improved management of water resources: key to achieve the goal of total sanitation programme
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Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme. By BP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht GBPIHED, Katarmal- Almora and LBSNAA, Mussoorie-India. GBPIHED. Water Stress/ Crisis: An Overview. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme
ByBP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht
GBPIHED, Katarmal- Almora and LBSNAA, Mussoorie-India
GBPIHED
Water Stress/ Crisis: An Overview
Major sectors suffering :
• Drinking and domestic • Irrigation• Industrial• Hydropower• Infrastructure• Livestock• Fisheries • Tourism
The problems of water crisis are mainly in areas of availability, adequacy, potability, convenience, affordability, sustainability, equity and quality
GBPIHED
Factors responsible for water stress:
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI ; Census -2011
Major factors responsible are:
• Increase in population• Changing lifestyle • Industrialization• Urbanization• Decrease in total availability• Poor O & M • Forest fire• Land use changes• Paucity of reliable data• Weak PRIs
Year Population growth-1990- 2011Total
Population%
Rural%
Urban1990 844,886,000 75.00 25.00
1995 922,352,621 73.65 26.352000 1,008,937,000 72.30 27.702005 1,083,168,886 71.00 29.00
2011 1,176,125,808 69.26 30.74Result +33.124 -5.74 +5.74
Water stress is mainly due to intense competition among agriculture, industry and domestic uses
GBPIHED
Efforts to cope with the water crisis
Table- 2 Population growth
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
“For last few decades, an expenditure of over $2.0 billions per annum has been made by the GoI and States for providing potable water to more than 91% rural people in 1.5 mn habitations”, but;
Due to O & M, problems 30- 40% schemes periodically slipping back from “fully covered” to “partially covered” or “not covered” status.
(Fully covered: supply of 40 lpcd; partially covered: 10- 40 lpcd and not covered: below 10 lpcd- ARWSP)
GBPIHED
Table- 2 Population growth
Sanitation and water supply coverage in HKH region
Source: Census of India, 2001
Water sources used by the people of Himalayan States-India
States Tap Hand Pump
Tube well
Well Tank, Pond, Lake
River, Canal
Springs Other sources
J& K 40.7 12.8 1.4 7.1 1.5 17.3 7.4 11.8H. P. 82.9 4.2 0.5 5.3 0.9 0.7 1.8 3.8U. K. 60.5 21.4 1.1 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.8 8.7Sikkim 66.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.3 28.6 1.9Tripura 18.1 13.9 13.0 44.8 1.8 3.6 3.1 1.8Mizoram 19.3 1.5 3.0 1.8 4.6 18.1 47.4 4.3Manipur 20.6 7.1 1.7 7.4 28.4 20.1 13.4 1.4Meghalaya 24.4 2.2 2.8 31.7 6.5 5.2 25.1 2.1Nagaland 44.3 1.6 1.7 32.6 10.6 2.4 5.6 1.4Arunachal 63.3 7.8 2.6 4.9 1.3 9.6 7.6 2.9Average 39.63 7.28 2.8 13.74 5.83 8.07 14.28 4.01
GBPIHED
Gaula Catchment- Nainital: A Case Study
LocationDischarge (x 103 l/d)
Reduction in DischargeExtent (%) Period (yrs)
Sungarkara 7.8 50 40Katjawa 12.4 75 15-20Kasani 8.0 ±75 35-40Dobra 434.9 ±33 50Mara 22.3 25 50Patrani Nil ±100 10-15Paniyan 28.2 ±40 15Lipkharak Nil ±100 20Simalaya 5.2 33 30-35Bharna 3.1 25-33 15-20Koidal Nil ±100 5-6Source: Valdiya, KS and SK Bartarya, 1991
5 steams and about 2% springs have completely dried up during last 15- 20 years.
38.5% reduction in discharge of main river
&9.7 to 76% reduction in spring discharge between 1971- 81
GBPIHED
Gaula Catchment- Nainital: A Case Study
Table- 2 Population growth
Source: Valdiya & Bartrya, 1991
Probable causes of reduction in discharge:
• Replacement of multi-storied forest with single story pine forests over a vast area
• Replacement of mixed-oak forests by fruit orchards
• Decrease in total rainfall, increase in rainfall intensity and decreased infiltration
• Land use changes: increased habitation, Infrastructure and road construction, etc.
• Increased water utilization in up-stream locations
GBPIHED
Almora Drinking Water : A case study
Still we are getting water
under uncertain
roster system. No
consideration of quality or
quantity.
360 springs at the beginning (1563); over 300 have either dried or highly polluted during last 150 years. Remaining springs are rapidly becoming seasonal with reduced flow.
