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Improving Pa-ent Safety through Incident Repor-ng and Learning in Health Care Michelle Hanbidge MHSc Candidate – Clinical Engineering September 20, 2013

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Page 1: Improving Paent Safety through Incident Reporng and Learning in … Materials/201… · 3. Idenfy strategies that aviaon and nuclear power have implemented to achieve their successes

Improving Pa-ent Safety through Incident Repor-ng and Learning in 

Health Care 

Michelle Hanbidge MHSc Candidate – Clinical Engineering 

 

September 20, 2013 

 

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Ra-onale 

•  Health care incident learning processes have the poten7al to minimize preventable errors and pa7ent deaths 

•  Currently experiencing mixed success •  Li?le guidance exists for decision makers on how to successfully learn from incidents 

January 10, 2014  2 

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Objec-ves 1.  Describe areas for improvement in health care 

incident learning processes 2.  Explore exis7ng barriers and end‐user needs 3.  Iden7fy strategies that avia7on and nuclear power 

have implemented to achieve their successes 4.  Evaluate preliminary strategies based on health care 

stakeholder feedback 5.  Propose strategies for the development of successful 

incident learning systems in health care 

January 10, 2014  3 

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WHO Recommenda-ons Quality  Descrip-on 

Non‐Puni-ve  Reporters are free from fear of retalia7on against themselves or others as a result of repor7ng 

Confiden-al  Pa7ent, reporter, and ins7tu7on iden77es are never revealed 

Independent  Repor7ng system is independent of any authority with the power to punish the reporter or organiza7on 

Expert Analysis Reports are evaluated by experts who understand the clinical circumstances and are trained to recognize underlying systems causes 

Timely  Reports are analyzed promptly and recommenda7ons are rapidly disseminated to those who need to know 

Systems‐Oriented  Recommenda7ons focus on changes in systems, processes, or products, rather than on individuals 

Responsive The agency that receives reports is capable of dissemina7ng recommenda7ons and the par7cipa7ng organiza7ons consent to implemen7ng recommenda7ons when possible 

January 10, 2014  4 

The World Health Organiza7on, "WHO DraU Guidelines for Adverse Event Repor7ng and Learning Systems," WHO Document Produc7on Services, Geneva, 2005. 

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WHO Recommenda-ons Quality  Health Care*  Avia-on (ASRS)  Nuclear Power 

(IAEA/NEA) 

Non‐Puni-ve  X            Confiden-al  Varies       X  Independent  Varies       X 

Expert Analysis  X           Timely  X           Systems‐Oriented  Varies           Responsive  X           January 10, 2014  5 

*general trends 

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Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework 

January 10, 2014  6 

Government 

Regulators & Associa-ons 

Company 

Management 

Staff 

Work 

J. Rasmussen, "Risk Management in a Dynamic Society: A Modelling Problem," Safety Science, pp. 183‐213, 1997. 

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Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework 

January 10, 2014  7 

Provincial Government (e.g. MOHLTC) 

Organiza-on Execu-ve (e.g. CEO, clinical VPs) 

Clinical Directors 

Risk Management 

Area Managers 

Frontline Staff (e.g. nurses, pharmacists, physicians) 

Health Care (e.g. pa-ents) 

Federal Regulator (e.g. Health Canada) 

Manufacturers (e.g. medical devices, medical products) 

Independent Organiza-ons (e.g. ISMP) 

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Phase 1 – Explore and Compare Incident Learning Systems 

•  Examine avia7on, nuclear power, and health care (reported trends, 8 diverse systems, and 3 case studies) 

•  Research focused on areas iden7fied for improvement: – Repor7ng culture – Repor7ng process and analysis techniques –  Informa7on dissemina7on and implementa7on of improvements 

January 10, 2014  8 

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Phase 1 – Data Collec-on and Analysis 

•  For each area for improvement: – Health care ideals (WHO, Rasmussen) – Descrip7on of avia7on, nuclear power, health care 

