important individuals of global history - hamburg high … war between zapata and pancho villa’s...
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GLOBAL HISTORY IIMPORTANT
INDIVIDUALS
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HAMMURABI• Babylonian ruler
• Established first written law code that set standards of justice for all classes, although laws favored the upper classes.
• Main principle behind his laws, “Eye for an Eye, Tooth for a Tooth”.
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT• Greek King
• Expanded the Greek empire to include Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of India.
• Hellenistic culture spread by Alexander throughout his exploits.
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SOCRATES
• Greek philosopher
• Developed Socratic method, which is learning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions.
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PLATO• Greek philosopher.
• Socrates' student.
• Wrote political essay The Republic.
• Believed government should control lives of people.
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ARISTOTLE• Greek philosopher.
• Student of Plato. Teacher of Alexander the Great.
• Believed people learned through reason.
• Believed that one strong moral leader should rule.
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JULIUS CAESAR• Roman General.
• Appointed dictator for life in Rome.
• Introduced many reforms, which strengthened Rome's power.
• Assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15).
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CONFUCIUS• Chinese philosopher.
• Believed that in order to maintain stability, citizens must perform duties and services depending on their roles in society.
• Wrote The Analects, a collection of his teachings and beliefs.
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JESUS OF NAZARETH• According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the
Messiah, sent by God.
• Traveled throughout Israel and Palestine preaching his philosophies.
• Followers of Jesus formed the Christian religion based on Jesus’ teachings.
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MUHAMMAD
• According to Islamic tradition, the angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to spread the message of Allah and Islam.
• Proclaimed that Allah was the one true God.
• Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, taught by Muhammad.
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SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMABUDDHA
• By meditation he found out the meaning of human suffering, then became the Buddha.
• The central philosophy of Buddhism revolve around the Four Noble Truths.
• Ultimate goal for Buddhist is to reach nirvana.
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LAOZI• Chinese philosopher.
• Believed people should live in harmony with nature.
• Believed in the balance between
yin (darkness) and yang (light).
• Beliefs form the basis of Taoism.
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JUSTINIAN• Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• Created Justinian Code. It organized ancient laws of the Romans, which became a body of civil laws.
• Justinian code basis for laws of the Roman Catholic Church and medieval rulers.
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CHARLEMAGNE(CHARLES THE GREAT)
• King of the Franks, a Germanic tribe.
• Built an empire across Europe.
• Brought stability to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.
• Responsible for spreading Christianity throughout empire.
• Established schools and libraries.
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GENGHIS KHAN
• Leader of the Mongols (Northern China).
• Assembled a disciplined and organized military which conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe.
• Spread Mongol culture throughout his empire.
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KUBLAI KHAN• Grandson of Genghis Khan.
• Leader of the Mongols.
• Took Control of China.
• Kublai Khan spread terror and destruction throughout his empire.
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MARCO POLO• Italian merchant.
• Traveled to China, which was under the control of Kublai Khan.
• He introduced Europeans to Chinese culture.
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ZHENG HE
• Chinese admiral.
• Traveled extensively to promote trade with China and western societies.
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LEONARDO DA VINCI• Renaissance painter, sculptor, inventor, and
architect.
• Painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper.
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MICHELANGELO• Renaissance sculptor, engineer, and architect.
• Created statue of David.
• Painted the dome of St. Peters Basilica in Rome.
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NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI• Renaissance writer. Wrote The Prince.
• His book advises rulers on how to maintain power by using any means necessary to ensure their success.
• Machiavelli’s philosophy was “The End Justifies the Mean”.
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MARTIN LUTHER• German monk.
• Wrote 95 These, which were arguments against the Roman Catholic Church’s abuse of power.
• Event sparked the Protestant Reformation.
• Luther believed that heaven could be attained by faith.
• Excommunicated from RC Church.
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JOHN CALVIN• French, Roman Catholic priest.
