improving community health through policy next steps
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Improving Community Health Through Policy Next Steps. John J. Librett, Ph.D., MPH Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity Physical Activity and Health Branch Atlanta, GA. TRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO POLICY. Physical Activity Policy Framework. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Improving Community Health Through Policy
Next Steps
John J. Librett, Ph.D., MPH
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Atlanta, GA
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TRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO POLICY
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Make The CaseDefine
The Problem
IdentifySolutions
ImplementPrograms
Physical Activity Policy Framework
Evaluation
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Policy Definitions
• Organizing structure and guidance
• Legislative or regulatory action
• Formal and informal rules
• Explicit or implicit
• Formal written codes
• Written standards that guide choices
• Unwritten social norms
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Policy Research
Identifying relevant policies
• Determinants of establishing policy
Process of developing and implementing policy
• Outcomes of implementation of policy
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Physical Activity Policy Research Agenda
• Schools• Walk to School• Worksite• Active Commute to
Work• Recreation, parks and
trails• Health
• Public spaces• Safety and crime• Economics• Neighborhood
walkability• Connectivity, land use
and community design
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Physical Activity Policy Framework
Outcomes of Policy
Develop and Implement Policy
Determinants of Policy
Identify Policies
LocalRegional
StateNational
Policy
Sector Scale
TransportationParks/Public Spaces
WorksiteSchool
Health
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How are Decisions Made in Public Health Settings?
• Anecdote or “Gut Feeling”
• Press Reports
• Pressure from Policy Makers or Administrators
• History
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Barriers to Using Evidence Based Public Health
• Lack of leadership in setting a clear and focused
agenda for evidence-based approaches
• Lack of a view of the long-term “horizon” for
program implementation and evaluation
• External (including political) pressures drive the
process away from an evidence-based approach
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Barriers to using Evidence BasedPublic Health (cont)
• Inadequate training in key public health disciplines
• Lack of time to gather information, analyze data, and review the literature for evidence
• Lack of comprehensive, up-to-date information on the effectiveness of programs and policies (overall and in special populations)
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Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal SupportSupport
Strong LeadershipStrong Leadership
Valid Research & EvaluationValid Research & Evaluation
Effective PoliciesEffective Policies
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004
““Enumerate the Problem”Enumerate the Problem”
““Enunciate a SolutionEnunciate a Solution””““Create the Team/Facilitate the Create the Team/Facilitate the Process”Process”
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Preventive Effects ofPhysical Activity
Long-standing evidence• Cardiovascular disease• High blood pressure• Diabetes• Obesity• Colon cancer• Osteoporosis
Emerging Evidence:Gall stones; Sleep; Immune function, Other cancers; Dementia
Substantial Evidence• Depression• Cholesterol levels• Fall injuries• Stroke• Functional status (ADLs)
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Therapeutic Effects ofPhysical Activity
Clinical practice guidelines for physical activity:
High blood pressure
Chronic lung disease
Cholesterol management
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Obesity
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Community Developments
Suburban development, many cul-de-sacs
Well-connected urban development with mixed land uses
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Weight and Residential Density: AtlantaAs density of households increases BMI decreases.
(SMARTRAQ N=4430)Frank et al, 2004
24.8
25
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26
26.2
26.4
0-<2 2-<4 4- <6 6-<8 8+
BMI
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Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Obesity in the U.S.
Overweight and ObesityDirect health care costs: $93 billion
9% of all health care costs
Obesity- $732 more per person
$1,486 Medicare
$ 864 Medicaid
Source : Finkelstein, Fiebelkorn and Wang. Health Affairs, May, 2003.
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"U.S. Firms Losing Health Care Battle” General Motors Chairman Says
Washington Post, Feb.2005
"Failing to address the health care crisis would be the worst kind of procrastination; the kind that threatens the global competitiveness of our nation's economy.“
$5.2 billion to cover retirees, employees & families. $1.9 billion in prescription drugs cost . $400 million projected increase this year.
Your interest? Corporations are seeking healthy environments for their employees.
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Total Population
(%)Millions
($)
Medicare population
(%)Millions
($)
Medicaid Populatio
nMillions
($)
Utah 5.2 $393 5.8 $62 9 $71
Colorado 5.1 $874 5.1 $139 8.7 $158
Wyoming 4.9 $87 5.9 $15 8.5 $23
Nevada 4.8 $337 5 $74 10.1* $56
Idaho 5.3 $227 5.6 $40 12 $69
New Mexico
4.8 $324 4.6 $51 8.5 $84
Finkelstein, EA, Fiebelkorn, IC, Wang, G. State-Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity. Obesity Research 2004;12(1):18–24.