January 10, 2014  9 

Repor-ng Culture  Repor-ng Process and Analysis 

Dissemina-on and Implementa-on 

Ideal 

Avia-on 

Nuclear Power 

Health Care 1 

Health Care 2 

… 

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Phase 1 – Data Collec-on and Analysis 

•  For each area for improvement: – Health care ideals (WHO, Rasmussen) – Descrip7on of avia7on, nuclear power, health care 

January 10, 2014  10 

Repor-ng Culture  Repor-ng Process and Analysis 

Dissemina-on and Implementa-on 

Ideal  System details  System details  System details 

Avia-on  System details  System details  System details 

Nuclear Power  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 1  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 2  System details  System details  System details 

…  System details  System details  System details 

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Phase 1 – Data Collec-on and Analysis 

•  For each area for improvement: – Compara7ve trends across all systems 

January 10, 2014  11 

Repor-ng Culture  Repor-ng Process and Analysis 

Dissemina-on and Implementa-on 

Ideal  System details  System details  System details 

Avia-on  System details  System details  System details 

Nuclear Power  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 1  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 2  System details  System details  System details 

…  System details  System details  System details 

TRENDS  TRENDS  TRENDS  TRENDS 

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Phase 1 – Poten-al Strategies •  For each area for improvement: –  Iden7fied poten7al strategies 

January 10, 2014  12 

Repor-ng Culture  Repor-ng Process and Analysis 

Dissemina-on and Implementa-on 

Ideal  System details  System details  System details 

Avia-on  System details  System details  System details 

Nuclear Power  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 1  System details  System details  System details 

Health Care 2  System details  System details  System details 

…  System details  System details  System details 

TRENDS  TRENDS  TRENDS  TRENDS 

POTENTIAL STRATEGIES  STRATEGIES  STRATEGIES  STRATEGIES 

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Phase 1 – Explore and Compare Incident Learning Systems 

•  Strengths – Comparing systems objec7vely across same characteris7cs 

–  Informa7on directly from systems •  Limita7ons – Number of systems examined – Could not capture intangible, contextual elements 

January 10, 2014  13 

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Phase 2 – Refine Poten-al Strategies for Health Care 

•  Focus groups and in‐depth interviews with stakeholders at all Rasmussen levels 

•  Ques7ons to: – Understand current processes in health care – Evaluate end‐user needs – General discussion about areas for improvement – Evaluate poten7al strategies – Brainstorm alterna7ve strategies 

January 10, 2014  14 

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Phase 2 – Refine Poten-al Strategies for Health Care 

January 10, 2014  15 

Rasmussen Level  Par-cipants  Focus Group/Interview Topic 

Frontline Staff & Management (Clinical, Risk) 

1 risk manager, 1 physician, 2 pharmacists, 1 nurse  Topic 1 – Repor7ng Culture 

Frontline Staff & Management (Clinical, Risk) 

1 risk manager, 1 physician, 1 pharmacist 

Topic 2 – Repor7ng Process and Analysis Techniques 

Frontline Staff & Management (Clinical, Risk) 

1 risk manager, 1 physician, 1 pharmacist, 2 nurses 

Topic 3 – Informa7on Dissemina7on and Implementa7on of Improvements 

Frontline Staff & Management (Clinical, Risk) 

1 risk manager, 3 pharmacists, 1 nurse  Topic 1, 2, 3 

Hospital Execu-ve  UHN CEO  Topic 1, 2, 3 

Regulators  Health Canada  Topic 1, 2, 3 

Government  2 MOHLTC  Topic 1, 2, 3 

*Par:cipa:on based on availability 

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Phase 2 – Analysis 

January 10, 2014  16 

•  Transcrip7on •  Coding – Sen7ment behind comments – Two coders 

•  Thema7c analysis – Discussed with second coder 

•  Relate themes to WHO quali7es and Rasmussen levels 

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Phase 2 – Refine Poten-al Strategies for Health Care 

•  Strengths – Discussion between Rasmussen levels – Co‐coding – Theore7cal satura7on of ideas 