• Promoted the idea of Predestination, or the idea that God has chosen, before time began, who would be saved.
• Calvin’s followers, Calvinists, lived strict, disciplined, and frugal lives.
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IGNATIUS LOYOLA• Founder of the Jesuit Order (Catholicism).
• The religious order was created during the Counter Reformation, which emphasized spiritual and moral discipline of the Catholic authorities.
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JOAN OF ARC• French peasant (serf).
• Disguised as a man she fought the English in the 100 Years War.
• She rallied the French troops to many victories.
• Joan claimed to hear the voice of God, who told her to fight.
• The English capture Joan, and burned. She has come to symbolize French nationalism.
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MANSA MUSA• Powerful ruler of the Mali Kingdom.
• Dominated West Africa.
• Brought Islamic faith to Africa, by converting to Islam.
• The great city of Timbuktu became a center for Muslim learning.
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SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT
• Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566.
• Effective military leader.
• Expanded the Ottoman Empire.
• His reign considered the “Golden Years” of the empire
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HENRY THE NAVIGATOR• Prince Henry of Portugal.
• Gathered experts in science, mapmaking, and ship-building in order to find trade routes to Asia.
• His explorations opened up much of West Africa to Portuguese interests.
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BARTHOLOMEU DIAS• Portuguese Explorer.
• In 1488, rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
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VASCO DE GAMA• He followed Dias’ route around Africa into the
Indian Ocean, opening important trade locations.
• Brought a variety of valuable spices back to Portugal, which he sold for high profits.
• Created a all-water route to Asia.
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS• Italian sailor.
• Convinced Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to finance his trip.
• Believed if he sailed west he would reach Asia, creating a faster route to Asia.
• Ship landed in the Caribbean, where Columbus inadvertently discovered The New World.
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FERDINAND MAGELLAN• Portuguese noble and explorer.
• First person to circumnavigate (go completely around) the world.
• Claimed the Philippine islands for Spain in 1521.
• Established a trading port in Philippines for trade with China, and spread Catholicism.
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HERNAN CORTES• Spanish conquistador.
• Conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico in 1521.
• Came to the New World in search of gold and silver.
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FRANCISCO PIZARRO• Spanish conquistador.
• Conquered the Incan Empire in 1532.
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LOUIS XIV• Ruled France for 72 years.
• Referred to as the “The Sun King”.
• Used the sun as symbol of power.
• Used the idea of Divine Right.
• Wars and extravagant living caused social unrest and political instability.
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IVAN THE TERRIBLE• Czar Ivan IV.
• Harsh treatment of his subjects and violent disposition earned him the nickname, “Terrible”.
• Organized a personal police force to slaughter anyone who opposed him.
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PETER THE GREAT• Czar of Russia from 1682-1725.
• Adopted Western ideas in an attempt
to modernize Russia. (Westernization).
• Expanded territory to incorporate ports in the Baltic Sea.
• Tried to gain warm-weather port in Black sea, but failed.
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUS• Polish scholar.
• Challenged the belief that the earth was the center of the universe.
• Used mathematics to state that sun was at center of universe (Heliocentric model).
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GALILEO GALILEI
• Italian astronomer.
• Provided evidence regarding Copernicus’ theory by observing the skies with a telescope that he constructed.
• His findings enraged the Church, and he was forced to take back his statements, or face execution.
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ISAAC NEWTON• English scholar.
• Used math to prove theory of gravity.
• Used same formulas to prove that the Earth rotates around the sun staying in a fixed orbit.
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THOMAS HOBBES• English philosopher
• Wrote, Leviathan, a political essay which stated that people were naturally selfish, and in need of a strong government to maintain order.
• Believed that a Absolute Monarchy was needed to maintain order.
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RENE DESCARTES• French philosopher.
• Emphasized the power of human reason.
• Believed reason could be used to discover truth.
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JOHN LOCKE
• English philosopher of the late 1600s.
