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Importance of Reversible Hydro for Smart Grid

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by

K.V.RUPCHANDLSMIEEE

Former Chief Engineer/Tamil Nadu Electricity BoardChair/IEEE PES Madras Chapter

Keynote Address @ ISGT Asia2014, Kuala Lumpur21 May 2014

Ph.: +91-9444010339 ; kvrupchand38@gmail.com

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SynopsisEvolution, establishment & maintenance of a Smart Grid

involve many technical, financial and economic issues.

Conferences & technical events on Smart Grid extensively

deal with these issues with latest ideas, research findings

and future studies needed. However, the greatest

challenges will come from the other major aspects of

Power Generation viz., Operation, Stability & Restoration

of the Power Grids. Studies and findings on Integration of

and impact of penetration of Renewables, Micro Grids,

Islanding & Energy Storage, will attain greater importance.

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Synopsis – (contd.)

With so many intricate and imponderable issues involved in these aspects, it will be necessary to approach the problem in a ‘Wholistic’ manner. In order to ensure long-term reliability of the Grid

‘per se’, it will be essential to have substantial ‘Redundancy’ of Grid capacity. This is possible only with plenty of Energy Storage, for which several options are available. It is considered that large scale Reversible Hydros will be the ultimate solution for creating this. Maintenance of the Grid and achievement of Smart Grid will become most reliable.

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ISGT Asia2014: Tracks & SchedulesTrack No.

Topic No. of Sessions

1 Renewable Power Generation & its efficient Utilization 7

2 Smart Grid Information & Communication Technologies 3

3 Smart Bulk Power Systems -

4 Smart Distribution System 4

5 Smart Energy Utilization 2

6 Smart Grid Operation, Control & Protection 7

7 Electricity Market in Smart Grid 2

8 Power Quality & Electromagnetic Compatibility 2

9 Power Electronics & its Applications 3

10 Equipment & its Technologies in Power Systems -

Total 30

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Evolution of Smart Grid

• Improvement of the ‘Basic Grid’: Network of Trans.Lines, Sub Stns., Transformers ++

• Originated 1886; improved continuously

• USA: 9,200 Gen. units, >1 m MW’, 500,000 TLs

• Engg. marvel, but stretched to capacity

• Needed new Grid, built from ‘bottom up’ to handle digital & computerized equipments

• SG automates & manages complexity and needs for 21st century

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Emergence of Smart Grid

• SG = Functional/Techno./benefits-oriented

• Appln. of digital processing/communications

• Make data flow & info. mngmnt. Central to SG

• Utilities making 3 Classes of transformations:

1. Improvement of Infrastructure (Strong Grid: China)

2. Addition of digital layer (essence of SG)

3. Business process transformn. (Investment on capital)

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Aim of Smart Grid

• Move Energy industry to reliability, efficiency, availability [Economy & environmental health]

• Needs during transition:

1. Testing

2. Technology improvements

3. Consumer education

4. Development of standards & regulations

5. Info. share between projects

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Benefits from Smart Grid

1. More efficient transmission

2. Quicker restoration after disturbances

3. Reduced O&M costs lower elecy. Rates

4. Reduced ‘peak demand’ do., do.,

5. Increased integration of Renewables

6. Integration of customer-owner gen. systems

7. Improved security

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Effects of Disruptions

• Failures have ‘domino effect’

• Affects banking, communications, traffic & security

• SG gives resiliency to power systems & tackles emergencies: storms, earth quakes, solar flares & terrorist attacks

• SG auto-rerouting, minimize outages & their effects

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What Smart Grid Does

• Detect & isolate outages lessening black-outs

• Elecy. Recovery resumes quickly / strategically

• Takes greater advantage from customer-owned power generators (home-grown)

• ‘Distributed generations’ combined to sustain power for health centre, police dept., traffic lights & grocery stores.

