immigration lawyers - clark hillshusterman.com/pdf/asylum-profile-china.pdf · u.s. ~ deea.kfn1ent...

$: Immigration Lawyers - Clark Hillshusterman.com/pdf/asylum-profile-china.pdf · u.s. ~ DEEA.KfN1ENT of STATE CHINA: PROFILE. OF AsYLUMCLAlMiSb\I\UH:OU,N'F;RY C$
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u.s. DEEA.KfN1ENT of STATE

CHINA: PROFILE. OF AsYLUMCLAlMiSb\I\UH:OU,N'F;RY C<llmlTIONS Bureau.{)fDemot;mc¥,Hlll1jail'.~ lind Lal:ior

May2!l'a7

U. Overview .................................................................................................................... , .... 3

IU .. Claims Based: 001 Protected Groll'ilds ........................................................................ A A. Race ................................ , .................... , ........................... " .......................... ,~ ......... ,A S. ReligiOll ................................................................................................ " ...................... ..4

t, Sanctioned·Ys.lJnsanctiQned Christiah·Churohes ............. · ...................... , .......... 5 2. The Saootiolled:Ptoresla!iI'Churohes· ............ , ........................ .-........................... 5 3. The Sanctioned Catholic Chorch ......................... " ............................................... :6 4. tJnsaactioned Christian Churohes (ProtestantamNjalholk) .............................. 7 5. Buddl'Hsm and Taoism· .................. ; ....................................................................... 8 6. Tibetan Buddliism ..... ' ....................... _ ..................................... , .......... » ......... , ... 9 7, IS'Iarn. ••.. , .. " ........ , .•.•••... , •.• , ................. ~ ••.• , ........ ~ •• ~ ..... ".· ............. ·.~ .... ;,u •. :.., ....... ·.;,.~ ••••• ~~ ........... .;,~9

8, falu/i .Gong anQ Zhong dOng ............................................. " ............. ; .................. 9

C. ~.at;::!:;~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::i: 2. Uighurs., .................................... , .................................... , ........................ , .......... .14 3. Koreans .................................................. _ .................................................. ,." •.. 16

D:. POUtieal Qpinio.n ., ' .. ' ......... ' .. " .... ' ... : ... , ........ ~. "~ ... i~," .. ••• ,;.~ •.••.• , ......... ".,.~ .••••• , ••••• •••. ~ ...... '''.'' .~:~,~' .•• ~~~.~1·:7 ! ,. p.ast· Political Eyell~ in China" ....................... " .. , .... ,., .................. , .................... .18 2. P'oliti.cal Acittvlties in the Ul'iitt:d States.; .................. , ....................... " ..... , ...... ,,26

E. Socia.! GrQup .......... H~ ......... · ...... , ........... "' ......... ~ .............. ' .• u, ......................... ~ ••• , ................. H.aJ

IV~ Claims Based'oo POPUbitiOD Poli(!leS .......... _ ..................... ~ ................................... ,.22 A. National Law on I'opulation and BirthPlanning ...... , .......................................... ..23

!. Minorities and the Transieni Population ........................................................... 24 2. Marriage Age/Single Parenting ......................................................................... 25 3. Birth Planning Methods .................................................................................... 2:; 4. Abortion and Slrth PlannIng DoolJments. ........................... ~ ............................. .2{5

B, FUJian Proyince ..................................................................................................... .2{5 ·c. Oth~f" Pr()Vinces:,."h .. " ...... , .. _,~.~ .•.• _ .• ~ .. :~, •• ~,.~".~ ..... ~~.~_~4_~.,.~ •.. ~, ..•. ~.~ .. ,,!~'! •••• ~.HU ...... _ .....•.• ~':-'~.4B

~~VlE.Vv~~ii!<i?~I1Y:::. .. A~ph~lSller; ~~m!QtRevtwe®

UNCLASSIFIED U:S. De?arttnehtof State GaMiNo .. F·2013~129.57 DbcNo; CO!l.52161.4 Date:04J04t2.014

AILA InfoNet Doc. No. 14080660. (Posted 8/6/14)

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D. Birtl)s in,the United Stares' ................ _ .... , ................... ,. .................. , ........ ~ ........... 2j)1,

V. 'Gfller lilrormation'lJ'or'A:i:!jj!dii.'tiiwt'S ...... , ............... , ••••• , •.•• , ............ ; •.• ; •.•••• ~ •• ,.,.;.; •. ,;3J A. Tr~tm~nf:ofill;etu.rnlllg,ll[eg<il'~i8J'l!!l~~ni tb¢tJ!iitell:S\lli~ ..••••... ; •• ; .••.. ".+31, 8. O()Cumentation.~~ .... ; ... ~ .•. ,~ •. 4.;. •••• ~~' •• ,~~,.""~ •• u.,._.~· •• ,~ •• ~~.' ••• :._ • .,.'.,._ •••• "~ .... u ....... ~,., .... " •• ~.~ ......... ~ •• ~ ...... :..al. Co HouselmldRegislrationllfidJdbrilityCards, ........................ , .•. , .............. , ................ ,.3J D. PasSp,O,rtsandE~it Pennits ..... ; .......................................... " .... , ............................. 32· E. Fujian and'Guangc!ol1g Pro"inces., ........................................................................ ;3'3 F. Plal)e Names and'Dialects, (and Fujian) .. ,., .... ......................................... m .............. 34 G. Internal' Flight Allematj~es ............................................... ; ......... , .• " .................. , .. ,34 H. Work Units and Decision Making ...... _., ........................ , ................ ; ..... " .............. 35-r. Work Clmilles ............................................................................ , ............................ 36 J. Former Priso'ners ................................................ ' .............. ~ ..... "' .......... w .................. ,.36 K. Family Housl~ ..... , .• , .......... ~ ...... ,., ..................................... , ....... , .......................... ,37-L. Po'rceQ MiIIJ1age ... , ........... , ... , .......................... " ........ , ...... ," ............... , •.•• ,."" ..... " ...... 37 M. Mi1~ S.'eryi¢.t::: .•.. ,.~ .... ~ ...... , .. , .. ""' ..... j~,.,.""'~,= •• , ••• ~'f ........ t •.• :.: ••• ~~.~!~.,...,~~"'.~;.~.O~ .... ~.·.~ .. ~ .. ":i'-•• ·;._~~~ .... _ •• "H~'47

~: ~::~=~~.~~~~::~::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::=:::::::::::::::::.:::::=::::::::=:::::::::::=::::::~ p • Ma~!l ..••.•• ; .••• ,. ...... ; .•. .... ~.,.~~.~ .... '; ••• ~ •.• ' .............. ~ ...... ;,; ......... ~.~.'. H' u ••• "1' .••••• ••• ~n ..... ~ .. ~ .......... ; ... ..: ....... ,.~~ .. 39;

vt.Appe)'t.~i't:es .... , ....... .,... .. "'"" ___ ...... ,... ... n ••• ~~ ••• ~u .... ~~ .•• ~':"~"'~-"~~""'~""~!",,,.~._.~.~,. __ ,,,,,.o:H-o.~.~~ •••• :'t».

A. NatioilaLLa ..... on I'bpul!itij;jilanll\£lrutiilyI'Janilii1g B. FLljiim RroVineePtiputationllfidFamilyPiamiilIg,Regulatrolls C. i'ujian province Populafi<.malld'lmmllY Pllin-nwg()ommiSSienL\itfer


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This profile addr~ the Issues lfiost:fu:quellt!y rJl·i~ed byCh:meSea$Y'lum ~ppli~~ Given the:diversityof political, ~tntli6; .!'digioos, social,and:eoohQinieconaitions,iil China, a vast .country of 1.3 btlliofl'poo[lie, ani/til\" lli\e\len'l~cal enforoelJlootofnation!l1 puiicf¢s".it cannot COVer ev.ery c011ocivalill1 cirwwstan~1IS)'lillllljJlplic~ may:r;tise, However" where pussil:ile, it contains,detallediilfo!ii1atiQo:tell!lrding,theregions.ai)d issll~S most frequootly at the tootofasyliiilli¥l4¢$!S;nl:itilQly;irdrn}~ati9ilieg$r;ling Pujlan: Frwiilee; hir.tb pljj.ooi»g. alldJeljgfQll!tPI'lI~jl.es, Itliwla~infl:irm:~IFfrQmtfie most t<eCeitt f)epartme!1j:.ofSllite:anrtilli!',Qt~Jili!Plll~;,tm H#mYJltJl.igl!i$,P}q{!pqCS, Iitterltillloltal ReJ.igllJus Ji'reeaimtRepol1,;arld 1!t4]Ttekipg,U"PersonsRepDl't"al1 available'at www.state;!5Q't,,3!ldotfiefpIiliHo!Y·lIvaihl!)jii·lrtfQitita!iori,ileetl1¢d,.credible.

COIlntry profiles areprod\l"ad by theo.ffll;eofMllmlatemtan4.~1tl·:A'ffajrs.'in the Department ofSwe's. Bureao f<w Del\iooraey,H"umanRigbtS, ani:ri.lIli!ir. i'hi>Y;Ilf-¢ pmueed for use by the Depaitment.<JfR(:)m~@dSeo\!iritYi~,ElieOu:tt¥e<ffiiCe.&f immigration B;evle;v;. and asylum, offiCiirs~ni!il\ilJllgrati(llij!1q~es;ay.rogulatio~j,.tbe Department ofStlrte may provide'asylmn l.lfficers;andJ!tI!illg!'l!ti9n ju,dg~mfimn;!tion on colJntry conditlons.that maybe reUWanttClthell£\j'udicatHm e.fasyliim ¢lliimi;, P,mfiles ~ written pyDepl!rtmC1lt of Slate (jffieerswiiljCbUiltry"$-eolfieexper!tilitiilldeKpefiooce; and are (eviewed by avers~,p\lSt$alld withlhllie~nt

U. OVERVIEW

The People's Republic of China: {PRC}. is an ailtnqrii;lrian StaW iil Whiclt~i,;{lliiliiise. COmmunist Party (CeF) L~,tfi.c; pa;;;tnwl!ritSq~uf'power;P,';lrty mem~ersIiOldah1'!ost ~Il top go'lemment,poUce,. and milj~ PO'sifumsibm!lg\lOl1t:(:::lJ.IAA. Theparty's allibClrily rests on its' ability throbghthegovemmentto,rMirit;tln SQcta:I:istabliily; 1!ilPeal-to na;k>nifJismand patriol1sm;controlkey'!iet$oimdli·~ii1,and'~itymStifii'iioil$'.liiid conti)!l;\lto improveth.e,living·$n#rds'of m(lSt{}tO))irui'1!'''lti~eliS. Clli~cltizens'are ilQtfu:e·.In'fil111licl::y,JldVoillltec!iartgillgll~~toijaHes~'ic~y palllii~,.f)~lli~!prw,;of giMitt\l\ieIil PiW¥"ciiJlltrol!edpiQpagarirlaand:se¢tmity ()watls'W;~Witfii1imgli ~?'" {)fsucc¢ii$ ful~laie'lrnd"cootr.(jf,'Iiljy.~Siiil>ltf!ip'artyroleand'itS'keYP6iicies.iii prill!':; brol\dcll~·l!lUl.·9ther~dla"i:ilcin4.iiilti(;ie~!il1:);.PtiStj'ilgs'~1:iJj~·;[email protected]'tli'aSil seeklng'rotedressgOi!V$Ilc¢s''-most-.:;flldl)Cal. 'eellU9m1c•nlltUre ~l'QIlatn. J;pJ\1m!Ji!, .hut, many-were S!lPpteSseaviolentlji lly secutityf&ees; tlleparty,eJ¢rCises,sttict:p<>lltlc!tt control ofcOluts· ~nd Judges, and. often resorts toclosedtriillsand'adlliimstmtive· detention. Illdividuals and. groups, espeemllytfiO$e :ePnsiderledpa!iticatly sensitive by the party'$Jd jSOvemmerrt, continlletp fuee tightrestr/ctionHlU'tl!ek il'eedo'm to;assemble'lI,l)d ibeir freedom to practice religionllndspirit\llil practices. ThoJIgjItheg{)vernmentclaims In' baveS!l>pped using forcedabortkillsandsterilizations, whii:ih',are nowcotltra'1to;Mrtfi planning· regulations, foroed'aoortii{ns'li!Idstefiliza!lonscO!li:inue.ro oceur du.e totineven impliimentation,atibe !ocalleve!;alld ongoingpressuretQ.keeP'birtlitates low; The govemment fails· to adequ.atelyptotectNGrth K()reanasylum"seekers,.aod.fue. forced repatriation ofNorth Koreans·continues'tobe"g.grave, problem,


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A. Raet

Pew asylum applicallts claim pef$ecution based,tn race:. M<J~tsucilclaiim>ll.'c lJje~!:>y ethnic Tibetans and ethnic K<lreans. wh<ls.e·silllatiollS 3fll addressedin.seetWn.m.c,NatiOlJl1\ity •

B. Rtligioll'

A larg~ I1llmber of Chinese asylum applkali!!; lllafmpast!:tr filareq 'l\Iiure perseeution for their re1igi9~sbe'!illt's 01" :;pirituai pr~tr~, usw:lly Chdstiil.n '0rE?fun (jnng;·tmt sometimes, Tillman i3udtf!Iistor}iltiJslim,. Withan $Q\!J'Ce$.~q~JiI··:fl1ld:U)l(!!'&\\ial ~ .agreeing that the number of religio:usand.'i!pirituiirbelie"ers·and.ptactltitinJMSimntinues.tu gtovr;atft1ast' HIOmitliimi·aird>. perhapsmptec1fuJir300t#iUlpa·Obirilt$6 firilct1ce,Stirrie r¢ligiiil\sor ~ititu;l,'actlvity.

Unregistered or ullSartcljooedtcllg!bus·liiid.spififual .• gtQ$s ... ·lilcmdJna.Pmtestaat-gtoup:s.·. the "Un!,ietgrou~" Catholic chut'i:Ii,.andFlill!i'iniJt)g.-¢~ri¢l1<!e\ilil1ermgdegrees ofE¢:ial.iliterfOirenGl: /IIld.harassroel\t,. ytli!itl\e. d,~eeDf~I~,v~i:jg.S,lgnlnCjlj,ltly from I'egiOljto reg£Olj. In. many ICc.lIl!tl\\$;. UiJr,e~¢4 •. l'¢.!igjQ!I~~tlp~alld~ll,i;irleaders reportj)ressuTe'to register with tile Stare AdlrlTtllsttatitih ftirR-eagf~)i$A\lf!¥iti~s(SARA) or its jltovinoial aII1l. kroa! offil)l:S,knoWil as R-eUgjOllsA~l3:ureausfRAB"j,and pres~rewaffiiiate wit!! arn\lIC(l.~ptihe ~uperviiil~!!ofth~,~~lY ·11'igis\lJi:edillitibnWide cbutclt (>rgllnitations. PollCe Imve clQs~d milt1$' untegisti!re!fei!~;ehel),.ltouse:churches, some witli: largemembetshipo, asweltassome moSq\!es, temple&;liildsemUtllries •. Slime religk!usleadtrs atetargetoo for (jfficiailiru:asSnient;iilterro~iititin •. ,deteirtron, iIllii .sevtre pllysiea/ a~use. Some a~!um appticant:lhave 'adinittedthi\t'$lI1,ugglers j!istru¢ted~ to claim lietief in Christianity. For mere· iilfott1\1ltioJ! oiHepr1lSsi.OR,ofl!l!!~cti(ln¢d Chrlstianreligiou$.groups. seeSection ilf.B.4 - UnsBnlltion¢d,CbriJ;tilUl·Gbl.!l;ClieS. (protestlitJt and CattiOllc).

The CO!1stil!ltioo provides lor f~om. ofll¢li¢f.CCPd¢tI'.in~;mdp.mc!iee. btiwev.er; ptol\Il1iiitdlgil'lu$ beHeversfrom party m~mbersbip.wtri¢bjso~n,a:p,~qisit~ lor holding pubiic.office. mpractiCej.the llJiv'efnmentseekS.lote~iirt~\\ligioj)spmctices·to governrnent-sanctioned.organization$i'<l!1th'egistered·jllaPilSc (lfweTSliip-iiIldtowntrcl'tlie' growth lind sCQp¢'of religious alia sp,itiiullllit.o~'a<!tivity. Gov.emm.entPPJltrol m~ism~:aim' to.prevept-therise-o£ (l()mpe(lng, autonpInOus"npn-goyernmert/al .. and nort£CP sources·ofautbority.

The government implementlidllew' religibusaff8il'Sf¢gt\Il1tibnsll1 Nlarcll,2005 :giVillg. l,egal.prot~tiOlj to tltepropilrty, pUbliC?tWns, .i\n¢-SOn:le:lIiltiyi'!i,es of~gtster!'d'.religi9us grol1jlS; but ·ofteflng·no ptotecti9ll. 'to!lllreg/sterilld;re llgieusgrOt!)ls .. Some 'tItgt;lel!!a,t:tlie new regulations, fOster a more talerant atrnosplierebyesmbHshlng:leg;illy,pNitetl!ed-rights

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_ UNCLASSIFfED u.s. Department Of State Ca$~Hlo. F""2013"t295Y·O'oc-t'lo .. 00552."1:614 Oate:Q4fll1J2014

for.religi<1\ls·gl'GUpS, but.olhe!iS·P9ill.t Qutthatlbe.~·r~gllfiit~ll.s.metely·9OdlfY.p~t practice ani! question whelHer th~y (Olib;\i)c~teJigi;:!us"ft¢¢dom.

n,l. Silll¢til)ned;·\'S..UflSan¢til)il'e&Cbri$tj~nJ31111Feh¢s

With a few eXooptioos, lhe.gQvemmcnt'ciffllJia\fY'P¢tiilitSC9lily'lh9S!r:Cl!ris.tian:chlltllh¢S affiliate'i! with one<i!flhe·n.ationiil·liitibtellllilfgilriiZalIOtis{:Lt"the 'Pfiree.;SelfPattwtiC MO"eJJj~nt rer I'rot~ants:aildttJe Catitoll¢·~ii#lCilj¢Asstl$iat~oJi{·toq~r:at1i>~penll!. Th"S<\.sanc~ed~ll!I.rches. offer ·re!igjQijs·se!Vlc~ .. \li~b~eaibles. :Mlii::Bjbll<st~'f meetings,.and .. often. provide.'socil!lsel'\iiceS'. OwiNilJ!)reasonsi:>f.OOtjsciii'il(;e:·and.~· t)f Stli.tl>.coittroJ~ hoWever, many religious groiij)Sate·i!nwillll1g.orilnabletotegiStet With·the govem~t· Ullm~stered l'toteit!1ntevilJ\~i\l;I\Jgro1¢s;;f)mm\)nl).'d.l~gteli"'1th manY oftl!e 1'h.me-Sl'ifP'l\ttioric· Move!rull:lt'.'S'-''no""denomlna.tlQljal~'·IOO:~, Siji>liJlS'~at communism is compatible withCIiriStianity :i1ldtli~l!11p,r6t~nt\l¢\1¢fs.iIte.<l(im(1atibte, fearing theSe "ecumenical" tcnclswoti'ld rellkitt 'tl\eir,dOcll'iIml freedGmilildli:riiite:strict conttQ16v~t~ir·teachi!\gs, Somereligmu$woo;ps'feai' adveJ'Silcojj$!OlJ~¢e.s:if·they reveal to the authorities; as fequirel\, the !<l!mCS: I\l1d!1ddressesofcbU1'~llleadersJU!jl members.; Catholics ·wb:O.p!'aotlO!ltheir ·lien¢fs·iil·~Ilil:iiergtel!ni!';'lJI'til!'lihl\ls·(\.O$o ,owingto the offi.danty SlInctioned CatholIc Patriotic .ASsoeiatiiJn's nOIl'ieCOgnitioit of. the POpe's. spiritual authonty, .

S:omegroups cbii'm that J11Ithor:ities ~e to. t"-glstet them w~lIt expjftlll!~ip!l' 'the. government COIltendS. that refusa:fsrestiltiilam!y' fhimthesegtOu'ps"lacll' ofad¢QWi!;e fadllties. 8i!i!esme availi\ble forpurenase in 1iOin'ewOkst6tesiind·ln InOSt>ilft¢I3Jly sanetlone<! churches. l\1any mem\Jem ofunregfsrered hou£eoJ)l1l'ches btiyth¢lr~ihles from regiStered ch"rcheswilhout im>id¢!lt.

~.2; 'The SiliK1tl(lll:edl!rof¢$tltl!t.€lru~li.es

The .gowriimerrt .gjel)e.aUy· ~·n(jj·tmel'ftr~with'wMh;fp.,aj.:san~£il:llled;prot¢slllnt ehurcne'S as long .as rei [jlttii!sa-ctiVltles'Ne'oonfmedto mgiSt¢re~t:bul!dil'ig$' .. ~1iOut 1;6 lriillionChinese. Worship atofficlalty sanctiohlld·Pro!eStllnr.churches',alffiostal1under the' supervision Or a nmjcnwiqe"patii'(ltio" ~taritl;J()\iemeJjt;.theThi'ee.SeIfPatr!otie MQVem.~ot '(TsPM). 1111954, the gGvemmerrta!i!!1ft¢'CCP¢~eat~ffiis' .• moyemenftG,¢Ut fureign· reiig:tous·ties.col)troldamllStic.ebUl'Ch·~ivityr·ll!IdpromQ!ll'p!l;!tfqiil;!1I'!IIldllrthe rubrieofthe threepriiwiples o'f"Self-admiilistratiQil;self.supjli:lrt; 'ani/iSli!f.propl!gaiJoll:." In 1980, the government establish«tfue ChiiiaCbrlstiarr CcilIiciJ(CCC)uriderthe TSPM to "~rve" Chin:;.' sPtotestant churches,jnlmewith·thepost. t91'9poljcj~. nlopenlrigto the Qutsideworldllllu ,,!lowingmore-fteed@mof'rl'ligiOIls.aotivity, The.CCC admi!i~sctetiS seminaries, puhlishes BibleS, facHltatoes·Intctriatiobal ex¢hllhge$,ando"ers~ orrllnlitiQII of ministers. It was admitted into· the WerldCOuiicll ofCI:mrchesin 19!H. Despite the TSPM's.non,denominationa! orientl!tion, sOl1)cindividiJal aftj!)$deliqrches,ln Pl1)cticI', align thel1)selveswitb a partlcuilar denomil1i'tion.

In a few regions, Christiangroups.ttave.~gjstW~d:VI'lththegovernm¢!ltwithoUfaffil\atltig witktheTSPM orCCC_ 1'liese gro~flSirti!udethe:toc!i1 Assem!jlieSl't9l!.iSliint churclies .

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in Zhejiang Province, where nQsigriifigmt TSPM/Cec cQmltWmty~istS;all:d· \he (Kor<la1'lj ChaoyangChureb In jIHn PrQvlnce,UndercMneseli).w,.Jp;l&!ilgtJjet$PMls nonl rAAlIlremem fll'r ProteStant re!!gill'us.comllillnit~storegi$ter, buttJi:e"celrtr.al govemnient has SQ far refusedtopul11idy>slate tIlat'PtQteStatits;,oiiri r~ister butiiideofilre TSPM. ThUs, in the vast majority of cases,.Pfutl:!itali£.grbups !ite~\litedt<> sulUriiftu!lie TSPM in or!l¢r to register.

Bo3. Tbe S1mc!ioni!d Catholic Church

ThC1l0vemment generally does ·not interfer~ wlihwxjr,ship'at·s!llll<tiQ~.qlltho!lc cllurches as )ongas religmus activities areconfilieiitll're]liSteredbil1'!dmgs; . AbtlUt.i millioilChinese atfund servicesal' Sll1l&jQ1'l!!dC¥tIij}lro6lUtr£!ie;l;~l'tattipetate'urlderthe auiboriiy oflhe Catbo!ic Patrioti~. As$'qci~lion{¢PA), TMs«Assoeiil.t!bntwhi¢h.il;!I VatiCl'!l'reglli;ll$. liS,a. s"II~;. bl)~'IIQta.her¢ii~r!lln"",meil~ Wnti;r~i!d.jn t&s.1Wt41'T govemmilflt·.arid.CCP pressilreforthe.5iiriiepu¢oses>as'w~tl\e·1\SJ>M:fur,P!'(itestanlS:as. di.lscriliethb<iMe, 1li'eN'ationaf BiiiiiejfsC6nf<lfone¢;eSUibllslfeiiMn 198nll1teH~hrtta ~·li$·tiefol;lllSi.is··ana[i)gi)1!& totlleiI'totelli;ltltCllitlaiC)hti$liiari·Q!irtt;l:).·

The.DPA .. 1.Wes.rlbt recognize t1t¢'iWtliorit;yof;$!tPoliC,and; bfficlali,y;.~tIil!.~rntnel1!· barSihe. Vatitan. from appoimmg IiiSrops iii'Cllina. Insteai!,-th:egoVemmeiif>iIfJl'IltJves bisRQpSiappointetfby tlJeCPA. The Ordlriatii;ii .. ~iil1e·i~l!tthi.-lieattoflo!\~\.stilJ!di~,()ff" and-,m negotlstions-between'tl\l' PRC'<ln\f~lle'Vailc~!!overe~lI!bt~iIlg,il'ip:l<i>m~c relations, hi 2006, the CPA ignored.tlJeV1!(~;~;request:tc;Miayi~~ tJi'iUlUlijQn o;lfthree bishops, dtsruptiag .. a period oftwo years duiingwhJcli sev.etiil'MslWpund auxIHiiry bishops were appointed with both Cninesegoverrlmentand Viitican·appr-eval. Otlier bishops,. nowever, were ordained willi belli governli1el\tllti4:V~caliaI'proValbefure and afl;er the'dlspute began, AnitJ0~tngntiHtber ofpl:ii;stsandl!>i$hopshln<e.·a~owlecjgecj pubJicty that the V~icatl had approvedfueir a.pPOint!il¢ilt,witlJoiltrep<:r¢ll$1i.i1;)nS;·tl\llllgb tireCl:!lBeseg<iverJlmentdenied'fuattfteVlIliCabplayeaa role ill apptoving tliesMletllY; Iwfitct;.m()~.Iii*QPSrecognlze\l'by itIe-'C}l>;AI$v.eb\lOjl;re.Clig~;t~dhYtllep~~ i:ltl¢r before or lItil:r tl\eirappointm~t byih~goveriimen~. .

Despilii th.e general trend toWard dUal PR,{}i!lid Vjjtlclfuteco~!iitilill.lif,aIiUmb'et ofhjll~ Catltollc.Chllfcnofrtcihls 111 China,.llth¢t bi$h9P#ai!pOil1i$ibYthe.'VA1i~were forCcilt1) keej!:tIieir-ldem:~l~s1llld a<)tivities Sl'Oret,.at\he·risk;Qf,arr~.!lnddl!!lmiion,.There-bilS also beetial't inereasetn repOJtMh:arasSli1e~Mn.:hbUse .o(Some:'tegistereitQailllliic clerics in: recent years. Asdesaribedm.the'1;Ite!lter dtllallin th.eC9IIg;t¢g.siOOIlI-Exewtiv.e Commig.~jon 1111 Ci!ina(CElCC}2006teport, InNove:ml,;er.and:llYecemlier200$,tl!ree j!mi4entswererep"rted'in .. ~hiCfi,dffjci-a.!s,.orll.llid~ntifte4.·as#iliiiJ\~'beat·Qffl~iiilt.Y sancti9ll~,Cathotic. nlll1Sorpricsl$'in'SblIa.n)'ii PrQvin.cc'1lllQ 'rlJpijinfljuniliipa1jl)<afulr they had··4e.man4ed:that' tooa!·'!lovemmentGretum>.cllut{)Ii·pt'<>~··c!l'nftsc:aJ:¢dii1ithe l:95{ys and f,9liOs, TheSl'tep01ted inciden!$.¢OiUtast sharply.w!tl1:the>.s:!m&ttorfbelWllen, 2i)0'(} and'10114,. when there were no'su¢h repo$"andthet.e>'i'!a&.a.r.eliiti:ile'.retaxlltion'·of controlovei registered bishops.

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B.4. IJI'IS'al'lctionellc Chl'i$tian Cb*,.tch\1l!~il:t~lij:jtn4C:!tl!llli\'1

Ther<:,i$ a Widevlltiety Qf"Chdstjan~~giws'$tivj\Yin;C!hilla,tlllltls'ilbt'i:iffiCiallY sanctinnedbythe gbvernmelltWhicll is.ofttllireptessed,and,s()l!'letiril~'qtiletl:yt()'l~tatiitL A lot. dep.endsQu local conditi(ms, witli'tl1i;i~emrn.~i!t~<Xrilililg'4QWil.~al-4i:si()llsrmill evangelieal'grolips it.~lI& lapeled, "Wlfst Untllgisierllll. "unoffi<;il!1"'PYiiWse'ChristiallS ibclllde.,mullons CifPtotl;Stams whO' wot-shfp iIiUnt<igj$!¢tllltbpuse'chuwhes1andliilllions ofCathoiies wno are !'"lthfullo tltepopeiimil'worsb!p',il"unilei{;rolliW' O$thbli¢. chlltohes, No'reflaole ~tis1:lc~a1'¢ {jvaillillle1'¢glli;f;lingth~ nWnbero.f.IIClTllgisteredehlltob members, but tlte nlJmher pro~t!ly fa.!' ,*,eeed~'memhill'$liip'ln,san()tiOl'$!''(j~ur'¢hesabdls gI'CiWing. Chlne$e~P1idemics estllil1itetheteare betWirei\i3~),'iUJillO!}mJ.lliOiinrii'e$isieretl PtotestlnltS,and Ca!oolicsources put the aUlllbtt (jf unreg\~~~p~Ciialmo~Jhall 5 million, As described mote funy .above;. ~igiol!$,gr()]jp"thatJltelll!'I'I'll1ingto re.g~er officially fear government resirictionsol'lt/l!lttpl'Iiciipes,anlhenets.

In SOrtl'e.pla<:es. gOvernment,sujreiVisioll·.ofutiSlIr!cdoiled reliEiol\slict!vltyiSminiil!al; Howevet:, in Other p!a¢i:S, wheie lIIis/teiltillent.\)y· sameReilii1l>1'I'o'lflll¢@offi\;lliIs.o[· unregistered J>rotestantsand by se!l1e'F!eb~i j>rovin';eoffi~#i~of'!tIfi!letliilllnti~Ciltho!ib ciergystandSout, local ~rity offi""ils use'tf;reafS, ®moUtWn,ofutrt:ngisteredj»:ojleity, int¢ltog,mon,.arrest,.'mptlsanment,.and sometimesiseverephys.lcalaoos,; to·tatget unregistered religioUs leadersanrl'fh<ijrfollQwers. Tlieli~cOr'tijlre$iija!Hllso seems to vary wil!tthe. 51z,:: oftliereligiousgroups af\&With.theiiype. of~Gtiv!tie!;epn\iimted.

PoliCe'and.ollie!; S¢OOtity ·oil'Wilils"liiiyediSttt~ed··mteSilihHet~lous'ie~lilldhirge mC¢tlilgs¢n many oeeasioP$; UtJ~Y!f\l!i5\:the;~ernii1:~t~ort~\1lY~hiiiJ. QIIc 'bimi!~'$ti~ S))hoo[~~~n~lrti'tiill¢rpt()Yil)lle, .. Ii:! !>.ug~,iiXO.$ •. llO*!jlc~~~ly l'I!id~dli tra!ning.¢\ass irt JiilllgXiJ>l'o""illClrfotSimday$clliiO'lt¢llc!1.erS; 'O!iCb~istil'laSDay 2005, police,teported!y raided'.ilnl.ltlte'glStered.cijilrcli·.litMlmasli"tourity,:XiiUiliii~

The U.S. CommissiOn onhltematlOilalR.i)Ii&touS'fie¢\l(jm(J1SeIF1')h~r~ported largescab:·raiqs'.jn recent years on some meeting$Qfr'ro'esf,mt'hQ~e1ruJ:Qhc~ol:$·.jnaen~11, HeilOilgjiang"3Il&j{~ooi PtoVi/il::es,witltfuest:p;tSrors'1IPJlIIiei1tly.be1ngbclefly 'aetaiiled lil'ld~heii.rcleasea, A number of"urimgrQufu!l',C3iho!1cbisnopsot'pries!s'iremaililllldilt artest,lmprisoned" or detained. in Cli/nar-en Iet!dltill'~etVlbe5:00t$lde·tIi.e',itullmtit}> tif'the. s;i/il::iioned Catholic Palr,oilc Associ1lii(J,O,

Whl~ loeal officials· often mnvcaggtessiVell'agail1stunregiSter.ed;.group8ctlteytegard as gro'l'l'lng too large or espousing be!i¢fslb¢y \l6nsiderthtilstening'~~cjl!1:stabllij;yimllrtY hoUse ¢!tutenes;. whicheonductBiblestudi~s, prayer meetings, ~rworship·.$ervi(:eS,iare quietly tolerated by local. authodti:es.as kmg'as fu~yremaiiH;mall.anth.\nohttush(e.The government has Slated thathome·Bible study with fumHy litH,!. trienuScis,petmitted, .bIll that.formal,church semries or meetiligs,thatexceed:thesCoptofflilliilyllnd fri~n<ilsmUSt take place inregjstered venue.refli'etih$ii1f~ehome,.Eiou~'churches,~rte4tY encounter rl'tffic\ilmswhen ih<:it' memh~~41_sbeccmetop i\ltge;w!t¢I)'lhel'atrnngewr the use offacilities~for the .1lpecific'p~rpose o'f'cMdueting relig!ous'aCtMt1esi<ltwben

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they attempt to forge links with other unregislered gtoups.Qrfoteign f«lflg1Qus.grQupsor ind.ividuals,

Going far beyond the feptession oftb",.tinsanctiolleQ·''Iilalnlilie'" Frbtestimt,eVl!ng¢ltcal and "~lIdi::l:gtound~' Ciitholic ,*Ili'c~si Ibe:g<>:vel1!inent;ci~:tbe 199!1 e~ifuin,aLLaw.;tlld a 1999NlI!;ietllii Peep!e's CQngresa \fecis.iflltli !uwcqme,cOW,i); ham-qnigrou~'itcleems: to be "cults. ~ These Include East¢;on Lightnltlg,.t!\e: Thr<:eGJ'ilde:6fS¢Wl\il!S:chliI'(!hjthe' Shoilters, the,SomhChiha.Cliutchj,'tbe,Assoiiiati¢n·of'Ji}iSOipfeS/\he',j1\.in,Stilpe?(:i1!ircli, IheSpli'it Sect,.ibeNew Teislameet OI\tir¢Ij, . .tbe~td'(}!lif,Sect,Jhe~I!sh«iKll\g , Church. th.e tJni:ficati\'ln thurcn, !\lIdiheF1lmily.ofLo:ve.;A!!thQm.lj:~'llecll$ed$Qmein these groli~ of laCking pt()J)ef tlie010gtGaltr41l'i1l1&>,ptellcmllgihe"immfnlil'lt,'eeming'idf' theapOcalypseoYho~y Wlll", or eJ<p!eitlng'tlie ti;emetge~otreHiliO!\-f'6t pMronal~m,

The.governmenthjj$,ecC\lS¢,dfuc,$ol!th ,Pbin-aC!luf.¢!\,.·t,he Tbt¢'G1:all*"QfSeryanl$i. Churc!i,and,'tlie'EMtern Lf!Wtll'iilggtbliP:Qfkvoi\'emilllt4w'\,IP:lM~ Several,letldtlnof' tne,Soi!th·ChmaChiJreli'wnnweri,fulpiiSci'ted'with:le., . .sen\'ences,fur 1Il1e.sea\tape, arsoll,·;andjj$Sl!Jiltco!ltl~ in21ll1$'tiis\llWilli'~'ll~in,p~". F!>i1ciWiiig'iIj' ZOQ4. crael@PW(l, in l~e2004 and~tiy ~~tlS;.m()~e'Ji'il\!t'sellel)W!'1\~~f:tbeThree Orades .. ofServants Cliurcb wei'cPut,Qilttl'lit'fOi'murd~ a!!lf,qtilerpff~;The'IllI\Wed: mutdersresiilted,'ftOm a,confliCt 'Detw'eeIi.:tlle:TIlree'6i;ides·ofServaitts'Chlitc]\·lind the· Eastern LightemnggrQIIP' Ihe Three,\3J'ild!l$ ofSetvaiiis'Chur¢h ~eroalid IWooth'er , members_rc sentenced to death. tIlreeothers ooceived 'SI,lsp,~l)d¢d Q\llIUl'sentei¥le$;.and eleven' others were sentenc«i kl,th!:ee"toflftecn;year pril!on tetlJl$. ~m Lightenmg has been acCUsed by other Chinese,reUgi(),ils~groUpiNlf'resortllig.t():kidrtawln:g, actS,of viQ\eil;ce,andotller' ooercive methodst<i eiq1andits influence. ,'.

lll'alijl'd 19atl!lgl;liUiI;$<!f~j\lious'p¢rScCiJtiO)l,.Ii$J1Uiiiot'lieers,and,lmrnigtli;iio;p .llldges ifIIlY wiSh tn,oormtdettecerit, and oftim,,&t:!lloo,intOtmatiolioll' f&j:il'tlssiilcjltactiees' fit sjleeif\c'provinces',itrtd'locallties, andYiiilfrceS~to~!i¢iiill~~1j$l~\ls,~rnti,*'as'ieported in the aminal ~pmlnieiltofSWe,l.iItetl\at{1ll'lli1l1ieIJgl(;)u$Fr~jrt~~Qlianil1heal1!iual Olllgre$$i"nal-E~ebuti~ Olmmissi~ol'fCh1!lIi,an4:tJ.s",.Coll'i~ol!',onfu(t\rmitlonal Religious' Fteeddm repQrts. all avaJiable <>ril.iiUii ,

B;5,iJiIjldhiSm and Tiio.ism '

audd~ismh~''-een pracnc~d •• 'in,ch1i1a.f()rtWo>n:l'fne!li){~·and,:j$·$tr(mgiy·c()i11'1epted,with tmd'tional.Chinese culrure. BtiddhistS.C6ilsfirute,tlte,largestboaYAiij:reltgiollS beJi"vel'5 in Chiua. Tile government estimates:ihat.there.aremore·ti(an tOO"miHloil guddhislS, most from tIleml!ioril1' l:IanCiliilese,eilii.liCgrlliip.l''ewB'uddhisl's, ~.ptfor.tllOSe who practi~ TIIMim .Buddhism, r<lpoftdl!Ticll1ties:ptectICillgtneld'aiti!. However,pi!!' Buddhist-group, tile Way'oftheGoddi:ss:ofMer!!:y,.iseOOSidereil:a ;Ioull" by,Chilli;'se' anthotmes.. [.0 July 2005, iii whmwas the.tji'$terimiljalclli\vibtiQn'ofm(lnibers-of this group, six members of tile, Way of'theOodi:!esi;iQfli\!er.cy (Ouangyin' Famell);groUp were sentenced in: Xinjillog to two to ful!f.y,ears inprison.fi)prsirig.a.Cliit organiZation and apparern intent to dist:ribute religlou$' mateHa!.


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Ta9ismis. a{oll>;religion.tilat9FiginlltllQ iltChiil;;, Iti~ wili:eJ:y,p~Ge~lP,~O)illi_~;C1jil!a and.it·remainslln'impQrtilllt'part:.\jj,-ttadltii>\jl\l;ChliitiSe,elifture.Jl:YSballilhai.,fQr~pl¢, T-ao'ist&o~erate aC'ildemie andl'eseilreltlnstitUtes\llnd,.·pubtiSlt,ajeumal'illive.tedte.Taoist studies. There flaY<: been no repo$·o,f-perSe¢!ltiooUfTaQ'iii(jilll~tltyeam.

Besides Tibetans living in theTibe~" Alltonl1mons' Region aildTibetill\ e'\hnicareas if) Gansu, Qinghai, SIQilu,an,!IIld Ylmilanpr9vi~es, mllllfMollgQ,iianEi~Ii:!)i~~ living in the Inner MOl1goIiaAutonemou!; Reli!'iliti.prnetii:eTtb~ Buddhism,!iee'8li\ction tll;CJ -Tibetans .

There are libont 20 million Muslims ftom ),!),etlitllegroups iii China. The liirSest·ethnie group ~lhe Hui, ..yiih apopulaiion()f~l1outll)mllliOn-. Hi,ii.~lislims;w~ liVe predomirumtly in Northwest Ch1Ill1;. in 'NingJIia, Panslt, Qin@ai,an~, $Imarl~.Ptoyjll~, but who' ate scmreted tIlroughdutChina.,hweilt\ledJltcloSt>'1?fmlmf\?withtbeml\iorJty Han,·Cliiliese·fot· cciltu.rtes,'!IIldareindI5titl~ls~able'.ftomHlfuCmtlese;in'riWst~jiectSl except fQ<reiigiQl!s ~d,4!elilrY .pi'a~i~~, . The;l:ll!I!!lijl'Ortildly!#lve'felii'~(em"rwitll· th"e:go,veronllltlt,M iOllgasfueY·\lQ~~:fuiljr-.relfgi\l)lS!~IMitt~W'~h!ikmos'l~,~,~he)r hOmes.tfieiiVailahilit¥<ifrel.igicUs'eduClitl~t1t'Qr ;s¢li®i~ed~ctiiUit~·il:·'\lf!o/-liW!ei,i. thoi!gb:!here are alimiiber &f siiliOofffihat.tliaehAtabie,Tlibgov.etllmiitltpemits;. aiidili some~es.sllbsldl~s; Muslim. e~swhl; fu.aketlieJl:aijJp'i!gn~il)ioMe¢ea; Ofj'lPfui ~Ol1S note that more thim9;1{)tl~!p;e$tl Mrtillros~vel¢d.~M:~¥a .furihe 2'006·2007 Hajj pllgrimage. Th-1.1IgureliKtilydi<!'lI(}i.illeludeCrun.ese part!c(p;mis'l19t organized by the Chitlese goverilrtietlt,for whom. ihere are OO'ilffttill'l-estimates·blltwho. have numbered' in the'thousands in. pre:llio\\s yeats.