• Believed all people had natural rights, which include; right to life, liberty, and property.
• Stated that government should protect these rights, and if not people have right to overthrow government.
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BARON DE MONTESQUIEU• French thinker.
• Believed government should be separated into three branches; executive, legislative, and judicial.
• This, he argued, would prevent abuses of power. Basically creating a system of checks and balances.
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JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU• French philosopher of 1700s.
• Wrote, The Social Contract.
• Believed that people were naturally good, but corrupted by the evils of society.
• Thought that when governments were formed people give up their personal interests for the benefit of society.
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VOLTAIRE• French philosopher of the 1700s.
• Believed in the idea of free speech.
• Used his “sharp-wit” to criticize the French government and Catholic church for their failure to permit religious tolerance.
• Served many years in jail for his beliefs.
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LOUIS XVI• Absolute ruler of France during the
Old Regime.
• Third Estate opposed the lifestyle of the First/Second Estate .
• Third Estate started the French Revolution to gain a voice in the government.
• Executed by Radicals that gained control of the French Government.
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MARIE ANTOINETTE• Wife of Louis XVI.
• Lavish spending epitomized what the French radicals hated about the First Estate.
• Executed by French Radicals after the French revolutionaries took control of the government.
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MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE• Headed the Committee of Public Safety that
later took control of the French government after the French Revolution.
• Set in motion the Reign of Terror that killed
“enemies of the state”.
• Executed by more moderate radicals that feared how much power he had.
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49) Napoleon Bonaparte-French General
-Took control and later named Emperor of France after overthrowing the Directory that controlled France after the Reign of Terror
-Formed the Grand Empire that took over much of Europe
-Unsuccessfully tried to invade Russia
-Tried again to take over France from Louis XVII, failed and exiled to St. Helena
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50) Toussaint L’Ouverture-Led a successful peasant revolution in Haiti against European colonial rule
-1st independent state in Latin America
-Started the Latin American revolutionary period
against Imperial rule
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51) Simon Bolivar
-Led revolts against Spanish rule in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
-Became known as the Liberator
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52) Jose de San Martin
-Liberated Argentina from Spanish Rule
-Moved on to liberate Chile
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53) Victor Emmanuel II
-King of Sardinia that led the unification movement of Italy
-Named Cavour as Prime Minister to carry out the unification process
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54) Camillo Di Cavour
-Prime Minister of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II that led the unification movement of Italy
-Entered into a series of wars with Austria to gain control of the Northern Italian territories
-Successfully united Italian republics into one country
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55) Guiseppe Garibaldi
-Italian Revolutionary that took control of Sicily and Naples
-Leader of the pro-unification army “ Red Shirts”
-One of the Founding Fathers of Italy
(Cavour, Victor Emmanuel, Mazzini)
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56) Guiseppe Mazzini-Leader of the Young Italy revolutionary movement that organized uprisings against Austria
-Pushed for a democratic style of government in Italy
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57) Otto von Bismarck
-Prime Minister of Prussia, largest and strongest of the German states
-Used militarism to unify Germany
-Concept of “Blood and Iron” to carry out
the unification process
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58) Theodor Herzl
-Leader of the Zionist movement
-Push to gain an Independent country for
the Jewish community (Israel)
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59) Porfirio Diaz-President of Mexico during Mexican Revolution
-Favored large landowners and the Catholic
Church, poor had no land and little say in the government
-Civil war between Zapata and Pancho Villa’s
peasant armies
-Lost in Mexican Revolution
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Jeremy Lin
-Point Guard for the NY Knicks
-Best basketball player ever
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60) Francisco “Pancho” Villa
-Most prominent Mexican Revolutionary Generals
-Led peasant armies to many victories against government forces during the Mexican Revolution
