

mobkunan 31 idbmkmtmas mo Hdublm, 38 mo Br`ss Xmvar, 93 mo Fdnuod, don parbaot

wara l`spmtdks. C`varogaot idbmkmtmas gdna up 95 parbaot `i tla sdgpka don prmvdta

idbmkmtmas tla `tlar >5 parbaot. ^la ladktl p`sts wara b`obaotrdtan mo rurdk don sagm

urhdo drads (3< parbaot). BLBs, `o tla `tlar ldon, wara b`obaotrdtan mo urhdo drads

(35 parbaot).

^dhka 2.4. Ladktl Idbmkmty ^ypa hy KCD ^ypa

Xurdk Qrhdo Ragm-Qrhdo ^`tdk

Ladktl U`st 24 4= 21 21 45 >=

L`spmtdk 8 9 2 44

^`tdk 99 48< 45> 8= l`urs d

ndy6 l`wavar, `oky `oa mo i`ur ms `pao 8> l`urs d ndy, savao ndys d waaf. ^lara ms d

kdrca nmiiaraoba dbr`ss stdtas mo tla oughar `i idbmkmtmas tldt ragdmo `pao dt dkk tmgas.

Idbmkmtmas mo Kdc`s don Br`ss Xmvar dra g`ra kmfaky t` `pao 8>l d ndy 3 ndys d waaf.

Idbmkmtmas mo tla `tlar tw` stdtas dra kass kmfaky t` n` s`, aspabmdkky mo Fdnuod wlara kass

tldo 15 parbaot `i idbmk