impact of ultraviolength ray on bacterial isolates of well ... · was dwlindling after the four...
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International Journal of Health, Nursing & Medicine ISSN: 2193-3715, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 10 - 22
Zambrut
Zambrut.com. Publication date: September, 2019.
Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
10
Impact of Ultraviolength Ray
on Bacterial Isolates
of Well Water (Studied from Ikeji – Arakeji Metropolis)
Balogun, O. B.1 & Ayilara-Akande, S. O.
2
1Balogun, O. B. &
2Ayilara-Akande, S. O.
1Department of Biological Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji Osun State, Nigeria
2Department of Microbiology, Federal University Technology, Oye Ekiti, Nigeria
Abstract: Wellwater can be a source of drinking water for both rural and urban settlement but
can also be source of pathogenic organism which can be threat to human being. The present
study was designed to enumerate, isolate and identify microorganisms and physicochemical
assessment of well water from Ikeji-Arakeji was also determine, also to investigate the effect
of Ultraviolet ray (UV) on the populations, identities of bacteria and also on the
physicochemical conditions from selected well water sample and was collected from Ikeji
Arakeji Metropolis. Bacterial and physicochemical analysis was done before exposure to UV
light which is the control and after exposure to UV light at 254nm. So it’s imperative to carry
out bacterial analysis on wellwater. The microbial analysis was carried out by standard
methods. The bacteria isolated from waste water samples were Proteus aureus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter
aerogenes, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas florescens, Citrobacter spp, Escherichia coli
and Micrococcus luteus. The pH of the well sample was neutral after treated with UV light
while mean temperature was (25°C) and the mean colour was (18.83 co/pt) highest mean
chemical composition value was Total Dissolve solid (TDS) 165 (mg/l).. The bacterial load
was dwlindling after the four hours exposure to the Ultraviolent light, Enterobacter
aerogenes, Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Salmonella typhi was not inhibited after the 24
hours of exposure. It also had dwindling effect on physicochemical parameters of the
wellwater. The presence of pathogens in water for drinking is of public health significance
considering the possibility of the presence of other bacteria, that are implicated in
gastrointestinal infection water borne diseases. It was observed that there was high
population of bacteria in the wellwater sample before exposure to Ultraviolet ray 1.25× 103
the microbial population were observed been reduced to 8.5× 103. It is therefore
recommended that wellwater from industries should be treated with ultraviolet ray before
drinking especially in rural settlements. This will help reduce microbial population that
constitute a serious hazard to public health that are implicated in gastro-intestinal water
borne diseases.
Keywords: Microorganisms, Physicochemical parameters, Ultraviolet ray & Bacterial load.
International Journal of Health, Nursing & Medicine ISSN: 2193-3715, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 10 - 22
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the
world’s streams, lakes, oceans, and rain, and is
the major constituent of the fluids of living
things (Ashbolt et al., 2001). As a chemical
compound a water molecule contains one
oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent bonds (Boboye, 2017). It
is the only substance occuring in three phases
as solid, liquid and gas on earth surface, it
dissolves more substances in greater quantities
than any other common liquids. The public
health significance of water quality cannot be
over emphasized (Aksu and Vur, 2004). Many
infectious diseases are transmitted by water
through the faecal-oral route. Diseases
contacted through drinking water kill about five
(5) million children annually and make 1/6th of
the world population sick (WHO, 2004).
Wellwater is an excavation or structure created
in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or
drilling to access ground waters in underground
aquifers. Water of good drinking quality is of
basic importance to human physiology as well
as indispensable to man continued existence. Its
role as a medium of water borne disease which
constitutes a significant percentage of the
diseases that affect human and animals cannot
be underestimated (Ballester and Sunyer,
2000). This is the most important concern about
the quality of water. Guideline for
bacteriological water differs from country to
country but they all conform to WHO
recommendation (Blatchley et al., 2003).
The standards for drinking water are most
stringent than those for recreational waters.
Availablity of facilities and financial
constraints are the major obstacles in the
provision of water of good quality in
developing countries and rural areas
(Bezuidenhou et al., 2002). In Nigeria, treated
pipe borne water is limited to urban areas and
there is inadequate treated pipe borne water for
rural areas because of frequent epileptic supply.