In oo.nlta$t:t~tl1e(jondltiOns enjoyed by most:ofuerCl!ii1e$eJ'fn$}jms;esp~iil.llytb:eHui~ Uigllur Mitsllms, wMlfveln Cl!lna'sfarwestXinjlartg. AlltooornousRegililfi,fa-te'Stiict goverilrrtentscrUtinyand·represslon. ThelJigfuiiS -aloilg,wit!1 .• somt;.ot!1il:fIOcat TurldespeaklngePl1nm groups- predomlrutte~jnXi!ijiang·~titiJ·.~m:,decl\d¢s.ntlil! goV(;tnlMilt'eft®U(lIWdtli'e niliSsi"e' rrti.gl1!i~n· <it Hlli1iClilPelle.toiXlnj ilmg.· Oi>S¢l'Vel'!;. ltavenoted.signs.o!r·Xinj\ang tnOsques'indic'lttiflg'tI1at-liliildret\illni!.·uftl"ersity-·stlildents may not enter; however, in·p(i!.t;ti~,childtetlovt(t!1eage,ottWe1ve-ate',sGmcllmes seen iillnosques. Govemmen~offrojals·ltaveqotifirm¢d'thatre1igi()iJS'~dllel\tion.ofschoof;, agedcbildren.outside. th.e .home isprobibj~jn1ii'injlang,dl)splie p.ublic,$I:!1,teinentsbytbe cent-ml govefltment that Chinese,law ·does;not:t)Ostr:i¢t·.the.ptnVjsioM"ftelrgiQus,e~U<)ati9n to minorS. This prohlbiti<l'1I maybe- .ilneYertlyertfurced. SeeSectibnULC.2 -1.ilgllurS.

Clairned.adhetentsMineFalulI Gong,mtWemenl'bMstitUte-a'VC'1')' ial'jie'p,ei'Cet\tagebf Chloese'aSylum.app!lcaf)tlt SQfueapPlil;:anlJ;. Wlw'OfiSiijlil!y ·said-~)''\1leie·FlIIUn:Oong adberellt$s\ibsequent!yi!dm.i!ted·Iliatfumt st¢rles had:been'COl'I~~t@ '!>ysm\fgg'\er>s. who·


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broughttl!em to this cOUll!!)'. ThereAseJso some ~uestiO!laboutOOcunieiitsils¢dt(l' "prove" FalllniJong;me!itbershtp,in,Ch!ijll;,(~belQWJ"

The gl'}V¢nlnr¢tlt mrsbMll.¢il,grOl\ps lthll$q~t<:l'l)}ine&~<):b¢"cl!lts; ,. in¢iu4itll>'F~llil , Gong, tlte"Zhon'g,QGilgm0v1inil>At,alid a:fewothet SniaU'ijigQtig ,ill'ovenil:iltS'that.like Falun GO!lg,combirt¢ traditional exetcisedl$cif\liii¢;wlthiiOmemYStlllalti;nel$. Citii\g the 1997 Crimin~l Law anda Im'NaliUl1~!~<;Q!1~'s CQn~ll$d~!iio~,t!l~:go;Y<ll'1Ul1ent lis;esthe tel1tl "cult" to stigmati4¢,an"tr¢p~5,Fal~Q,'G<mg; Zhollg'£iol)gi1!llliaflWf~theF <!igottg,wou!1S; with theleve! oftopressionfi!1f!lied v.ai1il:ig,s~riiflC'alitiYfroliiregi!ni:to r~gibn; PrisOlll\1'$ who!U'¢ menibets6.fgf'!Wpst1i~t'thegO"erimiWltha$(~be)Cd'Clijj~ar<l subjeetto,mllcil,'Irl>FSher trCllnilent, thl!I),OtfIet, inmates'

The gO"erilmenthas,coiltinlledto'Wilg¢',,:se:vere''cijmpaitn,~ini;tFlIlnil·.G6I1ll;. and· thoUjlan(j.s"ofindiltidu~I$.may ,stiltbe, un~¢rg!'iing;¢!imi,@'; a«i'!1:1i:l~~ve,l\rideXtrajildicli!l·Pilnishml>t\t,s: forengagingiil PillUn.(lQ!fg.pi1:l11i@S:, ~m.il'UlIgil.1~ljefl!l.Fa1!ll1 GOrig, Or siinply, rtfiISiilg to: teclint theil' beljefs~ro)1~mn't-h~ml)v<:nient; By'S<;lme. reports,.hundted.fhwe.!)eCll c-olif!hl%"in~<lucatlriil~~h-rab6!".c!lmjY.!.iilldiliigh" securitypsy(;!iiatrib hPspiia,ls fortheorill!iljaflY IUSilne,Wliitelti&,al:f!j¢*tbqbnfirm rq/o17s:<:tf'afmsewltbill ChiM,in~lJb? N~rmt ~ffiJiate!i.Wiili Pa!iJ!r G(,ngioocUll'!enlJ:d neady· SOil <:aSllS.ofFa!imGcngmembers de\aln\!d. pmseclited,Of$,etilJ:ooeIHo reciiiiciition'based ortthe[r"'lleg~ jltaCuwiofFhllltl. ~1spitiruata:cti\(itles;.credible reportS.s~estedUw:aetual iluniliet wi;fs Mli¢h higpi)f. U'NSjxlpl~IRlaPp6rtelir Nowak l1!pQlted in M'arllh 2006lhat :FalIll\GlJIlg;prJictittoli¢i:s~Qmpi'.l~'~··lie!lieljt·Qfvl~ms 'of allegWtorturewltiIe ill govemmentcustody; The:m¢tobcl:i¢fin.&luil~ng'; witJreIi any publlc!1flictiee orits teliel$,· basbeenlii>fti<iiefit'~founds ror priictltWnetS:to teooiw punishments rangingfromloss·of eriiptoymentto inipi'i$onm¢nti

in the.laceoTthismassive' represllion, FlIlilllG<mghij$'Cllgagedin.~hT¢s\n(>,pul\ll¢ alltlVities ifi·China in. recent year's. MemliemliJjJ'i\o¢!ni!elllst!r.il"'iiave,he¢lijl"fesi)Jlt¢d'to, U.S.~ffic~ls,appmir to have'heeti.fs!iii~d'l\Qro:m;;, l'crllleoesl:kHQwtedge;ofUS;officials 1.1l Chi!!llllialun Gillig d~IJGti~su~<mem~9~hip ~~e!lIi;;;~.pra()~I~wnQi'S·;w.·ClijnJi. SQm<li!~ylum >1Wljj,arrtshav.ellss~¢lj'ihattltl::y:fa()l\iI;l~Il$~$~QIt~et~~~ti¢$ niistllkellly·billieve.th-em·to'be·F~ul!'6olilJ",~eiitS.~tleil· \ietall~close·f$1.ily memoerswere inv.olved: in then't'ovemenr; Whilemistak""i~thin1i;mlshtJiaVe (jcc.er"rcd,. manyasyliirri appUcanfl!; ii1cl\i(jiligpilfuti'tiQ~tsi'l1\lverep!,.r!e(Htnat1heywere releaSed after signing.statementl;·re!lojlneingl1iYQivemllrrt. in Fahm, Gong.

l'aluliiJong hlends as!1ects ofTlIoiSni; Bliddb!sm,.and;thl::meditatiOiilechniquesand physical. exetcises"of qigong'(iltraditl!nial'Chme&e exerbise'dlscipt:iile)'witb't1ufwooninil"s ofFidulI.Gong.foul1der LiHongzhi. ManY practitione[sbecanre il"l~~edildialw'iGo'ng because of its purported health benefits. Despitethlnnystica:jnatllrln)fU!steachil!~s, Falun Gong has Ito' clergy or places of worship, IIl\d .does nQtrepresenHtse!fasa'~eligien.

After its founding in 1992, Falun Gong·grewrapidly in Chiita,. No <Qne.lm()W-s,A6W !liMY Chin.ese a!lherents the· movement h!ldatjtsp~a:k, b!lttl!l)Chinese.gGvemment'$~jmate of2.1 millio" isprobabty atthelowend, B,Y 1996, tl1egovemmeIlt;ceneemed'aboutthe

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llloveij)~'.s·burge!)nil!g .p!>Pl!\atiAA;·tef\!!!tld·~!):graii~.it.l~aI$I1I~) ... Ial!llliilg,it;!I:"b!lIt." Desp!~·thlsJes\gnaiion,.lllany ctP'a!1q·PeppIe:;sCjb~nJtjoll·*,W.Y·(PLM·m¢lllbcrs adher¢d'to.·ti\,,'movertlcnt; furtht'r·faisillg.gl'lMettinilitifand CCC'P·coOOi:nls ..

In April 1999,.lnOll'nJnd$of.Faltlll.(}Ql1gljdn~renti1.gl!th~red'p.~ilY91l!sid~·t!)eCCP leadership<lOlllpmmd in cenirlli Beijfl1g.to. profelll the goV'Irmnelll:'smtiMle i<t>wa;d'the movement SilrpriSed bytne size of tnedeni6itstr.a:tion, and beliJWing'lhatFalUIl{'long .constituteda potential threatt() its aU{\iGmy.the'g~lvel'limeiit'1:iin~dthe,mov.elll.enlw July 12, 199ii, under a 1991 criminallawalmedljlrl;preilSihg;s-9qiailydlspuptjyeactfvitJes by "cults!' Tiiiswas followed by a. natiQnwidilc,aCl«lowl), o!\·FalUn'G\\ngpraclitioMrs.

In 2001, thegovern!lient launched a massiveanii"Falu.ilG()ngptojlilgl\!idi!;<;li\)'lpaJ;gl); inittllled'a,<;Qrnpre!iensive effort ja roundup·pra<ilti~Q)ler:s-)loio",il:\lll.dy··ilY.eUst~Y.'lIlld .sanetl\'Jne;d··hlgn pres.s~. illd,,¢lri'na!.i(jI'li:tllc!jCsinmdwwt:or¢e.'~iililm,er~.to·l'dI{jJl.iiCIl falun (;ollg,Nlilglibr;w!lbodcOOifrt!ttees"statii·inStltmiofiii'Ciiltltidfug·.uiiiversities);and oompariiilS,ri\portiidly were ol'oored;to .seti4a!1*!ifOW!i'pract1tIDl\j::tStO.~ilteIiSLve.allti.Fahiil' Gangstudysessrons, a~t;Il Pi1iCtiiio~eis\\(~o·li~"(liptilt~~.pt'¢Ilgi!~'·ill ()l,lietpl:ibl14'i detll"nmtiolls.of~lieI·reportedlYWt1l'e.for~~'ID·~ilimd~~!g!asses; ThQs¢refuslng~o. :reCililt their'beliefs;afier weeks ofilitetilli"e'iilsltlic!iort,.ttedfYw¢re·£efitto reedflll8tio,,"lhroiigh-lalrot·Ci!fuj)Sf.Whei'e.llisQme·CliSes •. belitiilgs'.aml'tOitUr.irWj,fu'ilsed-io fOrce th~ni''to ",wilt; Sorlie offue morta¢tiveFaluii'OQ1ig~~~iliswei'e.s¢i1tdl:rectlyto "",d.ucatlorHhrough·labor camps. ~~l"itittll~s¢luIl'$btactf¢s,.11lfgj!llJIron~ofFaiun Gong~ilherenis··reportedly·signed·pledgeS'lP"(~O\l11c¢.~'m(W~m¢ll~.

c.. NatiOluil~

C/lma'sfifty·fi\1e official I)! desigllatedeillt!!c minll~c.onstitu.~·8,4 p(\~QjljJtofits. population, ot aoou! 110 rIIillion persons,. a p-eFaeiitage. tnat hasgi'<:>wtfliin::cent iiecades in response !dChiir~e policies tb.a:t give;pre;mreiitlilitreatmerifto'miiloTiti¢siirJ1)ll'tl'iage regtl.\~,hirlh pl!lllntng; university-admisSi,m,,-1I'IIdemPtGyrnent,. 'FI!oligll'~ stated

. officilli·.polf.,yis nondisc;l\ninat<»y, $Orne.minorlti~fae¢.s¢rtpustliscr;!ni'in;ltl.on, mc1tl'd\ilgjti&iliscfim:ihiitlbnm: .f!iVor orRan II\lgrahtS. 'l'bW'ilnd.·Otlierfo!IDSot' diserimii'lationatedeeply resenred "ymjhoriti~'i(some:il'e:l's;eiipecial)¥ b;ythe lJi.ghilts iii Xinjiang and tIleTibetail$. Wllile.tlll<·g<Wllrririiertt llisolnt! ~lroilm$ilm'\~eHS;;jilite sensitlve'io·rniiwfily· attitudes en~omereligrons!YW'ctliturall:i signiilCant·isSlj~s, especially with regard tn China>s HuiMu$!ims,whol:iftelrliV(l·In'S¢nsltiV~bo)'d¢rljrel):s. tbe government does. not 0pen:ly tecognizeHan·d:isadnrination·againlllrninor4ties ot tension' among different ethnic g'!:o\Ips.ag.prnbJemsc 'fh~re lIj'ea illimbefl;Jf lllino·r.itles which. have ;lSsimilated to.majorily Bi!n.<;~Jtl!fe-whlle.lils\} >¢taining'SC!ll¢t!lliql'll:<;ulbltal mark~ jn 1)IIlI1Y w-eas, however, etlmicil)'lin'Ql'ity'lea.de~s,areshutQutilf)~ad.¢r$hip positions c·frelll p()utiea!·.and ·decislan.makihg:power in'ffie govetllrlllll'itllildthe.CGP,

The United States recognizes ffie. Tiblit AutollornousRegian. 0'AR)andtlre1'ibetail alltonomollsp,efeetures an.d coantiesh,Qingjlai •. GMsll,S~hUjI!l, arid ¥ulllIanpro¥fllC:es

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as part of tile People's Republic of ChiD". The Tibef~iI, p({pulaiiOR OftheT~ is,/d)Q"~2;4 million, while the Tibetatr~opul~non',in~"uiom'lint\us,pref~r<;$ial!4~uutie§',olltSlqeihe TAR ,is "bom 2.9miiHon. TheiwvemmeJ)l;k~s"tig!lhlMlt.iI$;l;)tt't{j1iltl~us;practkes'aJid pillcesofworship in Tihetan at-eas. althougfn:6nditionsm'¥¢llci'aHY',lijol'¢'Teli!J,;¢i:!.in Tibeta,Il'areasotitSi/kthe TAR. Iii ,all Til:iet;mat~,emn~e,~hji,rit~'p(lllJl)jtI\1IU\Y traditlonal ~!iglpuJ>Pll!ctji:es, illC!uding JiIllbip, malJifesl\lti()Illl'otb¢l\et;;l:i!li'p~ompi;IYll!ld fo!))lblY,S!lPPl'\1Ss'a¢tivitil'S',I'he,< Vlllw!i$, v.;hi01es.t'or'jj<llitilia];dwsentor',azt\io,CllCY' of TibciimjlldllPeliJ.lertce;,suclt $,rellgilltisptactiCli&vede!ali\l!!i 1h'<i1Jlali\i'L~., Ol;ltsjde9t' the'TAR",abiio,ts an!l,I!l()nks"havesi~dtli~ ,\lqmP,!I):e\I wi(\r,tl#kTi\~'eo-religi9!liS(s. tm.y have.gre!lter fu!edom toWQfship" c,QII!hlc:t1"di¥ro~,tr;ntrjng"andm~()'th¢'affairs Qf their mOtrasteJies;;

Autnorities, especially in the TAR, CQniiilWto,wmmit'Sl'fwus'hum;in;rlgilfs',ahusjlS, indudingturtur;:, arhitraly arrest lI!I\l. deteniiim; .. h~.elll'rest,. s!\rVei\ll!1\ce-.i:if di$Si@i,\t$; /;Ind arbitraty reStrictions on freedom of IlWYel:illlnt.Aper$dn·S\llkelihoediiifs!lff~iilg ahUseajlpe:ltsto depend more on'his Or htirpoliticaflWtlvititi$,especiallr:if1he),suJjp6t! Tibelan,independefi\le, tilan on e~cky 61' :i$1,g~ils::Pl'li<liic<!;1!$SUC'!h; ~; lio~li()r, pl'Op!e'lII'earrestelil forihelr-loy.altyto-!lie·~Ili, tama Of'tt)eJr$1!c4ien·Ll\~.:wJjhihthe gqvemllWnt'cllltra.ctetiz~'as p(!r/t;iCl<f,~Ul.whi<l!l·tlieh'idtvIrluaJ·t\lllY-perilei\(lt~'rellgloliS .. Acoording. to· the U.S •. Congresslonai;Exe<lutive'CommiSsleRpali!l:CitI'prtsone!"dalnbiise; byilleendtif2006, 'l'hetewe!'¢!lB kIi(lWll Tih¢tall poIjii~l~ner'¢~¢$;'l\Il;h(lugh'iht exact l'igur~ may be higlier .. SOI1)C ofl;heSll "potillo;ill'riwners" ~;fieldJor their religious heliefl';. Based on. infQtmlltion lIvallahlefot lll'politlC!ilIprl~(ln_;1he'aVerag\l sentence was H) yeats aIiJ.l' ! I Ilmnths,and:'69~t were'ii1iQtilcioflfujj~ Ac06tdihg to thisQata, 51Tibetanpoliticat pt\sonetsw¢te n~11Hji; tIle'1'A'Bi,,~'mSlool!aitPtovjl\ct:j 12, In QingJ\al.Pi:qvh!ee; fu~r in GjjilSli l;'ttlvtllee,.\ltId'ffitee:li\.'lii¢t.lJng.

MonKs'lin'dnuilsaiiCused, "fpt;liticahctiv!sm have repOrtedlySlJ~tedabuse,andtj)rtlir~ hI· priSon, itro!Udlt;g.-bilatitlgsfutte$isti.ng:p,'(l!itl\llitt«dii~<in:ifuw.sWl'lly'Pri!!ofi. ~!'J!':iti~~~Ac~dil1gte the' TibetI!if!)~ti:~'nlll~bi'l), trIm; 1I\1¢jl,s.t 29'iri:1i>ti'ks MG nUIl~'hllYe'die4whi~in'd~'tiO'n'1'n'ti~tanmas·sinee.19li'!l', .. I'iI'Ail!gust~t. a.YQung. monki:iiedaft'er abr.1~fjjeriad ofdetentlOttIiFLMsa{'fur,attempting,t&,trirticl19lJjdi~ ,lJ\, OCful'i¢t2003,lInOther monk died;,t~l~ ¥'a 'teSilltoftiipill\tedA9~reWlttleSefflng al'ilne;;yearserttence fer MV9catingTih~n jtiifupeilden¢e.

As in earlier years; in 21)05 and 2<106ihere'wer~' h-ew,c£cijlllletepQr.tS:6f'detellti6n and imptis<!lIllllent oftibetaus· for pOlitical activities, inside, and. outSide the TAR. IntbeTAR, authorities reportedly arrested five monl<;swl1o refused'todenliunc'e'tlieDa,l;ULama"anrl to recognize 'tibet as part orChinaduri!\ga "plltrioticedu~ation,campailln~tMtbegllnin October 2005 in Lhasa's DrepungMonastery. TARoffipiafsdate;sitid tbat~d'repung monks were' not detained but ratlierexpeUecl'nomthe monastery; tlleyadinitteotliat hundreds of monks had gathered'topetition fodhek relUm,.!n Januaty:.2006;a'oom't'in Gannan,Prefecti\re, GanliU, report¢~!y s¢ntenc¢dti'v¢ Tjbeian,mol'lksatid:'!1Ij"$t~yUP'O tliree.y~& fir pnson;for'displayil1'g;ll~~'\liStribllting:po~t¢l:Sctitical'.pf lheigo\!()mmant. l~ June 2006. RailhFl'ee' Asia, reportedl'hattheauihoritiesin'l<i:atd2:e P~efeciute; Tlbe~ had detained 'five Tibetans, includlngtwo-.J3uddhistnl!ns, fCit alliilgedWhill!dillg.¢Ut:leaflelS

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llmmotlfl$ Tibetjln in<!ej)ertde;lC.e, JJNrepqtt~'iil AI?i'lI.'20~ tl!:a:tari\1·~.IllQnk~i! teac!)er'ofiradltronal'monastic'~f"'!l\'l!'QJhgl!l!tllrQvil'\l~ Ull)n~eo/Wlls'~l1t1;1net>d ill Janl.llll'Y 2006 tofpar reats lnpd$i;j(tliift¢r,h~gaVe talkS'l<hibl)l:Tlbetan ciil~t",and bistory; tbe. cbargl'S against hint are unknown.

Most Tlhel'ans pr.actice Tibetan Buddhism to some degre<>; asdo'sqme otli~retl1riic groups inside and outside of Tibetan areas, most helllbly Mong0liallS: !ivi11l! in inner Mongolia. The overall level of rel1gkilis repi'l:;SslCiI1; while lessop'pt¢$Si¥efor lay followers than in the past; telIlf>lns lIigi;, A;Illhp,ffieslimR then:l!I!lpet"·Qfmpnksll;n<!nllll$ .i!icUl<UlY majOr monastefies,oyel'SeellaHy~ra~tlnsof:.fMl;l.y'ma.lQnl!lQl1asterills·tl;t.O):\gb DemOCratic Marnlgemcl1t Cbminitteell·t))ME:l,aRd'I<ical'reltgl~U$affa1rsbureaIlS;.and mervetite ri:ghttod~!!pproVe any··indWidl!lll;sSWlicalii1iy~!>ti!~~·ttilgl~'s(\rde~. RegulatioilS,m'trlct leadership ofmany·D~to '1>~\9t)<;~114'~t~j)' m9nk:;:a!lii nUlls, and speeiWtl;atthegu:vernm!O>l)t;mllsta.pntuye'~tt1$1Gm¢l1ll)~r,s.Ahl)lI1e . mOi!llS!eries,g'ovemment 'olfrdiils; sitM'lhll'DMI!), la·OctO'Iret,2005, .• Rl!cl1OJl'reeA5iii reportedthllf40'6f'tl'reapproxfinate[y 5.0 numtclliilfug,a:t lhe'ClyaJiak.M6I1asiery near Lhasawete expelled furtefU~ingto p~~lClpate:ii'q:lo!It\~!eiIti(),!ltii>!1.

1'ibefJl f&elnUSt ~ltgio\lS' figUJ:e,. thePatal'Lamil} tled·Xibet'inHrSll.iil:'lhewillre.'dfa failedpopumr up~is[jfg.agafuStOlinese'fuItllofto/:,f.Ielll\lla sigflltretiiitTibititll. eXile eolliniunity'liv6rn"ltnliA: Whlle gQvern$~!lt·."ffli?i:iiIS)Il!lij~!iliitlti\tp<>~~Si!lllW: displaylng·pictures of the Dill"i.~·i$notjf~>.suowpl~t!tesql!lll9t~·nut()bl#J,f, Qpenly iiI iiI" TAR ilnd,roSS6SSiQ!lhas.tr.tgg~reifilll'te$tslirilhe:Plist,.l:i~I~atico'bl;l'rYers haw> seen#iClu_Of a number of·tibewtteligrous'figures;.fuCludiiiifllie"tMlliiLamIlj openly displiiyoo in Tibetan areas oUlilidethe ·TAc~. Wllileilii!lIiflCil\!IPlls.<:>nlW 1)81J!i Lama oonti_ <i«tiiig "paiJiiotiJleduq,atJ<:>iI" ~mfl!!igiffllil'tnoll.~t¢))ti!$; ~hF~ru<ll'Y 2lW6; erWQysofthe palai L~rnaesrneiO Ch.iila. furilietdlh'ri1un~i()ftalksslllceZ6o.z.· llJllis. public remarks, the Dalai Lama. has Clilledfor'a. "rnjlidlewaji!'approailb,whl~b Inciuded "meanmgful. autOnomy" f<ir Tibet, buhdtlad0j)ertdeilce.

The.gQllernlll~tcontinues.to insist l/lIif!<ll1oy·its¢liloted· in 1:l),9$IS'th~nlirl!lamati(illof the. Panchen Lal1.Ul, TIbetan B\tddhistil/s.m(iStproiJjb!ent'.~igll'i\lSfig!llil:aljertl;~{!;)al:ai Lama,' The DalAi Lama'schalee,an.ot!iet hQY:,diS~redilit6:~avlirtirilent¢Ustod}:'in t995 •• Afujrtlie Kannapa 'Lama; <IIl~j';i~.t1ue\)ti~l'Tibetan:gtidill:\tsfft~re,~creffYle'ft;

'iiIet'M lPr ·lndlain;pecember··i9~;)h~·g(!>v""TDUl~ntlu~~e4·i~·e~to.etll1~l.fu¢ pr~s·f(;r'ftndibIP!ild. ¢du¢l\ting·reincllilii\te llimas; AYQjliIg relfiClitlllit¢J811lawhowi!S" recognltzed"ijy' the .• K'lltrnapaL.ama in 1.994:1i~ejnlad&r··Sltlct'$$Vamttent(Sup~r:¥ision.

While' many TIneta;); g(wernmeltt·officialilan.d'CCl'.memboits< .. p'ra¢tiee~Qilhi~m;. the government continues·to insist tl'rat:partymembel'Sand,S!ini6r,g(iVemm¢nt~oyl'es adhere to the party's code of atheism.

Chinese birth plannifig policfespermitTihetansal'ld !n¢mhets<ifQtll~rifll1i'IPrlcty groups to hav,emQrec;hHo.en than,lian. UrblmTibetans;mcludlngpariyroernb~r,., •. ?hd •. spme. t)thnic Hlin Cliinesetivlri$ in 'I'ibetiin~,wel:t\'~sl1lilly''1iermittedt<i'hliVe ilWq;:chitilren. Rural Tibetans areenoouraged,. biJi,notteqWtea,.t<i' lirniO£il'ifu'toflIree·ehHilreri.


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MaJly1'ib¢t;ln:asYlum,$jle,k.erSil(lllW;',Ill"i@Y"W!e,d&liat~ Yll!,Nep~"jRe""'emt i9$!1'an¢ 'r9S9.,Nepal,'llcqeplll¢"llS'resldenis1lpp~fll1~~fy®'\lGO''l'(1)etarr'tj!:fu$eilS;:,nmststinltv~" in NepaL Laret am\lals'liave'nGtl~ht(if it¢C¢SS;toC1tizei\;slI~J;ir1i!per.i;y,ownetslli)'l.'!riI'Iel dooume!ilS, edocati,!ll1' or publicS!ibii¢es .. lilS!¢lid,W~pj!t;falii~itii#Wfu~~PllS~~i9~\)(iia. wherethe,DlIlai J;lUl1!!-,luIs b~l!¢l!dqlll!rtel'S, AmOng:~'1\lt~!l!tjv~ls,wlJQ.$iay,ed it. Nepal, some enjoy t!trivmgcoil!m¢t¢ia.land wltu:ta1li¢tivltie$,eveli:tooughthe:Y face' discrimination andbave no legaLcighrtoW'ork,

In May 2{)Q3, the Chinese govemment S)lccessfillly p,essllf'i'!Nhl! N~liles!! ,goverllm¢trt to rep;ttrl;tteto Chilla 18, ind\"idlll!l$whuliad'~red;N'epalftmn Chfuawilheutlra'Vel documents. COiltrary to established'pritcli(:e, thIl'N~I~.~'v~ili:inent.de1iicil'theoffice ofth" UN High Commissioner for f{efug~.;@:fl'IHCa}ili~lithmj,ln(!l!~srothe groUJj, Cl1ine,se',authorities 'lleillmed1he Ig'fihe!allSllta.Ghl~bptder'plf.&t·~d'Jate;'at,a pr.isonin Sliigatse.Cbineseauthet~'esre-Portedl~ ptetsuteli.iIetail¢esf"fbtlbes; tlIrtured sOme -ootainees, '!ll'iilsnbjetted mOilksin'iliilWOL\pro'eilttabeatlli~,f61w,wirig , internation!il.presSiite on Nepal, ovettlr¢ m¢iaertt,'li<~Ii li!!tti9!ifl~:bii",~ ~~",oy.er'tbe majprityofTibet~llsappreJten4ed ill $ilriil;tJ:ejniumsJ\\n"~$4o,~CR.jn2.o~6i.MO!l nc:w Tjbet$ >lI'I'ivalsliPJJroacliedlJNHQR i!lNepaljMdC2~9,46:1'~'tlil)S,jeftfur Thdia;.the ditretence.tefiectedz-backlog ·in-l.1NHBR.1iil:ietalttrlliiSif-eases·lit1he;eild,<if'2000,

Tibeians who arrived in lhdiabefol'e j.97?iwl'fe.gl¥en.;asyijlm •. l'ho~!! whpamllejl ;.r £!ie'cul"offd:ite.are not entfit¢d,w'MY offici~t-status. ,~.lI1(lta,the·Ci;iitflil Tibetan AdmlnistratiOii (crA}dfthe,1'ibe!anexil'e~olilmlltiityt~.tespoilSibilitY'fort¥ngw ineet,tlieo'nlieds6fi'eseU!edT!lletans:'Pheliid1an'lll'veriiri)eiiffltbVid~~e'CTA,wlth'liI\td for'sett'ltmelltsatld :;ruiie,smalt~iiiian~\, Tiqeian$'jMfi\ii!!';.¢l!Iiti_"tIl!\lel dOCllllletlls arul seWeintbe llldlii!J.army.\'illMUll_:tri!Y¢I~iftolTflni.lia, tb~ needA~tget anlndiiinIdemiiy Ctlrtifleate. Wlleiitherret.urnro;ind1a~y ltliled ro.-genli! Indi!mVis&

Tibl:tti1iS Jivinginlne TAR ai;rl'atllerp!ll'\'sofCl!Ii!a,c()lltii'iu~to-en¢6lijliiiI:sJ!llStlllii!lil dUJij;!llties ill:'o\itaininsChine$c. P~S$ports,~~J'ftdi~·"j$!ls(qr~l:t(! 11l!$ll\c!Qt' " , religious';and 'oUietpurpqses. Chinese,:amlllli'ities,restttl(lt'ihe;lfi6vement Qf:fibetans during sensitive anniversaries and events"~ and Increase eowt)\s ()verhOTdeuiriiilS afthese times. Iii September 20()6 and Octoher.2li05, intwO'serious'iiteioonts, Chinese troops fired on dQzel1s.ofTlbetans, incl¢ing!l1onks; U\ffiSj andcl'lil€\~!\,~ttemPting,t<'! eiQS$,a higlrpass into Nepal. In the 2\)06 i$ident, eyewitnesses reP9rh:d'~lifie,lSjjr~ !!t'the gro,lIp,m;m'adiSl!ill~, collttadieting_,claimSlmioo·sbortly,afterlbe,.Jiicldenl;by"Chinese inediawhichallegeG that the gr6liphad'attacked'Chlnese '!lCif<ter:tili:Ops',OnewomaiJ:,a 17-ye,8r-old,nun.dieG" Forty·tbree'llieml»rS·bf.!1legrblip :l!'T1Yed'incJ<,'ail1mandu,;,a member oftnegr{lllP wl1o,later reach¢litdia'cilii(1ied'il1atth_r~dozel1Jofthe Tlbetilns. captureGby the soldiers, weretbrlUredwlili cati[t'i'llto\isaildforeed'Wdbnar.iLJlibot. There wf;w,alsc-reports 6farbill'lirYdetelitlc:m§,Qfi"¢l'SQns;partf¢UlaIiYmQnk~.ret_lng, from NepaL Detentions general~ faSiiafor SeViil'af:morith$, although in mostcases;no, formal ,charges were brougltt.

C.l. Uiglillrs


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TheXinjlang Autonomous Region, inChina'sremote'iioifuWesf;, h!!l)a loiig ltiSIO!'yol' ethnic tensi9n between tli~ ruHngHlIrHlhilj(:se, and the mtijo,j1¥ 'Nfw;lim UigtJ",rs. ,Some Uighurs aavoeateself.determinatlon, which !lie Ch'ineseaumoFit4>s,stfflngly:opl!Pse. ViGlentincidents,haite been altributedto Uighul' Ilcti:vists, lnclndiljl!:'liomllhigslli, 1997, Eventhongh authorities have Sliited th~tt4ere havenotheem llilY lI1o!Wtertot!StaCts in Xi~lang,$ince 20()1, CQl1nierte!'rorismnas'he¢n used''MjustjftC\tji91! fbra\>rel¥i, C!'a¢1<doWROOl MWJUm religiousa{)livity. ,S~; Jlethapshundt~,,9i:lJighiltsac{)Usedbf itwo!v,emetit inpolititalor reli!p®s'aCtivj!1es'iiav,e'beeiJ,~~,;~ince,themid"1990s; t/ioU$ll)ldS9f othmliavl: b~lI,detqil\~d~d'iQ1priil9i1,~'a~r.tl.'l!:tair'!d!Il~;, 1'h~"I!fe' cred\bl¢ ~'of:iQl'I"re, Severe're~i¢tiO!l$ 'liav:e'been'pt!leed/\m,:tlieJSl1lllii",ol~gy ,1lI\d thepraC!ice, oflslilm in there!poll. A)lmeriiie§tes'll'ictthe p\ilitling ofinG$i;jfuis1n ' Xii'fjiang and"'prohialt,the teacliing'oflstali1 to"sclloo!"~e(}.oltiIifrl!he:ut§ide.ilie·!i<ilrte.·.ln additiOn, Jl!lijiim$,llllc:!i,)rili'eage <>f 1.$'lite;lloi,~i1;f~ to i!i.tej)~F~y,pri!>,er$lIi mosqu~,.llloug!l th!s,pl'(l\tlb#ion·m!ly,b~.!ln~enlY'~9~ir~·T~li~;~ssor~ uniVll<&ity stndents"and .ernpfuy~&of\>i'ateO(lW!f¢if'(mtetprlses~fACi}i>lmJlar ;restrictioi!s,O!!. a:ttendiiigiliosqlle,· We1iringheadscatVe$, andlirtioiic!ll~tMlrrait!h)j!tfu1y.

Chlli~ a,uth9riti¢1> ill Xinjiang. ofian.ml!l¢ 1i~1~'<)rnpd\Stillo~ b$vlllln.v'I>Ient olilIDSiliQil;.an,!'the. peacefui"exe<ciJ!eQ'flhe rijiht'Wfre¢cl,QIi1'ofexpl'essililr •. assooiittiim; and teilgron, and have used the wat<lll.tei16NsID ilSilij·ei«illseto'.'rkpres;dooUighurs; Chinaolhin dwmsal!vocacy ro~ gr~e( teg!r;;nafallt(iiiomj> oriildel1eil(:(ilijC>l:l¥'bt\'~ethllic ~sm,"a {)rime agaiilsjsiate SeQlIrity. Jj]ri,~mbl<r2fID~,t4eC\titl\lse'Minlstry Q'f l'ublle SecUfity P!lbf\Sh.ed aHst of'f'ourU!g!lur~ilil!£is,i~.l)!la~erj~'e$."t¢twrlW" otW'-I'fiZatiMst tile EaS! Tu\'kestilij, ISlamic M(j\i~li1ent{E'f'fM'ji'tJjeEllSrThnres!ili\; Liberation OrganiZllti6n, il1e Wilrld UigllUf YOUth eongte$s,.antnne-~.TUtkestili1 Information Center.. Aftet informatipn.receiv«! fl;dm;.f!l¢ bhirteS~;g()Vetnmelli' was COlt(}bOf~~d by other evidence, the United NatiOl1s,¢lassJt~eTl'iiil as-l\terrerl$i dl'g/iniZiltibn. Aocordillgtoavili!llbi~infufulatibn; me,World UighUr )i!cIi1tllCoh~'lind the:EiiSl TUikestart· Information Genrer,bOthbaSildill';(letilil1\lY,·iite'P9Iitica!· groups',illa! puli'lis}z¢ ~ports·df'a.bus\lS againstUigni!l's.iit Cliti)It,iIni!:a~.seJ;t'"l!!ilpf;mii\ati()n .. ei' ind~~~eneefo"'lhe regiOn.

In AiigttSt f999, UighlifbliiSii1ess\VQei'iin RebiyaKa'door;. fierwn,.aoo:!refseiire'tai;ywere ~tamea'ill UiUil1Q' Xitijialrg'9;iliiiSti(\.tI\liitvro.ytp meetitv!Si~iilg{o~!iri*I~~l)i:j;, Kade!ll'was.oonvfutedofpassing'Sta(e'$llCnlts'~~tserdenced;id'#igllt'YearsilipriSQn,,even thougl1she.m~ntajliedth~.thejtems.'sne·was'i!lWTYingw"re'pUbli¢J~.'availablel1f;}~pap.er articles; Sl1e r<iportedly was singled outOecause ofheraeti'i!sili<iii'helmlfoftlijthutsand b'ecause·>/j(ller husband's links to U1ghUf causeS'aild'Radi(!rree' Asla,Slilce,sne·jefi. China.on a medicaf p.aro!e.lUld rese~l~djn'th¢Uitited'Stales Jn20<tS. Xinjiangautltorities nave.oPntirnied ·to naras& her family membersreli1aining:iil X'inJiang, Mil 'herclllldren bavealSO' been Impr~soned,

Thea;utilorities Imve·confiscafed what they termed "ltlegal" (li:figit:)us,pliblicaiionsin Xinjiang, and continue in some areas to'discQtU'llgeQvert religious littife-ond'reiigiotls


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·iltarri~e.ljer¢I!!,wi!lS, ViSitQl'$··\iD:. XijtjjMg~.r,t{h;U:.som~.;iI~q\\~fuive b~J:ld¢sir<>YeQ, . tbOI!g!\;S{)me.att~tl>!1te$:edenwnti!il1l t"'~~~.tw~-lWillllQ'Uigli.!llrM!lst\!lllh

UlghutsJind Q.tliet etliniC:liimotities InXmjiattgare ilG!lliiial!ysu\jj~ft6less:strin.gent p.opui!llion{;(ll1trols than ~ Chiiiese, f{oV\e,ver, aut.h\l1'itiesa¢~iiCr¢ljSj~g)y p~~liriilg minorities - especially UigflUfS- ro iimitbirtbst61he~am.e.ri!llnb~rasBlm;ChintlSe ... Thl'l'enaVe also been reports thatalltnodlies' hlU'ullltaSi:d in a:oe~.:aborti;on.an'd. fe-teed sterilizatlon,ofUighurs. lil·(emote'.areas;.:tliere$l i)o.etfe.c1lvellrltiiS,blilgilwmnrelit·· employees and, party members'are enoollr~wi,to .• ' cmech~d.

the·si~tion ~\l¢ by Chinese citi~of~~1}thni<;itY,l,wthm liio,itl>~Ch!ila, where.a\lollthaffi:ifCh(ijll's two; miUfo~N:liJnj\;·Rol'ellllS iiv\;l!l1dels*h~e'jll,cMl1a; is in stark wnttaSt with that faced by North, KONan asylmihseekiers, Eiiiilblished commuiiities.ofethiiiC.Ktireailis·lu'Nortl!ei!$t:Ch1ria,and·lndivi<lualethhic·Knr-iiliiiS elSiiWhere d:o riot ~i\petien~lICtWe;dffi~tly~f~,Wt~~iilll{~¢i;,tliei'e have Q.een !ll1nleI'o!J$'or¢G(i\:;ie!J:P<1rts,{jf~@ISS~nt"d~~ntt9J!;,l#ld 1ih~$e!otNofli! Kor~',asylum.Seek-etS, and o£att¢gf'lilid'.detentionof'sdme€l'iiiles¢'ciliizllnsWho provided. food, sl1elier, traiis.portatlOn"lilid'om;:r.iiSSiSl'allC¢to'Nortli'Kbtllilil,as~i\wn· Seekers. . .

in esta!:ilisM<iemnic.K<lrean cQnuiiiiil~Ri$ in'Chilia's nortlieastemprO,\>iinces ,ofJUin, Liaoniiigi.~iid Hl:ilongjiliil~ •. eSiietiaJ1Y.J:II;n's.·y:aiiman"Ktlteiill/Aiutonol1it>i.ls Pr6:leCtute" KQi'ean'i~ngTIII~ lIni1.·enltu~'IlQ-eWstWitli'(;liineS¢IIUl~I;1'tii1d~t~. prot¢ctlilllsf1lir th~.are,wrltlen.into lqclil raw, signs1U'!}bilihgw(~ImIWKo~s,,qp!lraie;~irown Korean-lliliW\ge newspapers and,I'iIdI~'sWitmS,.alld'eiIllltc K~ worltlJ( va,tio.lls levelS of lOOal,citY,and provIncial' govclnme!\t, ffithase'areas,i.pllmntsate.fTee'ta seiid meir cjjildrentQ mainstream Chili¢se spMdl$ortt>~!l()Qlstli~tel$j'rtiPti$!iYlllld' $~ndary instrnClionin'Korean. Wh(le'slu~l$whp'4ttendJ{ol'e,lIrscn"ols 1ll1iY 5\)fftr some d.is;ic:lWll\tagesandc:liS\lrmti~Qnl~r'itl Hte,nlItlonat,poll9Yoff'epsmilll?iities some'measure ofpteferenee inuniversiiy.adrtiissJmt aildliigber Ul!iverSit;y stipel\di:-than flilr mi!jOtity Nan Chlneseslll&n!S •. Korean ctilijlle~ as nlindl'itles,;,generaIlji'lirealloweil. tWootmore cili!dren, though; lilsfetiiiajly; (heetl$i~K6rea.n,bihti~afe'iiiGIil6'ahasbeen Ioweri!lllll {heNan Chine~eblr!ltrate. (n theYatihian'Autonj)m91l$·:KQI,¢I\!t~~~ 'Cath0liC andi PrOte$tilJit churches;ilIcllidillg«l'irean4attguage~tQteStlIlItlihilrtlbes with' close tiestlFSoutltf(b'rea!l .. G!,urel!es; hiwetlUmtireM,.adherehts. !<;orllililProtestiinl cliurcnlZalspope!llie-openLy in LfooningProYInceart4maintairiMieminary'tn Liaoning Province that !rains. ethnic Korean ProteSla!!i ministers,

, Reports from, numermls sOUrces suggest.thatthousands,pfNorth- KGrenns everyyllilfare detaineihtldforeibly ret\1rtle4 ttl Northf(lirea;;Whetelhey tikelyfai:dlllfs!tjlutliSlltli¢nt. ana in some eases, possibly tli¢-dea.!h'penaltY~ '1JiheChines¢'g\1o/etnwent(ionlinuest,ydeuy UNHdRllCCessto:'Wet1IrealongjisJ)()rtheastOO"bprller'wlth!l>iiMth.Ko~.tlIklilg.the posi(lOnlhatNortb.Koreans.'wllOc:tos~the'botderWitnOllt·6fficiat,lj'lU'e"permirs;ar~ megal wtinomic: nligtlifitl;:,tiotrefugees.,ChiiJ,aliaS along,stao'Qiilg>agfioe:l1!entwithN<>rth


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~OI'f:llt(} r.~patriate bQr(jer~wsSt\tSWllo dOllQt hofthif!'icia! fta\!eI,perroits., Whlle<CilJl)a is a,partyte the 1951 UN Con\lenti®' R~ll!tii1g,tl\lithliStal\!$'of*'fug~s,andi'is ),'1>61 Pwtb<ioland,Corwentirin, Agll,lnstTQrl\i~Il!ld{)fuerCrt!~l"bthll!l!lln'OJ'I),~dlng T!l)at).'nent or i>unishmen" it dQe,s tlOt;hav~aprocesi; to®r¢rtil1tidf;an,i1illlvidi.al North Koreao!l1eetsthe, crrtetia fot ptote<lttOIl tinder those 'treaties.