•  Limita7ons – Par7cipants from 1 organiza7on, 1 province – Recruitment and scheduling challenges – Par7cipant bias due to self‐selec7on 

January 10, 2014  17 

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Phase 2 – Themes 1.  Current underuse of incident repor7ng systems 2.  Need for incident learning educa7on 3.  Promote safe culture and ac7vely encourage repor7ng 4.  Improve repor7ng process 5.  Improve analysis process 6.  Need for effec7ve dissemina7on of incident informa7on and 

review outcomes 7.  Learn from non‐ cri7cal/severe incidents and near‐misses 8.  Increase systems improvements resul7ng from incident 

repor7ng and review 9.  Dedicate addi7onal resources to support incident learning 10.  Balance commitment to public transparency with protec7on for 

health care professionals and ins7tu7ons January 10, 2014  18 

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Phase 2 – Suggested Approaches and Strategies 

January 10, 2014  19 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Theme 1 (Need) 

Approach 1 Strategy 1 

Strategy 2 

Approach 2  Strategy 3 

Theme 2 (Need) 

Approach 3 

Strategy 4 

Strategy 5 

Strategy 6 

Approach 4  Strategy 7 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  20 

Stakeholder Feedback & Sugges-ons + 

Proven Strategies from Avia-on & Nuclear Power = 

PROPOSED STRATEGIES 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  21 

Government  

Regulators  

Independent Organiza-ons  

Senior Management  

Risk Management  

Area Management  

Frontline Staff  

Health Care  

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  22 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Non‐puni7ve 

1.  Educa7on and training for the frontline staff about the complete process: a.  Presenta7ons at new employee orienta7ons. b.  Recurring hands‐on workshops on units. c.  eLearning modules. 

2.  Incorporate incident learning outreach into November Pa7ent Safety Month. 

3.  Appoint more Pa7ent Safety Officers in upper management. 4.  Give employees posi7ve evalua7ons based on increased repor7ng. 5.  Modify terminology around incident repor7ng and learning. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  23 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Confiden7al Although health care incident repor7ng systems all protect pa7ent, reporter, and ins7tu7on iden77es, there is s7ll a need to iden7fy strategies to assure reporters of this confiden7ality. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  24 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Independent  1.  Develop a unified incident repor7ng and learning system established by an external organiza7on. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  25 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Expert Analysis 

1.  Provide report ini7ators with a field to iden7fy contribu7ng factors and preven7on recommenda7ons. 

2.  Include a process improvement expert in all inves7ga7ons. 3.  Train managers on how to facilitate debriefs. 4.  Make debriefs mul7‐disciplinary. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  26 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Timely 1.  Priori7ze incidents for inves7ga7on based on the significance of the 

hazards revealed. 2.  Model processes aUer those in place in opera7ng rooms. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  27 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies Systems‐oriented 

1.  Emphasize the main objec7ve of incident repor7ng as quality improvement. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  28 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Responsive 

1.  Formalize standard processes for all incidents and near‐misses. 2.  Disseminate incident informa7on and lessons learned using a 

combina7on of regula7ons, standards, policies, alerts, newsle?ers, bulle7ns, digests, research exchanges, mee7ngs, and eLearning educa7on modules, depending on the organiza7on. 

3.  Facilitate frontline genera7on of aggregate incident reports by event type. 

4.  Combine exis7ng mandatory morbidity and mortality rounds with incident repor7ng and learning processes. 

5.  Create a shared central database for par7cipa7ng organiza7ons to submit and view incidents. 

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Proposed Strategies to Improve Health Care Incident Repor-ng and Learning 

January 10, 2014  29 

WHO Quality  Proposed Strategies 

Convenience and ease of repor7ng 

1.  Improve the repor7ng plalorm. 2.  Improve the repor7ng form. 3.  Tailor repor7ng forms to be appropriate for each profession’s 

structures and workflows. 