Such services may not even be available in
certain areas in Nigeria. Due to this scenario,
an increasing number of people in semi urban
and urban areas in Nigeria including Ikeji
Arakeji Osun State depends on wellwater as
their source of water supply. There has been
increasing cases of food and water borne
diseases in many parts of the country (Nigeria)
particularly typhoid fever and cholera
(Balogun, 2016). The introduction of water
treatment plants and various disinfection
processes and frequent bacteriological analysis
of water quality ensured the delivery of safe
drinking water and this have drastically reduced
the occurence of water borne illness (Dada et
al., 1990). The occasional occurence of
waterborne disease outbreaks, however, points
out the continuing importance of strict
supervision and control over the quality of
public and private water supplies.
The supply of reliable wholesome drinking
water that is colourless, odourless, tasteless,
and free of pathoogens (W.H.O, 2014) is
important in promoting healthy living (Ajayi et
al., 2008). Up till date, availabilty of
wholesome drinking water in the developing
nations remains a critical and urgent problem
with immense social and health concern to
homes, communities, government and
international community (Akhlaq et al., 1990).
Ultraviolet or UV energy is found in the
electromagnetic spectrum between visible light
and x-rays and can best be described as
invisible radiation. In order to kill
microorganisms, the ultraviolet rays must
actually strike the cell (Bitton, 1994).
Ultraviolet energy penetrates the outer cell
membrane, passes through the cell body and
disrupts its DNA preventing reproduction
(Awad et al., 2003; Gordan et al., 1996;
Lamikaran, 1999).
The degree of inactivation by ultraviolet
radiation is directly related to the UV dose
applied to the water (Edema et al., 2001). The
dosage, a product of UV light intensity and
exposure time is measured in microwatt second
per square centimeter. The accompanying table
lists dosage requirements to destroy common
microorganisms (Blatchley et al., 1993). Most
UV units are designed to provide a dosage
greater than 30,000 after one year of continuous
operation. Notice that UV does not effectively
disinfect some organisms (most molds,
protozoa, and cysts of Giardia lamblia and
Cryptosporidium) since they require a higher
dose. The classical use of UV light has
occurred in biological safety cabinets in
laboratories, although in recent years its used
has been extended to inactivation of
microorganisms in the food-processing
industry, in potable water, and in wastewater)
(Ballester and Sunyer, 2000). Ultraviolet light
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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inactivates microorganisms by forming
pyrimidine dimers in RNA and DNA, which
can interfere with transcription and replication
(Reintheler et al., 1987). The germicidal effect
of UV light treatment is dependent on microbial
exposure, but when used on opaque foods with
irregular surfaces, UV light may cause less
microbial destruction. Although the opacity and
high absorption coefficient of milk has been
considered a barrier to the use of UV light as a
disinfectant, UV light treatment of milk has
been shown to reduce bacterial counts of
monocytogenes in goat milk and
Staphylococcus. aureus in cow milk (Kreft, et
al., 1986). Therefore, the objectives of this
study this study will be investigating the
bacterial content of well water that serves as the
major source of drinking water in Ikeji Arakeji
Osun State, a semi urban area in Nigeria, also
to determine the eff of UV light on microbial
load, identities and physicochemical properties.
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 STERILIZATION OF MATERIALS
All glassware’s used at all stages of analysis
were thoroughly washed with detergent and
rinsed properly with distilled water to remove
all traces of residual washing compounds. The
glassware’s were wrapped with aluminum foil
paper and sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC
for 15 minutes.
2.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
For the purpose of this study, water sample was
collected from a well in Ikeji-Arakeji village, of
Osun state. The sample was collected with a
clean sterile bottle water container which had
been passed through ultraviolet light screen for
twenty four hours. The bottle was fitted with
screw cap and neck of the bottle was protected
with aluminum foil. The samples were
transported to the laboratory and examined
within six hours of collection to reduce changes
which might occur in the bacteria count of the
water.
The well is the dug type and all were covered.
The samples was collected by jerking the
drawer three to five times into the well and at
the sixth time the water was quickly drawn out
of the well, the bottle was rinsed with the
sample and it was poured into the bottle and
immediately covered with the aluminum foil
paper and fitted with screw cap.
2.1 Physicochemical Analysis
The physicochemical tests included the
determination of temperature, turbidity, odour,
colour, total solid, total dissolved solid,
dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand,
total suspended solid, pH, conductivity,
sulphate, chloride, nitrate, total acidity, partial
acidity, total hardness, phosphate, and chloride
content using the methods of FAO (1997).