• Municipal population: +75,000• Floating population: ± 15,000• Surrounding villages: 20• Normal supply capacity: 7.5 mld• Peek summer: below 6.0 mld • Leakage : 0.9 mld• Demand of City: 12 mld
Available sources (as on date)
• One gravity scheme• One pumping scheme• A few hand pumps• The most reliable- ± 30 springs
GBPIHED
Water Management: Community managed schemes in IHR States
Table- 2 Population growth
Table-1: Access to the water and community management in Himalayan StatesStates
Coverage (%) Managed by Comm. (%)Habitations Population
A. Pradesh 51 75 12Assam 50 67 08H. P. 74 86 30J & K 43 63 01Manipur 48 74 01Meghalaya 53 59 01Mizoram 76 74 24Nagaland 62 80 07Sikkim 69 86 00Tripura 29 73 08U. K. 68 90 04Average 57 75 09Source: RWSS Project report-2012
Panchayati Raj provides powers to GPs, but the comm. management will depends on how GPs are empowered by means of funds, functions and functionaries for project execution, M&E and O& M process, under TSP.
GBPIHED
Water Management
Table- 2 Population growth
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
1st view: “Access to adequate amount of clean water for personal & domestic uses is a fundamental human right”. Further, water is not a commodity that can be bought and sold for profit.
-UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Gen. comment No. 15)
2nd view: Water tariffs are required to improve water allocation, efficiency and encourage the resources conservation
9th five year plan promotes water as economic good and suggests rural users pay 10 percent of capital costs and 100 percent of O&M costs for drinking-water systems
Private sector participation, pricing and right to water
GBPIHED
TSP: A unique partnership programme
Table- 2 Population growth
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
• Emphasis on information, education & communication (IEC) for demand generation
• Skill improvement of local masons, encourage local sanitary marts, local fabrication for stronger back-up system • School sanitation and hygiene education
Beneficiaries National U.K.Total 332,05,96 1,59,662BPL HH 196,13,529 1,58,822Schools 3,82,683 685Aganwaris 1,17,64 101Comm. complexes 10,276 23Production centers 7,057 31
Sanitation coverage defined as access to toilets by households
Data on availability of water in toilets are not available
• Strong backup system has helped on adoption and up scaling process
• O& M has been solved up to some extant
• Water availability is still a problem
GBPIHED
Sanitation scenario of Almora Town
Table- 2 Population growth
• Almora town lies between Kosi and Suyal rivers• Kosi catering Almora while Suyal to downstream• One main line is damaged since Sept. 2010
• Treatment plant is almost nonfunctional.
• Treated/untreated sewage is reaching to Suyal river.
• Sewage of other phases will reach to Kosi
• 1st phase (Eastern slope): A 22Km sewage disposal system, covering over 500 HH, was established in 2004-05.• Recycling/ treatment plant at Bukh (near Suyal river).• Remaining 3 phases: Waiting for administrative/ financial approval. • One treatment plant is proposed below Karnatak Khola (near Kosi)Some ground realities
The Dying city; Cultural capital of Uttarakhand
Sewage treatment plant -Almora
GBPIHED
Challenges of Strategic plan 2010- 2022
Table- 2 Population growth
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
Challenges Possible optionsSource sustainability Increase infiltration by CAP through eco-
restorationSecure sources of water Recharge measures and free from
pollutionOperation and management Decentralized governance & strengthening
of PRIs Inter-sector coordination Convergence towards common objective
Professional support Skill improvement & technical backstopping to PRIs
Impact of climate change New options, rain water harvesting & adaptation
GBPIHED
Need of Coordination and Integration
Table- 2 Population growth
“Under ARWSP, convergence of NRDWP and SSA is an example of such vision for ensuring adequate water to toilets and drinking water”
The ambitious National programme like mid-day meal, TSC and health & hygiene have weak coordination
• Mid-day meal in almost all the schools
• Under TSC, gender aspect has poorly been addressed in schools• Water availability is questionable in hilly areas
• Without water, hygiene is impractical
Holistic approach on planning, coordination among the executing agencies and stakeholder participation would have to tell different story of success.
GBPIHED
Conclusions:
Table- 2 Population growth
• Achievements on “WatSan to all” will depend on sustainability of water sources and quality control.• Withdrawal of water got priority over the conservation aspects.
• Rain water harvesting could be seen as the penultimate option.
• Percolation and infiltration measures are to be taken up on priority- “long term measures”.• Provision of “Bulk water storage” for lean period would be the “short term measures”. • CAP and eco-restoration are necessary to restore the aquifers
• Strengthening of PRIs for CBNRM and participation on planning, execution, O&M would be the key for success• Necessity of integrated water resources management at all levels (National to village).• Convergence of different programme for common objective and coordination among the agencies for execution, O& M is call of the day.
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