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Contribu-ons and Significance 

•  Proposed strategies to address shortcomings and achieve best incident learning prac7ces – Effec7ve and efficient system design – Decrease preventable errors and deaths 

•  Examined en7re incident learning process and interac7ons, not components in isola7on 

•  Proac7ve applica7on of Rasmussen’s risk management framework 

January 10, 2014  30 

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Future Direc-ons 

•  Validate findings across ins7tu7ons and regions •  Further specifica7on on approaches and strategies – Explore intangible quali7es in avia7on and nuclear power 

– User‐centred design to detail each strategy •  Implement strategies 

January 10, 2014  31 

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Thank you.  

Ques-ons? 

January 10, 2014  32 

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Risk Management Frameworks 

•  Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 

•  Fault Tree Analysis •  Probabilis7c Risk Assessment 

•  Many more… 

January 10, 2014  33 

Office of the Auditor General of Canada, "October Report of the Auditor General of Canada: Chapter 5 ‐ Keeping the Border Open and Secure ‐ Canada Border Services Agency," 2007. 

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Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework 

•  Strengths – Models informa7on flow through a system –  Illustrates how organiza7on levels support each other 

– Accounts for interconnec7vity of all system components 

•  Weaknesses – Does not include more “abstract”, non‐structural quali7es associated with successful systems 

January 10, 2014  34 

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Avia-on Mapped to Rasmussen’s Framework 

January 10, 2014  35 

FAA and NTSB (independent from FAA) 

ASRS (administered by NASA) 

Airlines 

Staff (e.g. pilots, flight acendants, dispatchers,  air traffic controllers, manufacturers) 

Avia-on (e.g. aircrae, workflows) 

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Nuclear Power Mapped to Rasmussen’s Framework 

January 10, 2014  36 

IAEA/NEA AIRS 

Na-onal Regulator (and na-onal coordinator) 

Plant Management 

Staff (e.g. operators) 

Nuclear Power Plant 

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Phase 1 – Literature Review 

January 10, 2014  37 

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Systems Studied Incident Repor-ng System  Administering Organiza-on  Loca-on 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  University Health Network (UHN)  Toronto, Ontario Canadian Medica7on Incident Repor7ng and Preven7on System (CMIRPS) & Analyze‐ERR (a standardized tool provided for use in ins7tu7ons) 

Ins7tute for Safe Medica7on Prac7ces (ISMP)  Canada 

Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) (mandatory reports from manufacturers) & MedWatch (voluntary reports from prac77oners) 

Food and Drug Administra7on (FDA)  United States 

MedMARx  United States Pharmacopeial  United States Na7onal Centre for Pa7ent Safety (NCPS)  Veterans Health Administra7on (VA)   United States 

Australian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS)  Australian Pa7ent Safety Founda7on (APSF)   Australia 

Na7onal Repor7ng and Learning System (NRLS) Na7onal Health Service (NHS) Na7onal Pa7ent Safety Agency (NPSA)  

Great Britain 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  Boots Pharmacies   Great Britain 

Case study Massachuse?s General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Cri7cal Care, and Pain Medicine  

Boston, Massachuse?s 

Case study of C. difficile  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  Ontario, Canada Case study  Department of Anesthesia  Geelong, Australia 

January 10, 2014  38 

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Details of Interest Area for Improvement  Ques-ons 

Repor-ng culture 

What are the system’s objec7ves? What is the repor7ng culture? How is it encouraged, created, and maintained? Is the system puni7ve or non‐puni7ve? Is the system iden7fying, confiden7al, or anonymous? Who are reports submi?ed to? Who are reports analyzed by? Does the system adopt a systems approach to error analysis or human? Who has access to the system? 

Repor-ng process and analysis techniques 

Is the system mandatory or voluntary? Who reports? What is reported? How long aUer an incident are reports filled out? How are reports entered? How long does it take to fill out a report? Are events classified and coded? If so, how? How is data analyzed and used? 

Dissemina-on of informa-on and implementa-on of improvements 

Who disseminates the results of an analysis? What informa7on is disseminated? How is informa7on fed back to reporters and the community? Who does feedback reach? Is anyone accountable for ac7ng on informa7on disseminated? If so, who? What is the 7ming of dissemina7on? How is the system searched? How standardized is the system (e.g. across a region or discipline)? How is this level of standardiza7on achieved? 

