impact of 2012 drought & corn production research update agronomy in-service january 4, 2013...
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Impact of 2012 Drought & Corn Production Research Update
Agronomy In-service January 4, 2013
Peter Thomison
Horticulture and Crop Science
Ohio State University
0
20
40
60
80
100
Progress of 2012 Corn Crop
% complete
4/1 5/21 9/21 11/26
Planting Harvest
= Normal = 2012
Start & Finish Dates
79% of the corn crop was planted by May 7
Precipitation Across Ohio, April 1-Sept 30, 2012.
17
21 2023
2124
2023
2023
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inch
es
NW NE SW SE State
Region
2012 Long Term Average
GDD Accumulation across Ohio, April 1-Sept 30, 2012.
31652885 2949
2678
34293169 3304 3021 3246
2967
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
GD
D
NW NE SW SE State
Region
2012 Long Term Average
Drought Stressed Corn - Early Vegetative Stages-
P. R. Thomison, OSU B-1-102
“Floppy Corn” Caused by
Rootless Corn
Drought stress
in CornNW Ohiolate June
2012
Drought stress in corn. Columbus, OHlate June 2012
Drought stressed corn
near tassel emergence
Drought Effects on Development
“Nubbin Ears” due to
drought stress
in CornNW Ohiolate June
2012
Poor kernel set due to
record heat and drought
NW Ohio 2012
Drought Effects on Ear Development
Water Use Rates for Corn
Growth Stage
Inches per Day
Growth Stage
Inches per Day
VE-V4 0.06 R1 0.30
V4-V8 0.10 R2 0.26
V9-V11 0.18 R3 0.24
V12 0.24 R4 0.20
VT 0.28 R5 0.18
Effects of Drought on Corn Yield During Several Stages of Growth*Stage of Development Percent Yield Reduction
Early Vegetative 5-10
Tassel Emergence 10-25
Silk Emergence, Pollen Shedding
40-50
Blister 30-40
Dough 20-30
* After four consecutive days of visible leaf wilting
High temperatures impact on corn (E. Taylor, Iowa State University, 2012)
• When soil moisture is sufficient, corn does not have a measurable yield response to one day of temperatures between 93F to 98 F
• 4th consecutive day with a max temperature of 93 F or above, results in a 1 percent yield loss
• 5th day an additional 2 percent loss
• 6th day an additional 4 percent loss.
Stress Degree Days (SDDs) for corn
• SDDs for corn calculated by determining daily maximum temperatures minus 86 added up for the growing season
• Ohio accumuated 203 SDDs by July 15.
• Usually above 140 SDDs for an entire season means below trend line yields.
Stress Degree Days - S. Charleston, OH2009 (242 bu/A) vs. 2012 (234 bu/A)
Stress Degree Days - Hoytville, OH2009 (164 bu/A) vs. 2012 (178 bu/A)
8 0 6
35 38
73
10
161
5643
5 20
20406080
100120140160180
Str
ess
Deg
ree
Day
s
April May June July Aug Sept
Month2009 2012
Stress Degree Days - Wooster, OH2009 (247 bu/A) vs. 2012 (194 bu/A)
0 0 0
198
40
0
98
14
47
0 40
20
40
60
80
100
120
Str
ess
Deg
ree
Day
s
April May June July Aug Sept
Month2009 2012
Grain Yield vs. Stress Degree Days* 2012 OCPT
y = 0.005x + 196.24
R2 = 0.0002
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Stress Deg. Days
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
* Accumulated stress degree days, May-Aug
Root lodging resulting from wind storms SW Ohio, June 29-July 1, 2012
Root lodging damage due to wind stormsSW Ohio, 6/30-7/1 2012
Green snap resulting from wind stormsSW Ohio, 6/29-7/1/2012
Green snap resulting from wind stormsSW Ohio, 6/29-7/1/2012
Major stand loss caused by green snap
SW Ohio, 6/29-7/1/2012
Greensnap at OCPT sites, 2012
Test Average Range
----------------------%----------------------
S. Charleston
Early 7 0-52
Full 5 0-32
U. Sandusky
Early 3 0-19
Full 3 0-40
Van Wert
Early 1 0-15
Full 1 0-27
% Greensnap effects on yield, S.Charleston, OH Early Maturity Test,
By Hybrid, averaged across Reps
y = -1.3551x + 235.62
R2 = 0.3763
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% Greensnap
Yiel
d (B
u/A
)
% Greensnap effects on yield, S. Charleston, OH Full Season Test,
by hybrid, averaged across reps
y = -1.3981x + 247.61R 2 = 0.2595
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10 15 20 25
% Greensnap
Yiel
d (B
u/A
)
Corn Cropping Systems 2012 Field Studies
Hybrid drought tolerance Hybrid x planting depth x planting
depth interactions Stobilurin effects on N use efficiency Hybrid x population interactions Hybrid maturity effects on grain fill Ohio Corn Performance Test (OCPT)
Does hybrid response to planting depth vary on different soil types and planting dates?
