importance of steel

8/17/2019 Importance of Steel

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1.) Life line of the Country.

2.) Govt. Policy. i) Pre-Indep. ii) Post Indep. ii) Post Liberalisation.

iii) Present. 3.) Kinds of steel the use. Infrastructure! "ilitary! "achinery etc.

#.) India$s %eeds Priorities.

&.) %ational 'esources.

(.) Production strate y. i.) I*port strate y. ii.) +,port strate y. iii.) echnolo y Costs etc!. vi.) Present %eed /upply fro* 0ithin I*port Costs etc.

v. ) Capital. vi.) Consu*ers. vii.) Infrastructure. viii.) "ilitary. i,.) under developin Countries! etc.

.) ll relevant acts statics.

4.) Circu*stances.

5.) "67$s 0ith li8e *inded Countries.

19.) 'ole of 7GC! settin of specific echnolo ical Institutions : utono*ous ).

11.) 'ole of inancial Institutions. : ;< I" =evelop*ent s>! >p> Production.

1(.) +verythin on 0ar footin .

1 .) Continuous /upervision! "onitorin Corrective "easures.

I.) /teel! its i*portanceii.) /teel productioniii.) /ubstitute of iron steeliv.) Iron ore resources 0orld over v.) ctual e,ploration 0orld over vi.) 6ver all de*and of iron ore in entire 0orld


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vii.) Conte*plation of de*and availability of iron oreviii.) ;hat 0ould be the alternative for iron ore 0hen it ets e,hausted ?i,.) @ence! Policy for opti*u* calculated e,ploration of iron ore de*and of theti*e.,.) @ence statistics proAections of need! i*port! e,port! e,ploration! costs andeffects! etc.! etc! has to be thorou hly calculated and analysed on top priority

basis.,i.) @ence! a thorou h research has to be conducted in all related *atters.,ii.) dAust*ent need de*and! availability in international *ar8et! opti*u*'ule for production! ta, benefit e*ploy*ent! all other consideration

nd then,iii!) Le al provisions for the financial year or t0o.

BBB I"P6' %C+7sed in for.....I*port +,port


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Steel is by far the most important, multi-functional and most adaptable of materials. The

development of mankind would have been impossible but for steel. The backbone of developed

economies was laid on the strength and inherent uses of steel.

The various uses of steel which in turn is a measure of adaptability of steel can be judged from

the following characteristics of steel :

Hot and cold formable

eldable

Suitable machinability

Hard, tough and wear resistant

!orrosion resistant

Heat resistant and resistance to deformation at high temperatures.

Steel compared to other materials of its type has low production costs. The energy re"uired for

e#tracting iron from ore is about $% & of what is needed for e#tracting aluminum. Steel is

environment friendly as it can be recycled. %.' & of element iron is present in earth(s crust,

representing a secure raw material base. Steel production is $) times higher as compared to

production of all non-ferrous metals put together.

The steel industry has developed new technologies and has strived hard to make the world(s

strongest and most versatile material even better. There are altogether about $))) grades of steel

developed of which *%)) grades are high grade steels. There is still immense potential for

developing new grades of steel with varying properties .The large number of grades gives steel

the characteristic of a basic production material Steel has enjoyed an important position in our

lives and will continue to do so in the years to come. However, the degree to which it maintains

its dominant position will depend on if steel can e#ploit its potential by developing new higher

grades and adaptable grades. This can be achieved by refining the structure and applying alloying

techni"ues and thus furthering its utility value. e will have to find out ways to use steel and beready to face a stiff competition from +luminium in the future.

acts and i ures

FACTS AND FIGU !S


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Iron and steel in history

t is believed that iron in pre-historic times may have been obtained from fragments of meteorites

and it remained a rare metal for many centuries. ven after man learned how to e#tract iron from

its ores, the product probably was so relatively soft and unpredictable, that bron e continued to

be preferred for tools and weapons. ventually iron replaced the non-ferrous metal for these

purposes when man learned how to master the difficult arts of smelting, forging, hardening and

tempering iron.

/an(s use of iron in anti"uity is attested by references to the metal in fragmentary writing and

inscriptions from the ancient civili ations of 0abylon, gypt, !hina, ndia, 1reece and 2ome.

+rcheological finds in /esopotamia and gypt are proof that iron, and later steel, have been in

the service of mankind for almost '))) years. n early times, iron was melted with the use of charcoal made from wood. 3ater coal was discovered as a great source of heat. Subse"uently, it

was converted into coke, which was found to be ideal for smelting of iron ore.

ron kept its dominant position for around $)) or more years after the Saugus works, the first

successful iron works in +merica, was founded in *'4'. ith the advance of the ndustrial

2evolution, iron formed the rails for the newly invented railroad trains. t was also used to

armour the sides of the fighting ships. +bout the mid-*5th century, the age of steel began with

the invention of the 0essemer process 6*7%'8, which allowed steel to be made in large "uantitiesand at reasonable cost.

Use of iron in ancient India

ndian history is also full of references to the use of iron and steel. Some of the ancient

monuments like the famous ron pillar in 9ew elhi or the massive beams used in the Sun

Temple at ;onark bear ample testimony to the technological e#cellence of ancient ndian

metallurgists.

The use of iron in ndia goes back to the ancient era.


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Some milestones in iron and steel in Indian history

326 BC "#rus presented Ale$ander %& lbs #' Indian ir#n

300 BC(autilya )Chana*ya+ sh#wed *n#wledge #' ,inerals in luding ir#n #res and the art#' e$tra ting ,etals in Arthshastra .