State’s Cost of Obesity
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Atherosclerosis Among Children?!• Obesity in children is independently associated with arterial endothelial
dysfunction and wall thickening, key early events in atherogenesis that precede plaque formation.
“We were surprised that the children had developed vascular abnormalities at such a young age. The arteries of overweight children act like those of middle-aged smokers, increasing their risk of an early heart attack or stroke. But the damage can be reversed with simple lifestyle measures such as diet and regular exercise, according to a report in today’s rapid access issue of Circulation.
• At 1 year, there was significantly less thickening of the carotid wall (P<0.001) as well as persistent improvements in body fat content and lipid profiles in the group continuing an exercise program. Vascular function was significantly better in those children continuing exercise (n=22) compared with children who withdrew from the exercise program (n=19) (P<0.05).
Woo, et al. Circulation. 2004; Effects of Diet and Exercise on Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction in Children, 109:1981-1986, American Heart Association.
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Community Physical Activity Policyfor Cancer Survivorship
"Cancer is not an inescapable fact of life. Things we do, and social policies, make a huge difference.“
"The pieces that are missing in terms of prevention are effective ways by which communities and social policies can help people maintain a healthy body weight and get regular physical activity, the big thing to tackle is, what are the interventions that will actually begin to turn it around?“
Michael Thun, MDVice President, epidemiology and surveillance researchAmerican Cancer Society
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Convinced? Now What?
For cancer Survivors exercise results in positive outcomes related to:
Increase in vigor and vitality Increae in cardiorespiratory
fitness Increase in quality of life Reduction in depression Reduced in anxiety Reduced in fatigue and
tiredness
“Results of the reviewed studies generally indicate that it is safe for cancer survivors to be physically active, even during bone marrow transplant procedures and high-dose chemotherapy.”
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
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Cumulative Mortality by Distance Walked per Day
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Year of Follow-up
Mo
rta
lity
(%
)
0 to 0.9miles/day
1.0 to 2.0miles/day
2.1 to 8.0miles/day
Hakim NEJM 1998;338:94-9.
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Diabetes Risk Reduction(Diabetes Prevention Program; NEJM, April 2002)
0.31
0.58
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Metformin Lifestyle
Relative to Control Group (standard intervention)
Ris
k R
educ
tion
Risk Reduction
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Community Physical Activity Policyfor Cancer Survivorship
"Cancer is not an inescapable fact of life. Things we do, and social policies, make a huge difference.“
"The pieces that are missing in terms of prevention are effective ways by which communities and social policies can help people maintain a healthy body weight and get regular physical activity, the big thing to tackle is, what are the interventions that will actually begin to turn it around?“
Michael Thun, MDVice President, epidemiology and surveillance researchAmerican Cancer Society
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Cancer Survivors Need Physical Activity Research Translated to Great
Community Physical Activity Policy For cancer Survivors exercise results in positive outcomes related to:
Increase in vigor and vitality Increae in cardiorespiratory
fitness Increase in quality of life Reduction in depression Reduced in anxiety Reduced in fatigue and
tiredness
“Results of the reviewed studies generally indicate that it is safe for cancer survivors to be physically active, even during bone marrow transplant procedures and high-dose chemotherapy.”
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
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Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal SupportSupport
Strong LeadershipStrong Leadership
Valid Research & EvaluationValid Research & Evaluation
Effective PoliciesEffective Policies
Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004
““Enumerate the Problem”Enumerate the Problem”
““Enunciate a SolutionEnunciate a Solution””
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
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Some Key Characteristics of Evidence Based Public Health
1. Intervention approaches developed based on the best possible scientific information
2. Problem solving is multi-disciplinary
3. Theory and systematic planning approaches are followed
4. Sound evaluation principles are followed
5. Results are disseminated to others who need to know and take action
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Evidence Based Policy Domains
• Informational Approaches to Increasing PA
• Behavioral and Social Approaches to Increasing PA
• Environmental and Policy Approaches to
Increasing PA
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Summary: Strongly Recommended• Modified physical education• Individualized behavioral change• Non-family social support• Create or enhance access• Community-wide campaigns
Summary: Insufficient Evidence• Mass media• Health education• TV/video game turn off• College health education• Family-based social support
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Modified Physical Education
• Modified curricula and policies
• Studies designed to modify the amount of physical activity during PE
• Lifetime activities and games
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School-Based Approached to
Increasing Physical Activity . . .