• Locations (soil types)– OCPT (10 sites – 2011, 2012)– NW, SC (w/planting 3 planting dates*,
2012 only)
• *Planting dates – early April, May, June
• Hybrids: 3 (varying in drought rating)– 107 day – 108 day– 109 day
Planting Depth Affects Emergence
Source: http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0150.html
½ in.
2 in.
>3 in.
Competition from larger, earlier emerging plants can influence the performance of
smaller, later emerging plants.
VE
V2
V4
Current Corn Recommendations Planting Depth Adjustments
• Under “normal” conditions, plant corn 1.5 to 2-inches deep.
• Plant slightly shallower in April and slightly deeper w/late May plantings
Planting Depth Effects on Yield, Final Stand and Runts, 10 OCPT Locations,
2011
194
221 223
150160170180190200210220230240250
0.5 1.5 3.0
27201
34179 34040
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
0.5 1.5 3.0
28
5 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.5 1.5 3.0
Yield (Bu/A) Population (ppa) % Late emergers
Planting Depth (inches)
Planting Depth Effects on Yield, Final Stand and Runts, 10 Ohio Locations, 2012
121
181 182
100110120130140150160170180190200
0.5 1.5 3.0
19457
3202930875
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0.5 1.5 3.0
31
63
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.5 1.5 3.0
Yield (Bu/A) Population (ppa) % Runts
Planting Depth
Planting Depth and Planting Date Effects on Yield and Final Stand. Hoytville, OH, 2012
101 103
89
123 124 119
140
164
149
75
95
115
135
155
175
Yiel
d (B
u/A)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.028
931 31
908
3165
4
2907
6 3114
5
2624
5
2297
8
3259
7
2642
6
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Fina
l Sta
nd (p
pa)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.0
Planting Depth and Planting Date Effects on Yield and Final Stand, S.
Charleston, OH Crosby silt loam, 2012
156160 157 161 165 161
121 119 118
100
120
140
160
180
200
Yiel
d (B
u/A)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.0
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
Fina
l Sta
nd (p
pa)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.0
Planting Depth and Planting Date Effects on Yield and Final Stand, S. Charleston, OH
Kokomo silty clay loam, 2012
20000
25000
30000
35000
Fina
l Sta
nd (p
pa)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.0
174178
169
157 159 156
142152
157
100
120
140
160
180
200
Yiel
d (B
u/A)
April May JunePlanting Date
0.5 1.5 3.0
Planting date effects on root lodging† S. Charleston, OH, 2012
3020
46
85
0 0
0102030405060708090
% R
oo
t L
od
gin
g
4/18 5/12 6/8
Planting Date
Kokomo Crosby
† June 30-July 1, 2012
Planting date effects on greensnap† S. Charleston, OH, 2012
1 1
11
5
0 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
% G
reen
snap
4/18 5/12 6/8
Planting Date
Kokomo Crosby† June 30-July 1, 2012
Planting date and hybrid effects on greensnap† on two soil types, S.
Charleston, OH, 2012
1 1 1
31
1 1 0 0 0 0 10
14
11 0 0 00
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
% G
reen
snap
4/18 5/12 6/8 4/18 5/12 6/8
Planting Date
107-day 108-day 109-day
Kokomo Crosby
† June 30-July 1, 2012
New Drought Tolerant Corn Hybrids
• DuPont Pioneer– Optimum AQUAmax hybrids – “8.1% yield increase under water stress conditions”– “1.8% yield bump in well-watered conditions”
• Syngenta– Agrisure Artesian hybrids– “have the potential to increase yield up to 15% in
moderate-to-severe drought conditions with no yield drag under optimal moisture.”