2.2 Sterilization of materials
The glass wares were thoroughly washed with
detergent rinsed thoroughly with distilled water
and then allowed to dry. The glass wares were
sterilized in the hot air oven at 160°C for one
hour. The inoculating loop was also sterilized
by flaming. The work bench was disinfected by
swabbing with 95% ethanol. All work in the
laboratory was done in a sterile environment.
2.3 Preparation of media
The media used in this research work were
Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose agar, Mannitol
salt agar, MaConkey agar, Peptone water and
they were all prepared according to
manufacturer’s instructions. The media was
dissolved in the adequate amount of distilled
water. The media were all homogenized and
autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes.
2.4 Serial dilution method
Nine (9) ml of distilled water was measured
into each of the test tubes and sterilize at 121oC
for 15minutes using the autoclave. 1ml from the
stock was taken into the first test tube and serial
dilution was carried out. Bacteria were isolated
using pour plate technique with sterile Nutrient
agar and incubated at 37oC. The plates were
incubated at 37oC for 24hours. Sub culturing
was done repeatedly until pure culture was
obtained; colony counting was done by means
of a Gallenkamp colony counter.
2.5 Colonial morphology
Colonies of isolates were examined for the
forms, sizes, surface, colors, elevations,
margins, optical qualities.
2.6 Biochemical characterization
Identification of bacteria was based on
morphological characteristics such as edge,
size, optical characteristic, biochemical
characterization such as Gram staining, Motility
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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test, Sugar fermentation tests, Citrate, Catalase,
Indole, Methyl red, Voges-prauskauer, and
oxidase e.t.c, which is carryout according to
Chessbrough (2006) method.
2.7 Gram’s staining reaction
The gram stain is important in bacteriology
examination. It helps in two main groups,
possibly showing major evolutionary
relationships among organisms. The two groups
are designated as Gram positive (blue to purple
reaction to stain) and Gram negative (pink to
red reaction to stain). Smears of 24 hours old
isolates were placed on slides and heat fixed.
Crystal violet was first applied and allowed to
remain for 1 minute and washed off with water.
Grams iodine was added. This stayed for
another 1 minute and was later washed off. The
smear was decolorized with alcohol, washed
with water and counter stained with safranin.
Smear was then blot dried with clean filter
paper and observed under (x100) oil immersion
lens of the microscope. (Chukwura, 2001).
3. RESULTS
Table 1 shows the morphological characteristic of the isolates which is based on form, size, surface,
colour, elevation, margin,texture and optical quality.
TABLE 1: Morphological characterization of Isolates
Isolate
code Form Size Surface Colour Elevation Margin Texture
Optical
quality
F 1 Swarming Large Rough Cream Flat Lobate Dry Translucent
F 2 Circular Small Dull Cream Raised Entire Smooth Opaque
F 3 Irregular Large Dull White Raised Undulate Smooth Opaque
F 4 Circular Medium Dull Non
pigmented Flat Entire Mucoid Translucent
F 5 Circular Punctiform Dull Cream Convex Entire Mucoid Translucent
F 6 Irregular Small Glistering Greenish Umbonate Undulate Dry Opaque
F 7 Circular Large Dull Cream Raised Undulate Dry Translucent
F 8 Circular Medium Dull White Convex Entire Dry Opaque
Translucent
F 9 Circular Medium Glistering Cream Low
convex Entire Mucoid Translucent
F 10 Circular Small Smooth Yellow Raised Entire Mucoid Opaque
F 11 Circular Large Dull Yellow Convex Lobate Dry Opaque
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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Table 2 shows the microscopy and biochemical characteristics of the probable bacteria which is based
on gram stain result, motility, catalase, oxidase, methylred, vogesproskauer, glucose, lactose citrate
urease and indole test.