320 AD A 01-,eter Ir#n pillar ere ted at Dhar an ient apital #' 2alwa )near Ind#re+.

330-380 AD

Ir#n pillar in ,e,#ry #' Chandragupta II ere ted near Delhi. This s#lid sha't #'wr#ught ir#n is ab#ut 3 ,eters in height and has dia. &.%4 t# &.51,.

13thcentury

2assi6e ir#n bea,s used in the #nstru ti#n #' the Sun te,ple (#nar*

16thcentury

Indian steel *n#wn as 7##t8 #' watery appearan e used in the 2iddle !ast and!ur#pe

17thcentury

2anu'a ture #' ann#ns 9rear,s and sw#rds and agri ultural i,ple,ents03%& Suspensi#n bridge built #6er the eas at Saug#r with ir#n 'r#, Tendul*h,a)2"+. ;2


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Global Scenario

7#rld s t#tal rude steel pr#du ti#n grew at a sl#wer rate during the 9rst hal' #' this entury and the

gr#wth rate pi *ed up at a signi9 ant rate a'ter the se #nd w#rld war:

1900 28 ! 1988 780 !

1927 101 ! 1989 785 !

1943 159 ! 1990 770 !

1946 111 ! 1991 736 !

1951 211 ! 1992 723 !

1968 523 ! 1993 730 !

1970 595 ! 1995 752 !

1972 630 ! 1996 750 !

1974 703 ! 1997 799 !

1979 746 ! 1998 777 !

1982 645 ! 1999 789 !

1983 663 ! 2000 848 !

1984 771 ! 2001 850 !

1985 719 ! 2002 904 !

1986 713 ! 2003 970 !

1987 736 ! 2004 1"069 !

2005 1"147 !

2006 1" 251 !

2007 1"344 !

@ Figures are 'r#, Statisti s '#r Ir#n and Steel Industry in India 4&&&

http:>>steel.nic.in>overview.htm

http://steel.nic.in/overview.htmhttp://steel.nic.in/overview.htm


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AN OVERVIEW OF STEEL SECTOR

Global Scenario | Domestic Scenario | Prod ction | Demand ! A"ailabilit# Pro$ection | SteelPrices | Im%orts | E&%orts | Le"ies on Iron ' Steel | O%%ort nities (or )ro*t+ o( Iron and

Steel in Pri"ate Sector

Global Scenario

• In 2014, the world crude steel production reached 1661.5 million tonnes (mt) and showed agrowth of 1.2% o er 201!. ("ource# $orld "teel ssociation or $" , pro .)

• &hina remained the world's largest crude steel producer in 2014 ( 2! mt) followed * +apan(110. mt), the -" ( .! mt) and India ( !.2 mt) at the 4th position.

• $" has pro ected that glo al apparent steel use will increase * 2% to 1,562 mt in 2014following growth of !. % in 201! while in 2015, world steel demand will grow * another 2% andwill reach 1,5/4 mt. s per their forecast, India's outloo is impro ing and in 2014, India's steel

demand is e pected to grow * !.4% to 6.2 mt, following growth of 1. % in 201!. In 2015structural reforms and impro ing confidence will support a further 6% growth in Indian steeldemand ut ele ated inflation and fiscal consolidation remain e* downside ris s to the outloo .

• er capita finished steel consumption in 201! is estimated at 21/ g for world and 545 g for&hina * $" . (note# 2014 data has not *et een released * $" ).

Note: 2014 world data are provisional

Domestic Scenario

• 3he Indian steel industr* has entered into a new de elopment stage from 200 0 , riding highon the resurgent econom* and rising demand for steel.

• apid rise in production has resulted in India ecoming the 4th largest producer of crude steeland the largest producer of sponge iron or I in the world.

• s per the report of the $or ing 7roup on "teel for the 12th 8i e 9ear lan, there e ist man*factors which carr* the potential of raising the per capita steel consumption in the countr*. 3heseinclude among others, an estimated infrastructure I:;


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• 3he :ational "teel olic* 2005 is currentl* eing re iewed eeping in mind the rapidde elopments in the domestic steel industr* ( oth on the suppl* and demand sides) as well as thesta le growth of the Indian econom* since the release of the olic* in 2005.

Prod ction

• "teel industr* was delicensed and decontrolled in 1//1 A 1//2 respecti el*.

• 3oda*, India is the 4 th largest crude steel producer of steel in the world.

• In 201! 14, production for sale of total finished steel (allo* B non allo*) was .6 mt and65.1/ mt during pril ecem er 2014 15 (pro isional).

• roduction for sale of ig Iron in 201! 14 was ./5 mt and 6.0 mt during pril ecem er2014 15 (pro isional).

• India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world with the coal ased route accountingfor /% of total sponge iron production in the countr*.

• ata on production for sale of pig iron, sponge iron and total finished steel (allo* B non allo*)are gi en elow for last fi e *ears and pril ecem er 2014 15#

#n$ian %teel in$u%try & 'ro$uction (or Sale )in *illion tonne%+

Categ#ry 4&& -0&

4&0&-00

4&00-04

4&04-0%

4&0%-05 April-De e,ber 4&

05-0B@

"ig Ir#n B.33 B.13 B.% 0 1.3 & . B& 1.&30 )B.313+

Sp#nge Ir#n45.%% 4B.&3 0 .1% 05.%% 03.4&

0%.4 1)0%.50%+

T#tal FinishedSteel )all#y n#n all#y+

1&.14

13.14 B. & 30.13 3 .1 1B.0)15.0 &+

S#ur e: ;#int "lant C#,,itteeE @pr#6isi#nalE 9gure in )+ is 6alue in sa,e peri#d #'


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last year

Demand ! A"ailabilit# Pro$ection

• emand C aila ilit* of iron and steel in the countr* is pro ected * =inistr* of "teel in its8i e 9earl* lan documents.

