improved post harvest technologies

8/9/2019 Improved Post Harvest Technologies

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Presentation Title Goes Here

…presentation subtitle.

Improved Postharvest Technologies

for reducing postharvest losses andincreasing of farmers incomes form

their rice harvests.

Martin Gummert

Postharvest Section, GQNPC, IRRI

Post Production Workgroup,Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, IRRC


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Contents

• Introduction• Postharvest problems and options for betterpostharvest management

o Harvesting

o Dryingo Storage

o Milling

o Market information• Lessons learned

• Key issues


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Problems faced by Asian rice farmers?

• Farmers income has been eroded

• Farmers are price takers and sellmost at harvest because:

indebtness

poor storage lack of market knowledge

• Rural labor shortage

• Little chance to add value


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Options to increase rice farmers’incomes

1. Increase crop yields andreduce production costs

2. Reduce losses especially

in post harvest

3. Reduce cost of

postharvest operations

4. Find higher value

markets

5. Diversify into other crops


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Postharvest losses add up

• Grain loss

• Loss in quality• Farmers don’t add value to their rice

Combined losses

Weight: 10-20%Value: 25-50%

Grain value


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IRRI’s Postharvest Projects

• Postharvest Unit of GQNPC in Los Baños

o Research on principles (hermetic storage), coordination

• Postproduction Workgroup of IRRC (SDC funded)o Phase IV: 2009-2012o Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam

o Focus on out-scaling postharvest technologies

• Reduction of postharvest losses and increasing farmers’incomes (ADB funded)

o Follow-up of ADB/JFPR funded project 2005-2008o Implementation: 2009-2013o Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippineso Out-scaling PH technologies verified in the ADB/JFPR project


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Postproduction Partnerships 2007

ICAPRD

BLSC

PPD NAFRI

NLU

IRRC Members

ADB-IFPR Partners

MRPTAHUAF

Postharvest trainees

CARDI

SME

BPTP

BPTP

ABC

VIAEP

SIAEP

SSFFMP / BPTP


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MarketingMillingStorageDryingHarvesting

Approach for improving postharvest

Postharvest Value Chain

Machine Harvesting Machine Drying Hermetic Storage Rice millimprovement

Marketing Assistance

Understanding Quality Training Policy

Farmers: reduce losses / cost; more participation in the value chain –> increased income

Commercial sector: reduce losses / increase quality –> increased profit

Policy: food security, poverty reduction, health


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Harvesting Problems

Physical losses (2-5%)

o Shattering in fieldo Over drying

o Transporting

Quality losseso Grain Discoloration

o Fungal infestation

Migration leads to labor shortagein rural areas

o High harvesting cost(Cambodia up to 75$/ha)


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Stripper harvesting• Reduce harvesting cost• Reduce losses• Failed in the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand

Promotion through ATIAMI in SouthSulawesi (Sulsel)

1997-20011994-1996 Initial testing of IRRI

prototype in Indonesia

Manufacturing in Surabaja

In 2005 local production in Sulsel

3 ManufacturersChandue: 210 units in 2005


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Mechanized harvesting, Cambodia

• Manual harvesting

o US$ 75/hao Delays

• Mini combine

o 1ha/day

o US$ 4,000o Loss 1-3%

o Cost: US$ 35/ha

• Benefit for farmers

o Lower costo Timely harvest

o Better quality

o Less losses


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Mechanizing Harvesting

• Lessons learned

o In areas with labor shortage highly beneficialo Introduction takes time (4-10 years)

o Some organizations have difficulties to sourcetechnologies abroad (Lao, Myanmar)

• Key issues

o Often too little involvement of private sector ingovernment driven development programs

o Support to manufacturers, after sales serviceso Financing

o Do not re-invent the wheel


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Drying Problems

Double cropping systems:

o One harvest in the wetseason

o Sun drying often notfeasible

• Discoloration,fungal infestation

• Sprouted grain

• 10-30% reduction inhead rice yield

Traditional drying systems

Over drying in field (1-4%)


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Farm level dryers

• Vietnamese farm level

dryer (UAF-IRRI-GTZ)o 1t capacity

o Cost: < $ 150

o 1.000 + sales by 1997

• Testing by ATIAMI andCREMNET failed

o Philippines, Myanmar,Bangladesh,

Cambodia…o 1kW electric motor

o Investment

o Benefit?