TABLE 2: Microscopy and biochemical characteristics of probable bacteria
Isolated
Bacteria
Gram
Stains Mo Cat Ox MR VP Glu Lac
Growth
on
EMB
Growth
On
SSA
Ci Ur In
Proteus spp. -R + + - + - + + - _ - + +
Klebsiella spp. -R - + - - + + + - _ + + -
Bacillus
subtilis +R + + N + + + - N _ + - -
Citrobacter
spp. -R + + - + - + + - _ + - +
Escherichia
coli. -R + + - - + + + + _ + - +
Pseudomonas
Fluorescens -R + + - + - - - - _ - + -
Enterobacter
aerogenes. -R + + - - + + - - _ + - -
Micrococcus
luteus. +C - + N - - + - - _ - - +
Salmonella
typhi. -R + + - + - + - - + - - -
Staphylococcus
aureus. +C - + N - + + - N _ - - -
Streptococcus
spp. +C - - N - - + - N _ - - -
KEYS: Mo, motility; Cat, catalase; Ox, Oxidase; MR, Methyl Red; VP, VogesProskaeur; Glu,
Glucose; Lac, Lactose; EMB, Eosin Methylene Blue; Ci, Citrate; Ur, Urea; In, Indole; –R, Gram
negative rod; +R, Gram Positive rod; -C, Gram negative Cocci; +C. Gram Positive cocci; - Negative
reaction; + Positive reaction; N,
Figure 1: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load on waste water from well water
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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Figure 1: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load on waste water from Wellwater
Figure 2: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load from well water using Statistical analysis
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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Table 5 : Effect of UV light on the probable bacteria isolated from well water
Isolated
Bacteria
0
Time
(Hour)
6
12
18
24
Proteus spp. + + + + -
Klebsiella spp. + + + - -
Bacillus subtilis + + + + +
Citrobacter
spp. + + + + -
Escherichia
coli. + + + + +
Pseudomonas
Fluorescens + + + + +
Enterobacter
aerogenes. + + + + +
Micrococcus
luteus. + + + + +
Salmonella
typhi. + + + + +
Staphylococcus
aureus. + + - - -
Streptococcus
spp. + + + - -
Table 1: Shows the physicochemical properties of wellwater
Chemical
parameters Range Grand mean
Standard
Deviation CV%
pH 6.45-7.22
6.7 0.35 5.2
Chloride(mg/l) 6.44-8.41 7.37 1.01 13.7
Total
hardness(mg/l)
500-690
585.33 87.1`9 14.9
Sulphate(mg/l) 8.30-22.2 15.35 7.53 19.1
Nitrate(mg/l) 7.00-8.46 6.4 0.54 8.46
Phosphate(mg/l) 100.5-206.5 7.86 0.81 42.6
Total solid(mg/l) 100.5-206.5 161.6
68.87 56.3
Total Dissolve
Solid(mg/l) 80-250.3 165.3 93.11 62.02
Total Suspended
Solid(mg/l) 15.6-64.5 24.5 24.5 62.02
Partial Alkalinity 0.0-0.05 0.037 0.02 60.70
Total
Alkanity(mg/l)
45-69.9
56.98
13.14
23.1
Sodium(mg/l) 6.24-15.23 10.73 4.90 45.6
Potassium(mg/l) 3.25-17.27 9.45 6.83 72.3
Dissolve
Oxygen(mg/l) 1.6-0.45 3.97 2.56 64.5
Biological
Oxygen Demand 2.5-9.57 5.81 3.56 61.2
Total acidity 3.0-8.0 5.49 2.41 43.94
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
Water ................
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condturbiditycolourtemp
40
30
20
1 0
0
Data
Individual Value Plot of temp, colour, ...
Figure 1: Statistical analysis using individual value plot.
Figure 2 : Physical properties of raw and treated water
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
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Figure 3: Mineral composition of raw and treated water
4. DISCUSSION
Eleven bacteria were isolated form well water
in Ikeji-Arakeji metropolis, colonial and
biochemical characterization was done to know
the probable isolates in the study, eleven
bacterial genera were routinely isolated in the
water sample which includes pathogens and
opportunistic pathogens (Pearce, 2007).
Members of the Enterobacteriaceae
predominated in the bacterial isolated and this
includes, the genera Escherichia, Bacillus,
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus,
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus,
Salmonella, Shigella and Enterobacter. Showed
the frequency of distribution of the bacterial
isolates in the sampling points and it was
revealed that the bacterial isolates Escherichia
coli, Salmonella spp, Bacillus subtillis and
Enterobacter spp. were the most prevalent
isolates, while the least prevalent were Shigella
spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp. This
further confirmed faecal contamination as a
major source of water pollution in the rainy
season.