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61) Emiliano Zapata
-Called for reform against the Diaz’s corrupt government
-Organized a peasant revolt which started the Mexican Revolution
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62)Adam Smith-Founding Father of Modern Economics
-Believed that individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interests
-Concept known as Laissez-Faire, which government should not interrupt the free play of the natural economic forces
-Wrote Wealth of Nations
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63) Karl Marx-Blamed the system of industrial capitalism for the terrible conditions in factories
-Constant struggle between the owners (capitalists) and the workers (proletariat)
-Co-writer of the Communist Manifesto with Frederich Engles
-Described a form of socialism (Communism) in which there would be public ownership of all land and all other means of production
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64) Friedrich Engles
-Co-Writer of the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx
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65) Shaka Zulu-Leader of the Zulu tribe in South Africa
-Zulus fought against British Imperialism in South Africa
-Defeated by the British as they took control of South Africa
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66) Matthew Perry-Commodore in the US Navy
-Played a leading role in the opening of Japanese ports to the West (US)
-Led to the Meiji period of Japanese history were Japan attempted to modernize (industrialize) and embrace Western ideals
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67) Rudyard Kipling
-Wrote the poem, White Man’s Burden
-Tried to justify imperialism by stating that “White” Europeans have a moral obligation to educate the “Natives” of less developed nations
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68) Archduke Francis Ferdinand
- Austrian/Hungarian Prince- While traveling through Sarajevo, he was
assassinated with his wife- Assassination started a chain reaction of events
which led to the beginning of WWI
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69) Vladimir Lenin
-Russian Revolutionary
-Headed the revolutionary socialist party called the Bolsheviks
-Applied Karl Marx’s socialist principles (Communism)
-Led the Communist Revolution in Russia in 1917
-First Communist Leader of Soviet Union (Russia)
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70) Joseph Stalin-Took Control of Soviet Union after Lenin’s death
-Turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state
-Adopted policy of Russification (Policy to spread Russian culture to the non-Russian areas incorporated in the Soviet Union)
-Launched a series of 5 Year Plans to help stimulate Soviet industry and farming
-Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII
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71) Kemal Ataturk
-General and war hero of Turkey
-After WWI, led a nationalistic movement to overtake the government
-Father of the Turks
-Attempted to modernize and westernize Turkey
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72) Mohandas Gandhi
-Headed the Indian Nationalist Movement
-Used Passive resistance and Non-violent means to protest English imperialism
-Assassinated in 1946 by a Hindu fanatic
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73) Benito Mussolini
-Fascist Leader of Italy
-In 1922, used force and terror to gain control of Italy
-Formed alliance with Germany and Japan
(Axis powers)
-Executed at the end of WWII
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74) Adolf Hitler-Believed Germans were a superior race and deserved to rebuild their
once great empire (Depression due to the Treaty of Versailles WWI)
-In 1920, headed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party
-Committed genocide of Jewish race
-Invasions of Eastern European countries started WWII
-Committed suicide when Allied troops were storming his bunker
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75) Winston Churchill
-Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
-Opposed Great Britain’s policy of appeasement toward Germany prior to WWII
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76) Emperor Hirohito
-Japanese leader during WWII
-Invaded Southeast Asia in order to increase its natural resource supply to fuel Japan’s industries
-Competition with US for SE Asia’s interests
-Attacked Pearl Harbor which brought the US into WWII
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77) Ho Chi Minh
-Communist leader of North Vietnam
-Invaded South Vietnam to try to unite the region under Socialist rule
-In 1975, captured Saigon, capital of South Vietnam and created a united communist Vietnam
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78) Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
-Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party that controlled China
-Fought against communist revolutionaries in China for control
-Lost to Communists, then went into exile in Taiwan
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79) Mao Zedong
-Leader of the Communist Party in China in 1930