P.A.P.P.I. (?)
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Physical Activity
Promotion through Predator
Introduction
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Kids WalkPrimary Aims
• Analyze the scope & impact of Walk to School programs
• Identify key determinants that affect active travel to school & program effectiveness
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/kidswalk/index.htm
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Community-wide CampaignsInformational Approaches to Increasing
Physical Activity
• Large-scale, high intensity, high visibility
• Use of TV, radio, newspaper, information sites
• Multi-component, multi-site
• ‘Combined Package’
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http://www.cdc.gov/youthcampaign/index.htm
VERB
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“Point-of-decision” prompts
• Motivational signs placed by elevators and escalators
• Encourage stair use for health/weight control
• Single component
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StairWELL to Better Health: A Worksite Intervention
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/stairwell/
Paint — to make your stairwells bright and colorful.
Carpet — easier on the feet than concrete, and more attractive too!
Rubber Stairtreads — necessary for extra safety when taking the stairs.
Framed Artwork — gives people something to look at while they are walking up and down.
Motivational Signs — both inside and outside the stairwell.
Music — also helps create interest and increase use.
Stairwell Use Tracking system — If you are interested in tracking how much more employees are taking the stairs.
Budget Worksheet — some general guidelines to developing a budget for your
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Behavioral and social approaches
• Individually-adapted health behavior change
• Other social support
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Individually-adaptedHealth Behavior Change
• Goal setting and self-monitoring
• Building social support
• Behavioral reinforcement
• Structured problem solving
• Relapse prevention
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Men in Motion
PACE+: Counseling Adolescents for Exercise and Nutrition
PACE+: Counseling for Overweight Women for Diet and Activity
http://www.paceproject.org/homepage.html
Physical Activity Counseling for Exercise
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Social Support in Community Contexts
• Creating, strengthening, and maintaining
social networks
• Use of ‘buddy’ systems
• Contracting
• Walking groups
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http://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/index.htm
Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for Women Across the Nation
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Environmental and Policy Approaches
• Create or enhance access• Urban planning – zoning, land use
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Creation and/or enhanced access to places for physical activity
• Built environment - trails and/or facilities access
• Reducing barriers - safety, affordability• Training & incentives• Site-specific programs
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Wheeling Walks
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http://www.wheelingwalks.org
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Street-scale Urban Design and Land Use Intervention Characteristics
The interventions use policy instruments and practicessuch as:• Implementation of improved street lighting• Infrastructure projects to
– Increase ease and safety of street crossing– Ensure sidewalk continuity– Introduce or enhance traffic calming– Enhance aesthetics of the streetscape
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Built Environment ChangesBuilt Environment Changes
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Built Environment ChangesBuilt Environment Changes
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Built Environment ChangesBuilt Environment Changes
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Resources: Don’t reinvent the wheel, pick the wheel that fits your needs, price range, and style. . .
http://www.healthpolicycoach.org/ http://www.centerforhealthimprovement.org/
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• Expert Symposium
Existing and model approaches for integrating ph and planning
• National Survey
Current and potential collaborations
• Conference Session Tracks
Cross- pollination at conferences
• Fact Sheets
What public health officers need to know about planning
What planners need to know about public health
• Pilot Grants
Planning and PH working together
• American Planning Association• National Association of City & County
Health Officials
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Opportunities for public successful & private partnerships
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Active Community Environments
Trails for Health
Senior Wellness
Opportunities for public successful & private partnerships
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Promoting Physical Activity Through Recreation in America’s Great Outdoors
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HealthierUSBased on the premise that increasing personal fitness and becoming healthier is critical to achieving a better and longer life.
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Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal Triangle of Key Concepts for Optimal SupportSupport
Strong LeadershipStrong Leadership
Valid Research & EvaluationValid Research & Evaluation
Effective PoliciesEffective Policies
Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004Hollander, Librett, Fenton et al., 2004
““Enumerate the Problem”Enumerate the Problem”
““Enunciate a SolutionEnunciate a Solution””““Create the Team/Facilitate the Create the Team/Facilitate the Process”Process”
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
Triad for Policy Infrastructure
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Creating the Team
• Who’s in. . . ?