January 10, 2014  39 

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Poten-al Strategies for Repor-ng Culture 

January 10, 2014  40 

Poten-al Strategy  System Iden-fied From Provide legisla7ve immunity to reporters.  Avia7on Report to an organiza7on with no puni7ve powers.  Avia7on, ISMP, AIMS Truly blameless, systems approach to error analysis.  Avia7on, nuclear power Emphasize trust, openness, and honesty through policies and examples.  Nuclear power 

Change industry connota7ons around standard procedures (e.g. checklists, instrumenta7on, repor7ng) from detrac7ng from professionals’ art to disciplined prac7ce to be encouraged. 

Avia7on 

Unions for frontline staff.  Avia7on, nuclear power, nursing 

Enforce disciplinary ac7ons if an event is NOT reported.  Boots Pharmacies Remove sec7on with all iden7fying informa7on from the report before entry into the permanent database and return it to reporter to ensure confiden7ality. 

Avia7on 

Introduce legisla7on to prevent incident informa7on disclosure to the public.  Ontario health care 

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Poten-al Strategies for Repor-ng Process and Analysis Techniques 

January 10, 2014  41 

Poten-al Strategy  System Iden-fied From Voluntary to report near‐misses and mandatory to report incidents within an organiza7on, but voluntary to report anything on a na7onal or interna7onal level.  Avia7on, nuclear power 

Hazards, near‐misses, and all incidents reported to the same system.  Avia7on, nuclear power Paper and electronic repor7ng.  Avia7on 

Repor7ng completed through exis7ng medical record.  Department of Anesthesia, Massachuse?s General Hospital 

Mobile repor7ng.  Department of Anesthesia in Geelong, Australia 

Repor7ng form approximately three pages in length.  Avia7on Combina7on of structured fields with areas for free‐text descrip7ons.  Avia7on, some health care Unique repor7ng forms based on profession of reporter.  Avia7on, NHS Require basic event informa7on with event descrip7on, preliminary analysis, and recommenda7ons.  Avia7on, nuclear power 

Reports are analyzed and/or disseminated by an influen7al organiza7on to ensure the resul7ng recommenda7ons are the strongest possible and are not limited by feasibility concerns. 

Avia7on, nuclear power 

Involve the reporter throughout the analysis and recommenda7on development to promote effec7ve recommenda7ons and prompt implementa7on of improvements. 

Nuclear power 

Events are coded and classified according to some criteria.  Avia7on, nuclear power Root cause analysis, beyond the most proximal cause to the system failure.  Avia7on, nuclear power Extent of condi7on and cause evalua7ons.  Nuclear power 

Generate and release performance metrics.  AIMS, Department of Anesthesia in Geelong, Australia 

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Poten-al Strategies for Dissemina-on of Informa-on and Implementa-on of Improvements 

January 10, 2014  42 

Poten-al Strategy  System Iden-fied From Organiza7onal structure and escala7on hierarchy within industry is simplified, clearly defined, and standardized.  Avia7on, nuclear power 

Informa7on is disseminated by the organiza7on that analyzes reports.  Avia7on, most health care Informa7on is disseminated up and down Rasmussen’s hierarchy without skipping any levels.  Nuclear power 

Communica7on should be tailored and unique for audience (i.e. management, frontline staff, media, public). 

Avia7on and nuclear power 

Methods of informa7on dissemina7on include regula7ons, standards, alerts, bulle7ns, newsle?ers, studies, and mee7ngs. 

Avia7on, nuclear power, and health care 

Relay excerpts from de‐iden7fied reports along with the lessons learned.  Avia7on 

Informa7on is aggregated and available to look through by topic.  MAUDE, NHS Incident database is accessible through a search engine.  Avia7on, nuclear power Management is held accountable for making and monitoring improvements and is responsible for communica7ng back to the centralized body. 