The bacteriological assessment of well water
reveals the presence of bacterial contaminants
and this is in agreement with the findings. high
total bacterial count is indicative of the
presence of high organic and dissolved salts in
the water. The primary sources of these bacteria
in water are animal and human wastes (Adetuyi
et al., 2017). These sources of bacterial
contamination include surface runoff, pasture
and other land areas where animal wastes are
deposited. Additional sources include seepage
or discharge from septic tanks, sewage
treatment facilities and natural soil /plant
bacteria (EPA, 2002).
Escherichia coli are a taxonomically well-
defined member of the family (Meylan et al.,
1996). It is abundant in human and animal
faeces, it is found in sewage, and all natural
waters and soil subject to recent fecal
contamination, whether from humans, wild
animals, or agricultural activity (Wilson et al.,
1993). E.coli is widely preferred as an index of
fecal contamination and is widely used as an
indicator of treatment effectiveness. The
presence of E.coli, as with the presence of
thermo tolerant coliform, is significant to water
safety (Schlegel, 2002).
Pseudomonas spp are bacteria that are
environmentally widespread, with some being
opportunistic pathogens (Prescott et al., 2005).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found
in soil, feaces, water, and sewage but cannot be
used as an index of fecal contamintion, since it
is not invariably present in sewage and feaces
and may also multiply in the enriched aquatic
environment and on the surface of organic
materials in contact with water (Neden et al.,
1992).
Proteus spp are widely distributed in nature as
saprophytes, being found in decomposing
animal matter, sewage, manure soil, and in
human and animal feces. They are opportunistic
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
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pathogens commonly responsible for urinary
and septic infections, often nosocomial. There
are three species namely; (Prescott et al., 2005).
The isolation of bacterial genera known to be
pathogenic in man, calls for a serious concern.
Specifically, E. coli, S. aureus B. subtilis, S.
pyrogenes, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, and
Enterobacter spp. were isolated during research
work
The microorganism where exposed to 24 hours
of Ultraviolent ray to check for inhibiting effect
on the bacterial load and the bacteria isolated.
There was heavy bacterial load at the beginning
of the experiment as time increases there was
dwindling effect on the population of bacteria
may be because of disinfecting ability of
Ultraviolet ray which is consistent to the
findings. Some of the microorganisms were
seen throughout the experiment such microbes
are Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Salmonella typhi, Proteus spp. The pH of 7.22
of the wellwater sample were in agreement with
pH assigned by EPA as the standard pH of
which was reduces to 6.5 after application of
UV light (Kadam et al., 2007).
The colour of the wellwater samples were not
in agreement with the standard limit for colour
of drinking water recommended by EPA. The
standard colour limit recommended by 15
(colour unit) (EPA, 2002) while the colour of
the sample was 18 pt/co but reduce exigently to
the standard limit. The low turbidity observed
with the surface waters were in agreement with
FAO standards on turbidity. High turbidity is
often associated with higher levels of disease
causing microorganism such as bacteria and
other parasites. Rivers may get contaminated
from soil runoff thereby increases its turbidity,
which is a measure of cloudiness of water
(FAO, 1997). Fewer number of disease causing
microorganisms may be an indication of lower
turbidity value experienced with well samples.
At no time can turbidity (Cloudiness of water)
go above 5 nephelometric units (NTU) (Boboye
et al., 2017). The total dissolved solid of all
water samples are in agreement with the
environmental protection agency standard of
500mg/l.
Total dissolved solid in drinking water has been
associated with natural sources, sewage urban
runoff, industrial waste water and chemical
used in the water treatment process (though of
aesthetic rather than health hazards (Bohrerova
et al., 2006).
Biochemical oxygen demand, COD, ammonia,
chloride, nitrate were below the detection limit
of the techniques, suggesting that organic
matter is absent or is present in very low
amounts in the water which is similar to the
findings of Adetuyi et al. (2017).
Phosphate level in wellwater was above the
3mg/l. This limit should be controlled to avoid
eutrophication of the ponds (Boboye et al.,
2017). Phosphate may be introduced into the
wellwater through through surface run off and
could also be from the building materials
(Ashbolt et al., 2001).