Press reports,claim widespread trwckirg l)fNort!d~p~ WOOl(lll,anQ;gjr1l>,jn,Cliina" especially in the Northeast, to work III th:e,sex indlistryor i!oJre fortiid,toi:tv:ewith Chinesemec. illcludingiti fotCed'inatrla~es; to.l'Ufa[nrenofl}'li:r~~dHl\rl cti1ni<ilty. Ltica!<>bserVefs'report tbeY"il,fe' uMWllteJi;:ffar.ge;.$CljiI!:i,1¢t~~1n,g'ornoflh'~,~ w,emil1lan~Lgir~J:m.llitfler sideoftfie',b9rB#, wh1ie'a~ov,iledgmll,'ihli!,$!\lIlje;smalI-sca!e \:i1tffiekinglak:es place, ' '

D. Poutic:lI6'pinion

Allfw,ugh the governmelltd~nies il~ldiligpolrticat ,otrelig!ou&'ptlSiilnets>thtf'JiUmberof persol'l$@lnedorsewing,seiltelleesfot"peaceful!ye~resslttg';tIiilitPOlftiCiil, &\li~ieU,s, ·or.silc:ial· views, is estimated tb rtl!iJ'l~r ·iji the,;ii\\i>il$l!m<:ls; 'L¢gi\~,saregtiJ!rd~jl.ii'ii\qJje delaffied or impril>oned are inconsiStentI1'<implement-edorignp1¢tL Fer ex!IlXlllle,fjQliee and. prosecutors often subject prisotieJ:$tQ severe ps:ycb:d19$~,prtSSlir{:;to c<>nfess;and coetced eonfessloils· freqjJ~tly lirllimroifutliid'as tvidei!ce, Gov,emment'p~at<iiJ'lake.s it diif~lIlt for Chinese lawyers torepre'Setil.¢rirrtijjal def~d~'e'Sp¢C.!aUy il'l' high"prbt'ilil pOlitical cases, and a numbet of 8.ttOrii¢Ys have.beendetllinedi~~'~n~!ilell.tllmlJ:.fti-:tear ptisQIl tem1S in Qonnection w,ththefr 4~fe."'WofQ!i¢rJtS;inpciliti¢<i!lYsen"itive'c:lSe'S.lii highly ;~b:u:giid cases; especially titose' iIl\iiIi~titi~locat govemmtiii'taitd·pafo/>¢ffida:ls, Iheautboritoes g¢iietally attach Iilg1tiirprioiityto'supp~e.Ssing,PQntro1il'QlipositilMl.lifid 'l1laintaililng;·puhHc;cirdet ·thaiJ,toenfofc'mg.l¢,gal ntJri\$or:PfefeJ\$lgiililtvidilal,rlghis.

DozellS Qf\XiH.tjpal aGtivfstml1llve;be!illmesred'ovJ!rthe'pastdei;at/e,for.ttYing:t('j'tfl~sWi' apol!ulllIlparlyandothetp91itieall1iltivitiesisit¢lj as;lid"~itS:wlltt!#l~fQl111;m'a reappraoisalOftht> l:SlW Tlananm¢ii Mas$a~re.m t~ll;d9li"nspfR\em~r$oi'Jl,!ethen. neWlY rotmedCbina D¢mocr~l'atty(CiJP},.We!l)ari-ested,Ajn'd:aI!llPs~ailofltir·ll:adets we;e s¢iiteltCed to long pris0l1terms.mheid Witho\l~¢narges~.· The'craekdoWn,ag!'inSt the COP ¢OlItmtles. Mom,lhari30·cllrrem'orfofuietCDP'rrtembers',fflji6rie4l;\i.tflntaln"d,'iit prison, at tile. end,of2OU6 iiS::a:resillt'fif tlteir.,poljl\·Cat.llliti'liitillS;,· The()h1i;'aJ)\\vi\lopm",nt Uriiolt,;agrollJ:> devoted to pGiilica}Wld,envii'Ql)l!lentai::refilrm, lias ili%l been, viJ:to;aJly shut downbytl:!e arrestof itS.l1lembl;fS.

In reoont years, tbagovemmelll hasl'tOsecuiedsome indhli'dua.l advoCat!\$cifj)<jlltical ref9tm fer "subversion" and "leakingstit~e seorets," especialiY'ili=w;iloacmailyor alleg<:dly have bad contact with foreiglt hurnanrig!1!S,orgartiiatiolls, For'exartJpIe"in Ocm.ber.2003, formerattomey ZhengEnc!ionllwas.,.senteilCedtolhtee.years ,in priSQn for "diSclosing, state secretS" as an aliegedresult o.l:lilsptovidffiginfurmlit!oll'io:foreij;l:l. organizatil'lhS. The same roon!h •. oonsecl!.lItcb me!llh~r L1UF~gg?41g.W@I>:deu\ill¢diOll slate·secret£.charges" allegedly for providll\ginfonnationto:o\f;¢rs~'lS.nongW\ll'limental organizations about liis investigatii)ninoo:tl\edesWGtiiii\<ofh<:iusecilurtiIiliS iIiZh¢ji~ng

17


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Province. Others·detajiled,.·proseout~d.. Of.s.e)l!ence!i!?!l.$tat(\ secr¢tli'o:r,~uJ~yersj()n.yl$;ges inc.\a!iM,poUtical· "issi(j~nt an4, U,S~~gIl.LPllM(\llcatresi~en;,·¥1IngJ~lIjl,'a!l,cI.i1I01'l'#ta!l,. 4li internet'tssayists wlie' advocatedpQlitii¢al:~hl!S.

TheC\>lII111i.lIlis.t Pafty"(lontfo!led All-China: Fe@mtibR of'lZmde !J.n.~(ACP''f'lJ) i&th,e sole lega! w~fS'orglluizalion; in4epJllld<:lituniQnsareU~Ot@lnlzets of'>w.ol'kerS! protestsaod urtaathtJrized labor unions bavebeelt.ilie targ'etSor.tepresston, lind -several illdependeti't labor .activiSlsare clmehuy saNing,prisoii sa\itie~. .

New¢'o~ing organiZedootivities 6tpabli~.0i16fid¢asi}jj\uhe!?al'ty,.Il\'W!iJ!tever level, regards as' cnllUI'ngmg its 1t\lthorltyl\ref()tbidden"aod'al'!-l:h~fy",pressed. partic!llar.!y if warnings·to. ~ist,areunheede-d:·lfow.ever.,:Chil!a;'$'\Wlill!lll!·arnl.'SpCilil situatiOn-bas' ch;mged'overthe paSl'decadlfandm()re: i.%neraliy;liie'f&1herback:intihte an applicaitt'spol\tit;!ll iilvOlveinent,.fuMes$'Jik~lYhe Grsh¢is'ti)'.~.l~r~m1he government. Tile f()no'''''il'/g.~ectio/) i$jtit¢#~ClItG.#QV!~¢ildJil4i¢i#~W',wi, a. b~ief overview ()f.events·iil·Chitla;.s'huma"tfg1rtS.ni~t"r1',tp·-wn~\l:llpPI1~illS:,inayrefer.

Tl1e'l~'\!!ljj;~tlyl90I)$., S¢I1:\eji'j)I~'inW~etI',~,tIleyWoillciSiiflllr, tflbe}' retlitll.¢d to' Chlila, cllIngpast per.$ec!!~l~il·qf@IIy-in¢llt~s~\tI'i!rg:th¢:al!It.iiglti~ (lie" "anti"®.ulltcrrevoluttonaty")e~fglwtoltp;wjllgtl\e'¢Dr;. )'949·vi¢tQ!'Y.Qr~Ml.eof 'alleg~'associatlon' with 'the,pre-f~4~ChiiieseItuQitiilltai\g,,~,):!!ll't)r;,ot1'liemi:iei:St..lp· it! a "black five elemertt" fiitnUy{i.e.,wlWSfi nrelrilM'Sb~ro:rii 1949:l1ild lmililitid!@tds; rich filrmers,. CCP opponeni$,,,rilllmals; -~. rigjl!i$tsJ. The:'PQIIlIi>aI.~v1.roitment6fChll!3 today iSsig!}ljic3lttly d1ff.;rentfrom fuaf'of;!!W 195:/k'and t~. jjjuring·:tli~~9~$l'4e, tIl'ere huvebeen nO' reports of ofiiciiildiscrilninatioll because of''bild c.!:ass"b-aekgr1:>und.

TI!eCD.ll:IIfal Revol'lrtloll.· TIfeC\iltUl'af'Re\iolu,tiotil'ra{W6\),-197~)'\\iil!l,spatkedb.t fi.¢f¢l)'S\~!lgj'i'e-at-if\l;,top()f$e·cq>·~~··,~()."n4'bl$"ie~i~\P~-'fOll()l!!(lrsj'lnd the.-a!leged-"tlihtlst" >pany 'offlcil(1S am:i&ilnlaII¢Fats'whlim,lie:'h:etieved' W!!lt WGdd~w puslihiiri'{Mliii>y;t6 ·tIle· till'it$in' ofthi"pciliHCid··stiige,· .. Durijj~,this;ron$.perltid·ofstl$tailled poiitieat aruJ.<)wnomic uplieaval, ini1li(lnslifGbiri:es~a¢tGsStl!¢cOlinbyw.ere~i1iriUiilted; atbltraril,ydetaine£!, and tortured, ao<imalJyw~i<1lled;. Mao-ell~Pll~,ag¢t-Qena$ aniil, young:aduft radicals, the Red Guar4$$'toAcrmrj:teofficia!s"imreaucrals"illid'ill~liigen~ia w!iom,!leregatded as oPPOsing his ideas. Following Maoi.s:deatk,jjtidDciigiXiaoPiltifs p6liticalreSlliteCti6n.the December !9'7~Vfhil'd,'pl¢natySession;jfllieEh~v\ll)t1i.CCp Congressrq,udiatedihe;Cultural RevoltitiolJ:, andpdjjtit),aliY !!eb;l,brt\i:atedmUuoos.oflts

. victimslll"'1l1fWifu;m,an,y v1ci'it:ns{}ftbe midcl~5()s>4ap,tr"'ghtist'"P\i,tgp,o~,ln~lectal/ls., Weare;'lIot'awareof1ll1Y impaetonCliliJ,e5ewha, ill)'\\i.r¢tJ!l1ITtllChlli;i,wtlelhatfue¥'wm viffims;or'peI'parratocs dl'rep-r$Siolllilill,yfokm\le,dlliing'the:'Ctdtatlil !Revolution'era,

1~11ineijingD¢!i10liSt11a~IJ$' Nl;;lrthe ~ofll1~¢\ljmral ~¢'IIj,}hit~P11:'.ImI,.l't~mrer ZhouEnlai, wide.YS¢eillissenteltow ml}r~Jilibel'aI"liill:rl!Maci •. 'dled,ln'Jan1jroy 1970,j!lst months before'Mao·dred.lItrdl\isclosest.,poUti¢alacof)1eS~(fue"Ciiingm,Fbtlt") were purg¢d; Wb¢n 'Beijing r.esiaentsptacOOwreatils in;,ZllOU',s,:n.emowm'Tia)la.!im<m'SqlIa!!e

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in. April \ 976,Q~thl".oG\l3$ron. ofChina"s;\I!l;®i!I/j\ay,ofrem!lm~{or tll,~4G\l~1l~d, tlle l'Il'eath.s W\\I'e· remQvedand.tf.(e;ri¢.Il\m)$lI"iItel's ""ere·vipJeiidy:expilll«l. ~mthe; . Squate. ThclSe. atTested dliringthisdiinioli.sfuilttOii wtre fat{:rt~i!.'lili.g.absolved .. by!he CCP, thougJ.llllany oftbe l¢lloing r976.ac;ti"i$tSw~e invQwed:fnllit:ep·niov.eme\lts, highlighted' below; iron'qlllfy,many of'tlw~ INilvisisw\\I'e. IQn:nerR¢.GUlU'<i$;

1918-19:19 ~m<lcl'llcy WltU, [)uringJnepeqeihber t91,S:Ele'venth'PlenumoftheCCP; ensomllged by·qbvioll$ ongoiilg iilternli!.ceP~'ft\lggl!'!qverhow' ~t.and;bOWfartOgoin repudl;Wing the politkalconsl'!q1!en~ oftl1e..Cultm!d·.l!ie~l~tkm,·~Ii!ls;e!ltail"'~ .wihe· gerietatlbil thli!' hlid.GOrrte ofage diitirlgtMCUitutli!'Revollitictn,.sPQiiliQte:d,:a lltlefbut wi~y~: p~rlod,ofpub\ic.di$llllsiiilil.n:~YlloStilig th¢lr'id~':$n::awliUiii,ceii1:fij,l ~eijll1g,. 111 nI79,~ese:po~jl1gs,w~,~ie$;Y'mqvej\,~qmw~r~e'~efm:e~~'o'f'tlw·. ''''''dillgiacti''Thts~J1'r®>hehJw.iisilff$i¢d'iIIi~ th"l@vem¢tjt}tW·~1li\; The Demottaey Wall fu1:lVementiwaStlie.gOO'i!s(softater:wa.ves,ll'fijij)HtiCili 8l;llVi$ii'J' •.

1'986':~udjlnt l\{ilveinent, StUdent iJemoli_O.i:J~ in 19S6ov¢rdi~.~tiSfae~j~n 'Witll cqllditions !,lIIChinese IIniver~!ty camptlsesi/l.looh/l.d'hel!v:,"'politi"aLovertone;;; rea.diilg ultimately to !he CCl"s removal of Party O¢!lel'llFSecretary ·~Y~ang,'\Vh\lllJ.1'1Irtr eil:dersl'ligarded as too' toIlitaniofdil!Sent Aitef'the:go.yern'!lietJte.racli:-llddown;wltb strong !,lIItllr6lS on rli:llies 'l!I1<lprOII<s\: malih~$i.si)ir.l~<s!udent.ptot~~l¢l!4~ repoite<i!y: were expelled from school, kt)ptfromcl!l~'r~!md,:t1l1lJ'llfl!lSte;assign~ l'lnqe$ltable jllbS,.Cit n<il.assignedj.!lbsafter~\l!!lll.Oil;1'hca.(jti¢Shavemam.1afI)e!l;thl!'lW> stUdents wemal'l'llSted as, aresult'ofthe&e,derrtetJStrat1.ilns;Htlwevel1{lltUlielit ActI'\IlstYIlIlg' wei, whO' was'hwolve,Olithe$\', i;le$.ililStt~tlQJl~,WItS;II;'i'~ iliJii!ili~ 1!l.1l1,releas.@ iit Jan)lary ,~a9,atrest\ld~nJIiIy 19~,:all:41'l1!~~~~n'in!\'!illm~1Q9l.Swa!so Section UU:tz - POlitical Aetlvlnes lathe' UhifJl1l Stales: Ca$e.o'fYang wet)

1:989 Ti1lllaumen, ltenio¢}'acyMov¢mellt.SOmi:llis),J'um app:ti~;have c'!atmedthat; Wh~.tlrey!~ Chinl!;.autiwniies;hal,\'nrit~~,tne,·~~p;·~·WhjID,1#\~l(hiiif1>lijlpQried·· S~~m~ ptir(!t;mootaC}' ai(M$tsilll\iil9'C1il~a~ties~ave;[email protected];at,all , . Tiallalliiiellcases ha'llt;b'eetl'resol\ied,.j}uMlreyhav¢:ilot.pi:l)YiIll!d·a.¢}'C!ljbliiall~olllitiilg.r;f th6si1missih!\,; dead;. or siilliinprisofiell., fndh40uais suspected,dfoilgumgiii .. 6hil<menfin amWitfus. eommemoratitlg.iiinse.f<.flleiJ;in tneTiilUilntilen $quareiii~~ ar-esulll¢etto' ha~entand ,som~titn¢.sdetentlon.

1989l)emonstl'll.tiollS in·Fuj11m,1iJid.'G.ualtgifi!ng; Dtirltigthe·198!f·1;ilInilnitlen demonstrations ih Beijing, thereweredemnnstratiilns,ili F'I1jj'alleaniHiiJlii!e#olig,both provinces with historically high volumes.ofasyh!l1u;laims, I:lowever, ibe$e~al clem9l\stratiollS were'smaller IlIld·!ess·drall'r.llic·than.thoseiil.f!eijlng; andap~ar,tohllve been: dosed·down by [oeM autliotiti.es -as.gener.allywastlte cliSe' elseWhminChina omside,ofBeijing -less: forc.efuUy, i.e., .ai1dwithnlitviolenCi:l .or wid1ilspr"'<i'dretdbntiOli.

SOme1l$yhnl'! IIPpllcants from pujtarrPt9"iil;¢l.:iassert,lh~tlhe;~eeurity.ajltllqri:ti"sw\\l'e seekirrgtlie;nbecausethey' dissemit)!lted"iilfotmatibit'i:n.Fujian'abi:rut .. lheTli\l1~jlmet) Oeni\)CniCY Movement. Whne' w,e'haveao'Specific inforfuatiOlktegardlrtgsuc1\ "Claims, Chinese media enjoyed unprecedertll;(i'i!eeqi:)moVer $everllikeyd<wsdtidng'tnc June

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W&9 Tiarummenpel'lod, openly reportirig .. tliMilJ!lwevents,.~ii!lll·asr,!¢ts:in:l(;i·ll\l.anil Chen-gd\!; foreign reports were al$;q braa~ellSlYlit'l<outilltet:fei'encecdllrigg:tlJj~,periq~ ..

199"9'Crai!l!doW1ro.1I Ihe ·Ch'na De:n\'OCI>Ilo/l>ai1Y •. A ,X999'Dtackd6Wll":~illstihe' China ~m/leraey Parly (CDP) rC$lllt«iiil.$qoi;¢sofl\lTeSf/i qf'CDl"rnembiirS.and, by'the. enil oflllat year, almost all ofltleCOl'isl~&as w~ s&tVing lon$pr.json,tl1:tm~.opvere: in cu$ociy witho4t fowal charges; In N6vember 20li2,'ll\!iherjtlesjn. iTprovlnceS roiliidlld up. a number ofthe·192.acti~i' many ofwhotn were,ClJPtnember% who bad signed ail open lettercalllng .rorpo[i"tiClrlre:rorrn:endare:av.Pfalsl1l of the offi¢i4rverctict on the 1989'fienanm\l1l massacre.

T:.!la'C\iine:se gQljerl"lment.monitQl'$,s.om.e:.p~liifCa,I.;!Ctw'itieH;f)~ePt~i'lld .e:)tCjia.m:e:. srinolar.sJh,lntlibrblld. Tbose··WhI{h'lWjdiJl!;\'Jo~troJ)$~·bo$tiJe·.tQ'tni!ta ... . havcdjeeii.ad"'ii;ed.iifihe.Gfficiiti;me.\:lia"il\at'11li!:y;~fuj\dd'quittliem';.IleftitetetU"tiling.and i;¢fraffla(lrpad frO"iJ) ~ctiiifties:tl)lIl:V(~!ljt¢<;hjll~se .• 1aW;., S~e-,per,io~;&Wit!l.a"hl~tibrY··¢If· pr<l""<lemO!lfl1~ actlvismWlt!ilIJ.·~;.·\\',lW~~i1\lve:qeerrwtilj(&4!:Yl\¢tlV~·in'.~\l·Qi1i¢~ S.talel;;bav~ Pcel1"biu"redfrornrelllrtllll/!,iiuta t'e¥i"lI(¢tYi~ts.lrwe.retilPl~.ln ree¢nty~s; sOlne.Wlthno·appareilt prolilem iiildsOlne"iinwJjnter.inf;\dtffjcultieS~ AlllitiUl\hseme'liave re\unitd willi no apparent problems(!ierS9il~ who!Jliwcq,ale mhi~h.~t(iifi!¢'ptO: democr'leY activities; In tlie United Sbtes:etilll'U1l ilie'nsK ofall'eBttmd im!'!'isoT!m~11t shoaillthlly fWlm to Chln.a.

Mimy studehts ami scholars claim tliahlrelrllolit\cat acnyitie~ln·thethlltedStaliS',such asdePlOllsifatitlg.at,tl!e Unlteo' NatioOScofl!tebij),~··co~u~es;.· ~tklii;il\g:!!)e·Cliinese gov~menf 011 \J;S. lelev[slol\, writing·:artleleSj'{jr¢hlnes~lan~!Ig(!:new$pa~;and joliiiffg di$SWent U,S.-based p:olitical.groups Wt'llfld.prompt·'Sellilirtya!1ihtlritljjslt,..wIWt them i'\lr punishment ()t1 their tctUtnto Ch;tt;1l>. Some biainiThii.ttileir'farriillesinChina have-been !).!rassed, lISa· result of~eirpolmool.a¢tiyi'ties'iiltb¢Ulli~$!al;es.

Cas¢ofYa:~g.Jla:lili.li1 MAy2003. Ch\ilIisentenpetl t);.s. P#liIailellt.(oIlsilient YailgJillPfi to nveyears iIi prison fodp),mg for TOOWanand'.eriterlilg.0hinaond'al'se'p!!Ssportc.afier b~ \\'as'repeatedly denloopermfssjtlnto·iUiy:el"~.'Cfimi!".i'lilligf·\VlidhW fliiil~tot!\e·.\Jn.lted· Sfutes'll&r'tak-lt!g:partln·tne ·l'.98.9',·Tiana!lmel).de!1jPns!>aii~, flln wi'\lIi.!l(4iilon:il!lbe BostO'n·areathat-advOOilteddel1llJcraili.1·refilrm.1lr'CliI.i:i!\ •. 11l100k,h~tej)odedlYWied.,,· fiiertd"s·passPOit·i:Q· retumtti Chiilli, ·He.Wils. arrestedc.llIId'~ed·witlt-ertftri:n"g·.chl:na iliegllily, acnme thatcarti¢s.a ma'iJimum OI1e;Ye"!lrptl$()t1Senl~ee,Prosecu~ot&added'the .espiol/age .cfjatge. ani! (101).Y;ii.lted;l1illl·inael~se\1h!,lal •.. Ae(lOrdmg·to·oour,t.qG¢!!Wel1ts, Yailg'shigb--"pr.ofilepolitical aC!ivlti\ls in;the Uruted S1ilteSpraye!!aoto~e'fu hlsw!tViction and. sentencing.

Case.{)fWangIlingzhalig'. In Febru<\IY 7Q!lS, Chro~.sertteno.'l<I IJ;S.pertnilnentreSldent ilnd pro--democracyactivist Wl!ngBiilgth~llg."to life Impmsol)ment for 4brganizin"irand leading a terrorist group" and spying for Taiwan. In June<W02. Wilng.·and·two.assoc~ reportedly were kidn~pcd in. Viell1alir by Chihese auth.Ol'itieslI!ldtaktmf<>Nanmng,


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GlI!loglci,. where they were arresl~d. Wllll:g.b\lii'1N#'irttll¢.uni\'eilS*.'$.iQ~ Ifj:S2<llld wl!!l·a.·.f9I1!ld~roffue·Cliirlese.Atliance-{orI:rem\lctacyand't1:)e'~9cmwperlod)!)lj!. Chi1/(:f.Spring ..

in t9:9~ Wiilil5 repmtedlyslip~.jrtto,cn;iii~onafat~e ~1il:irt.tpl!~lji~H:sIitl\e China ,Dcmpcr;acy and}ustice Party ~~Clt;tpbi::'iOIIfUsed'''''''ith;t~<::Ilfua,J)i$l9Cl'lJl;}'. P1lrty). AJlprehend¢d.bl"tl\e.lIlitiiorlties;.l!e,was'detained'fora.month'3l\de)(j1ll11ed.fr~ili· China.'&ane Of'Wang's pOst·L9&2 ptIIlti\\>li}a"t'i.>j~l~tO()kpJate't\Cbil1i4,d~ing\llshfug his case from tl\QSeiliatitwOlved'R¢tiWiy'.oaiY In'the 'United"~.,

Claims Based'oli Melllhershijrin the U;S.-base.d Chiliese'D.emOOtatie:Patty,or Chinese ADiance for Democracy. Someasy1umaPpiil)l!htSl)!liiW,Jill'egedm¢nibel'5llipin one of two U.s.-based political organizati'lns, . .tne "Chinese DemoeraficPa.rty"'(nQHQ,be cot;fused with !he indigenous China:Dw.opracy!"anydes¢rlYed.jn$iro~onnl.D;t. -~ast Poliiical EventS in China} or lh¢.i·ChlheSil' Mliancefor Dem.ocraey:" StiI\'ie'applIciIIIls have'alleged leaf· C'tf persettitltll! should they, :relllrii to.China; citiRlIarticitill'thl'yhl'file wriJ,tertfut !hli$epllititill' j!iutnafstm ,POlill'Wlils!1~j(l\1ts; rncljj'ditij?;Ji'it!cle~,d¢dilitig C~la!lI!llI!j~'ilieol'Y andcMnesel~der5,

These'appiicationsooemate.lICOOilipall'ieilihye1ljiies:rifone.cif frr6.tej>etmons6t' open' letters (~.g" a letter toli're.smeni J'ai!g:,~eii1ih;Qra;\;CpyQfllle''S:e!ittI;i'~l'i!tjilil.'' of November:.'! I, 1993) beari!1g,.ihe'<lPPlieant's .. afld'p<:r!mp~~il\:er'~ign.~I1fIJl.; These1lre presented to'demonstrate ilie.·appli~'s'PI'Q,,(l~mn¢tl1,¢yb(jllll.li~and; . .'lIIWort;their assertions iliat th¢Y .Wotildbelli.trilUblewitli.-llie.ChitieOO,&,ovemm9t'shOufdtheyreintll i'oCh'ioo; we'nave,titl itidllPendentmtormati'Gi\'·®Out;&oMq'~'jllei~val;ve1:I'in·thtlse grolljl5;fu:e treated iftheyreini1l.i(H:ihiiJa.

&o$e'ofYlI'ng' W¢i;· ASY!UII!'SIlPlicatioilsosbmetilties>.iucilldll'maleriai,about'llie,.case6i Yang Wei, s;Chinese stildentwhO' was,iiii~ed'iti'Olil'na inlSriilary'1'9S7;afier'nis'i'ettil'i1 frelllAp,rotia.Hi>.Wo\let, beeause'Yang W~ial$~~,ma~e~hyml'¢ngagillg.jPantf.. regjme,aciiyitres;in·Chi!la,h's'=¢·.~ nC'ttllnl\lo~"sl')'l\taimsbW:~~ll'!ltlh~.~ial!>$' onlypoUtibal activity. See'~ronm:D.t- Ra!fti'titlililJlJiEvemsiti,:(Jlimll! t:98'6Stmient Moveilient

E, $!J,:iat Group

AsylUiIi<llaims in tMs category usually relate to homosexuality. Chiileselawno longer crllllmatizeshomosexual acts, and, as of'2!10:1,the.Chiila Psycblatric Asso'ciatioJ)no longer lislS'homosexuaUty as. a menta! ilIness,.alllo\le tlmtmatiy Cliine~ hom<isexlla]S saw asa sign of increased !oiet:'4nce.WJjile'iliere·ruwe bee!! a i'¢w open, large-scale meetings in l'al'gerCMnese cities. ())1 socialIssuesaffectinghollloseXll111s,hom\jphClbia remains widespt/)liQ in, China,.

There ha",", been .n""recentrllPo~d,C<!ses' ill China,of d~entlC\ner ilJlPris.qnllleritbeca!lse· ofaperson's.lIomosexuatltyc $poradk·i~':ofpoii.cebliraSlimllfitC't/!'homlj$eXWil citizi:l1.s'seem to reflect tradltionaJ social taOOQs,.and'hom~pliobiai'lltf.iildhan $ySten'latil)

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uffiola!haraaw~nt;and,~rtedty, chin¢Se'po'ii(\ClgilnerallyadoPht "don'task,oOll't: tell"atiltudt! 'towards' l\o_uals.

Ohina"s'birth planning volicies retaiilhar.lhly _iVeele:til,~tsm II!WIi!l.4i",¢ijce. A hl~perGentageofall Chinese asyIumappJiclil\ts ()iit Clilna's COWve~rt1:q:illi!l.lling p91i9yasareason forthel. request. Publisbed4aw Md, regtllations, restriCHbj>riJi!rts<lf families to choosethe'numberofchUdJ!en' they may ,have'Iind,th'eperiod'()flitile,belWee!\ bktl1~, The penalti¢;lf9f violating$e.laWalre stti~t,~;i'I!ig"Wii:leW(lIi1!"l,tJi<liWing,theY hayll'nQ choice 1M tPlllWrtpr\\g!lll1lcles-, in ~es'mffi!mit~"tlil!l<ilr~aC!;Y'baV<l,bI;(l· cl!:iJd)'eil, ',obe;parl:nt is ·oIWn·pteSSUlreJ!'to,uml!itgO'·StenIlZiitiiilh Beyoildtllls'pTes$ure,. whlk,centtai goveroutei1tPI;H'i;I'"p1tihibit$the',!si;!'Qf:phys!"lir·ooetcrbn;~.~petper~Ii t9"~liljmilto $<lrtion orsietiliZiitibri, l!!ei;¢' i)liV¢'lIFn. ,co~tin!ljng,'t~I>,a$ofipljcyJii~f. ,\i!!ereiOn'!.Q;meet'birthtar'l!els·insom:ei'~J\S'.,'I!(}tm>tY!llid r~~ly, .• m'rllml··Sh.and!i"g· Provin~ ...

Natilmallaw purportedty$tMdatj!lzl'stbe~l>~el!tati6!10ftb'elllr!h Il!nlli!lioi!policy. ht\fIpG!ll! ii:nf<m>eme!'\l',n.d lmportan\.llli~y.flQ~!~g!lla;i(lnsvary,mg~ly from place'tp place. The.!<\w'g!:llfi1S married'wl!t>Jillith~,W'ghttO';h«l'e,j)IIl'.blrth,!lnd~ll,Ow$. e!igihie,l;oup\¢Sto a,pp.ly fur 'peooiSsin1l.'to.hal'e,a s®iind ;elrllcl if'\liey tneet'¢Ondiiioils: stiplI!aWd.in !OOaI'!lnd"proYlnci~rrel!\!WjoilS, Tlie!aW·ie\l\lires.ocoupJ¢sWho'b\!vcj'art ullaP.!irovedchiJd fO',p~y a "soCi8;lQom~S!llilm'(e¢-;~'whichsc;mciimei>~, to'il!I!~ "l'l'l'son'sannuai disppsable income; ~'1Ire'Ij~soM!benefi~(orcQtipi!;\;'Vlhp ~dbim: cn the birth limitation policy. Social oompe!lS<ltidi! files ;"re'setandllSses!llM!4'IMbe.iocal level.> The laW requires birth planning ofIlIliali!' to (jbtaln contfapprovatbefore ,ti!k1il!i ''for<:ib!e'' a(lti<!I1 •. sucb as.(\etJ!ining.1IDnil)'mtTilbets. or confii;cali\1giip,#~str.cifmg Pl'9pllrly qffam ilies who refilse to Ji;ly'sociilh",rnp¢ttSlltlon :fel:l;,I)Il(thls'req,\!We,m:ent: is natalwllys fuUowed. in practipe;

B¢Cl!ll5e'pcnalties can. h; 1heoretieallylevil!dligalJ1sr",.~~l'iS<1'S \Vcj*,l,I~l,'or'agl\\nstlo~l# offieilds 'for alJQw jnll'O!lt 'Of.pl"nl>irfhs,,,,anyin;di\,jdu~an.d: Q.l'Ilan!z!ltil)llS,ate'a.{fellted, I'rDviding muftipJec,SOl\r9!'5 ofptessll!>'<>nl<!llipl\:$" 'J'.\le,swpe,~ii rntensllY,ofthe, pressure.ofien il:li.veexpectlU'lt ffi\'it!ietsreeiill,g!hatthei!' have Utt1eclii'lice but to U!!dergo abortion" According tp·thelJ,S. EmbaSsY·ioBl\ljiljg,. vlollltlWlls.oftl1"bitth'P!iil),nillg pelicy.~'ci"llQfl'"ns!l&J!Ild"te~ult' in. ciliUperill!ti~it T~~JiQtanl)$j~et"¢("oiiml~lI! o~, iWeYllrth¢less, ,unpaja"sOCjal'¢Qmpl1nsat1lm'f¢es'i'·hav".some.tim!!S,reslil~.jlL ¢PnuScilti.oo·ofdestrncti6n .ofpri\'ate'propert~.'There._teperts'that vJ:liagl:,'of!\dllls bavece~pelled'~'" aM thelrtlmtlfi.,.'immithejt"hornesan(\ then,iles!i:oye;ttlt¢,hattses, The"sPi)iiU,anmpenSllli!ll\'f®s~·'!Il14'Qt~"r:p!1illi~\esl:>~'lert·wo.n'!en willi little:pr!l\1tical (1~ice but t9"\lj)iIergo ab(lttiOn ,'Of st~iiIZiitioll,

Tbe one.cMkLpoiic.y ,smoreStrietTYliI1V1ied'intlie,cities, whet", on.IY cOll\llesmeeting' eert~n epnditions(sucll,as beth, ~itl~beiing oit1Ycl!fli!r~Jat¢ P¢i»li(W:d to'~.a sl'CO~<l,cl1~I<l, Tn,moot mratareas(iitclll<\i"g't~sor1'lIq~r~l\tl;,()d~"e$>lls), wh1ih lliclud«!. approxill'18.rely 6frpereent:o€Ch;;,a?sPt)pulatio14the.¢iiay. ismor€"relal«ld,


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Slm¢taltyaltawmgiZOlIples to'hIWC a'SilCaild,cl\ild,ifth,,·nrlit wilSa'llitkothaU'a>uisabilily; ,~h!ila"s;$$'e\liljii mfuoiitie$<'iffi>lJ:are:alk'w<l!fh:dlilyeiW,9t<>¢hil4~ ,tIi\lugl1(!1ey'"re 'e;lC9!l~g~~o·lrav"fewer •. ,

The imjllemeniation of hiM pliulllinll:p6liJlY' irhiil.f;lges,; tJje's;Wati~iH'tll~~llt«i'll)o$t asylul1:1 >mpliennlS. is the responslbltlfy'QfkieaJ,Qjf¢ials,b;>tMtil!»m;\lIY' Pll~li¢seelltiiy Qm~s, TI;I~'perso!llI!ities, iIltere:;ts,,~nd~50:n;a'I CQril@t:fOllS,Qfttl):!Se\o""lofllei$ often ;lIt!llence their enf"roement ofnlitional"provillci)lI,and li;e/!!1li\11s, i'<1gu!alioos, end ,policies, induding;Diilhplamiing poliCies; resu1tingin ill1eVen erifhrcemell4sometbnes mqre$(r,c{'3,nli' sometimes more,perll!i~iy~

,A., Naliijn\llLaw <>!i Plipullitlound BirtbiPilmlliilj:'

m S~lt!mbt!r.2M2"lhe,fltst Niiti'il\1!-1'1'bj)l!l)ltioJ'i,~4,lllrthj!IIt!i:riI\fgJ;,."w ~e,II\~<): 'effel;!" hrtlmde!1tl,)sli!t$rdi;<e'natiQljal'bltthJimit:)ltl()nipnlili1ll$;··tj¢,'lilw,~,mll!'rled coui?iespern!iS!iion\inder'ttii:ist'¢ircilmStl!il¢j)S1o\haW;'l!,t.i~e):l!Iid;lIlIllj(n(lws;~til!IPle c<it!pfet.io naVe It, seenlJd'clJlfdij't!1\\Y'tllW£qnditj<)ns,p\ll'~uentt~ lOOilI <llid,PtiMOOllil reg~lil,k>~s, T!1e.I1>w,f\lquj@sc<mPl~:ti}i:l:riPle)"Jj!i'!ltjiQri!f01 ~1Ii'eS<lll1l! :!ltipldj¢~,lfuIJ; (1(i\tPil;s,t!ilitl!!!V\';\inllnamlrC)V¢'ilhlld;!!t\Jst!{lllya <!pre~tun:~a:;fi\tId,seil!9:,foribtingl~g upcliilditill'iit weietYi' Thlsjll'ehiiIlTii [s'dfttil,refuifud'w;"5)1l's\lcijj!,mailitdllunce,'or ctiitlpcnsation fee;

Th,,'lawd\\!egatest(J,the pro"in~,lIlI!!,ilU!l)nOIll,ou5t'egi9nSlt!ie~AAn~ibilIj¥i'fur;4r>!fiiJlg' iroplementi~g regUlations, irn::lu4i!ig:eilliib!i~lnwJ>'Slla'l¢f<ll'Messm"mi\)f$Q\iial compensation flies .. All prtWiileial.ievcl,gov.erill:ilciilldtave,di:ilie,s\l, StiiWC~llItcii D<)(jree3$7provides gjlneral gui~i>e't<iI®8i."'TijhqrlPes"lIlIiH.1ii9Pits b~l'i!ai!nins offtcrni~ toasl!i':a COl)lttotake' t\>rcit\le·"et!O)l. ag!liilslfillmlills, tIlEltt'ef1,lseW,P!lY 'sooi"I, cemp<msationfees,

!l.ewar$ for'COllp'le~,thl!!adbereto,iIle!?~~llY,jn¢!ll~,mqr't!1lf ~~~'!4~,~'p~rerentiill medical,; fo:Qd"anti'iedllCl!tionalbenefits •. Bodr'!;!igil!t'Md,ee"®Tiile'l'""ssl1r~s,·arei "limtrl(;!R During'Ullauthoriied p~g!lMci¢!>,'WQ~en,~te'vj~l~by ~idi:jlf~fIl11g~"pJi:erS who., temind·t!iem·of,the!r !lotential.lillbilityl<ii'P"fythe.soeiail'oillpl!nsat)dttfees..S\!v,en .proVinces - AnbuJ,. Heb.ei; Heilol'imiim$.Hub~iiHiiila~>~itin.ilild Nitigjda,-r~qlllre ''ten;linatjj)I):'o'fp~ancil$'thatvi9!at~prQ''iti¢iiijb!rtliplii!l!lingtcg<!la!iol!S'AMtbilr, 1.0 pfovin¢at - Ftljiau, Gili.ZhQ~, (/~atlgilClJl!it GaI1S\1,)iJ!llg1!i; Qin~i. SlQ/lp!IIl>.$llan)<;, Shaa\l)(;,'and Yunnan - requite:l\nspemfii:ifi'rem.itiai:!me;.~Ui¢$~''to d~twiitl1 \lut,of"pill/l pre(!iiaIlCles, !lj;at!easttw<i·provii1ces·(Fufian'~! f!ulfim);'cOlIp'leswllo"l!ave;COiidiiiofis that.l'!<inllf,,*;'I~ilerl;:);'IS'gl'lleij;".!llil¢$Sli~iQ~iii"ol'1!\prlJ:!g;,!J.til,yj'!Qhhi.\iI'e .. ~liifi'ten, 1¢i!Jti()!ial'4iSAiplinll!'Y'~~r!,~·agal1!~j~q$ll:Wjjtt'¥·l~l'ai~.~ .. lt$)t~~~ld· Wli!>y:,by l\:i!villg';!ii1Ul\liIp'ptovedll!lild·or·!¢lpJtIg,illt«tl'l\'il"W.<re'$9'i!iliy'iil(;;1U1!e,J\l$,ofgi,i'i'~:nunen,,' su[}sidiZeit,helilth .. bi:llefits;.jUb.10S$or·demlltiol)~!i:i$ofjjtQiiiottOIi'Qi'>P\)rtu~il¥.f«,one.or more'yeatS;·e>;'PUI~i,,\t.fr(jm .~he'Gom'ili$iiWP;j~· (me~lil'i\$lP;'iI\Wl)j,ljii$'a1:lU~qf!i~rn!·· I'i'qtLii:em~nt for ~ltijob &J, .. !lfiO !<t!1l\i'adl1:11I\i~iI'ati\!~illlJ'ijilh~h,.1i!,,~erthese' . ci;ciii!l$llto.es,gOl'errunent'~mpl"y,¢S:;ate'Pi\dil;tiJ)uil)t'Yulnerl\l!ikt{}lQ$s.P'fel1,1p)i>,yroent when''theyhlive.a,c:hi.ld.omside:of,locallf<:,s!iililiSliO<l:rCgiilatiol15.Il1.:somif:arMs;·.vid!ilt"fs


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llftirth, planning reg!il!ltionsW¢¢h¢!d,~j\\;~$l:d;.il1·"poPl!/a1itiil'~iJl()l$t·whieh·.were· 'J\4!hi!lg'tnoret!janW'lQffi"iilJ,'prisQl1s;;¢hill¢$<l:o:tlifcjlils-j)a!li!'~'iAAtI!9¥¢mmt:llt,slll1siiiize4~ducajlQ'!I!b¢lleti~afe 'Il.!) li\ngerdeni~to i)ilt4:!~p\a!l,(;!iirdr¢!l,bi,ttitis iiniireaflf !bilt is !lte'cilse.