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Smart Grid gives control to consumers

• Can make choices on energy use (~ banking)

• Enables high level of consumer-participation

• ‘Smart Meters’ enable to get all details

• Can know ‘real-time pricing’ & save money

• SG contains millions of pieces & parts

• Perfection of technologies takes time

• SG is evolving ‘piece-by-piece’ & will bring transformation similar to internet

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Features of Smart Grid• Reliability (Fault detection & self-healing)• Flexibility in network topology (bi-direction energy

flows, distributed generation)• Efficiency (demand-side management)• Load adjustment/Load balancing• Peak curtailment/leveling, time of use pricing• Sustainability• Market-enabling• Demand response support• Platform for advanced services• Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell

the rest

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Functional Characteristics of SG

• Self-healing from power distribution events

• Consumers’ participation (demand response)

• Resilient operation (physical/cyber attacks)

• Power quality for 21st century needs

• Accommodating generating/storage options

• Enabling new products, services & markets

• Optimizing assets & operating efficiently

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Smart Grid Technologies• Integrated communications

• Sensing & measurement

• Smart meters

• Variable frequency mode operations

• Phasor measurement units (Sensors, WAMS)

• Advanced components (electronics, storage etc)

• Advanced control (SCADA etc.)

• Improved interfaces & decision support

• Smart power generation (multiple generators)

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SG Strategy – Key Activities

• SG demonstrations & deployment

• Research & Development

• Interoperability & Standards

• Interconnection planning & analysis

• Work force deployment (shortage ?)

• Stakeholder engagement & outreach activities

• Monitoring progress

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Research, Economics, Concerns of SG

• Many major programs (wind power impact..)

• Market: $ 69.3 b (2009) $ 171.4 b (2014)

• SG saves $ 46 – 117 b over next 20 years(USA)

• Consumer concerns (privacy)

• Social concerns (fair availability)

• Remotely controlled smart meters

• Security (cyber crime)

• Electricity theft (interference devices)

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Need for Energy• Energy Development tops the list in the

Order of Importance of Technologies(IEEE ‘Spectrum Jan. 2003’):

(1) Energy Development

(2) Fight against Terrorism

(3) Environmental Protection

(4) Waste Disposal

(5) Transportation

(6) Technological Literacy

(7) Digital Divide

(8) Intellectual Property Protection

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Power Shortage vis-à-vis GDP

Sl. No. Period GDP Loss [Rs. billion]

1 Per year [ 2 % ]

2 1992-1997 650

3 1996-1997 180

4 1997-2002 4,500

5 1997-2007 18,000

6 Per Year 13/1000 MW

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Significance of Hydro Power

• Best source for meeting peak demands almost instantly – grid connectivity fastest

• High Capital cost (may be) , but operation & maintenance cost lowest

• Cost of generation found to be lowest in 2030

• For many power utilities, ‘Hydro is the goose that lays the golden eggs’ improves the ‘financial health’ of the utility

• Capital cost recovered in 5-10 years?

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Investment & Generation Costfor Technology (OECD Countries) [ Source IEA 2010 ]

Investment cost

( US$/kW )

Generation cost

( US$/MWh )

Technology

2008 2030 2008 2030

Nuclear 1600-5900 3200-4500 42-137 55-80

Hydropower 1970-2600 1940-2570 45-105 40-100

Biomass 2960-3670 2550-3150 50-140 35-120

Wind-onshore 1900-3700 1440-1600 50-234 70-85

Geothermal 3470-4060 3020-3540 65-80 55-70

CCS Coal 3223-6268 1400 67-142 94-104

Combined

Cycle LNG

520-1800

900

76-120

78

CSP 3470-4500 1730-2160 136-243 70-220

Wind-offshore 2890-3200 2280-2530 146-261 80-95

Tidal 5150-5420 2240-2390 195-220 100-115

Solar PV

(Central Grid)

5730-6800

2010-2400

333-600

140-305

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Bulk Generation (IEEE)

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Need for Reversible Hydros• Energy Sources:(a) Conventional:1. Hydro2. Thermal3. Gas, Nuclear(b) Non-conventional: [Can we call it ‘Natural’ instead?]1. Wind2. Solar3. OTEC, Fuel Cell, Stored (Hydro/Air)(c) ‘Ultimate’ Sources [USA Study]:1. Hydro 2. Wind3. Solar

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New Issues: Wind Energy

• Wind Turbine causes reaction @ Tower foundation

• Reaction affects rotation of earth!