• 7aps in a aila ilit* are met mostl* through imports.

• Interface with consumers * wa* of a "teel &onsumers' &ouncil e ists, which is conducted onregular asis.

• Interface helps in redressing a aila ilit* pro lems, complaints related to @ualit*.

Steel Prices

• rice regulation of iron A steel was a olished on 16.1.1//2. "ince then steel prices aredetermined * the interpla* of mar et forces.

• omestic steel prices are influenced * trends in raw material prices, demand C suppl*conditions in the mar et, international price trends among others.

• n Inter =inisterial 7roup (I=7) is functioning in the =inistr* of "teel, under the&hairmanship of "ecretar* ("teel) to monitor and coordinate ma or steel I:;


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Categ#ry 4&& -0& 4&0&-00 4&00-04 4&04-0% 4&0%-05 April-De e,ber

4&05-0B@

T#tal Finished Steel )all#y n#n all#y+ .%3 1.11 1.31 . % B.5B

1.5 4)5.044+

S#ur e: ;#int "lant C#,,itteeE @pr#6isi#nalE 9gure in )+ is 6alue in sa,e peri#d #'last year

E&%orts

• Iron A steel are freel* e porta le.

• Data #n e$p#rt #' t#tal 9nished steel )all#y n#n all#y+ is gi6en bel#w '#r last96e years and April-De e,ber 4&05-0B )pr#6isi#nal+.:

#n$ian %teel in$u%try & .,ort% )in *illion tonne%+

Categ#ry 4&& -0&

4&0&-00

4&00-04

4&04-0%

4&0%-05

April-De e,ber4&05-0B@

T#tal Finished Steel )all#y

n#n all#y+ %.4B %.15 5.B B.% B. 3

5.&11 )5.%BB+

S#ur e: ;#int "lant C#,,itteeE @pr#6isi#nalE 9gure in )+ is 6alue in sa,e peri#d #'last year

Le"ies on Iron ' Steel


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SDF levy

• 3his was a le * started for funding modernisation, e pansion and de elopment of steel sector.3he 8und, inter alia, supports #

1. &apital e penditure for modernisation, reha ilitation, di ersification, renewal A replacement of Integrated "teel lants.

2. esearch A e elopment

!. e ates to ""I &orporations

4. < penditure on < - of + &

• 3he " 8 le * was a olished on 21.4./4

• &a inet decided that corpus could e rec*cled for loans to =ain roducers

• Interest on loans to =ain roducers is set aside for promotion of A on steel etc.

• n


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has als# pr#,pted d#,esti entrepreneurs t# set up 'resh green9eld pr#He ts indi erent states #' the #untry.

Crude steel apa ity was 0&0 ,t in 4&0%-05 and India the 5 th largest pr#du er #' rude steel in the w#rld has t# its redit the apability t# pr#du e a 6ariety #'

grades and that t## #' internati#nal uality standards. The #untry is e$pe ted t#be #,e the 4 nd largest pr#du er #' rude steel in the w#rld s##n pr#6ided allre uire,ents '#r reati#n #' 'resh apa ity are ade uately ,et.

(ii) Pig Iron: India is als# an i,p#rtant pr#du er #' pig ir#n / "#st-liberali8ati#n withsetting up se6eral units in the pri6ate se t#r n#t #nly i,p#rts ha6e drasti allyredu ed but als# India has turned #ut t# be a net e$p#rter #' pig ir#n. The pri6atese t#r a #unted '#r %J #' t#tal pr#du ti#n '#r sale #' pig ir#n in the #untry in

4&0%-05. The pr#du ti#n '#r sale #' pig ir#n has in reased 'r#, 0.1 ,t in 0 0- 4 t#. B ,t in 4&0%-05.

(iii) Sponge Iron: India is the w#rldKs largest pr#du er #' sp#nge ir#n with a h#st#' #al based units l# ated in the ,ineral-ri h states #' the #untry. ?6er the yearsthe #al based r#ute has e,erged as a *ey #ntribut#r and a #unted '#r 3 J #' t#tal sp#nge ir#n pr#du ti#n in the #untry. Capa ity in sp#nge ir#n ,a*ing t## hasin reased #6er the years and st##d at 5B ,t in 4&0%-05.

http:>>www.issb.co.uk>global.html

Global OverviewGl#bal Crude Steel "r#du ti#n E Gl#bal Trade in Steel

Gl#bal Trade in Ir#n ?re EGl#bal Trade in S rap

! AD DA!A

#SSB *aintain% a $etaile$ $ataba%e o( the i*,ort% an$ e.,ort% o( %teel an$%teel*a in ra *aterial% (or *ore than 50 *a or %teel*a in nation%"collecti ely accountin (or 97 o( lobal %teel out,ut/ !hi% hi h le el o( co era eal%o allo % an accurate a%%e%%*ent o( the ! AD o % (or tho%e countrie% (or

hich e cannot obtain national tra$e $ata/

@@N!7 Fr#, ISS @@ Steel "r#du ts 7#rld Trade ep#rts - updated ,#nthly

Global Crude /teel Production

In 4&0% gl#bal #utput rea hed 0 1& ,illi#n t#nnes %J up #n 4&04. This in rease wasdri6en by a 'urther Hu,p in C