Nuclear power 

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Phase 2 – Focus Groups and Interviews 

January 10, 2014  43 

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Transcrip-on and Coding 

January 10, 2014  44 

Ques-on  Strategy  Comment  Code 

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Thema-c Analysis 

January 10, 2014  45 

Code  Quota-on 

Theme 1 

Subtheme 1 

Code 1  P4: Comment 

P15: Comment 

Code 2  P3: Comment 

Subtheme 2 

Code 3  P8: Comment 

P22: Comment 

P15: Comment 

Code 4  P11: Comment 

P19: Comment 

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Approaches and Strategies to Address Need for Incident Learning Educa-on 

January 10, 2014  46 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Define and communicate the objec7ves of incident repor7ng. 

Objec7ve: to provide aggregate quality data. Objec7ve: to drive systems and process improvements. 

Define and communicate what events should be reported and by who. 

Report anything not done according to policy. Report anything that can be improved. 

Provide transparency to frontline staff on the analysis and quality improvement aspects of the process beyond report submission. 

Educa7onal outreach to frontline. 

Educate frontline about QCIPA.  Educa7onal outreach to frontline. 

Engage physicians in incident repor7ng and learning. 

Connect exis7ng mandatory physician quality improvement processes (e.g. morbidity and mortality rounds, quality review commi?ees) with the rest of the organiza7on and central incident learning systems. Emphasize the value that incident repor7ng and learning add beyond exis7ng processes. Involve physicians early in their training. 

Standardize incident inves7ga7on processes.  Train managers on how to facilitate incident reviews. 

Educa7onal outreach to all stakeholders (e.g. frontline staff, managers). 

Presenta7on at new employee orienta7on. Frequent hands‐on workshops and educa7onal sessions on units. Mandatory con7nuing educa7on eLearning modules. 

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Approaches and Strategies to Promote Safe Culture and Ac-vely Encourage Repor-ng 

January 10, 2014  47 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies Enable follow‐up with report ini7ator during inves7ga7on, while easing reporter trepida7ons about being linked to a report. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Encourage culture of sharing and support among colleagues. 

Ini7ate culture shiU within leadership. Emphasize main objec7ve as quality improvement. Inves7gate reports and actually use to inform quality improvement. 

Emphasize repor7ng of posi7ve events. Educa7onal outreach to all stakeholders. Redesign terminology used around incident repor7ng. 

Increase visibility of incident repor7ng. 

Tie incident repor7ng and learning in with other safety ini7a7ves (e.g. November “Pa7ent Safety Month”). Increase number of Pa7ent Safety Officers. Evaluate employees, units, and sites on repor7ng levels (increased repor7ng results in a posi7ve evalua7on). 

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Approaches and Strategies to Improve Repor-ng Process 

January 10, 2014  48 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Make the incident repor7ng plalorm more accessible and user‐friendly. 

Allow access to incident repor7ng systems from non‐hospital‐based computers. Use consistent login informa7on across organiza7on computer systems. Enable repor7ng on mobile technologies. Provide the ability to save an incomplete report and return to submit later. Offer spell‐check in system. Eliminate character limits on fields. Provide the func7onality to upload videos and pictures pertaining to an incident. 

Redesign incident repor7ng forms. 

Length of repor7ng form: 5 minutes to complete. Use combina7on of structured and free‐text fields. Pa7ent informa7on should be an op7onal field so condi7ons with no pa7ent harm can be reported. Provide field for frontline reporter to iden7fy incident causes and preventa7ve strategies. Classify incidents by pa7ent harm and extent of problem separately. Add “unable to assess” op7on for classifica7on. 

Increase the applicability of the repor7ng process to a variety of professional workflows and organiza7on structures. 

Have different repor7ng forms for each profession. Modify repor7ng workflow to allow for mul7‐disciplinary input. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  Structure the repor7ng form to reflect and guide the analysis process. 

Determine the ideal 7ming for report ini7a7on.  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

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Approaches and Strategies to Improve Analysis Process 

January 10, 2014  49 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Formalize the incident inves7ga7on process. 