• Monsanto (w/BASF)– Genuity DroughtGard transgenic hybrids
Evaluation of planting date and seeding rate effects on drought tolerant corn hybrids
• Locations– OCPT (10 sites – 2011, 2012)– NW, SC, WO (2011 only)
• *Planting dates – early May vs. early June
• Target plant populations
18,000;26,000;34,000;42,000;50,000 plants/A
• Hybrids: 2 - 4 four drought tolerant hybrids compared with conventional hybrids of similarmaturity (102, 111, 113, and 114 days)
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids, S. Charleston, OH 2011
232224 224
219228
222
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 114 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NSNS NS
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids,
Hoytville, OH 2011
206199 203 205 205
202
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 114 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
* NS NS
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids,
Wooster, OH 2011
219 217
239
226 229222
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 114 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NS
**
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids, S. Charleston, OH 2012
219 220
247
218
234224
238 235 235225
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 111 113 114 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NS
** NS
*
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids,
Hoytville, OH 2012
162172 174
184176
185 186
177 175
187
100
120
140
160
180
200
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 111 113 114 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
** * * *
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids, S. Charleston, OH 2012
Planted May 14
226 230
241
225
234
227
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
Planted June 8
191 191 194207
192 199
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Yield
(Bu/A
)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NS*
NS
NS
**
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids,
Hoytville, OH 2012
Planted May 3
149
137
163
156 156
146
100
120
140
160
180
200
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
Planted June 7
186 184197
186191
185
100
120
140
160
180
200
Yield
(Bu/A)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NS
*
**
* *
Comparison of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Hybrids,
Wooster, OH 2012
Planted May 7
194
185
212
199203
192
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
Planted June 6
197 196
212 210 204 203
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Yield
(Bu/A
)
102 113 ALL
Hybrid Maturity (days)
DT Conv.
NS* ** NS
NS
2012 - Closing Thoughts• Plant a mix of adapted hybrid maturities
• Plant full season hybrids first then early to mid maturities to optimize yields
• Avoid shallow plantings depths (especially when planting late)
• Consider adapted drought tolerant hybrids, but remember many conventional hybrids have good drought tolerance
Information for Ohio’s Crop Producers When They Need it on
the WebOSU Crop Observation and Recommendation
Network Newsletter(The C.O.R.N. Newsletter)
http://corn.osu.edu
- Published weekly in season- Archives of past issues
- Pictures & description of crop problems
Publications & Research ResultsCrop Markets, Weather Links &
Other Useful Links
THANK YOU Questions?
2012 Drought
Abnormal ear development due to greensnap
Drought Effects on Ear Development
“Tip Dieback”
Drought Increases Kernel Abortion
Zipper Ear Symptoms
Seeding Rates Affects “Zipper Ears”
27,500 38,500 49,500Seeds per Acre
Drought Effects on Ear Development
“Tip Dieback”
Drought Increases Kernel Abortion
Zipper Ear Symptoms
Seeding Rates Affects “Zipper Ears”
27,500 38,500 49,500Seeds per Acre
Drought Effects –
Leaf Rolling
P. R. Thomison, OSU B-2-8
CommonCornSmut2012
CornSmut2012
Plant that was Plant that was 2 leaf stages 2 leaf stages
behind is behind is late to silk.late to silk.
Source: J. Coulter, U. of Minnesota
Yields of 2012 OCPT Planting Depth Study
144172 168
86
196 202
0
50
100
150
200
250
Yie
ld (
Bu
/A)
Late April/Early May Mid May
0.5 1.5 3.0Planting Depth (inches)
Final Stand of 2012 OCPT Planting Depth Study
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Fin
al S
tan
d (
pla
nts
/A)
Late April/Early May Mid May
0.5 1.5 3.0Planting Depth (inches)
“Runts” of 2012 OCPT Planting Depth Study
84 3
45
10
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
% R
un
ts
Late April/Early May Mid May
0.5 1.5 3.0Planting Depth (inches)
New Drought Tolerant Corn
• DuPont Pioneer– Optimum AQUAmax hybrids – “8.1% yield increase under water stress conditions”– “1.8% yield bump in well-watered conditions”
• Syngenta– Agrisure Artesian hybrids– “have the potential to increase yield up to 15% in
moderate-to-severe drought conditions with no yield drag under optimal moisture.”
• Monsanto (w/BASF)– Genuity DroughtGard transgenic hybrids