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a #unts '#r well #6er 53J #' the w#rld t#tal. Dis #unting Chinese pr#du ti#n the rest #'the w#rld was Lat when #,pared t# 4&04. >##*ing at the largest steel pr#du ers it an beseen that di erent regi#ns had di ering '#rtunes #6er the year. 2u h #' Asia in reased#utput and apart 'r#, China it an als# be seen that Taiwan was up 3J India was up BJand ;apan in reased by %J with S#uth (#rea the #nly ,aH#r Asian pr#du ing #untry t# sh#wa de line d#wn by 5J. ?ther n#table in reases were Iran up J and 2e$i # up 4J. Apart

'r#, 2e$i # the NAFTA #untries did n#t 'are well with Canada d#wn 3J and the US 'allingby 4J. Indeed i' the urrent rates #ntinue it will n#t be l#ng be'#re India #6erta*es the USas the w#rldKs '#urth largest steel pr#du ing regi#n. It sh#uld als# be n#ted that despite thewell d# u,ented pr#ble,s within !ur#pe rude steel pr#du ti#n #nly 'ell by 4J year #nyear.

el#w we su,,arise 7#rld Steel Ass# iati#n rude steel pr#du ti#n data.


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Global rade in /teel

Exporters ?' the large steel pr#du ing nati#ns China #ntinued t# e$p#rt ,#re steel and is n#w by 'ar


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the largest e$p#rter in the w#rld. The !U e$p#rted an in reased a,#unt as internal de,and'ell and a wea* !ur# ,ade their e$p#rts ,#re #,petiti6e. S#uth (#rea ussia and Tur*eyals# sh#wed large in reases in their e$p#rts #' steel.

Importers The w#rldKs largest steel i,p#rter the US i,p#rted 0 J ,#re in 4&04 when #,pared t#4&00 as the e #n#,y started t# re #6er '#ll#wing the d#wnturn. China and S#uth (#rea

#ntinued t# p#siti#n the,sel6es ,#re as net e$p#rters as higher d#,esti pr#du ti#n ledt# a 'all in i,p#rts. The widely publi ised de,and pr#ble,s within the !U are sh#wn learlyhere with a 41J 'all when #,pared t# 4&00. Apart 'r#, the USA large in reases ini,p#rts were seen in Thailand 2e$i # and Ind#nesia.


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I' y#u want t# *n#w ,#re ab#ut steel e$p#rts #r i,p#rts please either#nta t phil.huntMissb. #.u* #r use #ur #n-line Trade !n uiry Syste,.

Global rade in /teel*a8in 'a0 "aterials

mailto:[email protected]://www.issb.co.uk/TES/TES-index.aspxhttp://www.issb.co.uk/TES/TES-index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://www.issb.co.uk/TES/TES-index.aspx


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Global ! AD in #ron re

Ir#n #re e$p#rts are d#,inated by Australia and ra8il with de,and dri6en by Chinesei,p#rts. 4&0& saw ir#n #re e$p#rts rea h new heights with #,bined ship,ents by the t#p0B e$p#rting nati#ns rea hing 43& ,illi#n t#nnes in uarter 5 al#ne and with annualship,ents e$ eeding 0 billi#n t#nnes '#r the 9rst ti,e. The 4&0& t#tal represents a 04Jin rease #n 4&& le6els and was rea hed despite a 0J 'all in C


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I' y#u want t# *n#w ,#re ab#ut s rap e$p#rts #r i,p#rts please either#nta t phil.huntMissb. #.u* #r use #ur #n-line Trade !n uiry Syste,.

mailto:[email protected]://www.issb.co.uk/TES/TES-index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://www.issb.co.uk/TES/TES-index.aspx


19/32

http:>>www.investindia.gov.in>steel-sector>

nvestment ?pportunity @@Steel

Sector Overview

ndia was the worldAs fifth largest producer of crude steel in $))5 and is e#pected to become the

worldAs second largest producer by $)*%B$)*'. These are the projections made by rnst C

Doung in a report on the outlook of ndian Steel industry.

The report also projects the total crude steel capacity in ndia to be around **$.% million tonnes

by $)*%. t also notes that ndia is the worldAs fourth largest iron ore producer, with sufficient

iron ore reserves to meet e#pected steel demand.

+ccording to the /inistry of Steel +nnual 2eport $)*)-**, ndia remains world(s largest

producer of direct reduced iron 6 2 8 or sponge iron during Eanuary > ecember $)*), a rank it

has held since $))$.

The annual report statistics estimate the !rude steel production to be %).%5 million tonne during

+pril - ec $)*). Fig iron production for sale in +pril - ecember $)*) was 4.$$ million tonne.

omestic steel consumption was at 44.$7 million tonne during the period.

The ndian steel sector enjoys advantages of domestic availability of raw materials and cheap

labor. ron ore is also available in abundant "uantities. This provides major cost advantage to the

domestic steel industry, with companies like Tata Steel being one of the lowest cost producers in

the world

0eing a core sector, steel industry reflects the overall economic growth of an economy in the

long term. +lso, steel demand, being derived from other sectors like automobiles, consumerdurables and infrastructure, its fortune is dependent on the growth of these user industries.

hile steel continues to have a stronghold in traditional sectors such as construction, housing

and ground transportation, special steels are increasingly used in engineering industries such as

power generation, petrochemicals and fertilisers. ndian steel industry is very modern with state-

http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/investment-opportunities/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/investment-opportunities/


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of-the-art steel mills. t has always strived for continuous modernisation C up-gradation of older

plants and higher energy efficiency levels.