C~niraJ g9v~mentpolicy prohibi~;he US~\lf.~h*i.Gal ~rol.QliI4q_<;j;l!\1ReIpersons to sulm;itlQ' sl~i!jzatWn··Qr·ilj)ortion. H6we!l<!r, U.S.'llip!Qmaw . .jiJ'C!iil1alla!li!Ji~d,tep<irts. thlit l<iealdfficiats· oc.casiollally emplQyil1egal'mel\nS, Siicnas'foicib!y,!1Otfurming abortions or sleti!iz;!iions, ioorfier t\> demQIIsil:<itj:dJ)"lr teshlvetomeen~irt!I,.pJl\n~ing targetsMlI keeptheit jobs. ReJ;19$ ()fphysi¢t c.()er¢ionQ!\lltlilUf;t(!,~'I,,!!!J'(iJ'or eXllinple;.the ChineSe,press re)lOrted'tlie Ml!rcb 2'1, 209Sdelitlio'fan·l:lhltllltrled l'9Cy.ear, ()ld'womaildunng" furceQ Itite.terrnaootliOtdn:·'PiC()~nty; 'SfuhullnPrtMnee, So'w,no officials lire' known t<lha",,, been held $c<luritrible 1)jttlil>id~ltr.J'~1:O'04i'l)ff1Ciills in Ji¢S\lOI'C\ty, Annll! Province; fQrclllI '!i woml\n'to'be,ste.m~ a!l4'sta;e411~iareportllll fhat.tneWOilillnWas injured. wh~1i sbej~i!lpeil ,M:QflllW,iiidow in:tfui<i1pll!l11ii:igrQQm.in lntalte\1ljlttil'llvQiii'tbe procedure; ·.In the'same' city,,:ai!o!berw.ollillni(l()1!iriii'ttedJ<uiclde: w!ienhert<!l\iuves ~re«tililiedin ~!1Ol'\liliti'Qlt,~ots;" AQ!\IJ¢ijig'tostote-lIled~ ·~rts.'ihe Ioll'il'9~l!t$:«¥iPQ»&jl;;J~'ff}r~,~~~t1~I)§:WllI'Ili:fu¢'!'i!" ~plii0!J¢ ·admiilisttauVely. B;;!ifult'in·2Ql!4 •. m;(Ollili'tIlpQl1$liIlte4that~,druE,'QffelJ4¢f·fu.·(Jijljsu Pttr!iiilcewas fcitced tolmvelrtililiOJiIldil b\irore'b:efttlal'oiie~iI'~ilISifableby'tl!ll dea'th'kl1tenqe,

Chil'ii!'s birth pllWting law is m<lStSW~ll}rl'!1forCll(hoIiI!lluiCbii!ese·:in1i!r"'an'·~, . 'ilfu!r-elhe'orie-¢lilld prilieyis.tlie,nomh The.COilsta!ll"SOl'Utitl.i!Qfnd~b'b!li:S,OO!kesjt . 'Qiffit)ultto 'Q!\l\'ci;llt lI'pt¢gnJ!hq', liIiil"'m~l'ap!Wne~ts·~Ii,;ollrage'smallfilrl!ilies.COU1?les sel1l.Qnl(eq<'i"'~p<ll:!)li$siol!' to blW!': Il'lQre::tfu>1l'Pne chif!l,l!1lli'!>l!glJth~:gQ\(l)nurJeJit Il)lIii\!alns tbanlietn'*" of urbee:Cl>t!jll¢$w\l\lI\!:omse1yl\\;w,ere (JrdYc!l~I~rett·''!IIIY'leV{ .l'eclihi""pemiiSsiairw-bave 1'I1IIii>cliildtertc ~<I¢lili;' lifl'llthl ~i;fi.iilY m6re,f1eja'tiiI1ty. de jure anoide factuc fn.bavililla seQ!\ii~hhlld, .

..... 1. MiiiQriiy--'"ld T .... "sieJ!tP"I111Ill'.ions:

Government policy is more relaxed and/or sporadiCally !ippUed,t0China~s,'subslantial ethnic minority ·and t,artsieriteconomill migrant (es(l!llatflll'at 150,mtHiqlipelSOns) P9J)lIlati<lns:. Cilina 's econornjCln'~.{tlie ~tjOl!1ing t'Opulil,ti~>'):~rk'li;\r'long peri<idswithillil permane1lt ll'ooseMldireglStt!ltioll dli~Am'enlS~low,fngthllmtolive legallyintlteircurtenl, usually,urban;,loalilions •. U$., officiaki~ Gbina'hllve hes.irl seyeml recent reportsofattemplS to,enw~C!1:j)irthjplartniIjI:IaWsiii:Ote Stricl)yipAlIhili, PtQ"ince"all'lajprso\lr<:e:1}f{nigtanrlimor.'M'j\lor.io/'eiluljl:g\'<l~S'ljl'e5ullj¢t:tOl~s ,!Ittin~ent.poplii~tiol'l"ontrQJsJl!)&:~:get\eraI1Y'ltlloV{e<f~·l¢;st,'tWoil;biiilr~n •. lnremore .rural ilrea$,·there. ~e:·noeffecti:ve;li!l\it!' .nowev,eri,lhere"atJi:'~$·m:AAfotilem¢ntofthe one'chiklrule dIltlill1jighurniinGci(yitr Xiiijiang'Province, Thete'hl!Y,~lIlso,btienreportS tbattli~g",verQtnentbas.1:n~g~1!tt()t)er¢#Ali;;;>rtibD<'al\d1<!lr!'~<1;~ri~loil'oftlie Uig\lar:itlinority. (See Se.ction C.2: .. -\)igh\1(Sabo:ve), .Etb!1i¢tni!lQriliYper$j;lns~boll,,!, ,government wnricers.()r,CCP' menibers'lll',e'co'ming,lll)dedncr'''IiSiilgpi'1lsslMe't\>,adhere to the birth limits imposed on Hilli Chinese.


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.; ;

*.2~ ~~ },\g¢/,siiig1eP"nllitillg

1~·'Mlerto.!I¢laye!>il~.liiloarillJ!i tht!aw.~el$·!heminimum·mlil1ni!geilgi:·fu:fw:oilien.lItc20 ~liIld'f{lt men.at22·yems"ild:¢OIipl<is'iil'¢'eiiill>~~¢ll·.liyorrt!tpl\\rlillil8<lWlhoillii;s to delaytl\ildbewing. The; Nati,mal Martil!ge .. LaV{; l\i)l¢lld<;d i!,o.ot!i~,r Z{)(i3,no)<:>"gj3!" ma~~prernariial medillalexat\1iniltiIlJl$, !'-~<'aQns'whq:llml'Ybef!'Jf¢'ll\.e les;ll llge. ~n~raHy are mjtano\Ve~to reg)stet1heir t\)a'rrlage onl1obtaill'allotatiZed:cetti'ticateof mama:ge. This .may res\iltln il)ss'qfS<icilii'ilenefilS, $Il¢l:~aQc¢$wii larger ajiilrtJiI.srit. S!iQsWi~ed i1.eaflh(iare, !ltb¢lter edu<latilln:;l1lP.pGrtimit\t\sJo;1ib¢ir.¢hli~.

There,arena provisions in !he l'llltiOrial.l;;iwf.oli.PGpuh!ti<:>h'i1il(fJilIrth l'hii\iliiigtodelliin or jaU C9Ilah'iting c<iliPles for lia"'tlg,J!Ij t!tia!i(bor~ !lhild, H'dW<;;vi)r;«iilp!i;stlHitnre not l\i1derage'b!il 1l¢b¢t>it"nQ ~av~·:anun1!utbori?lel:l:'¢Mtl ~r~ 'Imblefu,r"'soc;i!>l;eompensall/lrt feesY ld~ mellann 'almti%!":~H ptovmees'fOl',~'&1rt:g1e Wolilanf6'l!aV¢'a chilli; ·i!Ild$Q¢ial compensi!tioli.fees,Iia.~e be¢!t Ievied.on:liilWedmiitber~

A.a. IDrtlt Pbmning,Mei!lllo$

~hi"llSe law f!lllliires c<iuples. tejltli¢ti@: bitth·<:0i!tt61,ilild.1l1l' i~mg'"l!llfber'{jf,\>1rt1i plannillg'cl itiios. give pal:ients.a·.tangc6f :ol!tiOIl$>;and.pi'<:iiiiilte' "!btb'rri'ied'C!ioiee"'i:1f'mrtll coiltj<'it.mettillll.s. M'arrkld. WOmen m:ay~ftq"irlidfui:ieex3llliij!j!j.~ •. ollectiifOilttilnes' It yosr to~w tbey",erujt pregnam, Ti\isptac!ic.e:isn01;'1l1Iiv~llllldSOll)e_en'",!.l n¢Yl!ftesl;ed. Typ.icajly;P~~h®k$t¢fl'r~IlII'ildj)i11yJifteflhebii1ltQftlie flfs! child,. Checking is,\lfost eommon,fur;'migt'alitMiotkei'S'li!llhrtlietS:tbat:lhe.aUlhotilies suspet;t·mighftry ttl violatefalJ:lilypl~nnjl\g~gi:l!~tl~o unllillt1'ied'Wiii!l¢!t'l!l'e~netallY I1lltChl!<lkqi, blit,tliere wasa.pr~ssJepGli:(\h~ompktinnjy:a~ian"C.gUllo/.,l'u)ran. teSid¢)';t1\lat.!tnm:arrJedwol\!t)\'ovettli~.ag¢j!;ifi'$;,~¢,:~lredtde,teSl<lll~ Pi<'!gt\!J!icy clieekSa~.n()tmeliti"aed'intliMmtiOili>l,biith;pianMlg,iaw.bbtate.:required:bySbme proY;"pes, fOl' ¢l<ample, A"htli'swgmai'iPJJ"litl!tM:llat"Ol'~'l,ljti!)~~g#ll!ibii:i1! pianning'teebni¢aJ5e!'I'ibesMust imPkt\nent.p1~!lcy.e!i¢Ck$:IlIlCl f<:dl~w"'!P'v:l\!il$fQr mamed' wQm<)!l." Pujia!llias.nqSllCb;provlSiq!l.

Whether lAthe cities or in rural ateas; abtiitionan<hteritiiiiiiiQll'll!'e IliIPOl'lantil1elhOds,. along with !Ups, used in pursiUltifCbini\:1s.9lte,C!J.i!d' j'l6!icy,Wit4allQrti,plI$Pl:tfu,rmei;l m\l'"fr;:quently in urban a,easlb¢!! in.'rural~lls. Tl).e'Milti$'y:qf~!(l;'reportNUilIt iQZQli5 there were? .llilillt¢J1;ah<Yrtions,,(ii& m.ilIlOti:·IUID ili$ertloils; LA mi11!6.n mbaf. ligations, and jpstunder200,OOO"asectomi¢s.Compatial>Jeti$ll~,fotlll$3,tlre',p¢ak y~~ forlnallYo£lhlls,e llfqcedar~ \Vcr,¢' 14@1lil!1i~naQrit!I<>!Js; 17:1IJ:1illiillil,tJrj inSjtrtiQus .• jj);4.miilio.n:tuhl\lligati!)l1S>!lnd 4:AmmIQnl\~ctollii~,·ail1lt¢QJltro!'pr:iJi; and'eondoms'J);re used, lis wetl; hut more1Jftenijl:t!tl5ail.lIreas'!hanin'rllralilll:~~k Condom I}SO', especiaHyoutside of inlli'rnge,Js,growmglleOause,oitlieit prOillOtioirlhrJiffiffMPS prevention. . .. .

The, go~ml1lent (whether or,not ithasactual.ot$amp')lijg,qata}'doUS'llotpulillCize,d~oil forced abottio.ns·.or Iorted.stedlizatidns, tbOIlgP:'thej1t!lssoooosiowllY'f¢partS,aooset .•


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fMi:vilill!~I$,'~!>si\~'offi~i~l~ WliQ,ll;i'1":I>"e~~p:ed~fl¢jr:~qtlrofj~yinAroplellle.nil!l$ifumHy pll!Jll!iilg'iaw;.eut flWeare·noknoWil' .... ,[email protected]: $~t!I.(lnlhe$Urli;mds,:Jit1m(j3,.(lf6"M$ 'in Pn:¢~'fVlt!ct;Wh6;tri~(lf& f&trea.womill\,.to:·.t;e~terlllied'~~'Riprilftal:rded:ji!leI'She. complained'to·l1atioffil;l·famiW pl8niJirtguffici1il.~'iiQ:d;irtsjsted'·oii hetri~'llIide'f:ihelawto ¢h~lierii!¢ihod'Qfbir.t\rcf}nl'f"t Sh.e,..m:sequenfiy chQ~I>·IIII'.'IUD:.

A.4. Ail'odwnlimi lliI'tllPllililiiilll'D:lIi!lImtm'fS

Tbe V;S. Bmbassyanll Consulilles<3'en~l1!l;are;"llaware nf(;lny>~"~;·'illmrt:i<;>n cetj:*~t wl\\iltr SQmeti~$lIre'Jli'!ls~!lted$:j}V!de!lcl)'Cr,l\jtf¢eiI.liQoJtj!ii!l·.l\Si'p)llt Qf 'OSyhm';9Iiliatioi1S: Aceotdlllgw. B!i!iias's~,6f1'iCi$i.cliecliii!¥dlleiimerit;tllatmight· t'eS¢ml>!iil!lId::be·.oQi\~d.wlih SUOIt !i<j¢fjifi~¢:l$.aifQiimn¢iitjSs~'bf'li~jial~\lpQlta . jllI\lent's.eq~e$lafter a'voluntary aberti'll'" ·f'iatienJ'S,_:ihi~e~rtll:i@leJJ¥l"eques!two· ·w~kl"'9fsi¢k.J~.a'\le:after al!.ab'OrtlOir ltaS:.li@!i:i*ti'<ii1lleli;'",·¥ig!!t'pro~:j;'Y tIi:~!aw, Iris i'ossihl\;, thill'the .horder ofa dooument'indibatiljli;a'teqile~ed\io!lintiiIy ·abtitlion ma:)'; in,faCt, ... llave:<;>n!y s\ib.mi~to'·I!l\,ab#li~ll$'a'~1tQfp'~$\>te. L<)\;iil'a;#ooiities, U$!ll<\jy.,,*.thetownShipllr.neiglllmmo!l4'0!lJnll!#t~Jev~ls; .is$~,~,irih:~m,it$;.1»#h 'P!annit!gced:ifiCll~,("btalned'atmlltj:i\;g'han'!i~fing'~l!\Ipl~t(l'lI$!>'hIi:lb'fll\Wlling seniiceS, ineludilig blf!h<ioi1'ti'Ol:};and '"(jjjlHlitidtllrtiflo_"t6 oouples'pl'bmis.liIglb> liav;", o1\iy o;\.echiltl.

AtOOrdmg:to, the Fujilln PiovmciillBirtll Planiliiill\Commlttee{FPBPB);:tbe,toi'fiavebeeii no GllSes of r¢t<ied abortion (j, .sw~iHzem)jjill;Fujja)l iJrtl¢'(EI$ I'l).}ieetS.!t;ts, impos~.e. t!l;contitm\J)is ol4im, :and; In. z006;.!'epmtwly;'there",~re()r,~· *d!iZl!ti~il).Fitiiaq· Htmll!'e!fs,of<l$JlIllm.ap~lil;l,\l)tsfi'oi\l'·Flljilm.clal,m.tbatfQT~:a!i'omQns'mid;mrilk:ati\llls eollti1ii!eto ·th~present day"TlieFPBPC'acknilWled¥¢Sthlttdiitin.iffiii, 1:9S6s'iIlId,wly' 199()$\I1e!<lw~.isa.lat&I·ea~$ Clf~dili;h~i9i1Jit)ik~iliZali!lll'S;iljee:\l1iltiiilj¢, the·. :F1'Bi>9.",sse~··th1!r.it'!)I\S·tilSj~ted'tbl!t·aJI·~m"'m:I',\lIQro~'w!1<I':1,md~OS1<1igil;;U. p~~ptoViije' infOl'lt!l!d,.writt¢li'C(lnse~\lCfufe,SUt/!eJy,.L¢¢ar~~c!lm$.illeo:nta!lt 'With'ilie'U,S, ·Collsuliile,Generlll iil>('lnli'iig2hou·rej!Ortthiit:'th'ey;hln"ll'i1tlt·siliirls!gn's 'lif fqr®d"alrorti(l!ISOfS(erili?,iitlilii.s:lm'!Qngi!l'*;i>iiti~.fro,~·F'il.it;;~Jml!·.G~401\~ Pl1,)yinres:sjilcc;the 1981ls.lfowevel:;G~Q.X:l~(jdUJi\i •. a:~et"ittli:,plimwilg~p¢r in Y<irtgl.\e··T:ow.n;,Jlnjl~ng·M~i<:Jllaliiy,Fllj)~.?r.I\lvill~;Jm!l;g'.S9bwmi!li~~;on~'tl:;S.·. HOuse,ot ReP~esentijtive'$.:iil Ju~e fWli'lhat:t\iel)O;lh piaMlilg'<iffilie'WlleteS/i¢wllrl!eil Wll'S'pi#oIiIiillj!"nvolliiltary·abomans;:,mMrerl1lzai!idns·esJme:aS:.1&9& GiIO·Stilt!id·ihat "JllilOned:l>ii'l!ls\lpomsiontCllm$"Qfte!1,~amed:()\l~nigt>ft.iti!e'~c!s;;dn.t!te.:ffi:>mes.",,( stlSpected,v.(oiatQ,s'orbirib plah!li"g'PQ!iOY'8.!liJ!.4i\;.~~th~hQq~, J'lm'!aJey.\ql~tp;s ~pprehendelh~u1'ing'lh'ese·n!g!fttiinera!d~Wou!(fhllve'·steriliZaiian'Cf·lIiioniOiip!'ocedutes pemi1lledoh,'thern agamst'.tlieir·wlIt .. More'l'eoent!'Y;,II,i1'ospillll'rlili\CiOriltCluiIig\e; Pujill1l. sli!\'ed,that'tho.·hosp)tal w,t;\plq' take'·"i11~ilfeS,!·. (ll)1sfleoifie4).tf."full\i.ce'JU!mii pajiellJs.te""d.erlll'>iaj)Qrlil;ms\l\lht<"am!,Qr¢<>ml'jj~:willvt!t~ ~;rlb:~Qnill!l'lil¥'" ConsuM; Genera! <;>fficials. Vl$itlilg·FuJi'AAiia."efO~nd··ihatcoetcl(!Jl.tlimp!\hllliblip'lI!li,l. other pressilre·.ltaS'been used, bllrtlwy·lIidniltf'ml!.i!lly.·ci\®s,ofpllysieal.f<1rCl':emplnY.<ld . iiFconneotiQn \ylili abortioil or stetllizatibn, jilinte('liieWswithvlsil,lIlilillci\Iji$'fI'om: .


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Frijll!il. •. repteselltil\gtl·wideet<;iss"S(,;(!tjO!l'llfsooiilty" lD0n~u:!aW:G;m;:,r1\l ~\:tS,~"'e {Pllliil ¢iltmany Vi(j(amrs.()fthei!i:te~bll.d·jJ'dIii>¥.Pl\fdJjh~llljtfouml'JJP,e¥iq~~·ot .fQw.t.l\bortiODor, property conliscaiil:ll\;

According to the: (,PIH'C; eaCl>ma!ti.ed'dQ!1P1I"·j$<a1t()wed.i<i·ha'l'e.ojj~,djjld'with!>llt" bittl! pennit.. Articl!llS (lithe' FilJIa"·pr~in,GiatlYll!11~tiqtl~!l~ll!.aI'1!'fii':;t\!ijtl!·p,~it is"rAAU~, bltt thll1J.S.Cpi'l~idate Gei1~t$ilJ61j~dU:,t¢pQt\'$·thl!r.sii'lCl>S¢tlt¢mbef 2002,fil'St bitth~its haV" In ~tiCe·btetitetiiacedbyfami!~plailmng;:semee'CRtds, whicb'ilreiS$\l':XHo~®J>les,t\pOi)\illl!ttiiIlW!ij)\l;.gi~.~_essJ()·¢Qi)lf,Iq!lp~i'In·;anij· (eprmiilctlve t)ealth send¢es, inclll\llilg'pi:C!tlltahervl¢!:lSf¢rtlil;dl):sI'1:IlJild.W/illeservlce Cl\rds ~re:t@hnieaUy r¢<!uiro.d·befo(e.a·'IO!l~fe:is'i!l!lowed,to'lietj)l'¢gil/lllt;'lbeCoilsulate Genemlbas heard'ofcases "'her« rurar'g~~nts.aie wlllitjgtols$tffueS;o'CRtds telWlictiv.;;ly.after a UrS! birth. wli!'t.):mi .... il!l!e. Jiil$O!Il'CPr!iililr,i:itbeJili8PC, th~· pr(\¥!tilliafgover,nm~tolilylrn~.eoQllOmt";PW\lIl!Ws:()n'famtlfes·tlll)'t:!l.\l\l\otJlornply wi*t~;l1ittilf!l!ij)!litlg,~w)jr.d0¢$;ti~t'1rt\J!qse,Jltlininllt~Mltl(lS·.~t'ro~iCaI1:y~Itiile rrrethcid$.to,ens"re.Co!l1pli~,.Mo"'e\ier;birtltPlabmnli'Jaw<\ii61RfOr'S!som~IOSil. tir" mr'aslti. ", '·!iV<f\lie·are"C·' ·'i!lf'p""",:mefl¢· €Q ''iwitl\ mJ~, ,""!!. ,P,~,.e:s~.,.<L .. y ,.' \l~,.",,, •... m .. ~,..\IP.,IlS, . llll\i1l;ii9tJZ¢<;hl1~;J!l'et1otall(!:w~~;wotkl9r,tJle;PrQvb)1l1l\t'~Y_'e;lt.

There'i~·wide~atfatmn.in the:irmoiljjnlfs()clat(\"ii1pi:OSl!tioIFrees~and·thCdie\l~i"lIY'!if . nllriJ$hipiltiiy ifu'lio$~; fQfom-of,;plarlJ'i!t\lit Aiicor4ing;.to;tI!~:fI!:$iC. s$llilil ""mpetiSl!tlon fees are'~sedon IlI!'i:;per·""plfil.in"!Jm!>.!~vlifsJprl:Urnl;~~Il$eb\lj"slltld d:isp~Sl!ole per 'eapjta:ineQm~.' :for Ilr\ilmn~oj(1S(th!<'\li~1in¢"~iTbe1)l<aQt;fimtr~As . baseil·pn. celln'Y.,Jeve! mtiSlics¥.solhC"baseliM;'Vilrios,thrii"gjl(l(lt.the'P.orlilt.e. .. F()~ hl)<\seholds With· ilIcornes ·s\gnifica:rttli/, gr¢iliert/ian the rl>Ie;!$rilii;urt)e o#Seunes;the [®iii birth .plailtlingcotnmissibitean ll1~etlle so~l!;l<mmI!et)Si!i!OI\;f~;So~M COI11jlens;rtlOD fee:s.rooge Irmn th!),~tlll~ oH~'!br;al>l!ll1l1l\rfie~'CQ4ple'.iMt'ha$!I ·Ch(I(!·,to,WCltter !!taJl. s1)otim~' t/lll.baseiin~,tQf;C¢4ji!e$.··wufi,t:o't!(liIiildritii '(ir·iiti)te .andil\fe <let~inedbythe10uar hli:tlt plannlitg"Coffimliie,iiMhe,city, ()Tcoonty,where':the roup11i' teskl<l$. in21103, 'I!rban·diSp(jsa!ile.:fllIrCiW~1)I.~~ i\tiCl!angleGityi!lld, J:;;iiirtjiilng; C'~unt¥was.at1pitix.!ina.tely ,J'(j;~5Q:r¢I\j.l(,*bjXiibt?k11;$~~1~ia~4lW"1l1!l~t~, Pl.It qapil.\tWlls.appfol'imalely·4,41J.i f!'JlfljiIlb1riimut$5$l)).,!n.g@4,Clilillgfe.(ilo/'and. Lianjlang, ¢OIIiltY uibiln·di'pOsabl~ ·pe:r·'\ll!pilil'iilliome'wasJ.l;4S'6,·tenlllinl>i (aboilt$138\l) ·iInd.tui'aJ IIet inCome per eapitaWlls·4,815 rroilJ;iilijj{aimill$S8l)}. .

AccQ~d.i11gtl>'the, fPBPc:,@up!~$UlIll\>jetop~yibe·fej: imm~latlify;,m,wli¢",i!I,Ii>Wed,to pD)dil 'ii$llillfu¢IlI$' Loca.l. blAA,plwJnitli.reoltl!irl{tees.lia.W;tlieiP.OW~r·i<i~e:familie5'that tefase.fupa)ithe·,toqJli$itef¢S;"bllttb~)ii¢;irin,Qt:miilllw~~$;: Tb,e.FRI3PC~M'thli! pat.eIijS,qallrrol'be, "ieifll4«t ·if tli¢y; ,awqhllhi~' of·~efli~<};tj) i'i'-y'ti!efe!'; ~'l'\"'asyI1:\Jll ~ptlc!\ll~.'&Qm.F<lijl!n,ha"e*i,ed:thllt;,;sflitjit!8;ltr·!l;iilc;ro()4,~pl*swlio,i;adha4'.an. WllI~!hQtizWpr~c.y,~,pne,jli1*¢I1d~m.~h\)ttiQli',W.\lt¢i~tli~tf£jlO$t.~seclldty (iepositsasfiighas.2&,O(}Orenmtnbt(ilOOtit$Z;50(})<!O. g\iatatiteeitii.t'theywDulil.·abideby bWipklln'i!!g·litrii)a,\(j!1S:.,rl!es!).~))ptk;l\!lti"lalintl)j\l:~y·w~¢th~.ii~,wil¥,~.if theY'd id iI."" post thed~p.""f\S,Wlii!~Q,$,¢t.~iJlI$'inQfi:ilialllllUl~t!'e,))(lf.m;Ii'l~t>tbe plWfi~ofPoStil)g@poslts is'CUtrejjtlJ'1alclng:pJ~¢e;. a.I\¢Il¢e'.Gi! tlle~QIi~nZhQ!J,.Flljlatj .. Websi.te.\janning.th"'pr' .. cti~,su~lfu/l6si!S''!I1;;Y'Iia"e'be¢n·~necteaio,pliSt;yeaJis;'TlIe


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·'.

Quan~hGuslte·stat/lSt"AII·famJiy.pl(II\n!tig'Scl!litil~q:iep.O$jtsthlit:W¢l:~,collected"o'\'¢r. historical yearstllustm rel!lme.d. Nl\W~nf,;Se¢ilr.ity~0$iW:,~std¢t!Y.mr.Jjmd~B'''·

The.me(iiaiM"ereport¢d'$)ll1l;'cases m'whiCll',I);p¢t'SGn.was,puiliSlled·ht""iJse .. liis·orliet relmiv/lS either·violated.birth plannrnjp'~i¢tI.ms~.had~.~p~}if{e¢$$:iJ'woltJlj!lgl,iirtli plall!ling' regulations; a1thpughlhcstcllseli ha'\'Il il9t.q~ iJidepeii\i~ily·v.e~ffiect Cliill~se birth plartnin&,o:ffi(ii'als"'\ill1i!,fu~po~iqmo/'Qf '"~,\,~alws"'Qffkiiil$,~eedjn'!i.Jheir.

. a\!ljwlty;p!I!:{hi1;¥ al:lS~rt.that. supil ,Ij¢llavinr is·~!hertbe·llonn'n0r sanotioned' Py the gQvemment,

GUangd>mgnG Jong.er·reqllj(es.jJ()IJ~lils·to.ob~inl>,~tnmhef<itehaVing.thelrfltSt'Iilii!Il. ijow""",r,,rtew~ WadCOtlple~,m\lStat\~ndaJjlnhiplIlIiiiUj~"efu!catipni<i\)UtSe,witnlatne r .... i>Uhree'nioiithg,(jfthi:lt marringe. ,AfieiWatd$i,1:li6y.$tttmiit!l\.,fonn,$\l!tmg,that:tlll~Y·ha~ ·completed'thec<il!l~e·tot¥ir lO¢iil''biM,·Iil~g;~i4~~,d'~my.e.abll!h$l''''lce . caro.

V,S. COllSUlate General omcers.ate,~(}f'mecOllSem.wJlicb'.awOlijli,,~with an unauthorized second childl,,~herJ<i1:l'ata Ji:l¢iIl' Jtlatlretlim; i<'Pt!i:~!!i'li!~m:al~.1 bil:th p~g \)Ql!\mi~e. AftertQe ¢hjt~ waSWf!1; ,offlPi!11~'WO\lId:JlQi~isij;rhef¢hikg ii1.th~falIiily''S.residency book!¢Hsee· •. ~ml vJ:" - I'I~it(ild.'R~~tl(jll',ailil '. Idenl,tyCar$) lIiltil she;l'ruli a'fce,evejj'th~gh'tfulteilte nojitlivlsioils/it!/!he 'p<()'villcia! birth piennin~regu!ationstbat,perirtltlOC1daiilh~ii¢,s ta'",j!hli!iliireg~QlI ufltitwcilll C01\i.p¢ll$a1:lon fe;es are paid iii full.

An~dob!lllnd¢n1piriClil evidetlCli,wggestS·tnatglfcempJoy¢Il.iildlvkluills,aru!.r.urtl.1 res'denti:-can'evat!e'birth .HmitatiDn·regjitatiO!lS'aliQ,~()~iesw\11i re!il~lve~e • .Job IO$$·~~··m¢l!llless:tQself:emplqy.ed~~SQn~:~an·ihey·dptP>$\{J',ellt~~ . ~mpl~. ~any·self.em!1Jo¥!:j;l.litdiYidu~~.llseeenn!lmi(;m.ea/lIStq.'$ii:t·remrl~iqnS. USmg. methods. including brlbhig,,,utborili¢s,.be!<lte birtliaru!-P'Yi!1gf<l¢S.ill.ter1iheh,rth. 'Urban residents, can' s(jmetimes.evade.oonS!Mlilts'Siirtp~,·~·m!}villft't¢lheoouil!iys!dl;(jr stayingwilh.relatives in!}ther1jre/lS··u~tll·,/je'¢Ili~ js:bQrn,.,ili;:1l'·~~(\int·Ii'Otn~,1jnd pajdng~. fee.

AQwrding to a Xin~\'1',New$Ag~lIcy ~~rti1!'t>ebrm!1'l' 7o(l4,l\~",p,<wiI19iJlh~gllil!lt~n.s state.thar,:enql1le~,,,,lllio\ltan.<>tn¢i;!l!ll.a.,,tillg<l-o~rtifi~WlIQ:jll'jS\(Iu'CeQffsI;lfi4$:WilUx, .~ !,lISt;mes.1I1ttba;elinechioome·fcm tMit·[ocality,IfiOfte.ot'o6dt,,,fthemeiiib&S.of !he·,OOllple 1~~urtsefthan1:li6liiWftll'lit~ge~~ei.tli¢;!i!lfl,'d$~1:O.·~~1Stj~'t~e basclme. COllP\aswho gl",e .\11$ ill"'1o11\~i,orr,o~:t~e~'i:).iledilijii!jj\jn~y~ Will Ia¢tlfill!!s,o,f l!ll·to:; <$ tii)lesihe~M~'"4le_uail<!oa!Pllrr,:aPi!<'!mC()l)le;Tne.a.Yetal!e'annua1ineome'Of Jiang:<;Vs!wharr ~sldl;nts in 2003 wa'$t"'U@ty{i;900""eillrunbi:(about$839);,forruml

i8


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Slelll(an 'birth planning regulil(joIlS.promlll$att1d iii· implemetl1l!tidn of.lne: 2iiO?)Natibiilil Law J)!1 PQ;l"lil(jo!l·and ~rth Pliiiirtmgi<i!lbl1$haiHlleieljuireiitetlMhat:C6Uplfisdbtiliii: jle(1l!lsl;jtJi)to lliwelneil' 'firSt .olii1d.The;teJ!Uta'iQns::ptdvide.~emptlriri$ for're$ldilllts from 'FalwalI, IiIMgKong; and Macat7, a$well:li$t.etumed"co~eI1lAASChii1~< ~tliqic a4tonomoas l'Eefecturesare emp""""red. IOPfollliifgalethefr 0lNll reglii)!tioos;sllbjeCt.tl) app.l'{)loIai bylbe provincial f'eople's.Congfl:ss,Cdtiptesarellertrlitletlio1lave.a-secolid child it

• Their firSt chiid Is ft-aodicappe.:! and: tlitalile·1o· work. • One pateilt is a disahled·vetetan. • I'M!): parents are'only ehiWrentlJemselves. • T-nemotller iSai1·oi1lyehH4alid·tlleAAheti~ a;1ilJ'iilieS:i4\lnt, • T~mother oplhe fa~Jsll'sillgje.e!iiid::ofamifltalll"eaSulijty. • The mothi>~ is.!I"·$ing!e cllifd ft4iit.aij)iild\lriloffiiIAtllli:!Utal'>Il'i~,. • They.are It ... mj.oll~filli:l~iy\tH'~9i¢.prlll<:mnta'lnoll$1tgjon; • A famjJyhas.sevetalbtGthers,blitOl1tyol\tiifujs:.~eproil\)Cliw<i$l$l!Y,

Couples' who ha"~ aSec<;luQ;.-:li<i!d"ij><:l)lltr<lY\'IItjOJl of tile; r~lil~tion~.lI!\I1\$!i~. to pay ~~ til;tes theii\' diSpo.aple jn1W!I1..ei~~o¢WPQmtJe~ fees. .Therelll/iatiims.stipli!ate 4·~t'.metliQils 'fol' calc{jfali\!g-~,mme"fillMf.-aad.iithllh.tesi®rits •. IJfiwOO.,C0IlpfeS. who have a.chiid. areil'equirea,w;paya S/icful eGl1jji~i\sati6!t f~:6f34·iiin~·tlieji;~~ cliS()OS$le inC'oln'i:,'CouPleJl wI1.o l1\etlllil"e:lii!letl* fcta··sec<!llli·~ buLwh.li> ¥uti" obliiin .~isSj!lll.be.fore.liay.tngitf\e¢!iUd"l\;~~~pwa.Soqjat.1;<iIJ'll{!:~!lllilonfueequivaient. to·th¢ir disposa;b1eannual'ii!1;<ime, COuplas W/J\)·l!iiileasilconihimld·ii\icoftfraVeiilkiif"f !i1e'birtll"$pac'ng·retuiations would berilii~oot(!plti'aiso.elilI~~sation· fee<?ftWi1 tilitesth<iita!ffiUl:!1 diilplJ$!(bleil\¢ome.Pe(Sl\!lSw,lm·aldl1otm!leJ;~~q;U~e!:l~~for;; ,seqOl)d or\liird' bJ'rth,buI who neverthe!essl1e1l:!r'$8C<}.n(j:.onhfrddl!ld; w()uld·Il;;Yllfupay double the'spciai compensation.f<ielbreach: atldltfun!!! birlli.

D. Bi.tll.ln the United states

Qoup!eg.·somelimes ~eekesylum.'hl!.S!ldion·i\"j~lllIeIl.fuiIt tli'at'a!i·'llnaW.bt'ited~'(ihilil bern intlie UnitedSlllres WGlIid -ifihe.cllild tJrttin:red'u)iChina ~projjip!<tlleirilitY, umverslt;y;ordther W.ork unit w'fire:Onl),or·blltllspouSesifi'<lnrjQ~:p(ifu.ji.Qs~\iea\ly ec.OriomiCpt:!i~tties fer viQI.atilJg:'~'\)!l'e.q1ii:ld,pqJi",y,Sel;t1e.:~ylum'$jll)!cers,!ilsq,qaim theex·ist¢nc~ of~ .• offtc\aj Chli>~cgover!lI!Jl~t>o!i\W·lIllU.ldil/iI1&:;$t~iIWa!1on:,of'<ine· p~rtnerifac"uple.hasglll'en ~Ut:ht<ltwticbtiil!l!b; ati~QIie!ofwlmntwasbbm ahroatl, if the child or olil!dren tJrttim!() Chjnli;U.s;offioialshtC:lii~ an.llot i1wat¢ofihe alieged:officimjJOIi6y;.attlje natiGfiill'Q~.·.provi!lcliil'·!~Y¢!~i mal!(!~tjng,tljei$rll~pn llf oile t!ll.rtner d('"C6l1i'fes'lbaf!ia~·gi¥errbirthJotwG.~n!l.rerr;atlea$·.m\il::of.whOl'j\·Was. PQrnabroad:

29


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National Poplrlation and FalnllyPlllnniligC{)I'nri'ii~QIl<!fflcia[$:!cld UKBmbasW ,,~rqi~··lt\luIy2\lllfth~t; in'~~I\ll.wiihjll)f'111W!ii>lisbed;'2li\\2I\atIDnaI4~viil "R¢iWMiQTl,.enJ5&U~;~ncemiJlg~hs.,!)ySiUdellis"'wh1lli;OVersells;:·"fio;ii¢tIQtrwillhe, ti\J,teni\gi\inststildelllS·{Whb.!I[vebirtllWlilfe,ov~aS:l whetejQ'atft·par.e\ltsihave,resldeil· ovetseasf<'wa! ~,(ji1e Y~iI\i4'h>tveiW:o:.m\tclm,wli¢llth~.!l'Ci!U1llto·Chlnli!" AI${} un<!'et,thisreg\llatiQI1 • .te!!ort¢!:y; <!\lim:re~i~e.5e·l'#trJtilli1li';1Q;'.ChiJia;lilIyeMher6fl'sptmg IjvmgpermllJ1entlY<Jvets'iiaS, t&<iSeolTsi>ting:~t)'ilOf;be'iWili\tei!'forb,il:tli'pl1lflnfng . regulation putpo~C$." Unf~i;tj;lY;"wlilili t_!1on~~;(Jili>.~l>¥ffll¢(/'.,itJ~;l\ardfor lilel'nMofthe pUb!Rr-tQ,!<n<JwlIJ1d'l!rotl\!1i::1heir"rfghts, esPI)(lW)Y ~t{)Jt.¢i'al$i01\l!im laws . or regul~tions are· otherwise. Sl;al1g!JaiMalllcijllllllyfuispubIlSlili'l!4ts'riwii. fs'rttlid regulll!io;n, which refers Speelfii::llll)'·!i)!h~ unpublished liiii!i1tiiiillregilllttioll,.anil"sltites that the Shanghai regulation canfol'\lls,tothenatiotialtjlg!i.!mtll1'5wo.yjsjons.