Step‐ by‐step instruc7ons for inves7gators to follow that leads team through equal considera7on of all possible contribu7ng factors (e.g. systems, environment, workflow, human). 

Ensure the inves7ga7on team is made up of people who together can produce the most valuable outcomes. 

Mul7‐disciplinary debriefs. Involve a process improvement expert in all debriefs. 

Determine if people involved in an incident should be included in the debriefing process. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Determine how close to units debriefings should be held.  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Determine the ideal 7ming for incident analysis.  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

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Approaches and Strategies to Address Need for Effec-ve Dissemina-on of Incident Informa-on and Review Outcomes 

January 10, 2014  50 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies Maintain, but connect de‐centralized incident learning and quality improvement efforts. 

Arrange for representa7ves from each de‐centralized commi?ee to meet periodically. 

Have individual commi?ees submit to and access a centralized database with all incidents, near‐misses, and hazards. 

Create mechanisms and channels for organiza7ons to share with and learn from each other. 

Adopt standards across health care ins7tu7ons in terms of terminology, reference points, and procedures. Establish central, independent health care organiza7ons across regions and disciplines to facilitate sharing and learning across organiza7ons. Offer free par7cipa7on in centralized program. Structure informa7on flow according to Rasmussen’s hierarchy (i.e. each level receives reports from the one below and lead reporters report relevant incidents to the one above). 

Ensure incident informa7on and review outcomes are communicated back to frontline. 

Disseminate aggregate incident informa7on by event type with select de‐iden7fied incident narra7ves, lessons learned, and recommenda7ons. Feed informa7on back to managers and require them to determine what is appropriate for their units and communicate it to their staff. Release incident summary bulle7ns. Publish monthly incident newsle?ers. Par7cipate in quality improvement research exchanges. Provide online incident digests. Develop eLearning con7nuing educa7on modules based on incident review outcomes. Create new policies informed by incident inves7ga7ons. Create a searchable database to enable frontline staff to self‐generate summary incident reports. Store aggregate incident informa7on in an archive available to frontline retrospec7vely. 

Keep report ini7ator informed as his/her report is processed. 

Issue a “thank you for submiung an incident report” message from a prominent person in the organiza7on. Provide no7fica7ons when a report has been added to and/or signed‐off on Directly communicate the outcomes of the incident review to the report ini7ator. Providing the report ini7ator with research and informa7on related to their incident. 

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Approaches and Strategies to Learn from Non – Cri-cal/Severe Incidents and Near‐Misses 

January 10, 2014  51 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Emphasize proac7ve incident repor7ng and learning. 

Instate formal review procedures for moderate/minor incidents, near‐misses, and hazards. 

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Approaches and Strategies to Increase Systems Improvements Resul-ng from Incident Repor-ng and 

Review 

January 10, 2014  52 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies Ensure capturing complex inherent systems issues.  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Formalize a mandatory incident inves7ga7on process. 

Incident review recommenda7ons should consider using technology to reduce load on humans. 

Decrease the response 7me in addressing incident reports. 

Use opera7ng room incident review processes as a model for other health care areas. 

Ini7ate systems improvements at senior management level.  ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

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Approaches and Strategies to Dedicate Addi-onal Resources to Support Incident Learning 

January 10, 2014  53 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies 

Priori7ze incident reports for in‐depth inves7ga7on. 

Leave decision about whether an incident merits a full inves7ga7on to manager’s judgement. Annually iden7fy the top five systemic problems to be addressed. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  Increase size of and resources available to risk management departments. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  Keep organiza7on computer systems up‐to‐date. 

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Approaches and Strategies to Balance Commitment to Public Transparency with Protec-on for Health Care 

Professionals and Ins-tu-ons 

January 10, 2014  54 

Approaches  Suggested Strategies Be transparent to the public, but enable health care professionals to discuss incidents safely. 

Pass legisla7on similar to QCIPA. 

Release enough incident detail to be meaningfully interpreted without implica7ng individuals or ins7tu7ons. 

Release aggregate informa7on about pools of hospitals, grouped together by size, loca7on, complexity of cases seen.