+ccording to the /inistry of Steel, Steel producers have signed $$$ /?GAs with various states

for a planned capacity of about $ %. million tones in $))5-*).

INVESTMENT Policy

ndian 9< ST/ 9T policy stipulates *)) per cent foreign direct investment 6I 8 through

the automatic route in the ndian steel sector.

Some of the initiatives taken by the government to promote the steel sector include 9ational

Steel Folicy $))%, which seeks to facilitate the removal of procedural and policy bottlenecks thataffect the availability of production inputs, increased 9< ST/ 9T in research and

development, and the creation of road, railway and port infrastructure.

Some initiatives undertaken by the ndian 1overnment in the leventh Flan to promote the steel

sector include:

• The Flanning !ommission has approved a total outlay of GSJ 5.% billion for the

development and promotion of the iron and steel sector.• The scheme for the promotion of research and development in the iron and steel sector

has been approved with a budgetary provision of GSJ $4.' million to initiate and implement the

provisions of the scheme.

• The 9ational Steel policy $))% targets indigenous production of **) million tonnes 6mt8

by $)*5-$) against targeted consumption of 5) mt by $)*5-$).

The leventh plan working group for steel recommends the following for effective development

of ndian steel industry:

• Iull utili ation of the e#isting policy framework of Fublic-Frivate Fartnerships 6FFFs8 in

development of infrastructure like 2ailways.

http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/


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• KScheme for promotion of 2esearch and evelopment in ron C Steel sectorL with a

budgetary provision of 2s. *,*7) million for implementation. The objective of the scheme is to

develop path-breaking technologies in an environment friendly manner.

• Spread awareness about hedging mechanisms available in e#changes like /!M and

9! M and develop appropriate regulatory mechanism to avoid any manipulative practices.

• evelop an appropriate nstitutional Iramework for collection of data and dissemination

of nformation.

• !onsider setting up of a multi-disciplinary organi ation along the lines of the

nternational ron C Steel nstitute 6 S 8.

• + dedicated plan IG9 of 2s. $%) million for the **th Iive Dear Flan in the /inistry

of Steel towards grant for development of human resources for iron and steel and for ad

campaigns for promotion of steel usage.

• + Technology Gp-gradation IG9 Scheme 6TGIS8 for the Small and /edium

nterprises 6S/ 8 sector.

/oreover, in order to encourage 2C activities in iron C steel sector, /inistry of Steel is

providing I 9+9! +3 assistance from Steel evelopment Iund 6S I8 and Flan Iund. Si#ty

four research projects initiated by public and private undertakings, research laboratories,

educational and other promotional institutions have so far been approved at a cost of 2s. 4,4$)million during $)*), of which the S I component is 2s. $, 7) million. So far =* projects have

been completed and $4 research projects are underway.

The government introduced Special conomic Nones 6S Ns8 in Eune $))%, with the plan of

creating internationally competitive regions. Steel plants operating in S Ns receive some

advantages like ta# holidayO they can freely source inputs domestically or e#ternally without any

specific approval or duty payable.

MARKET i!hli!hts

/ore than =,%)) different varieties of steel are available in the steel industry of ndia. These can

however be classified into two broad categories of flat products and long products. Ilat products

include plates and hot rolled sheets such as coils and sheets. Ilat products are derived from slabs.

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?ne of the major uses of steel plates is in ship building. 3ong products include bars, rods, wires,

ropes and piers. These are called long products due to their shapes. 3ong products are made from

billets and blooms. 3ong products are mostly used in housing and construction and also in rail

tracks.

ron ore and coal constitute the primary raw materials for steel production. ?ne of the growth

drivers helping the sector to grow is abundant availability of iron ore in the country with States

such as ?rissa, Eharkhand and !hhattisgarh which are rich in iron ore reserves. The 9ational

/inerals evelopment !orporation 69/ !8 plans to e#pand its iron ore production capacity

from its e#isting capacity of =) million tonnes per annum 6/TF+8 to %) /TF+ by $)*4B*%

through the capacity e#pansion of current mines as well as by setting up new mines. Iurther,

ndia also has well established facilities for the production of steel. ndiaAs steel sector also has acompetitive advantage vis-P-vis the availability of raw materials and workforce, both skilled and

unskilled.

Ma"or Players

ndian steel ndustry can be divided into two main sectors Fublic sector and Frivate sector.

Iurther on the basis of routes of production, the ndian steel industry can be divided into two

types of producers: ntegrated producers and Secondary producers.

ntegrated producers convert iron ore into steel. There are three major integrated steel players in

ndia, namely Steel +uthority of ndia 3imited 6S+ 38, Tata ron and Steel !ompany 3imited

6T S!?8 and 2ashtriya spat 9igam 3imited 62 938.

Secondary producers are the mini steel plants 6/SFs8, which make steel by melting scrap or

sponge iron or a mi#ture of the two. ssar Steel, spat ndustries and 3loyds steel are the largest

producers of steel through the secondary route.


23/32

The ndian steel industry is also receiving significant foreign 9< ST/ 9TS such as

F?S!?, a South ;orean steel producer and +rcelor - /ittal 1roup, urope based steel producer

Qannouncing plans for establishing about *$ million tonne production units each in ndia.