AstQ, FtIj~lIJ1 Pro"i!l.ce,. hr·reSJl9nset<;laninqUirty lW'lhe U.s • Consulate.Genemifu G~lI!1$.z,!i!lu, . me, PqP1ll'iltlO!\'iill:d ,Family. :Pliiiirifrig Cbtriifiissi'on lifFIiJiIiti'Pl'bYmce&lated {nl\ti.Oct0birr20o.6lettetthat, blii\tUeji. boIn·iibWa1:l,··ifriot'f(!.gi)\t~#!piirmaneQl resiM)I~·()f-C/IiJ.\a(i.e;,!I(jte~:lli~\l,t~~.'~'hOO$ilhdl4·~!{at!9n1;jI!'\:not· c9n$iderlld"s;pem:if'.ne!1t.resJ"e~\$cof:O)jj .. ;;II'n4.'tt\eteflJril"~'l1Qt:ilJjUnted:·~·lfje n~~ 'j,ifch1ldtjln-.. ,1QW¢d. ui\diitCl>!iliI'iii.!illtlilYpfaruiliigililw.:ThMJ¢!Qbef6Ietter has .beenlialislated and ISo i!ltacbedas Appen<lil<;C~

Compllei;tiens.9Qllld·arise. if aClllrlPse.ll\Ilijljla!reI'!m1S'l;iith.jl:'US, .• boifi {llifid who is' traveling onaCJjmes~ paSsp<>i1; $}liay l:i.lfje~·Wrnin patiln1S:fIllpe.'t$, 6btailrireel'ulilie ed.\!ei;tjon, .medica!· care, iind'Solliiii·se;v.iCesfljf,;Ifj,,'«lll!il miill!Iilii.· ·~'4oos 1!<lt;re~liJ)ii;> .diliIl·cilizansllip,'at)d'¢l)tIi!ren With/!l¢;;;l.PJji~¢'liii!)$jiiI\fAd~Jil&i$litW>n{i;e.,.Wlw.~.nter'lll4 'lt~i" 'CI;Iin;uI$, ~riCa1li ciili@!l,$ 'tl!.ther·t:"Iil",\U;!'tiitn~·Pl\Itil'\Ul~M'fllsi~an1S~;,.rellol e.tlgt~leWr~pulilk·~~'!JI·.,ij(fli!liet~(lqii!l;b¢netlts.avn:llilhle;roClimese·permai:iant ~cttm, l'iUlSe'oenents:ilte'avaffilllre;'l)ilNitil'Mgmir'!tiijstihaii,iile'Wiienis"o'fP¢tlniil)ilIIt tesldenrCllildl'#n pa,y>Rowe~i' (lilr llil~dJij,g 1$'~'.tbe,~<!nl~.4)!i$'.cblldtiln Who. cliQilSl>tQ re.l!'iiirerlh.eit ehfliJ~'l!wC.mlll'$~ .p"l'll1(tl:1~I)t.!resii:!~nts.jn;lilrd~t",gail)·fr¢ lilt . "(;;Ptl1!'S"'""()$t!'·educa.tipnal"at1ikillher'$l>claI be®fIts'''\IQuld:.IIQt1lJ;'i!i.;let6· e)«:>I!idl\t&eSe Children· frQnr.the:ll\lmber. of cbifdren,lill.owed·iiooet·Chliiese.fumil;i. pl'almingjltiliey.,:and this· oouldtrigt<er'sanciions'and eeon9mibl'iinalti~'~Mrthe r~levl!i!~ 1"w,s·Ii\\~·reg;iI~\i9ns .. in any ellSe, the parefit$ would. beex~iJ¢tMtQiI.<9I1fQnnIO'·lher~*i~t!o~s'inC,hil1;(lselitw and regulittiO!I~ \'lit fut\lre <)ffl;prihg. Am~(l8lJ,ciilj;l~·eIilldrell·_¢!frig.on,Am:erj(l8lJ~~ 4re.'lWt!\itgibl~.fo;r ft<le ·ChinesejiUOllq ediroaI1Oil;manialtendjil'iWll:iscliools'wberepilrents pay tul!l9lk

In an·.~lfyhange(Jfru:;teswhi<;li "'WQmpanjeg;tJjp"U.S,~h!~IiilJl~'·C~u(l!rCQ)W~nt!Qn slgne<i. ilil r~8o; botil'g(}\lel\l1lll~l\g;~d,Ihl!l.n,,!jQn~ls.lilftlie'Sll!!lljltg;C$te:wlJ&.anter·ihe ~\vings\at;eonli1J,vel,documants·isstied~the"send\i:igSfiile''IY.<ilt ,.,M.cOllSideti!JG natlolialsof the sending state" forpu~es-()f~.Sqll1F'~$'an!ljl~~tj\lnwl'tlle ittJl1ti r!!CiiiVr"g.$i1jie, Tbus.a,p¢rsonbl>wintl\~{jlit~:§tfl:testP;Ghi.n~~'l'l'wr:i'l1!1;i"'AA_t$ CI!!tia on·~.·tJ;$"P~P<!ri {wilh,·aChj~·0~",j·wl)jfu;·reg~e(ias..a1J;S, .Ciiizen·.fot. PllfPOSl'Sm\coilSilil!r protectieli, . .


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MaRY faCWl'$-can;colYle. ii!to-playinlis~.lUrri;re\)\leSts; il\¢ludm~:iliettllatmentXjf:lllegar Imlltigi'lUlts 'wno~.rert;tned.1iY;iliIHJlilWU;iS~tes:t6C'lilna,i;llpriiJilj¢lf.-iS,ilue'sf~.dliig' ®c~mtiw •. !!0Ss\hI<:;rAAS\)n:s:t'o~~!!'-4l"'n~l!i~'<;lf1ll!ylulll'.~i!i:el',n.lluJ\it",. lIIlilJi. nO$fofioiller'e;>O/I9111icllli\l"$$fli¢i)1rs.iil'iellay1s:Ci\illlL .th~;~r¢.;<!lso'~!las telirted'~ TaiWan..ilnd: OOhditjotlS;lli~l(<,>.llj!\alid_M~;friiiliCWhi¢h;fuW;li$¥Ium aIlPIi($tions,ili'fa¢4 rome .. 'Tl-ie:fQllPwmg:omlliWli$¢ction'@Tdf#'~-a,tlijl!ili~!':<iftheSe ll!lesi.'iollS. .

/Ii. Trelitlne'llt.tifRmriling Itl~Jllirt~iSftom,.ffleUif.ted'Stiites'

i'heChln~s\l:·gll"\l:l',ni1l"l)I'ac~ts: ih.l:'~ali<ilnc,f~~'i'\\tlS.Wbp·hJl\%'1ntl!red:olhl'1" eoJliill'iel;l)t,territ\ifles ill;;gally •. fu'ihe'pilSi~¢P~ral;year$i·hultil~of'~bine!!\icjll~l 'imlh~tsJ\jj~'beenrerumetrfr.-;fu,ffiei'Uiilted:Stiiti!S;;'iii'Kl:,O.S-;'Eml;lissy;ottlilialSha've

i5~~~5E:t~r:i~~!1,!~~1l::=:1~ fl'oJl't1lie Uinte", States for ilIegai -efi11o/ •. l!'mons:fcll.llllliielil;-as:Otganitetli,mellfdli:flts:cf megal migranttrnfficktn\lare liabliito face,CtmunaiptOs'eCi.ltiooin €hilla.

R. D~nientafi;oll

'DOCttm¢l\tatioo: frmnChfna;, patticu:ll\llly {roIl'I"Fl'ljim-P,i:",4ni)e,iis $llbje!:tro 'widespi:esd fiI\>ri<:<!-!i0!1 and fr.au<l. This imjlJ.!<i"",doc~th~il?(Ii!i~*"'ty'V\\iliY ill.¢m\ti1!S,cm:rsoniIJ ,lJ;i$torlllS" bil'f;h~and bil'th"c()J!ltOlm~s\ll'~:llffd'!1o!~s'fi;~p.l(~lio;~\»,i!y:autl)9~i#e$, i'h~exiiltence"ofthis,ftaud 1iliS'l:feeif1!Stabll$ll(ld;;liy'djre¢.t;Iin;¢S~Qr,i~ '\.LS.,COOSllI\Ir ~\iets'II/,'China.eertifica'teS4i~o,milY'l1e',issuel:Ho:reIa~0r niendS-iilliejd1av.e

,:::~~~'!~:!:!;:~:=~~fr:r~~~:;:;~~:-:%;~jSl; lP'l?h~"",_relirtii:inships'ill!d'hQiIlI'l¢S,ffili$taof1~ia'lil\(~ofi~li5:©'iti'ii,;mlnf<inJ;)lIilon iii nbtarilttdOllume1its .. ffoo'co~Gtljo/"'iitilitrifaliolti~diSl;oV<:r.a, 'lIo1arJlIf·c.etiificat¢s~'l\re tlfe» i$$llOOf; FroIl1 cu:tlyl9-?,9ftiJlWiy:2!!I)Il;'lli'6! OOtIdm~:e~:ft>t~rlfjCllt'i(jh bY ,lheU;S. Coru;YI*,~nemlii),G~OIl,,3j!wer,e.'@Itl<i''$O':M~4tili;ilt'a!1.!16'were fi;>lIl)d,t(j,b\> dIl bi(j\lll; "lily [;1 W~ judged'l'lifl,(jl!tl\'®lilbt:as:gauliil!~,

C. H.oUSl!h<lIdR~Uon and IlIe)l.(rty£iltds

~;hM<\ho!q -regist.rJition: d"~!IIIIl'Ilt(b"kottlw«ey t<lW,ii->;q,i!?'illi!\t\:an\l:;\1I; {jil',nilyr ~ wefl.,tx;ln~,'eduGl!!iol1' ertjploylrlent;li~alld,s<i¢il!I,blm¢fit:i.:ltCi~cil'!lydil.qUIll1mt~' nota1ily theletltitnale:residel!w,nf!i:.p!!l:SUn~d1ffereirtiatirigiiiraNiiid~:resldiil!ts-\?Ui\I!l[>ll.th~~):oca®no(variotis:servlces;,$uplt:~'f,,~(i~s!silinl\e'alld"$¢hOiiijng. \Vitk lni\r~iziiijDn·:of!he""9flQmy,.incr~!IlIedPJ'jl'J\ti'7,1ltipn;, l!Iid:th~'ab'litY;,pfimil¥id'>liisto· d~jcle''hoW·they'\Vant·\()ca-'n'' li~j"g; b:riMI¢wr,thi>.·it1iPQl'l'an."'I\-j;>f~h!'l'bg\1seh:QJiI re~iS!tatil:lli 'book l¥as:dinilni!:h;!d" -PafHclill!l'l)!"iif the'fu6te:!devel~:-lireliS:ofs()llllierh a1id~ern China. 10: th.e 1990s,citii¢i\s'be4linieIl1Pte'iriI;Jliile:eve;)'li$:'tbeY·l'!lilimed their


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original "rtil'll:I"·~·"~rbl;~"·d~slgj:la1:fl)n. Th~.thS'Coos!lI;l4~oen~l!al.ij}:Gi.lM.u. ·repQrts·!hataJthough th~household rl'gistty j5.anlmportllllt;so~;nfothl!lWiiil;e uMQcUllietrted infurmation (t.g.,'ellJalc status.anGorur.alZilrbltndestgliit!iotQ, (taud pr~cllide$-coil5Ullll!offi£eFS ftom.Ti>1~ir¢.qn·the;h6ll$iiholdtegliliatli>ifboo.k~asa prfu,,,,. sOUrCe'of d9cumenll<!iQn in: adj\I<lk:alJ'l1g visaaases.

An individual Wl\o:.\s ·l.IttriUItTied,h~llVil!glliitb·l>\pareilt,fuighf;irilf'hli.,,~t"iteglst;.atton booklet, bat il1l.!iIit,~ <:arrie~ Ql1'·tlietiw.i1·(Jf~WS!\1i6Id~5 rei!;i~iQii'(e;g;;,a~a;:erlt),.$Il would.obtain. hlslller oWII.book1etupomn\llti'l~ge{)r·up()Il'leavihg!theil._iS1 household. 'Some .iM\iidilais,.such·li&a·.petsonti¥ingin(allt6ty!!illOOll.f¢t\!\lpnslll!!,.IriIjjIit..liaveJi6 hoUsehOld regiStrittibltoookle1\ blltlriigllr beliStedi·6li!ltr6Btertjf!~wbikm.Tbii P~hlieS~c\i'ily Buteau mso. reqUir¢Siil sP!1l¢'.i¢S&ui¢e!I.·t!\at:a!J. iiidi1i\ilUaJ, ill~iiil,fu re!lill"~\'JIdIY ilra.IoQaiion,f!ie'Il"iilmpaf!ll'Y hous¢.bJjI(tr~1ll:lon·(ti""'#i'br4<hu),

Iiiadd'it16n.t(l·tIi'e·!iii>us<i!lofd t~iStMlonaocum\l1iti··jii.(liillifuiilidelitifj! ~f)imtln .. inWji!ii' 'hin),and W·· rk'i:li!lIDfielition.ca~{goifYiliii&M).j~liYl\ttliidividillll.'s W<ir~pi:'-..~~i~'':'~~ 1!!~4uJl\l,\~~~:1ty'nl .• ~~.~It··11i¢ntlt"'~!!OJlcatd ~1!;>·to~QlIi!iill1'!ligratiljl!';Wiilitn'~e',!:Q\!!I!lY,.1.1i.\s·sy~~~~,,:err@~bl\$'lJ\1)'1I¢ dlldirg,Chlliit's·sltiftm,tbe.di~n·.ofa:liirjji'¢fuiirl<Jl€iQrienteiJ·fi<iitron~.'!1!reine¢d'fut·iI' . $u~em/l.l·woik ti>tte,irilhij~s<il!~t~ililmie'g,r:~fijtS·l\\d:'tti·t(}I_~;·of'-a !arge'ilii!ernnt.pl)pul~tl&n tIi'.~idPe'Snoi_ply witli!f6i'malr~!Ili:emenJlito'o\I~jl p~tnI~si()Jl·lolj1i!mgiilT~~i4'mQ¢S:E~$~~~iI .. v,a. !1l~!Fllglli·Al~rnatiiV~~, bcl9;W); The U:S, Emb.<\$Y ebmll.ieijts;thiil!thei.demi~.Catd;remaii.ilfm.p;~rtIIIIHlj.t\ls1.deii.fj; ... f ni1!Ji:>r cities. OfpiU:llCtil"f impo$nce i$the''leg(il~~d~¢\;''or''i>4dresli''<>f!hebearer sn9Wl1 O!!thiil QJl:rd. Thisadiiress, ltliot~ud)ifent; ~ilfttnl~.th¢ !'1i:!tf.s41C!jQrll'of9ffWll11s empoweredtt) ·~pptoveb.aSica;pp!k;ati,,~·Sjj(lh· ~s f(i~ml\tri!i~.$ $1'i!i:P.lISI>P.ortIl, HQw'::>liilr; tliilte isa bU~Oliljlli. market ill coU!1'letfei\.jdeilfifrcatiQn·dQclittlMts\ .

I)'.l'~P9rts .alldEldtPel'llllt$'

. ·f\itll1.""lI¥¢i3'g¢-ci./iiiil!l;·l,c.,.!llOse, With~t l¢S!'i·at· ¢lii~¢alPte[;;I!,ml~.> !ibtli.il.\llll!.-a 'pIlSsjl<:lrt for ptivate'tmiiel.abtcadis·.iitiw. 'rel!ltiViiiIY'eiiSy, ·.Iiii'ijlti!liotlS-ofChine8e·tra'V.el ill.'iteadRJiIl\laliy, a b,igehanBi' ftlljj\¢Ile)tll~iiii~~. Th!"C~jn¢~llo.\j~~\lIlt roll!in.¢IY~!tlfjts.most 1~~.~n-#gratiQrl.a;J<:!1Jrul~'p'cl\(~te.;f9i1ClgntraY¢!, thow;h' in !he. Pi\\!ltit'l>l\'ceif llosfu(;liilS '111 theWa)i·<!f.J;u¢h:ttlwlll.QllpOliI19ill.·$j:C1!!1IY,Qt·~~·gwljn:d$. However,· the govemrnl!iit Still denles'jiilsspoitS io some iIili'iVklillIl$for p\lllticli\. reason!;; alU!;,in.pi\rii,wilt', mlllty·diSii.irlentseM~~4i$!lCi!~i~'fu;Obtalti~pasSpo$" In one r*iIt~,Chirte;"'llIlth,,~ities 1.llf.i'enljtj·.Ptovl~~a~ni~to.l>l$i\{;,bifare.i'tiI~ritibg. ~dat·(!o11lesti.b;il~d·inte\'ll\ltl\;>i)a:L~~;.tJi.e··oll!l.~~fr~v:et<lf!!:Pf!:1ll~rt~g:·GlIW:\!Se' qootj)r·who.has'clI"mpiOnellthe;cM~.ofI-!IVPlitlelll'S:andmVPl'<wentiGIl. ·LWl4I)'f~;and derw·;of'lmdi:rgrollnd·:rejjgloUS'!!toupsfr~ertfiY'fujd·it'ditrrWlt.'W, ohiainp$sportscand· qtherl'liill(esSI\fY tt~>g.e! ~G4ilirtetitS,

m.dlYldUlfis\f;\yel.ll1ton·or4tnary.(!IOIlQffii»ilJ~~itS:jhr.petSlllll\ttr;m~l.must~~p~y for apas~port, wliicllr~likestbe appcoV'al·ofp.ublio.secilti(y·offibiaI1LElI!lt'permlts' iSsul'9,liytlie Public S¢curity BUt'lltl!are 'nol\\iiger·t.eitUii'e,I;· btiPilllbliCsectil'iW 6.\fiCijils


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"T.

I'l:>\,,¥$tin.pr~¥entper~ f~(jnl!'!lXitjng,al:,.~rihe~!q)6!~;,J'~)"$~~'1rn:velil!g0ltpllb.liq· afl'iil~.~IVtii"lZn)passports and·offid~,pasSIlOl1:S:limi:eexpl\citlireCeiVed.g\'ivetriment pemrlssi6n totl'!lvel. abrOiJ.ll.As i<,res!lIi;.a;llilr$il'enl<lnng;!ltbUnitei!.~s.·Qii~1il!blj(i· a:tlalnH)! offi6ial pas!p~n isunlike;ly~ ~pmeellfibn,orl'r*pytlplI'lIfll"ss%;sel'i,ous 1'",J;itical'or olher lssue,.sudr ;l'fsall~gW:malfea$~t\oo.$i!rl'Ii!;~.:aflilr'~'Pe)"$\il\':elIitS;tlilna.

A.c¢or<iihg to tne. u.s. EmbllSw,tl1ereiS!)P.liiw,r¢glllati\)l1' qrpe!i~'tllatJlars,~riS. whobavebeellS3llcti"1!ed for violating !i.if!hPlllll\1ing·;I~wsJrom,·Qbt\\ijiing'l'f:.p~prn:tor leay ing Ine countrY. ')'lie. U.S. Consula.te Gell¢rlitinGullligt!lo\l. iJas"ptocessed'i<isliSfor persdilS,Who·had"been sanctioned .f6l""lo1atint,\i;j~;Pl~ifig'.~W}'i?t·WIj:te're.qll!l"j::d~ \ll\dilrgo sierUization;· Thes!> appliil,.ali>l;.nl\d'Y!i!i\! ~~~oi1~\horl2ljl\s:thl'l'l:>fu.i\la"" Ch'ija., MJ!ltipleabortio!l&; likewise;. wGuid.!J?veao,hearillg'.()Mf.3vd'omt®rlilauPll.

E. l!iUiilillM.dG'Ilimgd.GngP"~

~!::~::~~;;:,:~:~;:~;:l:~~~m:~~=:;~:. cIilna'i>wastal"herMly p0l'uIBted'FlUiari Rtov.moofu1he:UniIed.·Statesj,whith,dates.back. W tbe'll)lli celiiUlY,prtparedtli,ll;vt,ayfoJi.t\11\l;Iy 'of~i1I!.y)wim\1!i!!l'liIJl$; Jjlglllanti' Uleg~t. (fl!jilm·.ks.Ilil~.,!·'.~3i!1!ajor~!lr~<!fem~tiW>'!v~·ib~;~ti)t:i~ .• to:T:lI-iwl!!tl1lld. S()tI~a$l.A:SiIi). 1'h9!1i>h.sta!ldat~~'ilf.'Il¥lQgbavJ:llllprove4,mC'hil)a"m're~IItrl._es. especially lliw.mal.areas, includingm~;Y.pi!i'IS·oi\Fttjian,S0mellersoi1Wseekill~to fur!lrerimprovc'lheir etOliQIDlestatW ~tg besni<lg~ft:~ilIipcth" U~i~dStaies ~ ()~en -",,1$· no· r.eall$Iic,,,nderstan~I,,g.()nhe soci~;iI!ld'<;?()lI9!lli1>"!ll!'iroJmll;ljtihere.

WhIle emigration from Guangdong.l"iPVihce .. ks;ilso.·beeli.SUDSllliltiidsinoo.lhe .lll'" century, in recent deCll!le5'GlJangdo~,.IiJjIik" Fu)irui,ihas mltooell·tlteWUOOe.oflllllSSive Ul~gllJ.e¢ig)<ll:il,lll.nor, apparemly; ks,;t.be¢rrtba.'SOtlrce.'l>iMllsprJJp()!tjll'niliriumb,r pf asyli1llJ.·\lPllllcanons•

ftiI16willg.is.some.lllfotmatWi;on·tlle'·placesofcorlj;ln.ofm2ljyFujiiln.asylum,applioants:

Euzhou.OUy

FIIWOll,:oapitat.ofFujianProYince,.basL5·.million'f"glsteredihbabll:altts-and.an. estijllated "i'loalin\f' ppplilatiol'l ()'f25li;!lO.')'Sl!li$f,llntl!llui~.~olii.mswIlOW\l'dinthe wakeQfbon.v~on .offarrolalid..arQ~Wi'·I1w:h<)uji1!o'in~I"Qr.~p~iai"""'1j,ojJ;li~Zl'.nes, tywpl3lll>d Vi/ork"rs>rrom 'tl~i;\'Ill:~ otCliina;,~l$qgG'tl,l!1i#'iioQll'lPfugror:ec<mQiniQ QpPQrttltiity, Tile;dtY'HeSident:fa,,~g"'li~Per l<W")s;,"'f:~cali1i1l.it\lIHl)oomelh~do the 'peel'lefromiliesurr.o';,,;di'1garea; in'pIaiies sUblllis €hatis!e'<illd LiWl'jialig;

~"$~Cityist<:>cateQ.jl!st $"u!he{\St<;>f'll~Qu., ~~.;Ngillter~4.1'\Q~t~\iim mGltomg!!I is !iOQ,OQ6''P~ple,. :~vt. in,~m¢;;i:o\!{,l!$Witfrfu.di\l\jjgle;s juriSdil#i(),n"$!J;'\Q';$5i~elit'Qf" reSidetrtSawreport&ho··be:oiii;t!reUllited-&ates.nllrii1~tlie.ig90s,theChah~e .. jm,a,was' diiS¢ribed as ·l\/iviltg a "cIIl(uwof :riligi'litillli;" siiic'e' manYpfiiJiieli)d¢litiNlSpiril. to

33


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emigrate. Asylnm applj(ialj\s fr<im',Cnan$lemost!1appearf¢cl:!eYiJllll!!!, .o!J~,rntheunited' Stat~, th<:y t/S\ll(nl' heJl!tiJ'$llP.PiJt¥theitfan;ifi\lS'clitGll~w'tbt~tt\ll!!¢S.

LiailiiangCou!l!y

Lp¢ated"north oHuzhoil, L,i!!llji!U\gC(i()nt}"hiIl!l(re~i~r¢d;'!,,,~u,\a~ion'QfllrP1)f\cl i'i09'.00Q pepple. ,Qftl!e19 townsJItLial)i!!U\~C!llll\1:¥,G\\!U\fult1!1:lil:),'Je,l,gllbor,l1!!t 1'ingjillll!!:atll;the largest immlgrallt'SQureeih An,eStimated ! ,0 millioMThinesepeople in 'Horig Kong" M$:8;o,lltId TlIiwlltlwer.eotfgirilifty ~m TfugjiaQg,

F.Place, Names and DJalects (!I!ld F\ljlanj

"Pinyill"llal; been tl1e offjcilllFRC R!oll!alji$t!i'ln',sYSll:lIlfQr ,ttall$litetatlrtg 'IiiIa.;;liiri!1 Chiti¢.'ieltrtoEnglish sidee 1911!,,!!IId:IIlQSf. p~t:llQtlil4~1l!1Il11pwrjlllt,o!ls~libe ptl'!Peran<lpla""rt~iilto"pin}iin7'R.o.rttl!Illllit~ 'l!liis~artS)jt¢rJIl.ion,,~miS'yery differ.mt 1TO'mJlrt,eartlercommonly'lfsild'lrimSiltel'lllion' syslel1'villlit'iS'still Widely used iOn Taiwan. 'However; "lton'l>jnyin"'tra$litei'a'ii(),ns'ofs6ti1e:'jl,la!)~names,m$Ou~'Cliina;, n91libi>: from l'ujiBn,.ndG~l1gJ!lPYinq.~,; 'l'ih¢n>JQ<iii1 "dialeR~'; aOt'Ull.llrt d.i~ (Cfjil!es~) I~es; ate'<:<m1mpnJyuset:!ia\l.dM1!IId1j1io. (imn~fl!IlY~ly be~ III sdtoo4,3J:e somet\meS',s .. n·.ln1i$yluli1'appliCalions'.fi~'l)y·l:ir'oo.~lif:'CfiitJmJgtallts from Illese .areas, .

The'il1reeiocatiollS,~round: FllZho\l,.Fuji~n'J!f9"i!lqe'~lI\wlii~h ~YllPpJIO!U\ts9llme, are reJlderediil' ~iiyln.R.omariizatiOl'f,1i$t,Chan~!i:'Clt;y; LilmJ!lIll~:CdllllJW,lIlld 'rii\~i\i.ng ToWn. Beeause O'fthe [ocaldialect,. jU)W¢Vet,'lIko$e;1;lotj!it!\i'!;tiifglitappeaf-Qrt'theM89 IiIl:d·i'l.@iQa1iitsand.,Sta~en1$!is.~Ql<jChllliiletlC4l!tig~},;t,~glLiI)KWg (lA~nji1!!lg)'1UtQ J:')in,ggill!lg/l!inzW!l'{T,l,Il&iii!,ng)orin,l1thlltw%,s'tttlltm*e,'$l:lIl, McideutaUjiorffil!; ap)'ellf lo:be ditfeti:llitpjll¢es,;<\)l{5liqalltsfrQm"'''ii~Qu'l:ifulij 1I~.Qnly tnei.loeal district,. e,~." Mawei, withQutillU!rll!lrFurlioui a'pWieant~.froll!'llie,COuhttY$ill'" mightJiiSt l1~t a nom~town, fm ~pre,G.tii\iitQIl{!jPme~ImlIllyajl!1li~tS): • ..allter tlian tb.e! 9Ilil1\tY. Lianji!U\g, Or,: eVM Iffro1lla·l:0Qnw'~;lliI:les.aw%" thilY'.!l1iglit list J?UZbOU lll'home.

(j, IuterlUilFliglit Alt .. ""tives

Mostlll'ylum, applicants take thepositiGIl, implicit)y ore)(ptj~liy, ~ttl1(lywouldbe unable;to avoid mistreatment by movil)g:,elsewb~rewi1hmChilu\. ,C:lrj)~mstances , prev"ml1g through the mid, t!)'ros; lIomb!l\' viUlespteaarilt!liinifigoofbasfu fOCidst\ifiii, litniteti' Irlinsportation' options" a"genllfaJ"re!iIJjt'eIl\l\llt to 'l\'!19I'1tIW.etp¢rml$stot1;'!iotl1 ,loca! all~~rit~s.Qf'~me's,wof,j(pla~e.,'lim\te:d'templ)l'llI'Y'r<lSi~I)Y,()ptir1ns;,~fl,a,S!'lti~.lnt~rnal, mi~ort,anpho~seho1'!i'reglstmltiiJrt,regili1e; i1jat!e.ltUkilly llia;·lIutho~iti/:$J;oul4.ll!lSily identify,tbose wlio'mighttry to,'migrllte:lktemaliy"B()wever, ,h\l,the',198(ls,the:lihi'ft,!fr,om',s stilWr.,giilltt¥"foa p!ur;\1iStit ma~t~ljoIl6my'rertde;j'ed, t!ii;septeviOu$'IYforitri$ihle ohS.tac1e& ~ritiiilly obsolete. '


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led~y, Cllina!$'lJqom;ng.~o!IIY a)lftthecilomalid fot./rallsl¢iitJSborliilMedrasiiellity $,Purted,illtetnal·migtation. ASII resi!lt.;lrlteril!ll~l()¢litiowl$·:iJ1$re'uf:M)j)S'slbl1ity Thlijl\ p"revli)l1~o/;:esi!ecial!Y' 'lbrthO'$eWltli,~f<i~,,·iho$e'WtV¢!i~,qtJ;J!<iemIMly wlllj;IY'l\V!iilahkfraudlillm1i~Qcllirt~~(~~~$'®liQ\lS: ViB, "",~i!iCiIm#Ii(liii¢]!M!lV;C.-· ijC)q~i$.oljj,~g\Sltl\ilorland;tvlentif¥'ClIt4$),!i!iidltli'el(!(j;;15IJmiurotl'ver$oi! «itoatmg Pdpafitl(Onu·ot1i:cQitoml(>rtIji.l~al\tll>WhQlea'\'<>tbeirhi>Jl'le~$:¢p.il¢tJi<.lYotk'IlI~W~er.eiil CliiJl',4 liowelM\r; !PW(llM~iltQ/ld!ftt~~Wro~'l!i;p~rs9lP(i'Ii!?'\$'s~rjQ)il!1Y "W*~ by !'IlItici!'lllj 1!U!IIllriti~·tQ·l1ide ··im/efiniteIY willi:an,y'!fegree'of'security, il>el1l1ilL

For thl'Se hetWr otfworl(erslI$ wellaS poorer·~1t1iietllnfMmreaitl;!er 4ifflc~of moy,mg;i\l Cbiim has. been reduqed bye~ resiili:ncy,rl'Slti~'lI!Id::inll\\lnS~ .enforcemlrotby. variolls levels'Cif.law erdbI¢eitJe\l.t,. Many asyJilltI'lIJ)jjlii:iailts.teli:l'>fbidirlg. ll1ld:w<ltkin:g in I~edties- <l1kn :f.uZhOlI- fot'periodsrangjogArortl'i<f,wirtloilths·tQ se¥emly¢lltS.ln lI1ll1lyafllM loPl!'l'a\lthi:irlt~~ali<! lo~fii'li!ikqf)ilg~¢1j1i:s.i~~f$a)l4 dltm;t~!lI1"jlie idiintities,of rrew;arrl¥al~ •. tlll!lsJ~tmt~ersmvlti~'AAIl,swairtPlli o1lll!l tle1~hatrlyaJ$.$Iy with fri~4$qrl1'lai!Y.el>'ut~pc!ln:ih~~"or·m!~e~rISiv"·h9~S in: tllllllY 'l>.l~ees, Whlle.some4ndeslriill< canJegal\yiilteJ.liner.antilidmrers;o!hmtliat'ilte not le~all~p<:rtniiie,Hodo. $(I cantinlll'tO'hinlSllilitpetSon$"m: "wl!\iiPlli;ftO~bitkms,

JM •. l~kofh!gi!l·.r~identstaius·'furll!lsdtl!J1'!'l1!lt~!tlaiiQltm<llllls'r~~iJll'ed~$,tQ. h<lB$i!1g,~6ehil serVices', sclidOl'iftg.llIldim'ill:\yernpl'Oymenf:o!,!poi1\'Iiiilies; Urue5iilllloh Pllf<;6ns,.oolain·residentstalas,mo&ij.urisdjirti6risreqiiitie\themla,~'a.prtilaiUIn'fur·SUcb' servi\;es or deriYlh~ 'l\ltl)getl!er, l\lib()lli!~the:gl;i~filmetif:h'!~:mjld~apflorityllf imPl;0ving thl'cotld'l!l!lns<lf~ ~ffloatiirg p<>p\l~OOr 5iP11l>',;lt~,$!\cii~ B¢t~lI~ lit" ~l;Ilng $)·pr.oilj(j!tfreesocfal.ser\4G¢&·fGl'Sll~hip~S;'an(H!I;Sliimghld,¢ndtlSeWhere· in EastCnilia;dlstinctkms with regjirdlo.!tecessto,sp$ililseriii¢es"iletwiienlqcut.legal ~i~ertlS,ijnd,e<lQl1'()miG·migr~slti1m'.r~$')!t:¢heil)~,Qtlm~~' ~~,pl.lbll~. knc)W!t4$<\.Ciniil"~lIg<\S. ~@rsJlmit\lll;.~d'JlIf&r;uf!Srmw $¢'rei!l~1P'pr~~k d?ims, ~1s.atetWpr:w4IY:Ci~¢beatci4'pf,thciri.Wi~;hY'llil~rllPul!>us'el1!playeli1i..

ki Jllne;;'OO~ the $tateQdl.lliOi!iioo!jSll¢!l;~ ''''jl$t¢Yl\J:ldrepi$1i!iWIl~'systemOf ~dlnJill'$ji:litiy.e·4etentlCi(l Wrili!lgllJmlgrlI!i.ts~nwing,;jh¢:\)eatiirg.o\I~l)t"l1a"nive~ity graJl~~;e tro'!1'~ubeH';l'l,wjllce in'lI,:GilangzhOll ~4sto4Y·llI1!Ir¢pll!fi~tloo ~.TIi/!$ll\ill C\)unciI; cailed' for the c"n"~t5iOllOf adminlsmitive.d¢tetitldn .celrterslnw blltil.l!IiiWiM ·reliefc6l!ters to"sul'port migrants, vagrants, llIld tlIe.;",nreless;·· The irnpact;ofillese reforins remains Illlcerinin. ..

The Chinese~"etnmentCQllti,,\!e$!oel\'e,rfadminjsttaliy~. COJl.li:tillo\',* its.,~iti~~s pr;imsti\)I \hr.()ijgn.·tl\~'VI'''rkplaea,\lui$!lliI;''lI!It~r\!l;\es~'Pef\'~~~Y ~l1.S~Qf C!lioo'smo~~me!1t,aVl'lIr4i"'m'thestate:\;OWn.ed ejjtemriSli:·~yst~m.·~~ .. ama9>et. . e¢OriIllny, Stnl; the· state's woikllniiscOftei'oprellldenoirsJilgi<i1&!iealth li'isuMnoo'alld ll,ailt.pefill!Ssion tCilt<lvet'abi:oa4,'Uil\'1lIlit'~lfsjjs;lne,nbel#' ·ljiltWi!tl!i'~. '*rtifiC4l~eS,$chQj)f:t;ans¢nii~.a¢·dipll'>li1Jls>l';of~sito1)!\I,¢!:rtif!!O{\~'\ln.ct,liq¢~;?I!.d other oocul)l!'nts,that w,oui\'l ile."ons1&t¢d~t$OOa,!in;t~eJiJn'led;Sta~~.liis.alSQIb.e.·


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\' ...

ooruMttl)rough which rl'lirem~!lt be~f$'.m;uaiJ)'arep;tidialtli!lltgln,<;fo:rmS;llte.p!anned to1lllike this.ll. !otal'~""ernmentcfilliCtion, In'2(}Q3';llewr~lillltlon$elimiitllAAi'tbe requirement· that 1I!dividtii!l'i)b1liiilwork:urij;t'«~;'lilllilf(;ye'g¢titingmal:tie&

l>'ri'la~ firms an;) forej;gr1 jojntv~tq~,wiiicit~mpli'>y'milii.~~:of,\¥or!rers,'are, liot c~sld~ etllS$lll."yol'k units"andthiire'sren6'pmvigians fOl",Ih'eseentet,prisestocoIiWO!' the,piil'sonne! dossiersofmdiyjdu~l:;wotkiijgi.n'~{i~*e$,' l!jSl!q];.,<!i!S,~~,.p¢isona1 qoollments'arii,us~l\y retail1e4'bya!l'eIllJlII1YIlt!s~werJtw"it'(~qiallyf()l'6j;J1li' wer~ers)er" til anillC!"¢lISmgextent., by·skilled l\iliwrp'-nant'eelltets,Wnii:lhl"iiallage 11 small bGtg-i'ewingemploYI\rei)i'marketJilined, pl"ijriati\Y atyO:jjnget"jlitirt;,m!)bi~'.Gh!,nese wod<'.ers,' .' , "

\Vhiie·r~ral.d",ool1e<;,~iv'i;!atlon.'anQ::th¢,fQ!iOW"oIihouseho!d,contracti'IISPol)l>lbilit.y,S¥srem have,ttilIlletbe"famii~the"priinilry'iiliitl)fil'lil'.Jpt&bi¢tiOniCwbik,jjm"t$;a!~Ql>eiilte.at.the villilg¢! level. W<)rkunits inthe'CQuJ!li'Ysl«ejnl>yS¢~to @{\l~¢i~,;n!mYQfth~~ co~trOls ,,'f tI~ in urban,areas •. bl\l"wh~nitc(i)m~,iJ:l,pr,!,v~41i:t!rbent;'ti~rutaiw,o'k\ll)il$ gen~jly bave-1We k> offur, Healtl!$4~~nt be\tef!l$ m\lailie'ciJ!' ih\lq,y to urban state'enterprise wotkers'arenot,availabie klmost;;filrairesidwts" Agrowlngnlimber of township enterpris\l$,ho\vev"", have be$llIlto qffersul'hllill!efi~. . ..

Labor mark¢ts have change4 slgrtlflCljlltly JitChiOa in retie!)tyearS; As,itQ!j)d,a~y"'" ooomi!\gcoostal oities h,,'I' aitr""t\ld, a. 41oating;JlQI\\l!lation" of,~lC<;esS' lln$kllled ,ro,?! manpower numl?ering HI0,-150mllliollpetSOns. Pf.ivate.lltillicaitd'f'oSe'IgQ.j!1lnt Vej)tIlres bave drawll miHionsof skiU\ld ann unskille'<fworkersa\\'ily'from.state-rilli enterprises, Labonnohifity for Skll1ed worketsi,bowever,.js'$Cmelil11li~iimpe4ed,by w"rkumtstliat preventempioyees from l¢iI¥illiltbekiQQsbyref\lsillM<l!l'ljlllj;tlsll'.'l()1II:rplpfthe.ir . ~s, which ®l1taiQ. v.it!U re<;ordtoredM.tiIlls,permi(;s,j!c!;I!8e$i· ;;n4'9tiiere,5$tll)iiill \fQl;um!;l!ls. Some·.llmploYe'rs,hriid'ifoClImllilts'!l:r'lIse: seVllrnl mo!ith$of''wa~e!li'i!eM'i'1IS leV.¢tiIgeof6, preveilt. W'<>ri<efS ftotttleaviiigtbeireiliplriy.w'lthdilf-''jliltnii.si6it,'' Nevettlieless,.nianY·s!ate·~tetPti$l\S".i\l.fa<it;;'hali!e~ee. lIea~ .. i mSii'edW.;>I'Kers, . ' ..

Tllerf;··(~ no Iqngl;lr ajl)~'ljssig;.mllilt.sysftm·.forml\lllf~.sclio()li·liigh·schOtil"and:~lJege lea!lers.andgrii<lootes, Oiicestudentsatefegallyeligibfec!or empfl)ymelirat-a~ J6,cand halie completed as muCh school· asttleyWj$Il{~ollil'th.eilh'le'y~Q'f¢OmpiliSQ!o/· ¢du~i",ion, sChools iSSljean emplQymenfeljgib~ity. ~ti.~;illlld,YOIl~g,people1l!'l' then frlle to seek out warkin any p.1l\!l"er'th~w1&h"Cl)lj~e.'graqliate$'~'~JlOl'I$ihlefor . rretwori!:lng, at;en(lifig job:·Iali:s.·l\Ild.:preplltil'ig1llld:Seildilj~'out,teslllliW.m: laiPil6~i:>f their ownernpwymentappitcations,' .' .'

J.J)'ornw PrjsO'lm, P~rsons'felellSedifum.prJson.il\cIUdirt .. dli;sI<!~nt'$,.l)~·fa~: ~stri0te4,empll:)ymento!,por~nities:fur·a"arjety,.ofl'¢llSeIiS, Slldial prej:Udicl",agalnst fOi:Jnet prisane'ts plays Ifcpart, Loss of'plirtylilemb'etshi.p,(~:ailla\i:iia~. teSi\.Jfi)fa piisriil s'mtenpe}·can j1;eClude ehip!o:Ylileiit'Ji',S6V.efiJm@~Jiilis.O,*"gori~s,suhlillS·· ''<)n~I¢;'' "on.prpbatictt)," "act',vjt~s. r~stri'cie4'; 'll1{j'~no,Jloltti"al dghts.for. (#$p~il'e4!1.umQeF'pf


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y¢.!lr~)",prol!ide'an9tl)~r bamert:$'somwemplp¥l1Iflllt. Whert'£",tmer:ptlsoJletMi:y:to:_ ptiVllreenrerprises;"they may not beal!owe4'(o'teilj,$t¢rtl¢jt"ol\lP*J\jes:lll':jjtitlj~tie,,;, m~tti:y,to,intlmi<:!ate'plltei1ti~l'ooS\t;>~; Jl~ilcatl!,)nal 'IW~Ill1:ieS,",QQft<m'd®ie4"to, ,fQrmerpri8(llle!'SanG dissidents" Fi'e!ll;Ipm ~!:tm!~l!ll!d'lI¢e,essws¢ialsetrim@ellaS bOlrsj~ also <lI!ll,be s_elyre$i\14ed,QtberfQnnei'prisoilei'$JiMl,e·tetume"Ulomebllt have been ,denied freedom ofmovtllTlent.