Sulphate concentration in the wellwater without
concrete varied from 8.22 (mg/l) after
application of ultraviolet ray and (22 mg/l)
without the application of ultraviolet ray so the
concrete wellwater significantly higher than
that of non concrete wellwater. These values
are similar to that of boboye et al. (2017) (68
mg/l) and different from Qin et al. (2012) who
reported 0.66-1.09mg/l in his research. He
suggested the use of detergent and soaps by
residents which got into the water body may be
responsible for the high value of sulphate
(Schwartz et al., 2010). Electrical conductivity
is a useful indicator of mineralization and
salinity or total salt in a water sample. The FAO
acceptable limit for conductivity in aquaculture
is 20-1500 μs/cm (Wolfe, 1990). This limit was
not exceeded in the wellwater before and after
exposure to ultraviolet ray. The iron content of
the water samples used in this study is in
agreement with EPA standard of 0.3mg/l
(Wilson, et al., 1993). The chloride content or
limit recommended by EPA is 250mg/l, this is
in agreement with the chloride content of all the
water samples analysed. All parameters of
physicochemical analysis have been
documented as National Secondary Drinking
Water Regulation (Balogun et al., 2019), they
are non enforceable guidelines regulating
contaminants that may cause cosmetic effect
(such as taste, odour or colour) in drinking
water (EPA, 2002)
Ultraviolet water purifiers destroy harmful
microbes, including yeast, bacteria, algae,
molds, virus and oocysts near the UV light. UV
light deactivates the DNA of bacteria, viruses
and other pathogens, which destroys their
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Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well
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ability to multiply and cause disease. (Adetuyi
et al., 2017)
As UV light penetrates through the cell wall
and cytoplasmic membrane, it causes a
molecular rearrangement of the
microorganism’s DNA, which prevents it from
reproducing. Specifically, UV light causes
damage to the nucleic acid of microorganisms
by forming covalent bonds between certain
adjacent bases in the DNA Schwartz et al
(2000). The formation of such bonds prevents
the DNA from being “unzipped” for
replication, and the organism is unable to
reproduce (Ajayi, 2008). Klebsiella spp and
streptococcus were inhibited at eighteen (18)
hours which is in congruent to the findings of
Wilson et al. (1993), Citrobacter spp was
inhibited at 24 hours which is in correlation to
the work done by Kreft (2006). Proteus spp,
Enterobacter aerogenes. Pseudomonas
Fluorescens and Salmonella typhi. was not
inhibited.
Ultraviolet treatment involves the conversion of
electrical energy in a low-pressure mercury
vapor (USEPA, 1996). Because of the
purification properties of the soil, however it
can be contaminated. Ground water are found
to be contaminated due to improper
construction, shallowness, animal wastes,
proximity to toilet facilities, sewage, refuse
dump sites and various human activities around
the well (Bitton, 1994).
The total bacteria counts for the water sample
are generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0x
103cfu/ml which is the standard limit of
heterotrophic count for drinking water (EPA,
2002). The primary sources of these bacteria in
water include animal and human wastes and the
two sources of bacterial include pasture, surface
run off, leaching of effluents which can lead to
oral faecal contamination and other land areas
where animal wastes had been deposited.
(Balogun et al., 2019).
Although 100% destruction of microorganism
cannot be guaranteed, it is possible to achieve
99.9% reduction in certain applications and
with proper maintenance and in order for a UV
unit to successfully disinfect water some
criteria or variables must be considered and
also there are dosage required for Ultraviolet to
carry out 99.9% destruction of various
organisms e.g bacteria recirculating system
(Balogun et al., 2016). UV units are most often
used in constant flow recirculating systems.
5. CONCLUSION
The outcome of this study has shown that there
is high incidence of contamination in well
water by pathogenic organisms. The water
research conducted on is not fit for
consumption or usage but treatment with
ultraviolet light have denaturing effect on
pathogenic microbes isolated from wellwater.
Also most of the physicochemical properties
except few parameters were reported with
lower values than the permissible level, even
the few parameter values were essentially
reduce below the standard value after
application of UV light. There was no
significant different between the values of
elemental composition that was exposed to UV
light compared to those that was not exposed.
6. RECOMMENDATION
I therefore recommend that wells should be dug
at least 30meters away from toilet and refuse,
dump sites and should be very deep and
covered adequately. Also, water around this
area should undergo UV treatment before being
used for drinking purposes because it assures
99% of destruction of organisms from water
without posing any danger to the health of the
masses.
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