?ther foreign players who have set foot in ndia are Eapan(s 9ippon Steel in joint venture with

Tata Steel for making cold rolled sheetsO Eapan(s EI Holdings in talks with ES for a stake buyO

Eapan(s ;obe Steel and S+ 3 in talks for a joint venture and 2ussia(s Severstal and 9/ ! in

joint venture to a build steel plant.

Sector Pros#ects

+ccording to the ndian /inistry of Steel, the present per capita consumption of steel in the

country is only around 45 kg against the world average of *7$ kg. So there is immense potentialfor growth of the sector. The ministry also predicts that ndia is e#pected to become the second

largest producer of steel in the world by $)*%-*', provided all re"uirements for fresh capacity

creation are met.

L?ver the ne#t couple of years, there could be mergers and ac"uisitions, particularly in the

sponge iron sector,L predicts ;ejriwal 2esearch C 9< ST/ 9T Services, referring to the

hundreds of small units, many of which are unviable. n $)*), ES Steel bought a controlling

stake in spat ndustries.

?pportunities e#ist for future growth of the sector due to reasons that include potentially huge

domestic demand for steel-intensive social and economic infrastructure resulting from all round

economic development and particularly because of anticipated growth in urbani ationO

demographic conditions that favour ncreasing demand for consumer durablesO untapped rural

market and increasing interest of domestic and overseas producers in capacity creation to serve

the domestic and overseas markets.

Sources:

• http://www.cci.gov.in/images/media/completed/Indicussteel_20090420151842...

• http://www.ibef.o g/a tdispview.asp!"cat_id#48$%a t_id#294&0%in#'9• http://www.e(.com/)*/en/Indust ies/+ining,,,+etals/)lobal,-teel,,2010,t ...

http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.cci.gov.in/images/media/completed/Indicussteel_20090420151842.pdfhttp://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?cat_id=487&art_id=29430&in=69http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Mining---Metals/Global-Steel--2010-trends--2011-outlook---Outlook-for-the-Indian-steel-industryhttp://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.investindia.gov.in/steel-sector/http://www.cci.gov.in/images/media/completed/Indicussteel_20090420151842.pdfhttp://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?cat_id=487&art_id=29430&in=69http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Mining---Metals/Global-Steel--2010-trends--2011-outlook---Outlook-for-the-Indian-steel-industry


24/32

• http://www.e(.com/ ublication/vw* ssets/)lobal_steel_,_2010_t ends _2011_outloo _,

_3!ecutive_summa (/ I*3/)lobal620-teel6207epo t6202010,20116203!ec620summa (.pdf • http://www.ibef.o g/download/-teel_2$0111.pdf

http:>>www.worldsteel.org>statistics>crude-steel-production.html

http:>>www.worldsteel.org>statistics>crude-steel-production.html

http:>>www.business-standard.com>article>markets>demand-iron-ore-

availability-concerns-for-jsw-steel-**4)%$7)*%4%R*.html

http:>>www.foundryinfo-india.org>1overnment&$)update&$)on&$)availability&$)of&$)iron&$)ore&$)in&$) ndia.asp#

Government update on availability of iron ore in Indiahe *inister of steel! "r >www.e"uitymaster.com>research-it>sector-info>steel>Steel-Sector-

+nalysis-2eport.asp

http://www.ibef.org/download/Steel_270111.pdfhttp://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.htmlhttp://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/demand-iron-ore-availability-concerns-for-jsw-steel-114052801545_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/demand-iron-ore-availability-concerns-for-jsw-steel-114052801545_1.htmlhttp://www.foundryinfo-india.org/Government%20update%20on%20availability%20of%20iron%20ore%20in%20India.aspxhttp://www.foundryinfo-india.org/Government%20update%20on%20availability%20of%20iron%20ore%20in%20India.aspxhttps://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/steel/Steel-Sector-Analysis-Report.asphttps://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/steel/Steel-Sector-Analysis-Report.asphttp://www.ibef.org/download/Steel_270111.pdfhttp://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.htmlhttp://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/demand-iron-ore-availability-concerns-for-jsw-steel-114052801545_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/demand-iron-ore-availability-concerns-for-jsw-steel-114052801545_1.htmlhttp://www.foundryinfo-india.org/Government%20update%20on%20availability%20of%20iron%20ore%20in%20India.aspxhttp://www.foundryinfo-india.org/Government%20update%20on%20availability%20of%20iron%20ore%20in%20India.aspxhttps://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/steel/Steel-Sector-Analysis-Report.asphttps://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/steel/Steel-Sector-Analysis-Report.asp


25/32

http:>>timesofindia.indiatimes.com>city>bengaluru> ron-ore-reserves-will-

be-e#hausted-by-$)4)-State-tells-S!>articleshow>7*%%'%%.cms

http:>>www.thehindu.com>business> ndustry>india-may-have-to-start-importing-iron-ore-soon-steel-ministry>article%=7'4 ).ece

ndia The new facilities of the $.5 million tonnes per annum brownfield

e#pansion at Eamshedpur reached their full capacity in the second half of

Iinancial Dear $)*=-*4 which helped register the best-ever performancein Hot /etal, !rude Steel, Saleable Steel production and total sales.

The economic growth in ndia remained "uiet on the back of high

inflation, high interest rates, low industrial growth and low investments

in the country, along with the poor condition of the global economy.

Steel demand in ndia remained almost flat in the last year.

espite the weak macroeconomic environment, the performance of the

ndian operations improved significantly.

