Impact of Marine Outfall Systems on Environment : Indian Scenario

Dr. N. Jayaraju Dept. of Geology

Yogi Vemana University KADAPA- 516 003, AP

I N D I A

India’s Coastline • India has a coastline of 7,500km and

2,000km wide Exclusive Economic Zone. • The Indian coastline supports almost 30%

of its human population. • The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are

rich Marine Biodviersity grounds. • India continues to be the 7 the largest

marine fishing nation in the world

Characteristics of West & East Coasts of India

West Coast • Flat sea bed slopes (1:100 to

1:500) • Wide continental shelf (about

250 km) • Tidal range: 1 to 6 m • Strong tidal currents • Wave climate less severe • About 2 cyclones per year • Southwest monsoon (may to

sep.) • Littoral drift negligible • Only two major rivers

debouch in Arabian sea. • Bed material: clay, silty-clay

East Coast Steep sea bed slopes (1:30 to 1:100) Narrow continental shelf (about 20 km) Tidal range : 1 to 2.5 m Weak tidal currents Severe wave climate Frequent cyclones (about 5 per year) Two monsoons : south west (May to Sept) and northwest (Oct. to Jan.) Heavy littoral drift: 0.5 M cum. At Chennai to 1.5 M cum at Paradip. Almost all rivers debouch into bay of Bengal. High source of sediment. Bed material: fine sand.

Marine Habitats of India • Sandbanks which are slightly covered by

seawater all the time • Estuaries • Mudflats and sand flats not covered by

seawater at low tide • Large shallow inlets and bays • Lagoons • Reefs • Submerged or partly submerged sea

caves

Study Area

Indicators of stress in crustaceans 1. Disoriented movements 2. Abnormal muscle opacity 3. Retardation of moulting 4. Disease in carapace & exoskeleton – white spots 5. Black gills 6. Attachment of filamentous bacteria and Protozoan as epidictic biofoulents or external surfaces 7. Increased number of bacteria in haemolymph "

Indicators of stress in Bivalve Molluscs

1. Abnormal shell formation 2. Mantle recession 3. Lag in gametogenesis 4. Pale digestive gland 5. Regress of digestive tubules 6. Edema 7. High taurine/glycine (aminoacid) ratios in gill and mantle tissue 8. Destabilization of intercellular lysosomal memebranes, resulting in autolysis of cells. 9. Slow growth and reduced "scope for growth

EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON MARINE ORGANISMS

1. Bioconcentration The bioconcentration is the process by which a contaminant such as oil is directly taken up (i.e., by absorption only) from water and is accumulated to levels greater than those found in the surrounding water. 2. Bioaccumulation Marine organisms can accumulate chemical species in amounts far exceeding their surrounding (sea water or sediment) concentrations. 3. Biomagnification Biomagnification is the increase in tissue concentrations of a bioaccumulated chemical substance such as oil as it passes up though the trophic levels. 4. Biodegradation Biodegradation is the process of degradation of a contaminant such as oil because of its use as a food a source for certain microorganisms. This process is limited to a great extent by temperature, nutrients and oxygen availability

Non-Point Marine out Falls (Mumbai )

Marine Out Falls

Point & Non- Point Source Out Falls

Marine Out fall Pollution along East Coast of India

Effects of out falls Systems • Water quality, e.g. increase of suspended solids concentration and potential release of contaminants during dredging or • Disposal; leaching of contaminants from disposal sites;

• Habitats and natural areas, e.g. habitat enhancement or • Creation, removal or destruction of benthos, smothering; • Local communities, e.g. the effects of noise; increased labour opportunities; • Changes to bathymetry or topography; • Physical processes, e.g. waves, currents, or drainage, and

hence erosion or deposition;

• Archaeological assets, e.g. shipwrecks; • Recreation, e.g. sailing, swimming and beach use; • Economic activities, e.g. commercial fishing; • Improved infrastructure.

Some of the Physico-Chemical Parameters along East Coast of India

Plate 1. ( Scale = 100µm) Adelosina laevigata d’Orbigny,

Adelosina semistriata d’Orbigny, Ammobaculites exiguus Cushmann and

Bronnimann, side view Ammonia beccarii (Linne’), dorsal view Ammonia beccarii (Linne’), ventral view

Ammonia dentata (Parker and Jones), Ammonia dentata (Parker and Jones), Ammotium cassis (Parker), side view Asterorotalia trispinosa (Thalmann),

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jones), Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jones),

Elphidium advenum (Cushman), Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), side view

Elphidium discoidale (d’Orbigny), Elphidium excavatum (Terquem), Elphidium excavatum (Terquem),

Plate 2. ( Scale = 100µm) Elphidium hispidulum (Cushmann), Elphidium norvangi (Buzas, Smith) Elphidium norvangi (Buzas, Smith)

Eponides cribrorepandus (Asano and Uchio), ventral view

Haplophragmoides hancoki, (Maync&Cushman side view Hanzawaia nipponica Asano, Hanzawaia nipponica Asano,

Miliolinella subrotunda (Montagu), Nonion grateloupi (d’Orbigny),

Nonionellina labrodorica (Dawson), Pararotalia nipponica

Pararotalia nipponica Asano, Quinqueloculina agglutinans

Quinqueloculina cliarensis (Heron-Allen and Earland), Quinqueloculina horrida Cushman, Quinqueloculina

lamarckiana

Plate 3. ( Scale = 100µm) Quinqueloculina milletti (Wiesner), Quinqueloculina parkeri (Brady),

Quinqueloculina patagonica d’Orbigny, Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linne’), side view Quinqueloculina stalkeri Loeblich and Tappan,

Rosalina globularis d’Orbigny, dorsal view Reophax nodulosa Brady, side view

Rolshausenia rolshauseni (Cushman and ) Spiroloculina depressa d’Orbigny, side view

Spiroloculina henbesti Petri, side view Siphogenerina raphanus ( Parker and Jones), Textularia agglutinans (d’Orbigny), side view Triloculina striatotrigonula Parker and Jones, Triloculina tricarinata d’Orbigny, side view

Trochammina globigeriniformis Parker Trochammina globigeriniformis Parker

World Marine Pollution

Conclusions • This study helped in understanding the distribution

character of bioindicator - foraminifera and their distinctive morphological variations due to marine outfalls along coasts of India.

• Coastal pollution is so high compared to the natural background impact that could be that the abnormalities among foraminiferal test morphology represent a useful proxies for marine outfall pollution

• Although it is not a direct bearing to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic effects/ stress on foraminifera, in the present study, the pollution is so high compared to natural background impact that could be the abnormalities among foraminiferal test morphology (plates 1-3) represent a useful proxies for marine outfall pollution.

Man-Marine Pollution

Acknowledgments • Financial support extended by the

Local Organizing Committee of the SQU, Muscat , OMAN, is greatly appreciated.

• Prof B. Syam Sunder , Vice-Chancellor, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India is thanked for permission

THANK YOU