Collegegradllates who halle he<m lllbe!e4 '<b~:elemems" forP9lltit:ii!, lO!i!igious",Pr'9ther ,activism wontdhav.eahard timegelt!rtg,sial¢ jobs;, bi;causersildiiabels may btlin'tbeir per$Pli.il¢!fil6s. J!)bswi!h,foteiglt~(i~l!IIi.~:~4iiil1Je¥iiU$ilntfl\i~¥t;,,!tow~ver, ifl} ,'g~~Jias, !all~~e,or"te!.>imlCiil sJ\!II~. As'(oi'emptQyll)!\lJtj),r";hacl'elem<m*~'!nc Chin~.p#vate~or firms, the"sii\l!!!iiln, is'lesll'.lii<$::8!Id',itlfll!ly'tluelilate'Willi1ltestata ,oftl!e,jl(,\Qnom~. (Chlna"s:ec<>nomy',has:been~rowlng:,l'itl!l5dtil:8Jl~erit,per)'~rfur the pllStlieveratyiitts,)GiVlm the~,,¢rIi$¢iW$ilpmi$~ti'~leijll:l1iJi;\16m1l;dl\¢~Q1!-'ll1a~irnt> priv~tellO!lj.PllIfies are su~pt~tog~er(IJ:llentPress.!If~ J!fi1l$~l"sQfUjirijlgllnd firh.'lg .•

K .. Fa~lyH01iiJing

Cit'ineS\;'''r~i1'!jJlI!1m''N&a~.m;l'/l~&x tJjS".~r<ls,i~·~ilill'S'Wj~seV"(I!1. 91111qren ar" ilk"ir.tQ~Rlml\l"di'i"ficultyl1!1iarniiJg'~~i\a1)!¢ ~~:il)anUTm.m'SJl$!ing:iLMn$' .. , spacl!'is less Iikely't(ibeJi·pr0bJgmi·in'.rtli'~I1itj;;iS, Many,<:l:iln:ese,lwe,ililioIlBiRg,'proviiled,. bY th¢lrw6rk llnirs.:orpl1('dMsw:ftom'theit.work,UhifS, 'atawry-tl1wprleec ·Sin~,pljvate laliduW1tersllip'remliins forbidtlen;,hQ!lsiillj'l;a~'be¢ll:pl;Op~i~l!Y~t'~llYtjme, GW~n the rapiQ'j>aC4l cf Chinese urban reE\evelOplnent;6idernaptl1:o@l; !lte.f~\IentiytilfJ) do,vti !Ind· residents relOcated, oftertto·mor<>ditilant.ot,exp.ensl.ve.lipai'lmefus,Ili turlIl' areas; ,landis often recJaimeci fur development 6r otherl:!Se, 'l"hqsewho'h"ld,"landuse" rights -in either arimnor ~tJ11'Stlttii!gs '"' have:nQl¢gatte<:loo!'$ero. ,a'~9vel'l\I11I!!lt,T(l1\1011td o~~r, ,;!lth()lIgk they can eont¢5t!he' arnool1t;of,'9Ql\Im:nsaliOl'i.:Pl'011i,;\~ f()t,'ref91;;(iii:>l) . . Government r4m<>va.l. ordeisfmmiooal g()yermnentSJllweS!1lli'ired:!eii'$:\if:dlOu~Osl>f l>l'oteSts'lintiuailyin,receilt rears.,

L, Jf"rce4.Mi>~e'

$pl\le (el\l!tte~lum·'i\Rllliqams'!l\~imthat'thf>.y'wei'e fOro¢if intl)'l\l8rti~, .. ch~.law has fotbldden«jerced'inarriage,siuee 1'950. WliiIeia'pe~il:mayromaunder ilite~se fai:tlily p1'{)SStlre fu ent;lt inti) aliJaj'ri~l;l!';furotii1lj'Ii¢~:Qf.n!lili'tr~$Pn.s; ;!ti> 2!)(}I.M'If/:~~ 4Wc,:and"theReg\iI.liiio~$()I1M~ill)Q~I~LR,egi~~9!l;<!dQpt(l(j;!w ih!::l?~~Co~ei1;in ~!lIl3.~ffirtl1.ed'!llarooiy:mIll'tJi!ges;WilHligfyeliterediiltoby·!b.otli'jlarries}areN.a1kt. thOlr<i,haveb'ee".reportS·ilrwom:ehwho .~;a&ductedilnd·f()fked iiltl),fJ)arriag~>.hufl1()tlt the abd"ctiOil:aildili"m'artiage vi()!itteChim\$e~ilW; . . ..

M,Mi\\tary~lee

ThePRC·hasalaw. on lliilitatyooi!~l'tip#ii)i.,art;\:1GCa(i!i~s:tiju$tmeet.\l!>1!J$ctipfipil q~oti!~:CortS·~riptinn l!)w $~ifi~$tl\lI,t:mal~'~(},are: t8':~o·.·!4~.·~;!l1ift~;l\\i\d.Wh().hl!ve CQtJ1pl¢:te4.miadl~.scb""i lllust'.tegist~r't\;t.s¢!'Vi~e'~the:Pi:opl,~1sL.i&erati())lArml

37


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{PtA), Servi¢~·ill''lhePLA.Jlas·tra!litii)fiall,/'b~P!'¢Stig~,';¢~lml~·lWih¢tiii:es <laretillly'$Ot!lena:ppJi<lll!li& f<il'p'i'liti<llll'r¢l iafi!lity.· .

WlttleasyllID) ap:pliCl!JliS fromChjn,P'Ilay !ilg!!imlM!Y cMrwtf)!it~h~.Y' AAifer.e4JQ'lile past,!lSPe.~j'lly i~,t1je 19$05 Md i%Os¥b«.at;Se(jfalle~ stijJpbttfot,titfimlllytrestQ; Taiwait{lrGbiang K:ai-sllek'sKuemlrilanjl;(&M4'} PattY.; sUClHiiSloti;;;, Cj)n~"tlon$'woilld .n()tl1O~IUa!I\i' he !i;Pi'!Jll(~", lli'day, Fiil ~'m~ ~Q d~i}s;bofuBem~gilllldprovincilll aalh\lriti~sliave·e""ou'.~·p!lpp!eol'l"liiW\lRtq,.~jljum.,Ie-ga1i~,'ltit!\e"p~oiile'\;:RWUbl\!)' otChi»i\I, ~('l·~de" .invest; anll.'\Ij$itrelatlVes; Mi:ilte'lhan:!lTIe'mimlfn Tlilwi\ln'msiderit5i/iow visitChlilaannuall)i for blislness'orplw,:\'*-i l';(fWilIj !sQileiiif,tlie'latgii$'l:~Qll.trescf' Quts;d~ illv~.rit in ChiT\a;.IIIi&'~w~O(),{iQ!!ip\l()pll';tl;Qin TohlwanliNe,inChiAA; ·prillulrilY,fi)r'.b~sines,s •. PIll'f'l1'ses,. l1l!!>~lfr()Jj:c~iPRG'tl"'TjfjiW;l/l;l$'~r"I$~@u@]d~ .oi,m:djliidiJill$,lIS wei! ssl'RC regiOllal,6fficials,fuvdl'lled'lft;:ttjitWand,mVeJ;!J:l\ent, have visited:TalW!\ti sirtce 1981;"

O. ~!!g~!!g

.Al'plicati(\ri$ fot.asylum.rrom.H"o~Kwg.tesident5.lii'erlin!;and'ilSlJiilljt'lii'e'~d;(ili. j;lJ~~i!lrcligiou$'Pei~~tJ.\iil·oFf¢Iit,fiif~l¢rpi'ii~!·ll~pl*iiiln'l;l.'&gJy,Wig·ii\tl!¢'~re. ab~g'l«QlIg;. M~~·ontheSl'''I.l!rCW~. cp;1S#Md!i\"P.!'P~latl"".(>fl!!!'!llSt1 !)l'ili!!>/), It&s'be$n II Special Ailmjlijsmttivll~gjon{S~}oJtll;d":RGs!nw,.I~Jyi, J,997. ~to its ,;eversioJj· to Chin;,. Hong Kong, wasa:BnllSh' mown, CiilOiiy'fOt'.Qver 15.0iYlllirS. NJa resoJI ofBritishce,a preeederiitand J!>/)g,negOtiati,<:ms,b~lliCliillaallllBtlt;;inhiifore its. re¥~$i\ln;.I1Q!lg l,\Q~g ml!intalnsll~ig~ileMeetif'4!1tOitt)m,y, ~<1ept!nl1!atmsofd.tjfe.nse and f'Qreign'affairs, Ith~s,w¢U'~~lJs1kd,g~~!fIent; ~el\@:>~.ppllt~; .a.n<l''Q1h~r li%·fi:'Q~tlnstitil.tiOlls·twrt·Suwott,the.tUle .Qtl:aw.'ii!i'da'vlgiirous.C:.f*ll.~tj~,·'F!i" Basic Law oftheH6ng KQiig.Sp¢\niil ,A4miniSll'ml"e,Re~n;:O~fue:Pei!pll\'slt¢j)\lf:!I,kof ChinJl; abngJ{ol1g'smtni;.Q()~!l1tiQl'l;.prti\'oid¢s{~r·iiI~,pto~t.IM!G~\1!l>WiMt!ilriglrts..

The Bilsic.Law' pr\lN/de$',fotfreeoom.Q[t<iligj\)n"'.the. al.fioi'l:tl,g!tl$X}rdmance'prombits tjjfigio\ls.discrlmination,and'the'SAR;'1ioYeiiimeJ\fgenl\i'alo/,'r~!i\'lCt!Hh~pro'tisioiu;.ln praclioo, Undetthe'BS$l"I;aw; Cbina,~(jes.ni>t'~Jurl$llii>!ionQ1oIet'r~~,gj9);1$'iP1'ai:\t(C$ inHongKqiig; al1d. as a;esult, theV~ ... allp~~iiI"h\\8,di.Qf;:Ho,!g'~n$'~:Cil'*9li¢ OioC!!'S~, p~spitethe ban'''l\, l"alUT\GOI!g:lniCt\iM;!ml\lh~m;'W!il';h<eal\sl~emit$elfa s~lr,ilualm9vement'aT\d nota r¢ligio.ll. Is.lega!lY'FegISleredJn:flpng.:is:cnJl,:1il\dCt1he Societies Ordinallce"lUld.ilIgerietally tree:i6.phietli)e; QrZ~iZe. attract,pllotit,attentionto its moveme!lt;.al\dctmduc(publi\l\d¢m\il\~tlQ!lsi .

China' s:birth'pjan"ing,po}lCiSSdonot'"p~!Y'in g(j!ig.K:fltili'i .

'l'heSAR.gt\v~rilneritge~~i\lly·ri;sp!lp~':1hi;·h~iU1.rjgh~9H:e$id.en!$,'anq~.e iaW'UT\d . j u~i"il!l'Y gen~!1Y·l:lrffil,'de\l!;ff""W{clll~)lsolfd~ling·Wiilt,iljd.fV:lduai '1,1l!S~'(5f>lb«$tI' 'H:ili'\lal!'rlghlS;'prQhl.",msthalexis~d~.'l>ef().relltld·lifter'H\)rtg:K!.)jjg;l\'revet$iillicto Chinamcludeddi'mitirti,,!lS' oftimsident~ abililyto'.cbailge·'lhclf·gili.ternlli¢ilt>a~.


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limi!l!ti<m,$Ol) th~ p,()wer Qftll!: l~,gIS!at~teil'l,'.ure()t\gQ"¢rt)r®nt;\1qll~<\$,;¥iol ~1!C!>'lI1Icf d!sorim!n~(IPI>agaji1stwomen;(ilseilinjnati~I)"'Igl!iilsl;~~,mi!l!lri\ieM'tes!t'&(/onSl1n 'WOrKerS" tig!its',ro,,(5rgamzeaM;niligl!lll~oliec~Villy.}Md'!raffi\ikltlg'ln''Pe,gGlis'fur,tl!e purp,ose ,of'fomed'lah(5r lI1Id'!iteSiiiiliWn,

l!rjj}s!i"deri~d,CQmmQ)l I;;aw;, 11!S1<I pr;lO!:de!!t"lIn<l,tli¢"el\$iCL"",pr()v{d~,~ub~till<l ruideff'eetiYe,'pTQteiltiM,agamst ,arblttlu:yill'f6st.otuetenti'<ln;;, anwllleSARgilVdtliment, genet'lllly 'ob!lC"'esthese,ptoYiS/ons. 'Th¢Bii$ic:'LaWPfu"i<ICsifut<£i.~omot_mIiJy ando:!',asSC!>lation, and, the.SA1tgovermtlllllt,gel)erany~~erigliis in prru:i)ce;

P.MIIClIu

Applicatioqs fur asylwn from Macau tesid!lnlsareJ!3re' Macau, a-small OI1cl;tveonllte $olllhChinacenst with a populati(5n i:ifaboMl,.4$,o,Wil. tev,erted'bl'ortugulffle W Chiiiest admiiii$liiltionon Del:ernbet2(), 1999.,As~ Special AdtiiiilistmUveRl!Sioil (SA<R) Qftl>e PRe, Macli!l main\ailis'a,~giJde&tl¢'Qfatlt@pmY'~~\1Nn;~.'al'ld fow\gll.aff~its"lUId t~,ciii:2lI:tls-eIl.i9Y'~io~<ln1~~I~i¥pril~r!¢l~, 'l'l.t¢ s:ilIti4ipit1jguei>l',,f{jiilt,~~"ti\)Il{tQW1),'W!q'~'~~i\l,Lfi<w,,,-~,,S~s,milli· (lj)ilStittitk>lfprllmu~~'by€hjnj{l!'l\Ilrtiol\litl>,e"i>le:s'OOngl'iiS$;lIt,MiIOOh' 1m -sp~jfj; ililit,'f<it'the'l.lr.st'j(j'YC'lrt3 u!ill,lir'Chijj\lSesQ~iliiity,J\ilil.CIlu Bl'IlIl "~fulli to enjoy SlibsllUlti/d'l\tItQnomy; iOll!l!djngjts~on\i<l'.~.li1l\t.li1l, i:i1\¢hatiget!'wayoflite.,

tliel3l!s;c,t;aw provides rot ft\ledom,Of1;~I1l¢'<ind'r¢ligiQlI$,\'!¢Jietas'Wlillas, fretdimi to pr¢a(;1t aMcl!nd\\¢\and fii!i'(i¢ijjatelii'fe1tglblls'JKithities, 'l'heli1reeaomGf R:llllgi\:)llOrdilJa!!ce pJ'Oviti¢'\ furfiieiliJ\i(it Qf~gj,i'>il,pri~()frelig%b\l,$~lici', ,thle{lQIiJ qf,religil1usa8!rernhly., fr~m tq,lroi& r<)!!g)()qslWl.~.ipn,'>;'lI1I!I'tl:-eedPfll,oftpljgiPll$' ¢l!llCtItlOll. Th\1'SA-'R,j,WV,el'lin'lent~)'i'eI'alJY,tlffl~ithCS¢righ*~,Jij,~U~; FjjlllilG~ jjiilciitiOOers,'havebilen,allow$tQ'~ile:tlterr'$pirililalemrojses.ifud:dembnSliiltjprtS i,iJfiijaQlll1's-pIlli!ie p:uki; witboutg\W<irijfuelitili~; ,

Chii)i;?s\iirllt,pla!1!!ing'p<iliciil.oo'fult)lpplyID,MiIpail,

Tit!) SAR govemmen!gelil)mHy,~tstll!: lmJi>anrightSoj"i\s oif.zens; ltaw,<1'ie,f, there ar<)probjem:s;,In some'areas_ TheS!lProl\!em~ 'i!1P!ildeo~asional'~9fPQlice'ali\lse, tIl!:4imill'd aliiHty of,citizens to'Cllailg¢'tIl~t'gl:>velllllil)nt; Hm~,<;>n~,b¢ legi'i!1tfu~e'$ abilityw initiate, legislation; b\adi;qliate,ji!'¢visi0lt.fot~I'SenswitlfdlSlibiiities; and'llla~k oflejlal'p,_ion for strikes: IU!d,c"ll~tive'l1arjiaillmkr!ghts\

TheJmv prqhjl)ilsarbitral'Y,alTUtantl;jjetenf\C>11;~n¢1Iie ,SARg()v.mm!lllt,ge~rl!!fly WS~ts!hese,proV'isi0l1S irt. practice; Thetewere't!o'f¢p,ot'!$'ofplilin¢aJ:ptiiioners in,(ectmt years; T\te,/aw ptGvideHor freedamOf~t.<;lfthe'\1tess;Gf;associiltiOJi;,and of asserilbly,,:and',ihe,SA:R governmerifgertei'illlyres~~ts-thm'iiglilsjnpflillfj'ce,


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II

PEOPLE'S ru;;PUBtlC OF CHINA POPuLATION AlilD,FAMtC-YPLA~tNW (Adopted at the 25" Sessiollijftlie· StjIlIdiligCoitunl~Gflhe

'Nii)th l")(tionaI'PeQpje'sCOnllt¢ssiliilDecM>\ierM,tMt) .

CON'l'BNT:S CH~»T;tltl General Pll,visi",~. c~pt~n Generation.anc\lmplemen.tatioll',oftlie.PopUlatlon Developmellt'Plon CHAPTER' Ht Birth Regulation CHAPTEEt fV AWards and Soi>\a!.*,.CUrl1y C~Pi;ERV T~chni\i&l Sefvj~ for family Plall!l'iv~ CHAi"TE'R vr ~gal :Liabi;fi!y CHAPTER VII SupplementJiryPt6visions

E. (.:haPter I Gel\erJi! P~JI$

Arti~I¢'1 This LjiWofthe Penpje's R~libllco(CliiliMnPi1PUlatien:!ln<f.Fa/liily Piallrling has. been drawn tip on llie'oasiSor:tne'Ci>nslitutibnaJidVJiIli.avlew'to . eool'(lltilitlrtg llie devetolliltent offlllllifjarlOn witli:th~ d¢",¢jbp.m:~9fllje econlll1iY, soc(ej;y,re>ourees andenvfu>nmen!. .Pl'9mQifugJam!\y .plin!nlll&lIf1hilldlng,lhe f!;wM rights'and intereSts or oitizens, andbrillgilig.hapPill¢ss 'intoihei'anlily.,~d'Pl'9SPerity·and social progiessto llie nation. .

M~i~l~l C\rina 1$ "country with ~:liwge p,opr.l!i!~lin l\l1Q'tM'Pr~~\ic~Q! family pj$t1ning is the state's' lJasi(lnatlomil"p<1li¢y.

"'fh¢'1!taie sliaf).1\dQpt·comptiil\eIlSj"e·~to~iittGl· tliesi:i¢;ot:t!"ll:C,papIIlli(ion,· ;md Improy~ ~qu~lity. .

Tht;Sllm'sliali ,rely (In' plIbl'icily,andeducatiOil, ,scientific all'dteelinolofileal:ptl)gtess1 oomptehensjve'servioe&',.~ndllle,estabtisliiil'el\t,;(jdmptttvemeil'tofliwai'(tiliid sooml secy(ity ·sysiems !o·.ililpjeilltn'tJi<!j'liilatiohj!t;iiifilliill'Ypl1liln~lIg'wqtJ<;

Ar,ti~h> ~ Pt;ll\d'ationa!Jd'filinitypllin!!l~ .wotkS!iiitiW\Ie ill\11!ei!\entedin co!\ihhction willian incrense ineduCafi'on'aild>6mp!oyrilellt,oppotttimliesrorweilteri, ImJ*ovement ofwomen'sheall1i, and rais'lIgllie ~s,ofWiimim.


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.",.' -'.:>.'

Article:" In.~!lOtingtJ\ewotk'Qff2!;rijJyiJlJJ!n(ii)lg,,:).>eQPlflt~~fflmerm;,anc;l;th.~ir· .~ii!<ifY~"tjjl!' levelssltalJ'adillini$ierithe'WqI/Hn.sitjci'(\qmpHat\¢e'.Wiili1ileclaW'and (lal'!')' olltei!forcernenlwitll ¢ivllity: 1lie'lawfult'~llts.!i!lld;inierests<if',dtl:rens,i'iiiiy"ilot.be' ';';;(>Jatetl, . . .

Wol\k,~·<!nd,jjdmini$tflllivc·d~p;n:lmeJ1;iS' te$pQ!'iSlble.fOt' f<!l1JJly plannll!g'S'hliil'~oy,tJ\1> pro)~,.Qflaw whi!ee.ig~<!din'QmcialdtitfeS'under1l\l;Jaw, .

,Artldf'5 The,Smt¢Counci! shall' lead:,p;oPllfu:tjb!l <m4.fall)iIy;pl<!nn~.workful'the cniiren~tiO/l'

Looal·.People's'Governmen!Sat,all'levels,@allll:ad!illpUlliti(in'1IJjd'family:pla!iliing,WQtk Iht,tJ\e1r respe¢tivlllidmini$ltlven:giQns.

Artiiilli> 6 The; adminiSttati:itQdepalt~responsibl~fOt:ifamlly,:piimliing ifudeJi,thQ -8ti1tlH:",ancilsnaUbeirt charg6ofthe'fiifIlily planilmgand··i¢I!jie!i'PQPUI~t!on.WnrlN·Qf thee!lijmnati{\D ..

M\ll;\nlstrative,departtilentSmponsibJ¢.f<>tfailIUyp!iUlill\ig,iri;.p.;"pJe's(Joyemm¢ntS.·at or above:thecounty level shall wit! 'iih'i!!g~,()t'li\mfl¥ I'liUliililllifudr¢1ate(i'papIlJation we,k fer t\teir"espOOtiyeadrn!n\sifat'liIe.,regfuij'~

Q(hjl.mlatedd~artti!ents ()fP~pl~$9.,vemroents.a!-or'jjbnvethQ'C()IlIllY.lev<itsball be in cliW'gecof ret.v",.t population'alid f8full}"pl<liU!ing wotkw,th.ltiille'l'.urVieWofeacn.

At·~ 7 Tra~ UnlOllS, th.~ Co/lll1lunl~t Youtll'~a~~, WQrllC!l)s.F~~tiolls, F~ily Planning ;Ac~ocil¢!'ol1S;,@4 \'lther.seqial'<!)f,gI!l1~lo!\s,eniel'pt~, i)!St1tutiOlls'atjd ~ttaell'S,Shatfassist,thePoople!s'QQ,VemmeIiHii.iirolirotin~~pUl~timimilfilll'nily pliUlciii\gwork. .

~l1iele~' . rlie~tates:ltaI11lW'II'4,otglllli?a~ioJ;is,lInd.'indj~,~,Whq'havem!l4e sig1ti~Cl!ntac.COll1plishm"l1ts in·populatioliand·fiifIlily phmlimg'wot!<:;

Chapter n ~lIm!f\lll··OIJ!dImVle~t,di .. u; .. ¢:thei>:f:}ell!~iRn.~¢V~lnpm~tPlall .

. Articl.,9 The, S~,CounPit shall draw'llp,flje.Pl,lp(i1I1liJiin,pel'eloproent'Ptiill>and inoerpcr,ate it ilithe,!'!anC0,Niitional E'CIlliorolc;)ildSOJilial'Devlll!ljlffien'k

!',<:;qil Peolile!5'Qo""~l'lmenjsa~"t.ilb9v~ ... ~pp)lJlty leve!sh,~\i g~'IIR~eP~!!!!lpn p()Vefup11lent.l?lan.fur Iheirrespec!lve':a(!niil'lj;Sitaiivl'wgloils,pn,t)lilbasilli:if.tlie ~ational Population Development,Plan 1ind~he~lllltation De'leloplitenN'lilil' ",tih.e'ne:)(tl'ii$her leile!ofthePeople's(lovemment; in Ijght,ofae!~aj··~tlCll!.,condltiojjs>'~nq;iIlcoI1lQrnie:$aii! plan hqhePfanfor l'l'8ti()llalEcenQmje'ail4'Silqial Dev.efoptnent .


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ArtICle ro On tbeb"sisoftlieP;Opi\liiti\Jp:j})tyel~pm~tptal1>l!""p!1:·s.;Gpvernmlmis 1\f.·\ti\l.:~Quntyl¢vel or'llOOve shaU.d"'W·~!l:ai><l))!lJiIlfl;;n·and:F1I!iliI1P.lannihg, lmpllmrentatilln Plan andtftglltii!z:eits;implcibehtlltIM. .

AdmiliiSt¢aji¥e.d~rtmllnts: lit chat~ <.ifll.\ml1Y pfl!nnfng.in~ple~s(joyemil'!l:nts.l).ftbe ¢Qunty leve!ori!~"eSI:W)lle. ~1l1l$i~le fur~l"!o/ing'''Jlt:tlt¢~i1YWQtk'ofthe P<J:pulatlohand\ fJiitlify Plilnmng.llttpielneil!atloitPlllll.

PC!lI'!¢s'O'WeriJinenlsllt the. township; nationalities'town$rup.:liQd.townillllllll&"mtd.uro"" I)lligl!borhood. ctmlmittlllls,. $h.aU 1:i~.i!f~~arg~fJf.\ld~lli.tiolt~l\imil~I'_!tiilwoikiti. th~~.lIlI<iertbeif.respecti¥e.judS!licfioris;. jUJd,siiall ¢1Iri'y'out.tbe:P.opullitlcon arid; FamilyPlann'ng·!mplemantatiOifPli#i.

A;rllcl" U Th.e }><;!plJllitilm i!IWFamil),Jl.lIi1!ll1l!gJmpl¢m6lltatiol! .P!an·s!U!ltseuJie ~jzeQftbe· pqpJilalioo;;reiilfotcematetllal'iilidirifantccare;jjftdili'!proVll·lhe''(j¢!lityhftbe. poptrt~tiOh.

A,~llIel2;· 'Villa8~~DfOOl~l\lId~tgonmiilWs silaH ;1i}:e~wely' liliple!tl¢rtti\ltruly·plal\nijjgm·gogot~Wltit·taw_

G\:M;l'tinleh~·ilgeJi¢ies, milltaJY' t!nii$,SP!liiiJ-oll!llIli~~(iil'l,:!mtefPr~1\Ri!'ms1i{uttbns, shafl"ej!<l\lt'~ly irnlilement famllyP/annllll':'l/i'of!t,il)·:lbelro.wnuni\s,

A;;tfuIl:'13 Depart.metrt!>oiFf~ily,planniQg,:ildimlitionj.·scleooelli!d.teil!in<.il()W, .~lil\Ure;. health" civil aj!airs, ne.wsal1il,ptilill~bmg,'1imijd~l!!id·i¢!.vjSja1}.sfuUrDtlll!R~~ !lubljpity-and edu~tiononlhef~(lpfpopU'iI\fu11'~4fli1t>!lypI~~ng, ... ,

J'ljutrtllSs media ·snail nave the :oblilll\ti6!j{;t'putiliiiiiin'g,'ppjluliiti0h;atid IlItiiity,planliiiiji fuHlle pub tic good. , ..

Usl)lg;m~o<lS·aPjltnpfia~.e \~I~e"hll<li~~ri~ircs:Q:t'thl'lSe'to ~.at~(j,:~·in: l)..pI~ed way; ,schpols Slllll!·educales!UlleiltS·Pil:pl\ysicaf:bealtlij,l'ub'¢rtYatrdseil.uarhealtb,

.. AliI.cie,l4· .ramily p!)l,t11ljljg' wod<:,~meilg:tlte'fti<;I!l(Jg:~~JatlQltsbatr1ie·;~reqQur jolnilybyih.e·('~pl~'$;(3jJ!(emmgotS.-in:~~wbll¢,these;p~p!lla~n~~aw~;tb~· no!'se!iQ'ld·regtst!'llti<ms::anddhe::areas·wbetil·they,cum:ntlytesideiM'tlli''tl!ellitt\!irtaIdllg ptlMatyreSponSlbilil:)i~

AriWle15 lit ~QPwjij) n",ionalec9n\lmii<l'nd::sooiaLueY~loPl'1l:efit,tbe 'Stati;~~all l!ra4~iI!lyjn;:~~the.bYei--aiu~¢t~~~dil)giOr·.fflU~~.~4;~ilyp!~wlji1.!l. Peqp,j\l:~.<J!i>Y¢tnmefi!S'at a.lJ.leYelir.sballltiserenec,essal'J!4iJlldltigilbtpopulilii6it Md' fljmily:planning'W'Ork. -.

. )?~pl"i;sGo.vet'!l!M!lt$·at.an·l~v¢~.h~!ipmvi~ptfu#ty;supPGct'mppDr.andnljtIollai. minDrityare~s;;" pOplll'aiien arid;lillm!yplarini~Wotk,


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Th~,$ta;¢:~nC(lurl1ges.SOCiitl.otga!ij:Mionsiliiil'ei:prisl$,insiit\l~ions'lll1i1imtiYrd1Jiil,sto tnitlre·dQl).lIti!'lilS.t().'tlieca\iS"e()t'POj:iujii!i~1f'III!<lfaI>]iIYPl~tmlng'WQfli:;

Nc" Ulli~ 1'rirullvit!!lru may intercept;. tutor' misaPfir'qprillW?£imds'eifrmatked'ifufc population and ,family: planning, work,

Ar;ticle: 16 11w,·st.alI> ·~nOOUl'as.e~'SCientifIcres~h;AA4··¢xclJ~.;il!)d~p~ratiolj witll,otlleroollntri~&'in;tbe·freldQfJ)oj!tilatioltillltj;'familY'pll1nnin'g;

Article 17 Citizens h,,:vetherigfj'tobe~rcltildr~n«s'W~!I~t~\)bHg~~· to JlIllctlQe, family·planning. &cc.ordl/lgto·law,· Htlsbetl&;ana,wlt¢·'~IiI"i::Qinllibh;.respoilsibi!itym i~lltingflil'tlliy'ptil1lliJrigi

AtlkIe:' t8' 'l'ne State-sitallstabiiiielhilcUtRinl,bitthPJjiity., It Cn¢Q\!t"\$(llkci.\i2¢nst() deferilil!ttii\l!e§il!lp;$lrer.bittM;@d'i.!dva~;9Ii¢'Ilhjl~rllt·I:a:fiJl;;!l!\'f;\P1!li·'\\fu¢reeligiQJ.~. 1lll~e"JaWs'andl'!'g!l1atiOJ;ls,,'a'jlIlQpi"IIlI\Yll:q~!lsta~eii'!¢1tl!>'i9iia'l'e;,a$ecqnil.l)nild~, l}et;lil#~; regnlatll1ns, sh~11 ;be4!awJt\lp'by,tb~ People's {Jdii~i'I'$ses:<!t'tlieJi"SIlIfflllrtg committees tifthepr6¥inee, auiliti6mi<iiiS'jirerec'llli~;,lirid.cliiiirlilly"adinil)jli!¢red,¢ity conee\tled~

1'!!ltionai ;minorlti~s ,shall. aiso, he$llbj~tI:o> :familr'pillllIiii1~,net(lilt\d regu!am.rts:sl\alt hi> drawil'upby·tile Pe.opie's·Cdrigfesse& ot'tneirs'tiirtdlil,g ,:OOlIirtiliteesilftl!eprnvlilee, autor\i}moos.preifectiir<:~il!ld.Q¢ljtta!I¥'ildrnliilS~~cltHl~.

Article ~9 Tn.. prImary meaDS' oH'<"liIi1ypl"!)liirtg sh.allbec»ntracepI16n,

The·stateshAll creare,tfiecondiIi6rt&fQrlll!d.previd"·itifurma~ipnto.citi~$·~o,thatth"y QRn,seli,m-safe, 'e;l'fectl"",and awroprjate-;'oJitlJlceptiv"'nre~!lS, ,VlIeli-j)ll.ntIJIC!>Pli"", ""d' birth"oontroipJlQOOGll!"S j!te'1I!'nOme~>.tl\iis~fety Qcf~' re<~ll1,shlilJ:be"fb$tire,!,

Artic!e2tt .€;oup!es'Of.cbi~IDgage-;shalt.Cd!iSi.\ii;ntictrt&!Y'praoticefamil)!:plaimmg and •. birt/>.cont!'O! ·measuresiln\l·Aeaeptgaldi!rtea irttechrili:iU".servl¢S.fot'~nipl8.twing, .

Un,hirended.'pregnlll!ci.es.slnlli be,preventeil·Md'!h¢nUfl\bei'.tedl!¢~'

Articl.,11 ... (tlouples ofcbi1dl\ii~Iii,ng4ge1o/ho!f\(®iisefilmilY..p1il(liling~ljll!1¢1jjQ,Y'ftee flil'nily pllitlniligt~ 01001 S¢tVi~:.tlijjil¢fi,~s'<tt?1IIDq:stail<pJ;ojec,t.

F,imilimt ,~C/\Ssa.r,y.fot'lhe; IIbove'proj,>i~jOil'<if:!amilii'jllarirtlili;.techIif"al·sehii¢es;:shalfhe iMludioif ·fu· tile bridget, IIi·,accOid"itce witjj;tel"vaIit:St.ile;re~latic$,o(ill.stlred' by-SOCia! insUraTice: .


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Ar.llcle~2 DlscriminatiM<l/laJnstot"lili'lji\i!·.(\.f:W<Jih\lIi.,!liihO.'giv¢b1i#!i·Wtemale !illj\t!ts:otareiSlW!I¢·.iiilll'rii~~4;··PI$Cti!'lliiiatiQn,abl\~.lilld·abl1\'!do!lmQrit;Pff¢maie iiimn!s'2r!'·~)}jied.

Chllpl¢dV A_«s,iind ~alS!lliIfI'ilY

A~23 The slat!! shallglv'rc0liJi/6Il·",,jimpramiclt ~jy Pl1mrtinlfllWiIr(ls aceordirilj toregulatiOilS.

4'1ii~!e i4 The state shall establish~ inlpror~ ~~, &o.ciaj.s~1.!{j1:)l~~~enWllSbasic irtsumnoefur olJiage;· bask. :medical ibSllfaJlce; liirtli .. w!lrilnee:·and $oClal.welfar¢.belleftts and pramote familY. planning.

TIie~encow:ag\l$;il!&u"mce'COl!ll'JU1.ies,to:'$¢t '1l:p'lnSl!rl1\'!C\; piall~'l><meti.cilfl·taf~mily· plM/ling.

Wl!eril'comlftirmspermlt, different forms Ofl.lr6~f~,fur.on;!Cl\g<nlaillwlmpleti!elltlidilf therural.areas,·~.O!1· .sMe:gIIi<11l!loea!14'~"I'fJlulitilry·'1)I!l1J~jpatipn ofpea5a1rts, .

Artide·2S Citizens wno.jlrilCticelaleJiiarti",glfand·lateclliklbinh.sllaJltie,awlitded wilh"~dedlea¥cHormarriageand:thi!dbiitl!bt·OtIilitb~~

~cleU DUri!1g'I'I'IO~y,;jjirtA·aml·I~GlliMl)' wQl11Cl)'shi>ll~j(1y~)1eI:iil!'labQr protectlQnand .re<:!live·aid.1\t!dc~ensatiOit;lI¢II~fding:tiH,tat¢'r¢guill\l!ms,

Citi;ens Wli9Ul1d~.o'fiuriiiy,pJl\rming P(~i:li$ shatletUlJy!e.a,"'-~j8,C¢ilt4ili.\l"o state ~latibns; .. ):;~ t!~l"lb's' aOvemlllc"!s;gh,l\ltP'l\war4'l·~~·ciliz~!I$,

AI't1e!e21 CoUples who, voluntarily comlniftll,haV.ii\g'Otllytllie;cl!i1d btthe,r t~i~sbal!be iSsued'l\ "CeriitiCll~dfH\)no:r ns~cn'ti;'ot~nOIl!y·¢hild"·bY1be Stlrte,. .

Coup!6Il·whQ. reeei\'e such 8 "CeitrucateQfHollot.asPateiJts .. of,ari.OnIy·Chiidi' shall el!jp>, .single4:hildparent· awilrdsiiiooiiftllinllywi1~ teiliii8ti<!ns.·of"llietelev~t s!irt'e.; prOYin~ •. ·au.\t>!l()lll()US • .prefectllri:(jr.cen~ly";tdFnlllj$W<ldfl)lll1il",ililil\ty, .

Whel'lO.laws,reg.til;ltiol)s· and'Meg pt~Yiq,,1;h;lt aWi!.:drl)~ur~sJor Wllpl~ 'i!ibPi:emlllit tG haVilig olIe,childonly in tbekliietlme'SiShall belliljlletneiiti:ltby.tlie1!' wOl'kuniiS/lhe worK Ullils.·snall"do· so.

W"er""a$,lngje,¢hildJs ... aeej.:lellt!!!ly·ilijlll'lOll',Q~Q1e.s;.l!IId:lhepal1int$,l;QllllJi;tnot.tohllY<> nior.eiibililtert.M:adtpt,:acliil'd;the';!oeaf'P'enii'l~.s;(}()vemlriifutsI!aUti:ild<lr ne~saly assist!!ltec. . .

~¢4; ~8t..QoaJ ~;,opl!l.'SObv()llllJl¢li!satalf:f!jyels!~hll'lgjiv,l'el!pport;ari\lmvori~ treatment·to ruraj,famliies;pramtcilll,l fumUyplanmi1gb~,pt(1Vi<illtgAllMi!; tednniilqgyand


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'itailfillifi9 aiflth~r ·fjllan"ial.d6y*("pm¢lit,PrJoritY~~1~.giV.¢lltll;;!WJirfiml\1 ~s w!iioh'Pralltil:~f~'miJy,pl~'lnlqg\llh~ttllkl?th.e,fQ'IiI·()'fl.~ans.,.<lIlO,wil1gJiIlt1IUes~pay debts ~gh·work,.<Il!l(n'lQluSll'n;lirYari(jus.lll!Olects fortlle'poQt,:aSiweU:as4lil!;Hc It:SSiSlmlre:.

A;~~1Ii p~ple's.Ql.ngres$ll~~<bt~~tilil:l!imr~ilt<les,tl1i)~r,nrf>ei.>pli!'S:. Gi:i\iernmetilS ill prOV'iiices" aillPnotn<lils,~6clUteS,centrall)l;.admi~ milhldpruities anultirger Cit.ills may; p~<liltJjrsLl!I\\<'lIIld1rel~Y8ilt.l~$'l\itd admirustlWve.re,guI;Jttonsand· In. tight·()f$l~lQcl!l.·c()JlditioO$,.4~'(lp,plJf11sf()r Pen<:<'*' ililP)ementatloo <;}ftlie'ilWard'liI~asur¢sprovided:.)},tlIiS'.Chiipter ..

Cl»\ipkr'V T«iltii\!alServi(!eSfJ)tFilmllYPlaillill!g

ArlIcle3& Tlie:.states!tall "fltabll$h~Y~~ifQr'~liIati~ p.ailCYiJfl1d P91'l-,n$l h<eli.ltll Ciii'e' mor<:ler'l\) l!tevrnl·;Wreducc!li;irth.deformitles'liltliiiriptDlIeilielWlitb ·0f.il:ew •. · Dom'inf<fuis,

A.l'ficie.3l PeQp!e'~Oovemm~nlll!lt'i'U ~!1els'slia1\··~~lm~!l$lIl\\l!l'tPioiI1SilrO.ll!mily plruming technkiaiser\lices' f(lr titliteils imd'imPf6V1:'cit~· reproduOtiw-lic:liltb,

Artiet~$Z Local PeQpJp's G6vemme!1ls:at:,1lfj: l¢¥.@s'Sl1llll-flitiona~& aJt~and ·comprOhel!"v~ly _utl1~·h.eatth t~.()urc¢S."TMy·sbl\!t'@tliliilj$Ii'<lr'im:)?t<lv~'a,fumilY Pli\l\lilhgl¢ChnioolseNi%S'hetWotk~mjWil\ltifamlly:pl~rii\mg.~mt.s«vi¢1: ag¢llci~s. and medica! ani! heallli,oare org~fi~iIliQi1S'\ltQ'lrd~'fuijHlr:'i)liiliiiing':tech"ii:lll ~~::~:f:etlliiliilical'Sl$Jjcefl!iAA!l!>s:iii1i:I\CilMitj()Il'S;;:~.~·,~ete&;ii<jid level

A~':E F.amily piiilillingteclilili:1at:§eWfi""ageneies:atid'itielilcal!iltldfiliallli'Care. .(j~1!@I1iz:jtj()ns'pt6vidfug fitilijly:~roilng!ll¢Mi!:al:${i,riiiiilis~l;Wlihirtl!ielr'fl:$¢Ctive, P'ltxiew •. elmo/'out pm~gan$JlII)d#!lGJ!,li<l!li!i·W.Q!'k4\l1!!>ng;~I*·",fi®ll,d~qg~ge to.·imp<trt'bilSg, knowledge ."l'gat4illg,po))1iJi\tiQnlUld/~iitpi~!lRirtg,'el!J!l1l1he.'Itt!!ttied· w~n,ofthlldilearil1g,ag'" forptegilallC$' @d'pI!OViide fo116w~,.se;;YiCeS • .lllldrm:l'Vid6 C<llli1S¢lit'lg. giij)jaijceantftecltnloafSilrVieesiIHegaro.l6!\m:iiIYVla!lb'lllgJlll)dte)lrOdil.ctliVe heal!h..