?F 2+T ?9S ?< 2<

TH E?G29 D S? I+2 The business model of the Tata Steel group is

aligned to its vision of K0ecoming the 0enchmark in


26/32

!ompany is one of the largest steel producers in the world and one of the

worldAs most geographically diversified, with operations in $' countries

and a commercial presence in over %) countries. ith a focus on

continuous improvement, the !ompany meets diverse customer

re"uirements across multiple segments, globally.

!rude Steel production reached 5.*% million tonnes in Iinancial Dear

$)*=-*4, registering a *=& increase over the previous year

notwithstanding scheduled maintenance shutdowns carried out in =.

To cater to the increased re"uirements, the iron ore mines also ramped

up to re"uired "uantities. !ustomer focus, better products and vast

distribution network helped additional sales of * million tonnes over the

previous year. Sales increased by *4& to 7.%$ million tonnes in

Iinancial Dear $)*=-*4 from .47 million tonnes in Iinancial Dear $)*$-

*=.

n Iinancial Dear $)*=-*4 0 T + improved to U *=,$7* crores, up

*4& from U **,'57 crores in Iinancial Dear $)*$-*=.

Sales of +utomotive and Special Froducts increased by *%& in Iinancial

Dear $)*=-*4 despite an appro#imate %& decline in the auto market.

Sale of 0randed Froducts, 2etail and Solutions constituted =4& of thetotal sales and increased by **& over the previous year. Sale of

ndustrial Froducts, Frojects and #ports increased by *7& over


27/32

Iinancial Dear $)*$-*=. Froactive market development has helped in

e#panding the domestic customer base.

Ierro +lloys and /inerals ivision 6I+/ 8 continued to support steeldivisions profitability despite facing regulatory issues. I+/

ma#imi ed profits by judicious allocation of products to profitable

geographies. t also launched two new brands in the ferro-alloys industry

to improve its visibility in the ndian market.

http:>>timesofindia.indiatimes.com>business>india-business> ndia-

becomes-net-steel-e#porter-after-'-years>articleshow>=='5**5=.cms

http:>>ieconomics.com>steel-india-gdp

http:>>ieconomics.com>steel-india-labour

http:>>ieconomics.com>india-e#ports-of-iron-Camp&=0amp-steel

http:>>ieconomics.com>india-e#ports-of-iron-Camp&=0-steel

http:>>steel.nic.in>Scheme&$)for&$)promotion&$)of&$)2esearch

&$)C&$) evelopment&$)in&$) ndian&$) ron&$)C&$)Steel

&$) ndustry.htm

A()+anistan natural as! petroleu*! coal! copper! chro*ite! talc! barites! sulfur!lead! inc! iron ore! salt! precious and se*iprec ious stones

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-becomes-net-steel-exporter-after-6-years/articleshow/33691193.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-becomes-net-steel-exporter-after-6-years/articleshow/33691193.cmshttp://ieconomics.com/steel-india-gdphttp://ieconomics.com/steel-india-labourhttp://ieconomics.com/india-exports-of-iron-&amp%3Bamp-steelhttp://ieconomics.com/india-exports-of-iron-&amp%3B-steelhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.htmlhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-becomes-net-steel-exporter-after-6-years/articleshow/33691193.cmshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-becomes-net-steel-exporter-after-6-years/articleshow/33691193.cmshttp://ieconomics.com/steel-india-gdphttp://ieconomics.com/steel-india-labourhttp://ieconomics.com/india-exports-of-iron-&amp%3Bamp-steelhttp://ieconomics.com/india-exports-of-iron-&amp%3B-steelhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttp://steel.nic.in/Scheme%20for%20promotion%20of%20Research%20&%20Development%20in%20Indian%20Iron%20&%20Steel%20Industry.htmhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html


28/32

Albania petroleu*! natural as! coal! bau,ite! chro*ite! copper! iron ore!nic8el! salt! ti*ber! hydropo0er

Al)eria petroleu*! natural as! iron ore! phosphates! uraniu*! lead! inc

Andorra hydropo0er! *ineral 0ater! ti*ber! iron ore! lead

An)ola petroleu*! dia*onds! iron ore! phosphates! copp er! feldspar! G 6 L =! bau,ite! uraniu*

ntarctica iron ore! chro*iu*! copper! G6L = ! nic8el! platinu* and other*inerals! and coal and hydrocarbons have be en found in s*allnonco**ercial DuantitiesH none presently e,ploitedH 8rill! finfish! and

crab have been ta8en by co**ercial fisheries

r entina fertile plains of the pa*pas! lead! inc! tin! copper! iron ore!*an anese! petroleu*! uraniu*

ustria oil! coal! li nite! ti*ber! iron ore! copper! inc! anti*ony! *a nesite!tun sten! raphite! salt! hydropo0er

erbaiAan petroleu*! natural as! iron ore! nonferrous *etals! bau,ite


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old! ti*ber! iron ore! hydropo0er

Geor ia ti*ber! hydropo0er! *an anese deposits! iron ore! copper! *inorcoal and oil depositsH coastal cli*ate and soils al lo0 for i*portanttea and citrus ro0th

Greeceli nite! petroleu*! iron ore! bau,ite! lead! inc! nic8el! *a nesite!*arble! salt! hydropo0er potential

Greenland coal! iron ore! lead! inc! *olybdenu*! dia*onds! G6 L = ! platinu*!niobiu*! tantalite! uraniu*! fish! seals! 0hales! hydrop o0er! possibleoil and as

G inea bau,ite! iron ore! dia*onds! G 6 L= ! uraniu*! hydropo0er! fish! salt

-ond ras ti*ber! old! silver! copper! lead! inc! iron ore! anti*ony! coal! fish!hydropo0er