• Will cause climate changes

• Hurricanes from Mediterranean

• Nevada surface winds > 250 kmph

• Unchannelled compressible air flow: Physics more complex 4 D analysis

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Factors ‘for’ Wind Power

• As for subjective opinions about whether wind is functional kinetic art or a blur on the landscape: ‘Beauty is in the eye of the beholder’

• Consider Technical & economic attributes of wind energy

• Wastage of wind power can be avoided if pumped storage schemes are created

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Issues in Solar Power

• Cost of solar power will break even: 2017

• Present price = Rs. 18.44 / kwh

• Grid connectivity: Substations < 3 km

• Large areas needed >> even thermal

• Agricultural lands converted as solar farms

• Huge increase in price of Real Estate

• Energy storage needed to optimize

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Multi-use of Water Resources Development Projects

• Kyoto World Water Forum (2002): All water resources development projects must be conceived for multiple uses to optimize the use of the diminishing resource of water

• Classic example: Three Gorges Project [‘Linkage’]

• Primarily intended for ‘Flood Control’!

• Serving as the largest Power Project (22,500 MW); Grossed enough revenue already

• Most WDPs become viable only if power generation is provided for & reckoned in revenue forecasts

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Three Gorges Dam – Sky View

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Increasing Water Availability (India)Water Resources in India (cubic km):

Evaporation … … … = 700

Run-off into surface bodies … = 1,150 *

Percolation into soil … … = 215

Other run-off … … … = 435

Unutilized flood running waste into sea = 1,500

Total Annual Rain fall = 4,000

• Could not be developed fully (due to noise on environment)

• Interlinking of Rivers Water security

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Indian River Grid – Map

A: Northern WaterwayB: Vindhyan WaterwayC: Deccan WaterwayD &E: Connecting Links

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Energy from IRG

1. Direct Generation: 65,000 MW in Reversible mode; takes care of

absorbing off-peak Wind/other energy Revenue Return from power itself adequate for

viability Adding 50,000 MW pumping power ‘avoided’

115,000 MW, largest power project ever Facilitates ‘Distributed generation/distribution’ Smart Grid achieved Can be tackled in stages by BOT/BOOT;

No financial liability to Government

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Energy from IRG – contd.

2. Reversible Power Generation: IRG will be the ‘upper’ reservoir Pondages at end use will be the ‘lower’ reservoir Real-time integrated operation of the reversible units

challenging

3. Kinetic Energy: Water flows in both ways depending on point of drawal Floating ‘dual-flow’ turbines will convert flow into energy,

though small. Will be a bonus

4. Likely problems: Forming IRG, power stations, transformer yards in hill slopes

will pose problems Indian Experience is vast in tackling such problems

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Future of Hydropower

• River water gives 20 % electricity globally (2005)

• Hydro gives > 50% electricity to > 60 countries

• Climate fluctuations predictions tricky

• Periodical blackouts suffered due to drought

• Norwegian Univ. climate models: less/boost

• N. Europe, E. Africa & S.E. Asia will see boost

• Hydropower development to reckon vagaries

• Improvisation: All Hydropower in Reversible

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Unique Works

• Kundah : Survey, Dam, Tunnel

• Parambikulam : Weak zone, Transport

• Kadamparai : Underground excavations

• Fire Accident at Kadamparai

• Repair & Rehabilitation works

• BIS on Fire Safety in Hydro Projects

• Mettur Tunnel

• Lower Mettur : Bulb Turbines

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Kadamparai Project

First Reversible Turbine Project conceived in Asia

4 x 100 MW Capacity

Meets the peak power demand in T. Nadu

A sub-system of the Parmbikulam-Aliyar Project

All the components are totally underground

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Parambikulam-Aliyar Project

A classic example of Inter-State co-operation

Chain of Reservoirs

Diversion to arid areas

Contour canal is 50 km long @ 400 m level

5 major power plants + 2 ‘minis’