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Vietnamese Flat bed dryer • Continuous increase of capacity

o 1t in 70ties

o 4t in mid 80tieso 8t in late 90ties

o Reversible air-flow in 2002

• Status 2007

o 6,000 dryers in Mekong Delta• Farmers benefit

o Safe drying

o Low cost (


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Drying Systems Transfer

U s e r s

M a n u f a c t u r e r s

Source country (Vietnam) Target countries (LAO, MMR, CAM)

Production

know-how Manufacturing

potentialCambodia

Farmer processing center

IRRI / NARES facilitated technology transfer process

Lao

Proven commercial options 2007: 40 dryersinstalled in Myanmar

Current problems / needs

Tech. assistance

User training

Drying systems training

at NLU, Vietnam

• Manufacturing

• Testing

• System integration

Technology

Participants start local production

Need assessmentsTechnology evaluation

Scientific Principles

Dryer components made by

manufacturers in

Demo,

Promotion,

Training


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Rice hull furnace,

NLU, Vietnam

• Featureso Automatic feeding and ash

removalo Clean burning, Low emissionso No fly asho Saves ~ 10l kerosene/t

(CO2 neutral)

• Resultso Low cost (< US$ 3,000 for

dryer, blower, and furnace)

o Saves labor

o Long term monitoringunderway

o Can produce carbonized ricehusk

Commercial furnaces in Vietnamo Tray Ninho Farmers at Cat Tien Districto Nhon Hinh Cooperativeo Hau Thanh Dong Cooperative


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Lessons learned

• Mechanical dryers have better performance than sun dryingo 10-30% more head rice in mechanical dryers compared to

sun drying (Indonesia, Ramchandra, 2007)o Sun drying cheapest option

• Manufacturers modify on users’ request-> negative effect on performance

• Successful introduction where research institutions stayedinvolved and adapted dryers to users’ needs• Size and complexity:

o Simple, locally produced dryers get adoptedo Small dryers economically not attractive -> trend towards

bigger dryers -> commercial and contract drying for farmerso Farmers benefit from better quality, eliminated weather risk,

safe storage (benefits are not very visible)


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Dryers, key issues

• Local production (local

workshops will copy)• Adaptation (up scaling)

• Performance testing

• Financing (users)


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Storage Problems

Weight loss (3-5%)

Respiration Consumed by pests

Quality (10-15%)

Spoilage by pests

Yellowing

Head rice

Cooking quality

Farmers’ seeds Loss of Germination after a

few months


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Hermetic sealed storage systems

5 t Volcani cube

0

6

12

18

0 20 40 60 80Storage time, days

O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,

%

ClaypotPVC drum lrgPVC drum sml

Principle

• Special plastic - low oxygenpermeability

• Respiration of grains and insectactivity reduce oxygen quickly

• Plastic prevents moistureadsorption

50 kg “Super bag”


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Life insects after 8 months

0

20

40

60

80

Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do Jasmin 85 OM 2717

Variety

I n s e c t s

/ k g

initialhermetic

control

• Effectivecontrol overtime

• Nopesticidesneeded

Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006


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Germination after 8 months

0

20

40

60

80

100


Variety

G e r m i n a t i o n ( % )

initial

hermetic

control



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Higher returns in milling

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0


Variety

H e a d R i c e

Y i e l d ( % )

initial

hermetic

control

• 8 months ofstorage

• 4 varieties

• Hermetic: IRRIsuper bags

• Control: WovenPVC bags

• Conducted in2005



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Other crops: Maize

Myanmar: 5 months of storage with an initial MC of 17% w.b

Source: IRRI-MAS research, Plant Protection Division, Myanmar, 17 May 2005

Conventional bag

Hermetic super bag


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Hermetic bag made in Indonesia(Kantong Semar)

• Supplier: Agri BusinessClub Jakarta

• Cheaper,minimum order10,000 pieces

• Slightly betterperformance

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 7 14 21 28 35

No. of days

O x y g e n

, %

Super bag

Kantong Semar

Source: IRRI, 2005


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Farmer’s benefit, Battambang, Cambodia

• Farmers use 80-90% ownseeds

• Germination drops quickly

• Traditional seed storage:3 bags @ 70kg

• Hermetic storage:o Germination above 90%

o Seed rate reduced by 1/3

o Additional sale of 70 kg =

US$ 9o Investment: US$ 2.00


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Key issues, hermetic storage

• Private sector started to buy hermetic systems

o INO: Seed producers in Java, PT Effem SouthSulawesi

o PHI: Bayer International, local hybrid rice seed

producers

• So far no product champion for farmers’ bags

• No dissemination channels to farmers

(minimum order 5,000-6,000 bags)• How to ensure that users get training?


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Rice milling (in %)

25271715Broken kernels

40384655Head rice

65636370Milled rice

1181110Bran

76757480Brown rice

24242620Husk

CambodiaPhilippinesIndonesiaTheoretical

Yield

Source: IRRI


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Rice Mill Improvement

• Objectiveso Baseline on milling

industryo Improved qualityo Reduced losseso Increased incomes

• Target groups

o Village rice millso Commercial mills

in selectedcountries


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Farmers processing center, Cambodia

• Benefit of drying (higherquality) realized aftermilling (sale of higherquality milled rice)

• Dryer and mill used byfarmers groups

o Less over-milling

o Bran stays with group

o Sale of under-milledrice to health consciousmarkets


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Lessons learned and key issues

• Lessons learned

o Millers can deliver extension and input to farmersif they realize the importance of good quality rawmaterials (MRPTR, Myanmar)

o Organizing farmers groups is beyond our mandateo Financing schemes for investment are essential

• Key issues

o Networking with millers / millers associations

o Partnerships needed for financing schemes,assistance to groups

ADB / JFPR Postharvest Project


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Village market information systems

Village Market, K abupaten Subang - 2004

1,800

2,000

2,200

2,400

2,600

2,800

3,000

3,200

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Month

R i c e p

r i c e ,

R p

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Extension Service

Info BoardManager

Village market

Capital market

Decision making:

• Where to sell?