Article i!4 Family plaMingte¢lmlCat:sei'liioe'wofkers$haip,li!iideicititens:ptacti()~, family: pfanllj,,~ in selecting safe, cffcctive'alld'l!t6per .oontmeept;W:ni'aasure;s; .

Goupies:wl:to ha\'e.1I1t~adl' Ilaveachlld ~¢;ll'>l)'Il)'Iend¢tO''''~0ptJ;;,ngAerro; conlrael;ptilie measures;

The;SlilterncourageSreseai'cli,appli¢aijOi)'.1In'd·dis.5¢mi!l .. tjetJ:.<lfij"",tech~cl$gi(OS:, pbartl)aceQtiClt!s',and·.dc,vi¢~sfotfarr6lypi:<timing.


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Artide 35 fdentifying tn¢',gen~9fa'f¢\I,s'\l!iimpl!tros,o!ntd,llr'QiI\er,iedhnQil">gy whlln-li(ii m.di¢~lIyindi¢ateil is'strlctl¥'pl'()liililtell;,S/iltil!fivifge!ideNla!1ell lItllr.cial teM1lin~llnofptegnancy when lfotme-dlcalLy iridiCilteil'is:stfl6t!fProhil)ned;

Cliapt¢r VI L~LiabIUIY

Arti!:lil3'6 Wliere, o.ue efthe,fortli\\illlg;;ijfCwns~~ist'iiiWQlatiol1af'(hlS'J.,aw, arlmmistrative.departinenlS t<l'$~il;1tetmfii.fuit)';PllIDmnga\lJl1i~illthea~~~~ll.\\ilthi" theu,PWVijiw • .9roerthe"siiuatiGn'to:be:r~\~~~,i~5u7::awafuing;,{)tCQntiScaIll.tlt~, gains' Wh~re,the,jlklg(lt,gi!in <iillQ~IlIl(tli,~ Hl;(JiXl,'\iI1dfu6iei t1ie,fine'shllH be' iiG)./~s \IlaI!: dQubl~"I)'(jr ltl<'frelBan,Slx'tlmeslhe,I!/riWtWi(iflheifliij¢,giilb,· Wlletet!i¢ie',lSt\Q lIl\>giH·,.~:;l('l'Qi till>' iIlegalgeiri:isJU1~et~. :;I'(jiQ,ol!~ tlie!fll'\eshlll!Qe:.qfnc;t.!~than RMB Ib;PD\'lnot moretJian~~~·.7):i)"{)I)~-'W1'l~1'¢':ihe,ci\'Cu~~'~rll;gt#ve,.(>ta,,ti¢iil!t' 1i@!jS\;~'sball'bi:teVdked*>Y~~'.Qii!ful~','l$$liil\ifageneles..Wfll;retlie'Cltdtltristimces'' co.1!$litliteaicrimlli-ctimltiai.!I"br!iti·:Shiijl'be.d~iiiMinii~tifiiil<i¢,witlt·law1

(l) UnlawftiI.I1I'Q\1giotJof'fa,l\il~:I1~!!in.8'proee<j~'t9''iI,!ir<:!·~\!fs; (2) 'Theu~ofilitrasl,)nic Qt'\)lher~noriigy_t"j!fi>ll(itY,~~)t,<ir's.<;le:i;tj\¢·.sex.bl!S'<Xl' termimlJipn.:of'pr¢gfiancy for thirdpatiie" .ifiiotmeiilcaJly.ihdl<liltild; {3}l'iil$!ficatiori of birth control pro¢arlii\'Cs, fiaudul¢<.>hnedlblilevaluittwl)sor isst1eof ftil~dilteil1: family phill\lil\g certit1t1;ltes.

A!'fl~Ie.37 'The' lUegal .gaiilt'o.fthQSl;,whii fbtjiei 8ItetotllllY'and,StlI familyplanllmg certificatessha!lbeconf'rs¢ated'by ~dD!iitl~i!ie'd¢pii~'~$t1i\id'0t family pli!lIniitg:, !f'oriUi<g.u !lJIio!t o.fovcr'RM$:~;ii()il;a(I~'Qtnnt;~,than"<)l!bll'nllr'mQr¢·. tl1an.li)'tilll,ll~IIl~'ll!1W~()fth~ itliig~lgi!l~iih~l.belmpOS¢d;.Fi!tjlli$lll!:·whfiajlkigel' gmliS'o.t,lJj ·Whi¢n' ilIellal !l'l!'inUrtlIiti'otW'lesslhamR:MlJ5i@llll;,afme<>£1ilit'iessA:h:an 1lMB.5.;OOO'nor less'than RMa'Zli,O.I!lY~hilll}).l"f~.'Wl1¢i¢lJj¢.q~Stiiiices ·constitute-a: crime, cl'il:gin~·Habilit¥shall'be:d¢ie1'ttiiiled ilC9(ji:d:illg·:tp,.law;

(\$lly plall!i\i!lg·~ific'~~tI<'f bY,itnpmpermeans'skaIHil>'canCdIM b}\'familY pll!l!lImg,;li<iiltiriiMri!t,,,,,, depilfllilenti;; Whmtlt.!'iSsuii'ig~cyJsin ·etl'Q~, thllejrecuil"~ dite<ltiY,.inuhargeaijd.olller #O(lpl!!,with"dire¢tl'il~fi\lilslbillty'sl1~t~'JI$$ig\l~ . a.ilji1il~isiral\1Ie '~ciI01!$l\¢¢llrtlilig~o' l~.

A'I'.~~,,38 Family pJalinil\g,se&loowmk-ers 'WIW'''i<Hiiteri(gtiJatiOhs:O'r'c~1!Sed¢Ia,Ys it\!l\kmlieme~ti"Y actiolfall<f.pro"il!il)g·,medlllld:.m~'lii>ll t¢$ilItitigifi :~riOu$' ,oons~qu"nce~'s~liIta$""!!Ie·~e$!1OR41l!1l',lia~i!itYjn·l).'CQrli1lJ1,~'w,jilulll~Vll.l!rlaws:anq 'adinllji$ft;litive'feguialions•

Arfi<iI~39 !fg{werll.!l1jlnt'WorkerSi"O'irig;ful\illypla\li:ii!ig:wO'<k\<»Ji;!njit·(l!\eQnh~ ful1owiiig'actioill!;, .• iftheCireli!!nSlalll\~$'enns~ft.jii;,,·Ii.·ci'f!l!\\';..;ril!ii1iil,l·tj;lbi'l,\j'·s.hajtb.l) 4efcrmineil-acCQJi\lingto' !~W; fft~ci\'C~¢es4!}"n(ll"1Om;~Me.a~rlml,; admil!istrat'v~punishment s~1'J1 b~.m¢:ted oU~"i£'ther¢.~.i!~$'I!~\it; thelile!lat!lall!,shall be·confiscated: .


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OJ V;(jI?tlllnAJf the·cilizen'.S'rlght()fper~on;.properiyand··Qth\'r·Ta:w:t\itrlghtslll1d i~ts; . (~)Abuse·ofi>Owet,.derelictiort'afdnlY;.and'#ialfeasance: (a}'S6licita~iliit.or a~¢ptance{)fbrlbe$i {4}lnterceptiGn,.cunillg,misapprqprlaUonnr·graft.of·fiiiiillYj,lIIint!liJ,Il·funds·<>t·soda! anpport; and '. (S)'False'rep6rts, cQver.ups,·fabrication,.alteri\tit\i! er·re.fusaft\i'iel'.6itl'Opiililiion and flliliily planning diita;

Artitie411 . Th.~ilewh(). 'Iiolatetthis,Law.andflln1hdjsellaiiWlheirQbli~iilion''lif assisiit)g falrtily·.plaMing.mlll1agemelit shil!.l.he·<)j:il~'bY'th¢lo¢aN!e()pj¢:s.G6yernment corio¢n:tt\d.to'rec{ifyiMir·conrliJ<itand!'n'cr!fjc:(sm'ofth~jrll;i~.,,,l«;ujaI\ld; . Admii)fsmtiv.esalll'iiQns.:;iiali. ~e'$>\>iln.tlitlie¢xl\O.ilthredire¢nYAiI'.cli!!rgliQf1hewotk and·toclitherdirectIYrespotlSibte.petsoiltfui. . ' .

Atliekr41' Cij\z,~s·who'tailwll~mpWwifl!·f;i'\i¢l¢ r$·ofiflis.J;;aw·!!!Hi·!l@bjrll!.tQa 9hiIQ'ilhntlp.aya.S\)<:)i,il'maintenam;ed'tie:aeco,<:rrog,W·1l!\\!.

l'$jose'wbo·fail:topay.the·fulE amolliitofthe·sbciii'.Miiii~e;,fel"wlthiil,tIie·S))!icified periOd ,,"lilt ptjYIll1 ~tiilrmllate.penaliYb¢$ijil)ijjg01itlie'i:liiie.,p;lymeritis.ovetrlile"lJ a\lCOrdan~e\\'i!h·rellWantstilie.tegufatjgns. th¢;~itiiri~ti:v(:i.l!ep;!l"tm\mtr~sp(jl1Si~iefor f1imi!y p~annjng. WIil¢l!'made,tb~deQlsrolislian.~pp!)'t<itl16'l'fiople's·'C6ilrt'fot,m!lndiitOrY elifo~eilt ItttOO6tdil!1OO witkliiw ill'caseswfiei'e vjd!alliriiIliHfu'li'ialiepajriilenO.itler . llielare penalty isnllposed.

At~lcl.e·4:2 If go.vet1lll111nt ·woIkers.,are«<!iiiteltw·p;iy·S¢¢fal·.sulll»rt'lll¢liilljiliaI1CC With Articje,41 efthiS Law, slick wo<keiS.Slialhdiliti6iiii1Itfb\:1iSS!JJMtCaamiiiismttivil Slinctioli's; (liber peoplesliall. be disl'it>li\1ed'li'y'ii!e WQi'k. uiJi!$OfotgiifiiiatiodS toWlilcn . ili¢),'l:!I;I,mg.

Artide43 Those whO''<llfuse'ot'Qil!\trllcHbea'dmiiiistrative.tfupatfuterttstesp.onsi\\le. for fa#iilypl:\i1!1i~linatheir \vOi'lrers inpe!fermlt\tth¢j:rP!lbl{<i.d.l!l;ie~~g:'tpWiv shall beg'tv\m,.cri\i"i$·"Ild-ed!.I~tii:ln.by#te:falliliy.pJ~n,n.i!lg·a4rninist..ativ"d~partments. (\gIllier'lledlll1d'thek!t¢ti(jl1S$!()p.ne.d. WJlel'!;tli~~·~¢tii:lIt~'COl1Sl1i1li\',V.fql~wrl<if$e¢\trlty ntililag!f!'ieilt,;they s!l!\Ji·.he .• giYeilPlltiil!'l!m¢lltj!li'·se~tity,rnlUIligan1el\ni;i,ael:6t1lMCe.willl 1aW,-Where't!feir'actlorts¢oiiStitlili!·a~me,criminaflliibitity.~nall·be'd1iteriiliiiiod~

I\rtlcle·44· 01l:iz.en~> legll!p.~~-o/!oih~J'Qrgal).iiali(1l1swtlp·~~.1t!latithe ~!tr~Jitf~"dllP:_¢li~.t\)'~tronsi/iiIi'19rfMtl\y;pJll1lI)'i\JtI)a;\$.il\fril1g¢d.el'",,·thek !>iwM ng1its,jjhd.il!terl!iits·.il!''tIi¢.cout'seof5mplem-ertti~·famil¥"pllillniitgmafulgement may. re'q"'esf:admirii$tmth'e.teVieW'prii\jb'1lit~'l!d\)\!l'ii!l~ti"il'\i!impllli!lt:m'ai:btifdiiiJ¢¢ wiililawc

Cli •• ~ter VU $lIl'piemelltary provisions


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Arlkl~45 T:he'Stat¢C<ilillcil'~Ii~ll'dti;w'lip,:~!lf;i\!i!)!!S,fQr~~()O!lllfet~1lI\UllIge\n<mt, o(/iinrllypl_lpg, w{)ri(.amQIJgtl:?I1!iieiit]p!lp~pJ)l;,:as:willl'!I!l'QlJn~r~'managemell!: r",gp\a~l\Dns,' f9r f,miily·pll(tlllln&'.teill!iileal,servlUs'ail'd:tnCliSilres f<i1t'iheoimp¢'sitioii, iiiid riianagement<lfsoc!l() sUpport.,

Arlkfe46 The detail~ impl~menta1lQlX plan for/his Lawll!I1)ong,j;¢:CHinese l:'eopl~'s Liberation Anrty shall be draWIWP by tnl!' C~l Military-CommiSsiOn Oliithe basis,ofthisLaw,


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APl1l!;l\ij)~;a:

POPULNPfON AND FAMILY PLANNlNG;!{flGULATI()NS"OF PU;nAN.pR.OVINCc

Pa$Se.d on Ap¥.;} 29. tl)88 bythe2ndseSS,(oil GflM Starrdltig.()ommltreil of the 7<h l?eople~s CongreSS ofPujlan Ptoyince.

!""i.mended. iw~~cQrd~nce witil the:[}e,'Cisiol1 <llJRwising tbe.Fiirn.!y, Pliliiuiifg RegulatiO'lls' of Fujiall Plo\linctpassed: June 28, !99TIW{lie~llitSe$k1n:(jfihe'Stand'jng Committee of the 7\ft Peoj)te'sCongle'lS'6:fFujianPfuv;nce.

Amen@:! Ibl·,tfie: se¢o~d time llla~rdaiJcewjth the: O<;eisioo bliRevlsi<lM'OfLocal <;oi!~ pnssed:oli OCtoblir 25,l9<}7 by the 35.thsessioo"fl!ieStaiJiUijg:Commlitce::oflhe 8th Pe<ijl!e~s Congress of Fl1jjan.

.Asfill'ther~m~ded;n acco.rdlmce'WithAlte Qeqimoli b.ll Re!\1$i\mclnll; f"iIlI\Hyf'J'ibnlJig lQl;guliliiOtis·Q'f.Ftijl!tl, pro..lnce;[~dJ·Qjj,'N6V¢iri6ert8\;2ll.00nr4rl\e'2Zfui:Sessiol1:.of···· the Sllinmlii!' Con:illi;llee $fthe 9Ilipe0~le'5CQljllres.ofFjijlan ProVltli.\e,·

Reyis¢Oll J~ly 2/i;2(1)2'lly!h? Sj.fd.$~Sioil:.oM1ieSll!lidlhgX':i)nilliirtee.oft!fj:,9ih Pil(lple's CO!lgr~ss'QfFl)jian:Ffu"in¢e.

p.r;icl~lnatjon.of "f>opIliation . ~l1d. Fa1l>jt)lPll\llnlng.R<;gUI~i!Ions, of Ftijiall,prollln.ee"·

Tile "f'<lJ'ulllti oil and F aroily p[nnllitlg RlI,gullltl0l1'S of'Fuj ian PrOViAi:e" weil: ';mendtldcitl Jilly ~ik~02 by lhe'3'~ jneetljj.g,oftbe·StilndjngClimnlitt~.off~e:9J1'P~i)~le's C<ingreSs·ofF<ijliin P'r\>vhlee .. T~i!lIi~lled·~'Pop~latiQri Jllld f"mily'Piaool~ir Regulations "rpujlan PFO:vince" aoc'her,eijy''Pl'Od.imed, anll.s-ilalit>!lCll}. eife¢t'f!.s'of September 1. 20lJ2. Standlhg,Comini(tee ofPeople'sCorigreSsofFiijiati Province JuIY30,:w,02

Chapt~r· 1 Genet'l\1 Provisillll$

A10tkle I In orderto'col'!rwipotRllatiOfi siie,ralSe·theqnatlty'ofthepopu tallOn, alid all(iw a balarrcedpopul~!jon growt!! iii lii)e willi theeCO~olnicari\!''$()cjal (feyelopil1eni. basedol! tl1e; ". POpufatiouaild'l"amily ·fllan~i.i:lg,:La\'l·ot·fu~'~\l-p!e~.4'~\lPpblt9'of¢hiiH'~ anpq!lli!r· tdat~d •. lllWS lln<l reguM(G!~s;. 'alid' ill .. co(1'espt>n¢¢IlC,eWiih.thttactlllll SlttUttlOll' in this.'proycillce;. the ftiifowlng'·regutatioAshavebeelteStabllslied .. ArtltlleZ !1u.sbandsll!1dw1ves·arejolhtly ~lj$16Ie'f¢tfatl)XlypIliMing.t;'ti~en$'· legal r;gltis~d intel"'sis·slj.m be'prolecielibyl'lIwdur1Qg .~e.impJ:i;:OJ¢nt4ti(in of'famity j>1,nm'ng,p>o.ced l)I'~; ArtiCle,3 family plamiillgad"ocacie$'l1J\Istf$.l4WQh:prQif\PtiQ)\®d·~iMtion,. coi\tf!iCeptioriaM 'regu'iiif i»1'l'ti;;¢,,!tm~$,t' b\'i.linkt;.:troill!i pjng'tlW·mtJ1ls~ ~n 'q,qlri\'i!\ilng "QQliollli\:'<le"¥lopme"i;,w~a1:ihilirolJglil;~rd;w<)tl;.·apd."sfu,bnShing..a'!(r"Uliod.·


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WO$perOUS hooseho'ld. Es$bUSlliti$:*.~iI!ptejieIT$iy¢,al\d·~"!I-i:iiti.¢¢i\iiid.$y,~.<lt' .mcentlves and·saciQl,sc<;urity ",Hriwo,st'famHy'plaimil!g-""otk.. . Artfule" The vift'ious lacill tevC'lsofthe,peoi!l~'s66\tern\\l!'nt'Shan~de P9pitl;moo and fu\j~i!y )ljilMiiig woikWiih'in thillha4li\llIi$iliVIl,lireii"s, .

Family p]anni!1gl)!lits ofthepeqpj~s(;Qverumfll)(attfi.~untyalld'higher.leyei$.sha:11 be responsible' for famify planning woCirk.ood;;;therpeplilanbn.r<>lated,j!<jf,k-witliintl1elt ,ad,tr.i!)istmtive areas, ..

Oiherrefatedadministrati'le units wRhi!>'tlie FeQj)te'.S}~0V"mmenrlltthel':<lunty'liad hlgi:terlevels shidf, Wilnin'the, scope'ofllieltparocuJaroofws; .beti:SpbilSibleforthe implem.eritatiunofpopubitiOrf andfuiilrilyp:latlll·liig,wwkfi:siiilerivtlly., ,\rtj~le5 To""rrship: (lOW!1) Peop~'s(JOy¢J:t\lI!<:i!1$ :al1d·oftj~Of)'l<i\tWQothQ()d. affairs slullf 'Ire reSpiOMible.ibf'pOj3ulatlMand;family;pfanIiIng,Work; fOttheitilreao! lilriSdlctioli, aild shatl1norongtlly tmprein¢hi/lop~latloi1;andfuiri<1,)"pW;\\iim~pi()jeCt5.

Villag~,an<l resident oommittees"",sfimplement fiimiiyvtalmingwork:.",efl'o accot<;!aMe wilh law.

Arlilile,6 Local Pl!ople'sQovetnlne1itSaNllllevelsmlisUiicotporaiepbplllaNOIianil' Iilml1y.plaJiiling wolk inio·tbe1t·.ptOl!rilm$.fofcitlI:MS" OOQs;o!Ulo al;dsodidl iti;1l<:!Iopmenf, ailoQll;te fulldillg. forpopuliltibnamd fam-it)'pl~ni1'irI:g wor.k':j't.lhelinmnual, bu~$;all(i. based 'Oil the actual situation "t-tileit ecollort\icari<;!sociaj,dMIo\imtllt, gtl!dba!!Y r:aise the overall ilmoul]tor fimd,ng proVided' fotptipillation arid.famHj''!i'Jai1;iilrigwork,til ensure adeq,;a:te fundJilgfor POPW~tiO)I' and fainily planiI i#ji;wbik. .

.<\rfiele7 U.nioifS, CommMnlWYQutb Le4~~s,WOj1'len'SFed~l'lit!oJl$.flll'llily Plann-lrf& Asisnc\'litions and o!herc'vi'cgrOi1p$.'tliterprlse-.'o~nlz.ati<ifiji and, eltb:ertsin .genei:af'm\lst. assistthe PeopJe's GQvetiinl~l\t.ih i\Irlli:et~·p6pliU;iioiia\\d' GlroIl)': planQing wor,k,

Clmpter2 R~la1i'onoflli"tltC<iotl'Ol

Atffi:fu& A "tate mftl'J'fi:\ge1'inea!iSl\-1iell!ll¢ ririttdageliCet!$l,;islippii¢d foC'tlte male IS 2, years,(lJdorotder'andthef\\makis2lyearso'idorold6r.

Ii; Cl)ijpl,,:is considered !Q. have "fate_C'h]lQbe~tjt(g!' tfthWmeet-oneoftfu;-follo'Wing CriTeria:

(1) Thecoopli> cooeoi""s aft:\lr. a lat"rnarrlage;

(2} The wire 81Mes bitthfor lhe.fltsHime'at;!ge24'.otolder;

mThe)"tlsha~d 's 30 years Magi> MaMer Wh~ tJje:cihildis~om.

A!,l;iil!e~ The cOll!)le whol!lrea<jyhas. OU\l:(ihil~ nllj,Conf\liHn$,!O'iQUeiQf)Oe:. fo:tiowil1g criteria may hit"" 'n'addltibnlil,.eMld:aftet:ap~~o\l1ih {lj. Both hlisbanihmf witc irretl'leoo!y d\RdoJ'diilirp;tieilts,

C2fEither the hU.SOalld or the·wife i$.t\leonly chiidqh;mart;fr;

(3)Thecotlpte has tegliHy lIdopred' a child.'duete il)fertilltyborthen conqe.!"",,;

(4:) theqo~ple's'fjrst.,cbil'd is, Mad'caPPe<i1!1l(iwill ppt,iJe.:ll~.Ie't0\!1'q~k'nQX{ll!illy,·b~ttrn,_ cQup!¢'isdee.med medicaily !'it toh~ve'anQtl:terchlkt" .


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(5)Ei(IiettheIiusl:!slIQOrtfie, wffe'.fumJ,een dJtlfbll,d'dIlthtjtb,al)d:Jf;(s been«ttlfra;! with having: Txpl! Tw!), S"con\!Cja$'Sdtsj):bj;li~y Qri!:l:!ove;

(l!)BQiii hl!Sb~ltljang wife haYe re;ume(Hr<m1;ih~ Hong.&<JIigJ,peclll! AdltviniSltalive Region, 'IM J\ijiJlCiUl Special AdinmiStninve:R,eglilrr or lheTailiJanatealp resldec\ii ~e PRC,aMliave resided,,, thi:;PRC fOrl¢s$C.!Ij:li);:sm:l'eats;

For ~arriedCQllples,.lfQne Pal'lnerlias;nc~li!tdten" amJt.lIe partn.edfus a ,tiiild'before' tllil;l>ejjond m.rria!t~, or one partillit'iias teltiamM'aftet lOedeathtifljis~t'he(i'irst s~oose; and before the $econd\i1attial¢,fu~i~p:swus@'ha~'a~lofiw,Q'ehOOien bet.y<:ieittliem, ihe9QyplJ,m1}Y haveaqa;llljtlonilJ <;hiill'. aPPJ'Q"al;, .i\<ft,ld¢l11, If I:!othhifSbsnd'aifd'w,We;!iVe iijwlnilili'lii'di!"tUJdC\il1iciidy'ijaV,e'Du":<;bllrl,, butCiiIl'f<ifiii ',(H:me ofille loll <'II'lng;eritlO:'li!\ ilil;>;,QuplS,mi\i ha."¢'Mi.~i1lt!l>mi:II'h!14· . aftet'lipptoval:

(I) EJth,etl\lIsliaild'or wife isah onty,chifd;

(2) None <if the lui$llarod's. brQilie'ts h~sa'C!llld,.ftqr wi.·1heY·liiWe'1W!i!,.o~Haren~

(;I) Thewifl'llas nQ 4Toth~rs,;arod 'liasQ~1y, Qtle,sjS;!;lr,.,~aa !let bq~bal\d1\as,tiiOv¢diit to Iivnv.ltlHhewife'. fu",jly andtss~i>j>oi!ing;h'is"pai'eli!lkiii4"w;

(4}Btith husb'1ind and wife ~;feinai1 at<:ll~",J!h apop~l~i!;lr4ens~y"of'l¢s$t~1\1l 5(\' pefsonspers'l~all'kilQme!llr, lOe per eapiia'acre~lteu1jeq i"t.;m,u'Ot.:f,>Te;!ler.orth~per eaPlta.,area, of ,Muritaiil forest land is 30 mi;i'ormoIe; .

(5) The couple.as only One da<>ghre!',

Ifbofh nl.sband and wifeltll' fisne'Wel!, or i.fillehus!Jj!11!i'andtwltb:ha¥e eilgll~ 'Iii un;fe."jll'OIllld mining, work for li,conli~f!04S'peH6d<if tive)ieilts;dr'more itI\d'arestill wt\tkitYg underground in the minmgittillis!l1,i,ahd.thecoupjjb,hasonly hneda'~l:bi'e.r,!he Cl!S.e'wm'beha(jd!~' aJl-,;perclause(~,ofth,;;p."v:iQ\lli,arttcle,

Arllglell If:t,etij h)l.h/lJ\d,~\"ife;!\~veUllirsed frollt.peManent,reslderlcjI ¢1terseas1o reside iii !he PRe, bUt liOilf6!m.ttl'<ine,dl'tne fcllbWiffg,criietia;!heCollpTe .nay1iave anaddItfonalrih'ild 'afi'eriippr6wl; . '

(t}'rn"'wife41ad ~lrea,;y ·"onO!jj,ve<l;!1ppil;e.nle(tbgiheiPRO;j'(irresidency. O)lWtb. husband ahdw,nH,av¢'beeiiresidl!l'g itithe P·R:Cfur less'!hallSixYMts; $ndtlie couple has6illy one,child( (3} ThccQuple'sohtrdren 1\11 live ovorseas,alldnQ',chiklren Iiw ihthePRC witMhe coup!~.

OvetseasChitiese' spouses'resjditlg i\iFuj\an·· i,!ro1tinee"'$~al!he"sQ!>j#ctito Claose,(i}iof tt.e f9rtgping. .

Iftheihllsb1!lld orvij'fe isa.dty resilieilt ofaivllla'gedn Pujl~i'Pfu"lnCi>,;md lhe.othe' Sjilouse is;a'res1dentof tneHoitg KOitg Sp¢Ctalf\d!ilinlsttal.iveRiegii'!l!or'm.ef,ffacaci Sp®il!l.Ad;nil1iSi1icli~e·R\ll1;i6i},. thll.·negtllilti\).ilSrm:th'~Brtjclesi>tillaist>'~pp\y, i1<iww.er, iflOe;h~sban<t and wifu, nave a' child!().g,ethetl)'ft"r,the!'lffijrilag~;amf:ittel!ptiuse,whois,a residJ;llf"ffbe+lengKong.sPebll!l Admjfifstri!ti."e;R~ll)h 6ti!1eMileati 'Specu,1 Adn\titlstratilie.Regioh'hiid'<iliildren·beibre·!hili:m3riiilli.e, bat!thoseC!iildrefl:aren.ot

51.


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...... ,.

livingjn·\he'I''RC,. t~erFth()se·cllitd~li,ile;nht.,C'oonltoward$.·the.totat'liutiibel.:ofhhil1!ren lhe,C<)upletlJlS tmdertheseregllratllii1$.

lftbe htLSbaod' or wifeis.a resldentoftaiwan, Ihe·casewi!l'/jejj~ndfeJaeeordiitgto the prcv.roos r.eg~lation.

Attliilj,·f2· If biithhU$oimdaod· wifellte.tii¢mfjersofaj]~ilip. mliIQi'ity (~eePtthe Zb<i!\ng.Minotiiy} andeonforll)· iQ "ue ",nhe foilowfiJg;-erltetla.. theymay'haye; twp chiidren,: .

(I} Both husband'lln!i Wife UVeilla)) ilgri~l!i.ttal' tiilfil]¢;

(Z,j Hot" ilusballdal1.d wife· have lived orwod(ll.d ih·@',nmori\y\iillag,,·,fot·fiveyears.or longer; . .

If)!,coUpj<:.conrorms. (0 one.of.i:i]e,fot!h"ling'l'"t"r(a..tjl!wm;ty·rn<v<;;ll) a<i4i~ion»1 ~ild a!t<1;rIlPPf9"!il~

(I) Hoth h'iisban.daildw,fe lirethilorilycli~Jll;

(iii ~ColJpjef)aslw<>c¢l!j!Qr~,,;~tjt·6:~.~i~hl1{li!jCAAP~,~n4'>V#1 "~t~ei~'cile.·tQ. work nprmaliy,anStite,C('Juple ·jScdeemed'll1¢ij[~JI"iii'lO'hawanl;)t6el<cl\fld;·

(1), f'o,:,r.eillam!ldltoujjles, ·hef6te'thef~tlJlUiiiage.,billliSPOltses'Ii!ld';l!·t9tal j)ftw6 chi!l!roIi hetweenlliell), . . .

If eIther liu.sbandor 'wife 'is "fIJi;, f;t!lrt.naoon"11\Y.al1d'lb~':0ther,·sp0uSe' ;i~,at1,ethillc mlno,ity(excep,"Zhilimg-)< al1dthe·Nliri,spbll;j.1jilS'l1io\,td;ful1i"Ii'~~rieflt!y tri·,. minurity atea'iifidJ'tisides iii,s minority vlf!i!g~, therih'iliiriin twi.ill!J)1he·coi)p\eatli viewed.'a$ mil1.<)rltles for tnep'lIrp,,~i>qfrillilfu~rl>g1JWfQnsaniHile \WpfQr~g9ing clauses 'apply,

Arti~le tJ . After approval Is ~rai1ted ror '&C<iuple teflave~lji!~ilj(jjial chil<f, the birth ai,,*ioc¢l1t·af lea$1 fpll', y,eaJt'Iif!ett"eprilYl!)~Scmld:sl!irfli;,~!ld!li¢ Witetn\1~tbe,ai Im.tJ$· Ye?rS of·ag¢i H<)wlwer;·un.detany·W'cll1¢'i&llowrog.s.ifuatjQU~,.,th.e. r~$l!i:tjof(on the.fbuf yeat llUp'$hali nQtapply;

(l~ T11eOOllj>te',fulfilts·tfie re'luireirtehts (ilArtklti 9".¢lause li(em'($j;or.ola1isel2,.

(~) The oouple'fJiltHls therequ1r\l;mentsinArticle n~ qlause i fti\m.(l)Qf,(ll;

(3).Tne CO\lp!e fulfil!s,tberequlrem.enl$it! ArtIcle l2;, ciauSil2 'lterml{;l);(4),Ehe w.ife!s a~~ 311 or illlbvej . .

Fr>fth~!lIll'pp~es'9-f~hl'se·regula~qns,,·re,,~g\lftt):)\)·Qfacl)iltl!$.heritllcappW;stl!ti1~·ll\u,SI·Oe' QPi'ie·~ro~gb·'S' (il",(\ictpal.qrhi!lljer'.1evel;J;tielii\l!!l:t¢$li.,,!\org\illl~t!in,,'rseolWition of' intert!fity {)T 1I1illjjliljl {b'hMedilldt<iil,milSlbe;dQire"tht(j~~ ·ailloo'caJ,rertlfiCi1tedrolll. iI county or higher leyel iOOdiealQrlla~lillI!iilnor.j\'!!l4j&i1 cir.e~iimt)qlh A<r±iel¢ 14, Eat!y <:ruldbfrthlsnci, cihjl11ii\t!h·'QUt~'" Gfl,Vedl<¢kl!11C fOi'IiIili:\eir .. Anyoll~ .pi the tMlbWiiig;.condiilonsoonstitutes"eatIY clindhirth~'·

(l)"G,ivii;g l};j;'rthbefc,.e lnatt[age{il!<1hld [",Ji pregll'!i1¢l es tiefojeln~ f~giiliJ;ge for marriag~);

·.(2tGiVi'ng.birth.beforeihe.end cn.lie\stipula.tedlritet>illlhil~Wililn bkills;


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(.},Glv;,,!> i1irtliWaCiiilpi,e. W.nQ· !$,.«Ji@I;iI¢tQ;qav.e'llRl\c\It!liQnijh;hiId:./)!!t·.h~'ienQ\ '~~iY~II'llpprQV;U 'fQr~hlidbll!lcli:ig,

·mega)·'!idoptiojis and foster 1iaring'¢fcimrdrert 'Qi':"b$TidtiiimeritOfcliild,ert'Sliaitbe vi~ed~s: helioils In viola\iM«jfthcSer~!>11Iati6n$, \t),dhii~till:)~whQliaveapat)d6neJi1\ chW shall not be apprQved to ·!iayesn additlorra! c:lifld.

Artid" 15. Acertifioole.to give birtllm~st pe!dcly {)pt~me'ff@r<;hilllIHrt!i~ re~tiired by·tlle,regulation, Speeiflc procedUres for(jbtai"inl;,a.certm~ate te·lli:yeblrtltsi."n be.'S.et. QY Itte'p,ovincfalfamily planl!lillgadllljrii~trati¥e.depaflii1ellts,

CIia:/iler J Tedinital servires ofFafutty Ptai!llitlg

Artkle US LO.cal Pt\ople'saQver,,!1lf;11t~a!an lcyc:ls m~$t ep»~lderIQ",,1 e9ndiii9llsin estllbli~hjl1l!;a. system f(), Family' plann'itigt¢¢illlicaJ S¢fvJC¢s •• ul)iy¢rsali;;:at)Otrof.liii:tir CO!it~of,'e"llenics' and. p-i:lj'illalio'), imptovttiilllitalld IOttiWfeiilgeabi:ltit reprtidueti",e' n.aTth S&iwce;. t\}~COUi'J\ge ~.l1retiai41 inliilag(i\ll"ritto ¢i®te!he:sa'M.Y:tifoih:epa:t\eliti\® to. pr~vent<lnc\' redlm. wlt!i~ts amongJhe'j)<lpufatlQn .

. Artlde··i'i .Flim~y.ptaM.ing:f~hn'calC~l'Yj~ .. Oif!laoizatlQtiS.a!lli·medical''and Illialth

.1"aittte.nMce:o~ganizatibjjs'lirld teclinjc~,p$vii:llrigfijmily.plartilih~.~nlC!tt ~lces m\J$j. .@;uiQ~ ffie.C)tjztn~ il\tlride~ifiilg. \<aiI\:l*~~'!i'"i5i1~~PJ,iv,e·ie~nm~.\ This wltlhelp. ~.uple,·sc!ecrS!!!fe, e:$.e.!fv~'tIiId,1iiWtuprll$llJ,e<ms.ofil9liti:a~t!on<.aJtd preyeijl an4r«looetne iltlii1il«(ow IjJiW{lflt~if$ir"glJ.l\l!til¢s> .P.ar¢fl1S:'wli6·alr!'l!G}, .have children-shtiuld.b¢eourtsi<led: il1·'selectlng;a·.miltTtbd, "fbfithetmi,ol effliCtiVlffdfthe !I0rtg; term, . .

CQUpieswl!(j·have·,eQll!!l!iOll$·wnk!1!·\~4I!tca\ise;'~l\dQ!!S.g'Cfl~lid!tneASeS. in'iJlelt (iffspei,,!!,' ma.)!· n.Q' .Iil!.~-cliil;j~¢~; ,ejttr¢ij'tJ1¢·hU$Q~tri:i:b:Kti'te·w'lfii·lnil~ 'sllhrriit'lb"birfu cOl\tr{i1 surge>} er·adbpni"'je(tibd'(jfbirm.td~n-b!\l!ith'16iig,term @feclive""s$~.ln o>!ses wlleret&e Wife -j$.aJrC1\dy l're:gn.l)t;tlJ~'fOliple'!nilSi~lnale!iti.e;pr~!!'!llIi1cY:lh,'.ittmely ~nn¥;:r..:

A .. ~;dt\18. C()lIpleswilhth'e"blliiyt~hav(f·¢lii{dr~timti$I.qt1liie a:n~ffeiltiv.¢meatis "fbilth cOl'trO\ ill or<let Ii;> cQmplywith !fiimily jllailttmgr~lilten;ent$and.n:r!lSt ~.~~mlt to. ch~ks'Gnthelr contraception. Sp.ecirI?,prQced~t:es$~aH"esJ!ij,yiJle!l'r:Q.vil)qal {limlly plll1'ltj Ing. adoi ihlstrliiive dl)partm¢A1S,~Mi!1lpj¢mel1ttid, afte(he.inl!"subtrii'lted to. t!ie:ProVi.wial People's Go"emmeiitJofappr<wal P~ns who b_meptllgmmt in. Vigiatjpn"fthese. rell\llaii~n~mlls.ttllt<,~pPro'!it'iate. ~<:>rre;;tivemeasures. in:'atimely fa#l!iPII. V~Jl:age!'$i··(re~id¢)1ts1·<J;oh!mj\t<lps:lIilc).llltal· W<i>rl; uni;sare. re$p\ln~ibi'" for~!1!l1Jtll1'g fuat! s\l.;:h.mePSl1tils~ '/lil,cenIJVUill1e{y fpshi:on-.

Artie,le 1"- eOllp)esptactRfiltg'fliiTiijypia:jjii'it~'sfili" iiijqy 'Ilk folli!wirtg'U:e!l'basi" i'itmii.y·planiJing'.techn'eal· serV.ices:.

(I) r;legn~lj"yan(lC()ntraG"litiveexilltiillatjoils;

(2}ll!settion<jndremoVa.I·.QfililJ:lf\!terfnil·d.¢Vil1l!s"iid u$uill,and ·.c~9ii1ary'meqi,c;ilteslS rd<>le~tp'same;

l:3),Procedflti$·fofiibortlowan-d·tHe.telale<!'i:@esine.fu1OdicaMests.l f'4)1>-l';()c<:d!iites •• f<if IllblltHI!1itioil' 9t vasc¢1\l\'IJyjlf1i!,usu!lIrdilieq. ~,,<I ctls(Qm"wm~ical ~~~

5.3


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{:i} 1'trAAliilim:t for qOlldi(j<\nsse~ondaryJ()Jam\fycplannillgil:chni~ (ti) With, the~pro\'a] ofthefamily plilririlhgadrilloistrativf:oigilri;' Stirgef~ft!i) rev"rse ~asectdlnie·s. .' . . . '.

Int~~. <i'\$ll·.qfvi!l~ges, the r~q\lit~ ~·t9rtlt"'l!.\1pv~4¥!e:4Ai\nl\1~plaJ)rdn$.te¢hnic.al. s~vjl;~ wili be, gtJ1lranleedl!ifOugji a special fund.sebup\m)in"lo1lif},public,!thahces; iii cities, fw tho .. e whO pa'11ciIl8te'ir) '!iasill:IlI¢lltqa/ ii'is~h1!l~,,(jfQ!lj1:t rjI,Iitt'l"d S\:iJ;;i.!!1 iilS~n"e p!allfi,. cQS\:$ ·wfH. be,p~jd f,.pm, inS1l'!l"qe;f'ullds"AA~e4:9fJt~aie&reg)llinlons, Per indlyiq~\1llswitho~tlhe libov(;"1¥P,~Q'r:1J:lSoranl<¢:'0li¥llr.} or WiihQiftany m$il'!lnce, Iheworkunit will pay costs for iliose'jntiiv.iduals,whnhav,t). i wiltkunlt. 'Por persons" wil.lrout a work unit:, Jooal ptiblJc finances wUI pay ,lle,c;osts.Spepifre prol'edu¢S .wHIne s~, by tl\~, Provinefal People',,;,Ciovemm,,nt

A,t,do; 20 'th"se wno have been had c6"tt,ll¢plive'surg~IY' Will bewantei:l:-vacaiion (;hleas fiet national and j)r",Vineial r¢g1ll4timis, trIne Spbus¢ \\Ilill tlasaridetgquc birtli oGntroI.Sttt:g,er:y, requites. care womtbeQtbenSpGu&e,'in;eoareroker .spouse's wGrk.unlt m'y:g\1jnt from ttveto sevef\·<!ays vacatlQil,iij'iie. Durinll Jeaveperiorls '3Ssoolated',viin ·!tiltn cOA(fOl 'siltglliY; .. QrGtliii)gp¢tiorl!; iofme4ii;al treatmenl for cQoditions'5eCllridruy .tlJ'filiilfl.y ,pllfuM1ltill¢~iqll¢S..:otdililiig;p¢t1io(jS assOI'ialed wi(IlVa5ecromy reve~,,{surl!erJl;.()"i!1IDi<#iions.~nd::9'QmpalJ1el!sliati ... pay salary!Q wo*ers &slIsuai, llnd.pr<imcitiorti,ShaifjjOlbeliil1icted. . ArtiCle 21 If.; pel'S<in is·stiUtlruilik i(j worl!,/jfter'lt;:aprt¢fi! f9tC(lri!#J[C\ltIDi:I'$;'ftil!l:t fart>llj< 'planning;surg!,'i'" thl\lpe!:$Pll'~\IIork!l11it,1ltthe ·(QC1j.l 'l?~ple's. Qovemment shall. iilrtiish"",reaoo.)Stilis14y' as. !'equjte9 by ~Ilitio.l);

PelSOris.elfglbJeilllilerthese ·re!!lflaiioil&\vhotintl¢lf!lP'''h1!tcGritrolsllrg~t>'aftef·ghlil'jg· birth Illay t>egnllrtw a$5isiailoe f'tQtri Uieitwor~'ilidt ba~'l.'!l)ii¢tllaL~olidl!loit$; for "illitg~ .• {reSilients),.thet()wnslifi> (tpwn)P~p'[¢'stlo~emme.llt<ll,pffi¢~of lI~ghbQthoOQ fiftlUt$,'Qrthe "iHilger-s'·.{:r¢slii~nWj-.¢olilililttee:may.~iTQtil~allcl\based oliilie.actuill C6l'ld'ilimls;

Art,d~ 22 . Allleve,lsofIQCl!! f>eep!.e'sGol'emme;olsmu~t;glYe.,pri"*y.,tf:ymanaglng famlly p:1<!llning tec]mica! se,vi"", organizat!onsandinwicai and'IJel\lJj\rri:!ijnte1)an~e o~ahizationsartd technidims proli,rlirigfatrinYi.pl!ini1ihetet:hlil¢l\l·services; US¢eltfstilig ~tlh, tesourees, improve SetVicecondiiiOlli>, Set.sfi\iltllt~ds.f6fS~Mce,.rii:leirtiiiii\ili the abmty!6provid~ services,

F~1ll Uy'piamliflglllj}hnicai Se'rv ice '(irgllni¢ae~Qjjl;~ metiipa:lJ!nd··h!lll'llb m~iRltma!lce ·or$llI';~tioiJSlllld tecnnic;lllis p'<l"icti~Jrunil~,'plltrm~ teehniCllI·servlces"mtlSt;"hased . oil iheir I'al'ti<itlfar;;llltles, provldebilSil' iil;fotlnlliwn;. Won)iltion :fJiJlled'till;!,tiOil,,,IlOUt pOPlllalion' and' tilmilY'plannlag,p~f{)rtl!prngn~J)CY1~!S:ill\~ fulkAW'lIPlIl,sjt5/1s·,reqtlii'<'d byl.",\ and be rewoiJsilije.for,f~mjl~ •. planni.ng'.lind,~epr{)ducdye:,h~ih"lJJf-OrmatiOn, g!liilMCEtartdOtechiiiol!) s~ces; .