Enhancement of Environment & Ecology

Involved huge quantum of concrete

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Fire at Kadamparai Power House

Happened during Nov.1992

Started at Transformer Cavern & Spread

Automatic fire-fighting system failed

P.H.Cavern fully flooded after water was sprayed/pumped inside

Transformer Cavern #1 heavily damaged

Non-destructive testing by SERC

Remedial measures suggested

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Kadamparai PSHEP

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Repairs & Rehabilitation

Outright demolition of Transformer Cavern#1 and reconstruction

Cable shaft lining

Power House Cavern repairs

Penstock Buckling

Unprecedented nature of repairs

Experience led to drafting of Indian Standard Specification for Fire Safety in Hydro Projects

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Buckling of Kadamparai Penstock

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Emerald Reservoir

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Sholiar Dam

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Hydro: The forgotten Renewable Rebounds[e-POWER News 6 July 2011 – Kennedy Maize]

• When President Obama unveiled his “clean energy standard” in the 2011 State of the Union address in February, and again when he spoke of his administration’s energy policy in late March, one form of electrical energy was conspicuous by its absence: hydropower. Hydro is the forgotten form, the politically incorrect renewable, the invisible generation. To borrow the complaint of comedian and Caddyshack movie star Rodney Dangerfield, hydro projects “don’t get no respect.”

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Hydro: The forgotten Renewable Rebounds(Contd.)

• USA: Hydro 98.5 GW; Wind, Solar..:51.6 GW

• Reliable, dispatchable, frequency support

• Flood control, drinking water & recreation

• Increases property values

• People prefer living near hydros; but take a hit living near wind & solar energy farms

• Hoover Dam: 17 Turbines 2,200 MW

• Hydros: First form of power hated by environmentalists

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Hydro: The forgotten Renewable Rebounds(Contd.)

• Hydro politics/economics: presaged trials of nuclear power

• Both gobble large capital upfront but generate power cheaply once built

• Both are regulated by Federal Agencies• Both can suffer catastrophic accidents of low

probability but large impact• Federal regulation of Hydro lesser• Bowersock (1874) [@Lawrence across Kansas]:

Poster project for Hydro Licensing• Hydro rebound: slow & steady but real

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Hydro: The forgotten Renewable Rebounds(Contd.)

• More pumped storage (PS) needed

• Act like batteries; much easier & cheaper to store water & convert into electricity

• PS in USA: 20 GW; Largest is Virginia’s Bath County Station 2772 MW (1985)

• 2 reservoirs, one located 375 m(1262 feet) above other

• NHA lobbying for ‘water-to watts’

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Hydro: The forgotten Renewable Rebounds(Contd.)

• Hydro is essential for Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

• Much hydro remains untapped• 12.4 GW identified at 54,000 dams• Bureau of Reclamation: 43 dams 184.7 MW• Cost-benefit Ratios > 1; some even > 2• It’s a good bet that any progress toward the

administration’s goal of 80% of electricity from “clean” energy sources will include a hefty amount of water over a dam, through a pipe, down a hill, and into a turbine.

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Conclusion

• Concept of Smart Grid is a ‘bottom-up’ approach

• Redundancy/Reliability from Reversible Hydro is a ‘top-down’ & ‘wholistic’ approach for future need

• Go for Renewables, optimize their generation

• Smart Grids inevitable for Energy Security

• Sustainable Bulk Generation only from Hydros

• Create huge capacity Reversible Hydros

• Environmental Hydro issues exaggerated

• Hydros needed for preserving Environment

• More Hydros needed for enhancing Environment

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Future of Power/Energy Industry

• Huge Reversible Hydros are required for:

1. Integrating Renewables into Grid, Optimize their use

2. Meeting Power Peak Demands reliably

3. Absorbing power from ultra mega projects being constructed world over, including India

4. Achieving the highly desirable ‘distributed’ generation and distribution

• Intensify research/utilization from OTEC

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Importance of Reversible Hydro for Smart Grid [ K.V.Rupchand ]

Thank You

Keynote AddressIEEE PES ISGT Asia2014, Kuala Lumpur [ 20-23 May 2014 ]