• When to sell?

• What quality toproduce?

ADB / JFPR Postharvest Project

ADB/JFPR 9036: Cambodia and VietnamIrrigated Rice Research Consortium

Provincial market

Market info boards


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Lessons learned, key issues

• Lessons learned

o Farmers need to understand the value of marketinfo, then they make decision on salesincreasingly based on market information

o Official information often has to be approved – delays

o Farmers participation important

• Key issues

o How to institutionalize MIS?

o How to finance it?


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Grain Quality Test Kit

Temperature

Moisture content

Milling degree

Head rice, brokens

DimensionsCracks, Insects Weight Volume

• Better understanding of grain quality

• Better decision making in post harvest

management• Affordable, for farmer intermediaries and

processors


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Lessons learned and key issues

• Lessons learned

o Demand for low-cost moisture meter and qualitykit increases (weekly inquiries)

o Local production of MM in Philippines

o “Privatization” of quality kit difficult because ofeconomics of scale, capital requirements for batchpurchase

• Key issueso Support to manufacturers, commercialization


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Capacity building from IRRI

1. Hands-ontraining

2. Trainingmaterialso Fact sheetso Reference

manualso Videos

o Included inRKB

3. E-learning

courses• English• Khmer • (Vietnamese)

Open e-learning prototype


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Summary: Key lessons learned• Capacity bui lding most important component for Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia• Farmers benefit from reducing losses, better quality and the ability to sell later • Users need to understand the benefits before they adopt -> extension is

essential but weak in some countries• Locally produced technologies have higher potential for adaptation to localconditions and therefore sustainable adoption is more likely

• Adapt commercially available technologies to local conditions• A technology champion is essential for successful introduction

• Involvement of the private sector at an early stage is essential forcommercialization• Most successful were technologies were researchers stayed involved in the

commercialization process and helped manufacturers to make themodifications users wanted (linear TOT process chain in some countries)

• Systems approach: Non technical issues need to be addressed (inpartnership with suitable public and private organizations or projects)

o Training of users, marketing of PH technologieso Industrial extension for local production and adaptationo Financing (investment, working capital)o Advise to policy level


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Key questions• How to ensure more participation of farmers and the industry in

technology selection, adaptation and impact assessments?

• How to ensure more and earlier private sector participationo Suppliers: Manufacturers, traders

o Partners: e.g. millers who provide extension

o Financing institutions

• Linking of organizations with postharvest mandate• What is the role of the government in postharvest development?

o Supply of equipment through government programs? Or..

o ..generating favorable frame conditions for the local industry todevelop?

o How can we advise the policy level accordingly?

• How to ensure sufficient allocation of resources?


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Thank You

Major Partners

Agribusiness Club Jakarta, IndonesiaBLSC, VietnamBPRE, PhilippinesBPTBs in Sumbar, Sulsel, Jatim, Sumut, IndonesiaCARDI, CambodiaCRMA, Cambodia

DISIMP, IndonesiaGrainpro Inc., Philippines

Hue UAF, VietnamICAPRD, IndonesiaICRR, IndonesiaMAS-PPD, Myanmar

NAFC, PhilippinesMMRPTA, Myanmar NAFRI, Lao PDRNFA, PhilippinesNLU, VietnamPDA Battambang and Prey Veng, CambodiaPhilRice, PhilippinesProRice, Lao PDRPRPC, PhilippinesSIAEP, VietnamSSFFMP, IndonesiaUPLB, PhilippinesVIAEP, Vietnam

Thank You


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Benefits of PH technologies

Higher incomes from betterquality (markets?)

More returns from village mills

Interest conflict with millersRice millimprovement

Higher incomes from: marketoriented production, storage,

production of better quality

Market

information

Higher head rice recovery (~10%)Less losses to pests and humidity,no deterioration

Hermeticstorage, grains

Safe storage, higher germination,no pesticide needed

Reduced seed rate, more grain tosell, better crop establishment

Hermeticstorage, seeds

Income (s.a.)

Better quality (millers)

Safe storage

Insurance (weather risk), increasedvalue of paddy, safe storage

Mechanizeddrying

Income (machine owners,manufacturers)

Better quality (rice mills)

Reduction of harvesting cost

Physical loss reduction 2-5%

Better quality (no delays)

Mechanized

harvesting

Benefits for commercialsector

Potential benefit for farmersOperation

improved post harvest technologies

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