Artide:B Personnel PJ<.WidiiJg,fa'1illyp,lmJliiiiiltec)i"i~alsei¥j~li)U$tlred"lY les.too. and 'm~)'.lalce upjlleirpos~·;·qrity M'itn'tha~pptol1rial»;J::llrtln()ation., Vlifupti.t:the 'pel'lnissiOO oftlte; r~fu#ypliilll1mll.'OO~ftiiSttatioi1'or.heli.ith adl1'iint§ttatltm authofities,.iidilnl!'Qrilldi;'iduill m<iy·proviile{amilyplallnihg·te\\hijiti¥·s¢j'vices,

511


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Artk!e.!4 Fc1!nf1Iy.pJilnllIl1g.dntij;islm\I¥\1.·andr~rai~i"u~1\Qntj;:s.mu&t'l\oc1!Spodjob. ofpfaMing, Ilranagement amtdlswlbtitiori1!lj';CQlittaGiJj)t'Y¢s.

They I'illlS\ enhimce scientifi.c ;e~¢arc1\ iota l\iini!y ril~i111\ilgl\nil·i'r,ill\loii}i~afi:;eff.e¢ti"e, convenJellt. rww· c9!jr;!lCepti"el~\!1oos.

Ch'lpter'4 Martagellientofi>opmmiOil,lIld·E'lIllii<lY'Plannm/t

A~tlcle'Z$ ·Th¢·vatio\tslooallevel$i:Qfih\\.'~~p~$-(}Qv;$(tlei!t®MI implliment'& te;m te$ponS;il,>ililysys1i':ltt fQfWpulaiJbl'iand··flilliiiy p/antling:gpals, Thesilttus of fumi!Yliil\n'ti.llig'W6ik·shoilld·lie'.ln¢lIliiedl\s'lIoiimp6t!l\riM~e!)\·infevle:wlrtgthe perfoitmifi~e '01' locaH~eop!e's Go"emilJenlS',~t"il!tileyels, .

Re.i<!red ,a4m;nistf!llive unfJS Qfih¢ lOelll peQPli:i's G9Vemme116,t.J~'CQ~!!ly I~YeJand nigher shall 8.el relatedtegulru:iol)S ,Yljicnnltist:bi:.lIsed:for.fal'iiII)ljjlailiiing'W.0fk'. FamHy ~1aM;n&adlT!iillSttati",.e aiilhbtiti'eSlIt,aIHe\i<ils~ <es)AA\Slble,f6r' iiverslght'afui . . slij'l.ewfsroll, .

ArIi&iZ.... . jnferll11!!iOl), ei:!r;patiQll, I)l1ltu!,\l, h~ .. llh, Jlldi¢i!il ~m&fanilily:pt~l'Inlng aUI!\ovitie~as:'wellas Trade Unitins; Cbmmlli1ls(Yi)utii:t.e.i'/!1Iel;,,:WOlnei!'S,fweratlPi>s, family ,p'It!lI\\ln!i ~oeiatiollS "n~K ethel" elV""llrelips shall 'Iiiliijet regiliatQ.ry'¢ifurtS and ed\l~t~n an4 i.llfpm~alt9n servipes·an eugen[CS'llndscient}t'ie.K!iowledg"" reWed,tQ pQllUlatiound f~miiy pJal1niilgwo;k. .

ArtIcle 27 ViWdge iinpletnentaiidn offuinif)l prarlnirigslialfbe.ji1ironamous; dllmoei'htlcally malla~d lind. deinOCr'll(ica!ly~u~rvl$ed, YiHil~(S"CIlmlililteesimay.set village j'egllhtj9llsforfunilily pJnnllingc-Qt;en~f~ro\1Olitt{lctS Wlili :vil!4get:s, ari(l' may sign fafi)i!Y'pIaJlijlhg!igt¢~fi)enlS willi'imllvid'!lalsl>f·h'jlf<*l1Ml"e,ng:e;'~ttli1g.1bt!h. thl> 'figliiS'alli{,respoilsibiln!es,i!ifbollipai1ieS iMe!l!ird;lln~hni!beai'liig; iropleme.n!iitipl\·Qf ei:>l1fritee)itiol'), .p;egl!ancya.na-conil'acliipilve cilecks, reWl\tdiHiml, iMeiltfves, tiiwhii!,lstiis fQfwnm.cts-andOilie. hems.' . . .

MUllu,lpalitres.slm!l:.stlllllfSh ",\llinag#mentllte¢j1lil'lJsm ilnd set\iiC\"s;rs.tem fur man'agiii~li:nt of areas iin4ei:'I!lW bonit61''!In'rh\sj'JohSi\Jilhy;.a:ild ri§sldeitt's' oruldiillmy wl~~. <ega¢ t<> fa,nHy pla~nlng, P'tpp¢!'Iy1nanagetneiif<lrg;lr.ii4~ttQ~S'Sh~llWo.rl;i'ib mC!iit~le·t"~, wo.rk,Q.ffum'i'y. pfMlIing; .

Qrganlzatrons" busmess Iltills,and.variOU:s'<>wic'gtlillPii' tha:lhilllpJetm:nt,a'WhHy pl"*,imgrespOlJ'sibiUty syi;tem\v\thJ¢il\l:lIy;cteslgnati:id tet;p(jtisi~"ril!dividlials, Each unit m~$tjje <e~I"!!>il$ibfe.t<>r'fami \y ;pfallri.(ljg ~'()fk w'jt!iitt'tjj~J ~i1.li, i.i1\~)¢m¢ljiifll}ll1ell1liite$ !lov~rm~Jamily plannIng wOtklli's. eost,s.'and ineeilii"'e~ anlltewlIr<l5:,· Artlde28 Qrganitations oi'lridividiiaJs,,,,,ihodemMstraleditlSliindlliscadii<l'Vetmilils ii,tlie.areaofp:opuJ.tion and familyp.lililhing $lialJ b(>·pfesent~d wtibaiyawardl{y the le~.1f"v~jpeQple'sGQvernmellt Workers who •• eevall!atadth;ee'~esas lea4lng fami~p1Il"niilgworkers alihtiWUil\y Jeweler IiiglJer sna:lfehWy pr;ii'et¢illialheatmellt equivahmt tOi!fiat'<ihcmo'del womer, .

"or wc;rk.s\!l>sidies. ;bytowl)shil's:(fo'l')1j: f,prJIl.Jill;Y piajuilligpl'of¢s~iolltl"l~.>in'4 f4r kilill." te.;;npla~ning . to' :i~'erell$¢'retirement :,bcnlll'1l$.rqr ·f:itriily. ;il~miing w~r~ers'/lt·!ti.e';:o.p.nl)' (ell)' or diStric,),towllship (townj<li"neiWbo~hbbd levels; an'd'$peejfi'<;:. wo.c<idlrres -will 'De set b)i the p~vin¢ial'People'S.Go"'emment. .


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MliCI.il2!)' ?<lP~fatil)l1 al1d"f1ilmily pclamling'$;rtia1icsmnsthe'ilj'lreo/ anda"WlJII.e. l(efa1\lcfllJl [ts'~]]d personfllll:i'tl!iynorhfde. fulSil}>, i nffiile,<tr <iillay'repottillg .nfslleJj nglii'es, anlhnay'not ji"bt;cilie.# cllafij¢5Uclf'l:!ala, .

f'illi)ic 'S!l%\lr'ty, ttn"ncil\1. sta(is\ka/;. hllaf!h,)ljl1lJrm'fd' $,ooial:g ~arantee ,allillitli$.trati'le "nih Inust't'eg~larty excll~nge:data:com:emlnl!;pop"lilt~ltl!nd fa'milYj11anml1'g'Wiih the family p lai,lIiirgildin 'l'iislrai,ve' aiithbrities.· .. .

Air1IC\Il.JIl for the. en~l!nS!lllleAI:<l.ffatnlty plimni11g Jqr.(he ftm;!ii1g,.poPlllf!i\on; spelJi.fi!:"l'ICiioll wil1, tIe"mpt~llle!1j¢9· iiraCcotda!Ji1l>; 'wilf1'tlre'''FamilyiPlanning ManagemenlGuidlifiMS for rlleFkiatitlg'.Fopmlitlon" issiiebyiheSfate; aoo""f',amijy Plannlng: Management Gu,delines for.tb~ 1':lQliti!igPoptllatlcl6:ofFti:fj~i:l j?tQvil\<;ei'

1'lle use·ol'uitt~$oWld ,technolOgy orotlle.ttecllnjCal.,tiil:jilis\o ¢l'fdtinaooo·medi¢a1! y" te<p.UYOO 1e!al.$e>ld(\fermjfuilkmtir;t<ldiihltmhle'llieSlix.~f;tl'ieflfulSpnQr.tOia .possUile liti&rt'l¢ii is 'forbidden, SpeCi ftc :rt¢lloil!i.~h~l1'lildmpllm1cilti;d iiI ilc"6fd~ce. Wl.th iii. r¢:liltoo' n~tiollalaridpr .. "'iiJcj~r. ~gu!alions .. (ibaptl!r 5 bi~ntives,amtR"w«tds

At'ficlJi3i LQ.cal People~s G0Vetn~t$ai'l~l!<:q~nlY 8iJ9higl;¢r levJ!rs mjistfl!ise !lll>Jleylr a vafi~W of Ways to'es(a~!1$1t'a:<I~caie'tMhnl:lfilr"'Qp\llatloi1aoofliJllily pl~!llljng' incenfives. Tl!is fund lst" ·tIe.,lI$dfor teWardsfQr~rtWn:s ill'iPl¢l11en!jl1g.1im~ily planning. specHk prtlcedtires wHiolfsetbythePicMndlal P.etiliie's,(lo\.iefnmenh Arlicte.3Z CQuples Ivnn vol"ntanWhave"nlyonechlld: ibfOughout1l!eJr life.tlmes may apply, before the ""fe· reacheIHheagecf'4i)', lo*"·tQw,,ship'(iow4Peilple~. Gbvernrnellt·o, s~!.oon!i'illwre,offii;.e' f()r'aBeriill¢lite."f'H(jjjI:i~ astl:te'IlJitelits.of'an ~trlyCI\Hcl, C'lirtiftCatc ho:ljJ\i'rs'WiII enjil.y iilooiltwes{lMie.wiitds;

Arii.cle33 CQ[tpleswlioot\tain \lie. Certiliipail' l.IfHi?~pr,~sParenis'lf (}nlyChil~rerr· wHl he.·glven$. one,ulrie rewar9tif'!lllt.less¢aillU\if(>:.Stlt).

RewlirdcoslS 'fut wotkers,iI.i ~li\~iZl!t1onsalld!c61i\panies'$Il~II.be'li'Otlleeqllli!!yl!iy tile ·work. \ltri!s,ofihehl!Sba.nd;'~nd·'Ihc.'wife, ,)itlll!$e~,whj!te·@ne"spo~.~~·@~'~;:;!·''I'QrJ<!f()r an ()J;g"!l[""ji(lltQrentj!tp';;~'VQrkl1nj\, ,Ihft. oosf:sh"U, jje·.¢Pllt~fb~t!!!ljn;Wh6feby,'the. wo.k lInjtoflhe o\!rerplltel)t' In ca5e$ wher!: fiO\tfler$poos~ worbf<jranJlrjjlitli:tati6l1';Oit enwtprise.'Wotkunil, reward mOllies.$Mllbe'paid UUHlfiiie·dedlcntedJiind fOr pOPllJattonandtlti'iliiyplanning'irn;entlves, .

Articl<>.34 ceupfeseligiiilet" gi"ep1i'/t!ro'atlaMlt1@,1lli'l $ildwlli)''Choose oo!:todo, so, liltd whtiobtajj, 1he'CerlifiCate(jf·H'Oi\otilsPatenls.ofan.()~lyC'hiilJ..'sl11ili. be'palll~ll rewaitl 6fri<>tlMsthlm RMB 100(1 Pyithe't:<)'Iiliiy (mui\ii\ipal"a!iea)P'<\Q!'ile'S 6<j.:ernlneni. [teward mollie. sliall he ,paid 6\jti:>t'#\e'd¢(iiCaie:d (bl\d·fJ:it poplifaiiori an~ . family planning incentives-

Arf~le3S '.' Couples iii agriCUltUral' "iHa~eswao(Jbta:irilheCei1ifjooteO'fH6!l[)ras Pa,eiiisofan' OnlyCl\ild, or wuo.ilS¢· \ii!'lW¢Pfiir;(>I~U~ na"mg..h\lo.,daJighleJ1;;shall enjQy'the [oH¢WlogjnceIl1ivI)$2nd reward~:'

(ij,AHhe·tilneofdistrihnt'o" for rollective ecOit6rii~ inetlme,(:o!leetive'heJiefit>;, or i:!iiiisloi)of land, the·C<:iuple shall rece;Ve;i!Jle;i:'tI"i!· petsi>\i's pOJ'iiolj;.


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l2).Duting'IM·nine,y.ellJ' pi!iiM df¢'Qinpulspty.ed\leJitil)i);,Mmi1;¢elt~i>IIAa,.'.s¢hpo,t.tees. shllil be' .. clt~~ged t:Q'lbe couple; . ' .'

(:ij. T~¢ cQut>!e will ~Wlitefeteli<:e.irt~tmfniliWie,,:,ptolmeiit;Iiiedicai(lareatld h'dUSing, as wen as chMcate and schGoladmlsslqnl;,forlllew "hdilfp.n};,

(4'1 The couple wilt. he<:rul>d 'w,r unger prog<a,ms c/l'erirt!lStlpj>o\'t,.fimd$,'Of.tetihni<:el assistanCe 19 the poor; ..

(:$) trt'a~ With pensipli$,p, rivihgsuli$idies;Jhee().~lewill'~j¢yaddll~onal mOlliesfor Peesiousor living.slIhsidi'es: ({;) Otlier' pr.efetllritlal ptiliciesas;slipillated,hy·the16cWPe6pfelserovel11menl,

Ar.ticle ·~6 CQupl.es;Il'aWlcu!t\!r!li \'il{ilg.es'W!lP l1a."elWGji~llght!'!'~'a'ftj, 'lse:llir;h '1O!\\l'<)t·sllb""'Il!el1t1)?·mily·enjQy,:alttb¢'rewl\r4s'$q;iltGen~j)1es.inif.\tti¢ie 35',ln:adiliti()11 !(;fu¢·fu!lo\'\iill\l1.illOOilti\leS<iQ;:f'mwarosl

(I) Atewllf'd'ofiiofleSsmail RMJif 5'Qu;wiih ,rewardl;;Qri.ti>sIone;paid ·ooii.o!tlle d~diCl\(f;lff~n<f 'for PoPutllflon and, t'''\ilUYJ)rn!ll'ill'!g:'~ntiY.::s) ..

(Z) f'ol'¢OupleSeliglble for lo&.tl ri1inlmulnliv.ingJ~uati!l1t"es~pw1brelitia'I'e!!jt1Yri1¢1it(if Il'iiliil. agiicutfurolvlHlIge· mlnihiufu' li;;,.nggJl$ratiteesc. Article 57 for'cQup.les,wf\<>haV~'Pbl1ti!,.eq·the;¢.,I1'frtCat~'Q'fl'k1~prlls'ilarentli""f nnlY ¢hiidten q Ilaliiylhll; to aWly fot tile birtll6flliladditfurilitthildAtiideflhese:teguiilfillns; tl!e·.Certiflca'Il\··ofHonotand any rewarili)1¢nj:e~'sllall h'e'tak¢n·bitbk~$.'l)fth¢·cllire·of ap.pnlVaJ ofthe.apptkmlion to ltitv.ean a4l!iti(m~j'chilil. .

tQ~plesthat "'iJjoy llie incehthres#l1direwatils .ti$led·ifi,lbeS~l:'te~ti~s'ljurgi"e,bjrtliti> an additlOllal.chHil' in v in latien Of'theSe' iegullitio'ils, sliifltfurfeifthii"CCifHiiZatetlf'H6tioi ijS plitentsofiili only cliH<i: lIli ,tela!i:dince»tl\it:s'wii'Lat~pi)eretra<#¢d; ,;,rtMe ~ll, In c~es .nflaie malTillg~;rpr\\'Q*el'$ in~an~JOn~:and:eompanies, wofk~·shaJI begr&med: hotte:i11labnieaveo.fi'Sda'ysif<lr¢duples wll6,,:ielfty . dhlldbear.ing and obtilm the Ceitfl!fCilie{j'fAiimir,·aS:'Pilferits:o'f'On!~.,(;'hitdreri!he ",1ft,. ~hiin \r¢e,;litJe<fto maternfty tei!\(~6r,.t;~n'r:l'~l\l T8.l) i:laY$.wh!f~;ibehllsband. viin ul':ellQfJedtopaternai leayeqf1:to; 11l·.day~.D!!~mg.honeymPOll,·m~\i!mio/··orpaterllaJ teaveJjeriods .s;alafi\;!swtl r be· jlIlfd.iIS!Jsiia.l.and ~(omotions.Sblllt riol'lI/; alfecllfd.

ClI:!pter1> L~ii'l'LlltbmlJi

.Acl'!tk:te~!!' F'i:lr,glv'lig. bif1h •. m'vlOlatii)n· ofl!lese.'l'egnlaiiqns,,!r'llf,Joi#1 maimemmCi:' fee slIltll"b'e'p~rif ·I),ythe· vii:J:\>IlOt illtn". anroW\l'of'on'¢ ye"t'5·d;spOS!l~je'·iiiilil!i)e:1ilfa CO!lfity (c!ty,di5IrHit)·tO"·n;dweu.&·Qjilh$·aV~!l¢netlii~e,0f:<i;ta.rmtii'; bMedoothe flgtltesfoi' the ·ye~r·W'i6r i(itlie·disi;l?~ot'thev"il(ilioil:

Oi F'orearlybkths, a tinek:Oln60 III r'ilOp~r~.oflhiirflg~re;

(2}.Forlhe. b'irth.of6ne addlt1OJ1ald!fld,ii rme from fWo to i~leetiin¢~,thi$'figute. Edr tile bjft'nofthe _ond·ad&jtionj!f,chitd,.".fiil.ethi~..fOflrJ()~;;times·.\hls·fj~~. :F'pr ·tlle. birth 'of !h~ $lr~ .or·suQsegtrentadditl.:\ool 'ChjN:it¢hj.)iir~nJ,a:highrl1'fl~1;';';iJ ~~.Iev.iad; (1),for'taebiith·dfa.elifld'tiilt{;!dewedloeK,).fnie·from'foufto'sH"llmeli.tliis·fitilie,.P6r t1ie·brrthdfi;,sec6iid·'0rstiJlse<i';ietit¢hi!~·outsicl.:tlf'Widlock,.,".;h1gheii'ffire·wjlfhe·!e",ied.


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FDT·l'efSDllS·w;itl\.AiiilttiiUilit«¢om'e,:j;ig'hbr IlfaIi!1heliVer"il<:>dl§ws~b!", illl:i®ll tor~ t(jWti-<!P.velj"",,;t 1M ~"etag(l'Qe,iil(;pifi¢,~filli[liOi1eti' J;!i¢'\Ifii.j~tP~'s'a4flii!1' jjHnuaj:fil<;plll1l may ~~;""."j ·as'a. basls'f<JrcaJcul.at!i!gfin~)V~e"te¥yiil'g.ih~r'S(lciabl1l>iritenan<1\'!;f~.lll th¢fOt'l'ilPing Article. Soei;>l mai,itellance fees shaft be levi.gh)'thetQ\ujjyorhl~r!ev~1 farriilYll!~!u\!nli . . adml11istrative.del'artlllcntS. or'the.'loWnSf)lP'(lPj'm)' Peopli:!g:Go,vemmeri.t;ov·(}ffice.ot neighborhood atmirs;may be. taskeihllth suchli>v'es. Mti~fii4D As-'Hes~.lt'Qf anY qfiMf(il1ll\¥!~Z~Jq~si h~.9''<1,nd!;¢i,~.;th.e fl)miiy .Jllanrijllza~ro~!str~tiyeor heal!h·,ad!nilli$ll<!liv~ 'alilhQriijl\$l1i:!y~~.e)~n'Ql;det f'ljr' correctfM, I'ive a;wilfli'hg; or C0Iltls¢<Iteillli;:zal1:y <;iblllinee.gams. Fodll~liaJ €,liiiisof RMKtj\OOO.<il'more, it fine of not.,leSStwrr·ild~~je:ormQi'6'.'t!/ifu·si;>:l:lm~ihli~ iUeg!li Wi~llS Will beimpliS¢d .. Flli th~e'Wii)"t1i9iHl~;\~~i~,'llr ins~·w[;.~fI1' i11"g~!;gafn~ ~m!lJ,'!lt-··!9.,l,,~~th~!I RN1£l tll'{)P.{f;A·tl~~!i>nlQl)es$'~il'~~tr,)!l~W()<1p.t'mGI'(.,;,lj~u, RMB :lMOQshalihe illlPosed. I.n sel'.eteca;;es,.~ \"'¥~Ili?Atji;>n i$lIlhlfl'h~eniitJls Cettlficilre.may· revoke .ii,· Suclibehitvror.shalHlOnstftllt£;it.ctimiiilil;itOt;,Jlncl··<iiimiilal r.es(lOnsiolm¥sli~1t lie'd'et<:.iit1irie'd;,

(1}l'\Im.llg[l)g'in:;tit\~·contral;<lp!IV~~Q~~Il!'Y')i!~~J!,ll~fu~i~g~rt¢!'!l!'lYinll.~ ~~tive"de~ic,e·fpr·itlhjfd'PUJ3'l.ntilS~ll}rJilii'f6nj)ih'g;.$iitlte;;Ytl)'EIW;er$e,a·· yaseetomY··ilfful1a1.1jlil>tion.'orH1~1li!1IY',tamjrtatinll.apregil~ti¢$!', iir·pi;ij:V.I~jllg. ·MSif m¢diCl\l'tCs$·.·<ir·dia!irio$fle~IIit!fiw~

(~j'ls$ujng fu!se,ce!'tril¢<lt¢s. togi~'IlI·tt1"mllrr~~,certif'ficatesor~ili¥tj;s:t";$iv¢· birth 'tb'r'th,.fflbatrngj'j6pislm:i0h, .. C-ertifwafes,'6t"HbhOji'as·f'aterits·Qf illl Only'0hl.ld, ¢erlij;qa.tesov~cePti¥e~tiiiU!i • .ot'6;llii.t ¢eitifo<ilij,eS;r.elared·tiifuJ;itIY pjannjng;

(~) i>ertQfl11ioll.t)l;mily pr~nllh ... g'0'pera~1qn""f(j')mYime.:)S!~n,orj¥!ll~j0n.Qt.jndlvlifuaj· m!\rJias, n(llobt"i~¢d aQmil)istiatili.epMii1s$iOi!' 10r ,sal'll¢$:reqljl,e,fby JilW,

AtU¢!e41 Any cjf t.he ·fl'lnoWing!l.~il~li~;¢(lIiQMes o!!tiiin'\il§famlb;'~lii!ining oertift<;.~te$Q y illicit nrean~, and.sl,cld''''!!ity:pjlt~rill!g;,re$are;i certitlcltws "",It bs> callesn,,~ by lire. ~"l'iJY planning a>!mini$lliIlJ,v"' . .otg~n\jftbe\mjti~$U,lt;glhe ¢<Itri!i()atjoti is at filult • .the' stl,PerYisotdiietitiy res.jJbhSitile, as Wl:Il.asilny'elber WOrkers directly responsibte, i$Su~ah '.dmmtstfil'bie~;$ctiii;li'as pfu¥ld¢\lund¢t law:

(I} Hi<ll nl}'O(' eqrn:p!l;ting fal~lrr<lff;iag~\ ~!'ili- Of'eQnnal;<llllil'{f!:'lllail1$;

(2)Qbtamiilg~ertit'icates·;thto~"Iraudule:nt:m~"biilier,If'·otot!\eraonorri1a1 procedures, . .

(3) AnYPl'li '" fiir~!" or ffil\ld~nt,ac(!O!l in;-,.&latl®'tQ fumllY'~fa,Il~l'ngcq,erti>llq~te$.

Article 42 . Pers611SdfsC6verild;t<i&e;hiding:flrc6vet-ilTjl.lipivi61atioos"offamlly pll!iiiiing,sfuilf'Qe crlticjZ¢~aiJilcil~o$\dJ1y.thii.'fari1~ly,pl$t1lilhgailihiiils'tialilo"'."'Ii'i¥1> ~hhll.i's.s~·.li!1. o,d¢r·T4!)rcolffe<\ii9.li;. itil)~ 'yib'la(qr ¢f~$e$"i?(lnaflll'C!lfll)q~ic,". ·~~~sirrg· Setio~~,CQnSl:Quen;ze;s, Jhe.qoun~·0fhj@1~r!¢v~1 faml)Y'Plrmnrn~;.~(j.ll1'jn'iSll'iltjve'dt¥~n shafl feyl';afiMofnoltess'!fuirr'RMB'30.llO'riorinorethan RiM'll l(llOilll

Mii\i!e4J:. Anyofihe fil(!oY;:frili • .actiblJSWm~~w iii¢t;ltiijrM>al'l1:\c.edilMfion; bythii 9Puniy . .gr'j;igh@![evI,lL fmnilrf''Pl'anri!hg.!IlInlil)t~t!\llllY~qrllall,()N\I¢.~Wrt.sljt'P(1Qwn? P,¢opJe's ('l()ve;;;IIrnenl Dts!\'eeicolj,jtilltee;.Jjl).d'if ine'Vil'jli!kit."~£ldtorr¢ctlh"


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situ.arion aftercriti(iill/ll·@nq.!'!it,catio!\ .. ,\he'®ll.!lty orblii!!~r l$'{¢} fiimtlypla\lililig :adml.ri;stratlveorgart"Sha.lf.!eYY'!li,flne'ofnot:m<iie,thaniiRMBiMa'

{II P~il\ire to ii\1jjl\;\Jlen( effective \tPliin!Q.l1R!\Ye,m¢,$uresj te!#tlmit~.a'PregJt!lncy"qr s!l.hrri.'i to ~9ntra~liVl:'sta~\'$~x~mlhati<l!\';lS,:perth.e'.fam[IY.Plan.njgg'(~4irernenjS; (~) Violati.on Qf'rhe' Ii'!allilgemenC regulations'of the.«JiiflCllteOfpei'til1s$k>n.urlmvelin additional child;

m I'rru;d~lerrt1y (jbiainfng or submiitlngf,dse orlnvaMt~mi!y planging:certH'lcateS"ot hiding"" lila/dug miSe reports of one's' Sialu;; inrefatioot&(illildbeariiig'.

Il:rllck44 Those violating these ~Ulaliolls by rnlVj~~.,cflilg'Or fn",nyq!her manner wb(>areState employees will be issued.an adinfili$!tal'ive $lItl¢tii>lJ.$perth ... ~lation$ of the work unitor tlie.neXl M~er ieYel organ, and inakea.rejIDtttothe-tOq\ii"lilent leve1 l'e6ple's,Governmelit fllirtily p'1i\ntiil1~adliilhjslq,tiVedep~t.Aftlie vloJa,tot works fOf:an en~rprls~\lN!c.iVjC otgan1z(itf<:m,llll 1lW1'G"riarepi:Il'lliy.s.b~n ~lmJW$eq'by the wor~ unit oro~g~nlzal«m. ArilCl .. 45 f Of·additional blfihs' invi6iaii0i1 ofthese:.hlgplation$,orfot bitths,OlllsiC!e ,,,,,,aloq\<, vip1i\JorS Shall notbeteG""rt<i~<item1111)yqq aJ;,Stiiteworl<l!f.'$llnq sMIl O!l.! 'be. ~""Il as vllla&ers: COm1ttiitee'member~, \V1tl:t,\)je:l\PPTO¥alol'tbe;r~:yartautb<i)l'\ty'.OI tqwrt.hip.·(.ro"'ll) P<\l)jlle;sGov¢.C.tlmen.t,. tMvill'ag,ets' canWtiltrec'ShliltreJl1Ov¢$aid memhet asoprovided by law,

Artie!e# An individt!ai wh'O ,jmJ)[email protected]:lYplw'mlng,ajJlhQritieit'o('Ihe &\op!e's Govemment:a.nd theernplqye~s.ther.eo.fin'ilie'periOnnarCl>;oi'th¢ir·(jffiliia!d!ltiasi. or·' . who li!$1ilts;sltin'ders.ot ittjurts-11l'miiypllmwiiigW'ol'lie~; medieat!>l*s!lilriel cHi/hers. 'or \\ino.;nlenliOljall);d$ff.oys{}roper4Y,.;S'iir,v'&latiii1i>i;if~e.·'l?eo¢el$·RopUijliC'.tifChlil", PUbllCS~M~\1Iig¢ilieM.,intti'~~IJyoQ'llkieit!li:s"'ap:dlbi;,.¢I\.~·sij#l1. beha~~led·.&'J the .pui.!lc ~af<:tywgani'!~t19"'as'set 'fur$'inlaw;'S"'Q\1'bcll1Wi~'$h1ilt C()ffstltute amillihal act,. cr;minalrcspoosibllity shatNjlHletenriitied,

Mticte47 Muiiicipa~ ci)uli{y; ~.r¢a. or \ri!!I!tiHtownSlilp'}peqpI6'~.G()"arnf11elltSllrid street""rnmitlees wh.o fail to r!'l)pi.em~·~PllJ?u!a!ik>n ftn41'!m!ily pi~l'1ing.g0.als ,aspunslbiliw,sys!{l1n fur their ~ofluri~ki'on,.oran'J v1Hll!lm: (resjd~nlS') .

. t(J)ilinlttee, otganjzatiCllt, entetjiriseor IInl!; .or. any kifid,dfel\rl!:l'brgimiZation,Whlcn fails to'administer the requiremeriisofth«se regulations,may riOt ;,ed6slgli!itild;;n Aill11iitl $piril;lal CiViliZation. MVll".~ed Uni!or're~~r\(~jlny i>t!i~rh.0zi8rary 4e'(~O~Ii<ln; in '~e""1'I"~lIl>as, leadership responsi!;ifity mustl1e·deterra1.lil'd' 1Ul1l,.an:"dminiS!m,tv~ sanOliqn' assigned, h;,a!1yoneoftbe.fullowing.sit")lti(>tls;.th:ePeQj)[l)',sG()V#rririjeri\·",iH'1l\1:ler,a'.llOtrecfkm ct:the.situl!tio.n anp' fsSl!~a tepQI't'and: <l\',ilicize"ne. v,i()l aWl'; 1fu",'~peryi~t¥dirllOt'y N($PPnsii:>k. "1$ well. a541ny other 'woi'kefSqil~tJy "e<;pi:!nsibte.shaU· be •• is~~ed·eri' admiilistratives.aneti.on . .as. ~Ip:vided tnider!aw:

(J]Fi)i!uril to ptovideihcentiveS'orrewardsro.dtliel\S pmciidllgfrunily plarning ·area,ding.tey llIw;

('AF allure t<:i inlplemerita ,espOilSibllllY'.system fuJi' family pI1llll11"ll',wifu a:diosi~ll11teti r¢pleserlt/:ltiVe; . ..


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(;1}'Fa-ilure t() implerneAlpubiic.;sctvi¢ vQI"ii!te~,pr.illpligMd~eff0fl$ ip$upp,(irt of W6P1'll\tiOR~h'd !ilmily PlImnlng; (4)Othlly·tllllu<etO'eKercise d\l1)'6faSSjstiilgln·rIllllla~~t\'lie"toffamj'i1'pl"ruiin.$. ArlWIi>'48 For·State W()*¢jj;:·¢l1~i!,Jnf~~~~pla\)liifigW()~.liUyl)f;t~e,fij;Howjng wlU.l'eS!Ilt in tl1e'~\lan~e"f an a(j,"'in~!'"4iiY\i"SA~ct!<ln;~pjn~'lh)l',p~l'Sotd"dl~,lle'and' M:\, other IwsonsdirectlYtespot1S;h~bttJie,rnlat~da:uIH6t1I¥.tHi;~lrJ! oblllinedga;"s wHf be Gonfi$c>ited. SU(iflhllnav]ilr Sli;il\ooJ!$tl(iijj!, a c(l!\j!tI!l:l :@1,anlllip.:prQpiiJjte, dmlinalptGcedores''ShaU be decided,

fI}Eileroa~ning,upol1 (he bo<ly;prop'et;yor other legalriglrts;ofoa,dih:eil;

'(2) AOllse ofpoSitic;n, derell~i'ion 'ofdt)ty,.PI'l!c!iceof]lwritls)U.od'r!iU<f. ·(3.}~e;entjol",erllbe~lel)jel1t; ,!l1isl(ppropriatil\"otgra:ft:.Kn~h.Jng;fltm\Lyllli!!lning·f\Jllds 0;";$00;,;1 mamtellance·ree,fuitds;'. ' .

(4}.P,alSe'Qr.ll';:M~dtl\g·.repettil)g,iQanirl\t¢liltiilgillim~I~,6r·ihfllitIOn,,,f'poWl~ti(mor .liIrriiiy'pill,n.iinj,!.sfu\:\i;li¢s; {,5} Ext()rtiottoraceeptai1Ce~fbrlbes;

('6) itefuS!'1 to. issl.le fiaml\y planningcenrli~ fo.r $ nQn~dl!rd~~;'

mOtller lUegal activity.

Arti~{e 49 . Tbose pemops whool!ieeuo adeeisi<i1n (equiring·a ~iaLmain'furJam;e~e or wit" administrative sam;ti\l!lS 'mayspply (DO review or~pii!g,aJl;~~nll"'Sl.r:a!ive SIlk as 'provided by law. If th~ party falls '!o aP:Piy for'reView. orfile·suitwl~Mi; Jegli11y estdbllshed..tlmelhimes lfthe violalnrst!ll'tefmiesfu'(;ompo/,'!Iie uliklevy'n~;i:he':SOeiill m)lIii\lefllirice fee· or i~su i'llt ihe a'dti)in istralive$I!Bitinnsfliilta~pflYtOlhe'roopl¢'s Gotlrt for enforcement

,Gl!lJpto'r1A\lditWnaiPriliCiples ~"t1ilie5{l The lIu!libetofcliildri;nt¢feCe\l~ii,;q~e ~gti~~(i(liJ$ilichl.des: lidG~d, fo.terlid· all~,all!\ado"edctlil~r.en, e,~cep!'>l$<?!th¢rwi$w,stiIWJjlteifl& l<I~, The·.$cq,e.j)fal'pli~ation ·oFfami'lYPlanJilnll'litamlJ»fut~grlC\llfumt'vrtlag~.asrefem;d to w,ithin, these tell\) lations,. sfu!1lb!l'deteimined'bYitl1epr9Vin"taff!lrrillypl~hn iti~. a(jmhli$iratt"~ ~uI!1qr.lt>, iil~Q~tl\tiQiiwiito r¢li#d;o~ilaIliiat,otis:aJ\d~\}b~i~"i! to'the Pr()vincialPeQj)I.¢'s.Gllvemmel\t;torapp);Qva~

AttiCle 51 These tegufanoris' are iri effu6t iI$;.6fSepiehl'h", l,ollOOll,


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l'lwfollowing is' a'rep!y t<"yout J~rtegardltrg:ffimiLyplliliij.b!lrqlie$tiQns;

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fQrth"P:f'the,apptilP6ilte'dep~iil:6tthe;na:tliln.Ji, U;SAjom:chi!d'by'~'~Siifijnt ofMaillJimd ¢tljria'~lial!'not'\ie,oc>n~1;4~~l!'Mi1!i!ili¢i$;r:.wqei)t,\jfMatHlimd G~injlJt~afi~~<l<m~1$,'119t~JiallJlS~~~'!¥4'''J"i!1\ll'lii!,ifre~;tot~ Nlairi~;!"it 'I'li"t~f<ire;;.,,@wehfQrci,jtll;!;it!litlQfu;y:rtt!$,in;tlleMiiinlMlf;, _clIild li!,;n!l~;~, FiltSiiallttP,A-.mJii';fNifllf<1 "~i.m !>mv1n<l¢P~Ulati\:iii:;iIi!ii Family Plfummg,RegtillitiOO'S;>'f~pt~;W:Cl)iiicatS¢rviceagime!es,,'and h~lj'citte,agj;iieies;!1ii4~itieii~!iiqliil'_t!l1l:l'cP!wjde;iamJ.jy,pl!'lllllng te¢hnoIQgy' servi~'$hnuld'fu$'Ue;ic,,"i:i~!lS t$~ii~~;~,~¢i~nt!lni!';pr~ hlttlrcontrg]: meas,uresw'l>tev¢~'illiIlJl~,~,lIi)Wanwdlif~italJl)ies;'Wltli"t&i Uildel'Stnnaing',and',kOOwledgebfViiriGtiS'~itIIt:q9I\1;l'b1'mea$~ Tfietefo)'¢,tll~re is'nofutcibfe mserti6i1 o:TartJOO,at-st¢dllt.l\tidj).

2. T!i¢,q!leSti!li\ r~ardirtg, W!lil1ljd~pmtm!:lllt'lias'the'lliltho:riww:re\;)i'tlie'Soclill SUpport ,Fee: The "Mel!lO:dofLiivYiilg'itfu:SOOild S!ippoitf'W"of'lbe$I!i!e COurWil stipulates tbii~JhllS!)¢liIl!lJ!i?P¢ltl1¥~l\ll11i~tP, b¢'Ji~ii;l~'upilnill ,wti,tint"hy"tbeif"!"i)y?l~!ll\i!lgjAiinil~~·~,~.t)f~~e<:;Q1!nIi'y'l?eqp!e'$ Gnv~, Thi;';,f1{l;liiiyt!Mri,i~g,~~Y¢QmwCQllnty'l!¢i>ploi'l< GO;v.ertime'ifte~n'illltli(jtlZ¢tlie,P~lii'iI,Govemmentitt!,fuwjjIe,vet,o:ta,$tlb-dlsmet Qfficeto:de¢!de in wrilliig:.tJre,.fee,W'ilI"le"l¢d. 1'!iej.j(litPti'l)>flljl'~~elltltl!:d ''S,(jci!llAdmini$atfpiiand$.erv,¥:I!1W:R\mlii!1t''iS:,prodij,cq~~y ·the,i)¢~ent of;Fihan~,wjlll'the !eyy!)n1f:,;.-p@cW'$~¢l:'it,

The VlI!agers', comm;ttee~·anautoooni£lUs~¢pi~®m~QfviPag~;S, Iid!leS ,<lot blWe~he,rigntwm;lk¢,'\l¢~Qhs'Qn~lh':l'jjuiliing,qfup~n. #, c!;rtjf)~j",Qofby' se;id,,~mii!e(';,shmi\4'1>eti~meti!ne:f(e.;.iiv~.

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61


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immigration lawyers - clark hillshusterman.com/pdf/asylum-profile-china.pdf · u.s. ~ deea.kfn1ent...

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