-Established People’s Republic of China
-Instituted Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural and industrial productivity
-Introduced Cultural Revolution in order to renew people’s loyalty to Communism
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80) Deng Xiaoping
-Took control of China after death of Mao
-Introduced foreign trade and contact with Western nations to make China a more modern and stable country
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81) Jawaharlal Nehru
-India’s First Prime Minister
-Instituted policy of nonalignment which allowed India to receive aid from both capitalist and socialist nations
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82) Indira Gandhi
-Became Prime Minister of India in 1966
-Assassinated in 1984
-Nehru’s daughter
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83) Kwame Nhrumah
-American educated leader of Ghana
-Led many strikes and boycotts against Britain
-1st Prime Minister of Ghana
-Created the Organization of African Unity
(OAU)
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84) Joma Kenyatta
-Led independence struggle against British in Kenya
-Became Kenya’s 1st Prime Minister on an independent Kenya
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85) Nelson Mandela
-Important leader of African National Congress (ANC)
-Practiced nonviolent protests against apartheid
-Jailed for 27 years
-Elected President of South Africa in 1996
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86) Desmond Tutu
-Anglican Bishop and civil rights activist in South Africa
-Convinced foreign nations to limit trade with South Africa due to apartheid
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87)F.W. de Klerk
-President of South Africa in 1989
-Instilled many reforms in South African government
-Released Nelson Mandela from prison
-Repealed segregation laws
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88) Pol Pot
- Leader of Cambodian Communist guerillas known as Khmer Rouge
-Took control of Cambodia and tried to remove any Western influences
-More than 1 million Cambodians were killed during his reign
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89) Yasir Arafat
-Leader of Palestine Liberation organization
(PLO)
-Used terrorism and guerilla warfare to fight Israelis
-Wanted Palestinians to take back lands that were originally theirs
-Died in 2004
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90) Yitzhak Rabin
-Prime Minister of Israel
-In 1993, signed agreement with PLO that gave Palestinians in Gaza and Jericho self-rule, but no independence
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91) Ariel Sharon
-Prime Minister of Israel in 2001
-Goal was to ensure total security for Israel
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92) Ayatollah Khomeini
-Exiled Shiite Muslim from Iran
-Led opposition of the Shah of Iran, who came to power with the help of the US
-Fled Iran in 1979
-Died in 1989
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93) Saddam Hussein
-Former dictator of Iraq
-Invaded Kuwait in 1990 with began the Persian Gulf War with the US
-Practiced genocide on the Kurds
(Northern Iraqi Muslims)
-Executed for human right violated and war crimes
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94) Mikhail Gorbachev
-Premier of Soviet Union in 1985
-Instituted many reforms including Perestroika (free market and westernization) in attempts to stimulate economy
-Instituted Glasnost (Openness) which wanted to start discussions about Soviet problems
-Resigned in 1991 when communist hardliners threatened to overthrow him
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95) Lech Walesa-Led Solidarity movement in Poland
-Wanted to end Communist control of Poland
-In 1989, first free elections held in over 50 years
-Elected President of newly independent Poland
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96) Juan Peron
-Came to power in Argentina through a successful coup d’etat
-Gained popularity by boosting wages, strengthening labor unions and social welfare programs
-Policies led to huge debt
-In 1955, lost power to another coup
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97) Slobodan Milosevic-Serbian President that supported ethnic cleansing to take
control of the former Yugoslavian republics
-In 1990s, sent troops to kill ethnic Albanians and Muslims
-NATO forces invaded to put a stop to his reign
-Arrested and put on trial for crimes against humanity
-Committed suicide when in jail
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98) Mother Theresa
-Roman Catholic nun
-Human right Activist
-Started many programs to help the poor and sick in many third world nations especially India
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99) Dalai Lama
-Title given to the Leader of Tibetan Buddhism
-Currently, 14th Dalai Lama
-Exiled from Tibet after Chinese Communist
takeover of the Tibetan Region
-Travels the world spreading the Buddhist message and opinions about World Issues
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99) Osama Bin Laden
-Leader of terrorist group al-Qaeda
-Planned attacks on World Trade Center on 9/11
-Killed by US forces