Iran petroleu*! natural as! coal! chro*iu*! copper! iron ore! lead!*an anese! inc! sulfur

.a/a0+stan *aAor deposits of petroleu*! natural as! coal! iro n ore! *an anese!chro*e ore! nic8el! cobalt! copper! *olybdenu*! lead! inc!bau,ite! G 6 L= ! uraniu*

Korea! %orth coal! lead! tun sten! inc! raphite! *a nesite! iron ore!

copper! G6L= ! pyrites! salt! fluorspar! hydropo0er

Lebanon li*estone! iron ore! salt! 0ater-surplus state in a 0ater- deficitre ion! arable land

Liberia iron ore! ti*ber! dia*onds! G6L= ! hydropo0er

Lu,e*bour iron ore :no lon er e,ploited)! arable land

"acedonia lo0- rade iron ore! copper! lead! inc! chro*ite! *an anese! nic8el!tun sten! G6L= ! silver! asbestos! ypsu*! ti*ber! arable land

1ala#sia tin! petroleu*! ti*ber! copper! iron ore! natural as! bau,ite

"ali G6L= ! phosphates! 8aolin! salt! li*estone! uraniu*! ypsu*!ranite! hydropo0er

note bau,ite! iron ore! *an anese! tin! and coppe r deposits are8no0n but not e,ploited

https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lu.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mk.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lu.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mk.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html


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1a ritania iron ore! ypsu*! copper! phosphate! dia*onds! old! oil! fish

Namibia dia*onds! copper! uraniu*! G 6 L = ! silver! lead! tin! lithiu*!cad*iu*! tun sten! inc! salt! hydropo0er! fishnote: suspected deposits of oil! coal! and iron ore

Ni)er uraniu*! coal! iron ore! tin! phosphates! old ! *olybdenu*! ypsu*!salt! petroleu*

Ni)eria natural as! petroleu*! tin! iron ore! coal! li*estone! niobiu*! lead!inc! arable land

Nor*a# petroleu*! natural as! iron ore! copper! lead! inc! titaniu*! pyrites!nic8el! fish! ti*ber! hydropo0er

Pa0istan land! e,tensive natural as reserves! li*ited petroleu*! poor Dualitycoal! iron ore! copper! salt! li*estone

Para) a# hydropo0er! ti*ber! iron ore! *an anese! li*estone

Per copper! silver! G 6L = ! petroleu*! ti*ber! fish! iron ore! coal!phosphate! potash! hydropo0er! natural as

Portu al fish! forests :cor8)! iron ore! copper! inc! tin! tun sten! silver! old!uraniu*! *arble! clay! ypsu*! salt! arable land! hydropo0er

'o*ania petroleu* :reserves declinin )! ti*ber! natural as! coal! iron ore!salt! arable land! hydropo0er

Sene)al fish! phosphates! iron ore

Serbia oil! as! coal! iron ore! copper! inc! anti*ony! chro*ite! G 6L = ! silver! *a nesiu*! pyrite! li*estone! *arble! salt! arable land

/lova8ia bro0n coal and li niteH s*all a*ounts of iron ore! copper and*an anese oreH saltH arable land

/outh /udan hydropo0er! fertile a ricultural land! G6L= ! dia*onds! petroleu*!hard0oods! li*estone! iron ore! copper! chro*iu* ore! inc!

https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lo.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lo.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html


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tun sten! *ica! silver

/udan petroleu*H s*all reserves of iron ore! copper! chro*iu* ore! inc!tun sten! *ica! silver! G6L = H hydropo0er

S"albard coal! iron ore! copper! inc! phosphate! 0ildlife! fish

S*eden iron ore! copper! lead! inc! G6 L = ! silver! tun sten! uraniu*!arsenic! feldspar! ti*ber! hydropo0er

S#ria petroleu*! phosphates! chro*e and *an anese ores! asphalt! ironore! roc8 salt! *arble! ypsu*! hydropo0er

T r0e# coal! iron ore! copp er! chro*iu*! anti*ony! *ercury! G 6L = ! barite!borate! celestite :strontiu*)! e*ery! feldspar! li*estone! *a nesite!

*arble! perlite! pu*ice! pyrites :sulfur)! cla y! arable land!hydropo0er

78raine iron ore! coal! *an anese! natural as! oi l! salt! sulfur! raphite!titaniu*! *a nesiu*! 8aolin! nic8el! *ercury! ti*ber! arable land

Eene uela petroleu*! natural as! iron ore! old! bau,ite! other *inerals!hydropo0er! dia*onds

https:>>www.cia.gov>3ibrary>publications>the-world-

factbook>fields>$***.html

http:>>www.miningweekly.com>article>scrap-generation-will-never-

replace-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-steel-major-$)*$-) -*$

https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sv.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttp://www.miningweekly.com/article/scrap-generation-will-never-replace-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-steel-major-2012-07-12http://www.miningweekly.com/article/scrap-generation-will-never-replace-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-steel-major-2012-07-12https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sv.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.htmlhttp://www.miningweekly.com/article/scrap-generation-will-never-replace-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-steel-major-2012-07-12http://www.miningweekly.com/article/scrap-generation-will-never-replace-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-steel-major-2012-07-12


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ron and steel industries are important part of ndian industries. They are

the base of ndian economy. ndia is on top 4 positions in the world

regarding e#port of steel and its raw materials. ndia is the 4 th largest

crude steel producer in the steel production in the world. Steel is very

important in daily basis

importance of steel

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