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Reorganized National Government of China 1

Reorganized National Government of China

Republic of China€  •  ‚  ƒ 

Chunghwa MinkuoPuppet regime of Imperial Japan

€

€ 

€ 

1940 €1945 •

Flag Coat of arms

Motto

„  …  †  ‡  ˆ  ƒ 

"Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction"

AnthemNational Anthem of the Republic of China[1]

Dark green: Republic of China-Nanjing in 1939.

Light green: Mengjiang (incorporated as a region in 1940).

Capital Nanking

Languages Chinese

Japanese

Government Republic

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Reorganized National Government of China 2

President

- 1940 ‚1944 Wang Jingwei

- 1944 ‚1945 Chen Gongbo

Vice President Zhou Fohai

Historical era World War II

- Established 30 March 1940

- Disestablished 10 August 1945

In March 1940, a puppet government led by Wang Jingwei  was established in the Republic of China under the

protection of the Empire of Japan. The regime officially called itself the Republic of China (€   •   ‚   ƒ ,

 Zh€nghu• M‚nguƒ) and its government the Reorganized National Government of China. Informally it was known

as the Wang Jingwei regime (Chinese: ‰ Š ‹ Œ  ; pinyin: W„ng J…ngw†i Zh†ngqu•n), the Nanjing Nationalist

Government (Chinese: Ž ƒ ‚ Œ  ; pinyin:  N•nj…ng Guƒ M‚n Zh†ngf‡ ), the Republic of China-Nanjing, the

Nanjing regime, or New China.

The Reorganized National Government was one of several puppet states of the Japanese during the SecondSino-Japanese War (1937 ‚1945), and it was meant to rival the legitimacy of the government of Generalissimo

Chiang Kai-shek, which was of the same name and based in Chongqing. Wang Jingwei was originally the leftist

leader of a Kuomintang (KMT) faction called the Reorganizationists, who had broken away from Chiang Kai-Shek's

government in March 1940 and defected to the Japanese invaders.

Claiming to be the rightful government of the Republic of China, it flew the same flag and displayed the same

emblem as Chiang Kai-shek's National Government, with an extra pennant demanded by the Japanese. However, it

was widely regarded as a puppet state and enjoyed no diplomatic recognition, except from the states of the

Anti-Comintern Pact.

The Nanjing Nationalist Government was nominally a reintegration of several entities that Japan had established in

northern and central China, including the Reformed Government of the Republic of China of eastern China, the

Provisional Government of the Republic of China of northern China, and the Mengjiang government in Inner

Mongolia, though in reality northern China and Inner Mongolia stayed relatively free of its influence.

Officially the Reorganised National Government was founded on 30 March 1940 and Wang Jingwei became head of 

state with Japanese support. It declared war on the Allies on 9 January 1943.

Political boundaries

In theory, the Reorganized Government controlled all of China with the exception of Manchukuo, which it

recognized as an independent state. In actuality, the Reorganized Government controlled only Jiangsu, Anhui, and

the north sector of Zhejiang, all being Japanese-controlled territories after 1937.

Therefore, the Reorganized Government's actual borders changed as the Japanese gained territory in the war. During

the December 1941 Japanese offensive, the Reorganized Government extended control over Hunan, Hubei, and parts

of Jiangxi province. The port of Shanghai and the towns of Hankou and Wuchang were also under control of the

Reformed Government after 1940.

The Japanese-controlled provinces of Shandong and Hebei were theoretically part of this political entity, although

were actually administered by the Commander of the Japanese North Front, under a separate Japanese-controlled

government based in Beijing. Like the Northern Front, the southern sectors had their own Japanese military

commander and government based in Guangzhou. Each front acted as its own military unit with its own political and

economic administration as well as its own Japanese military commander.€ Jiangsu: 41,818 mi‚ (108,308 km‚); capital: Zhenjiang

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Reorganized National Government of China 4

Japanese establishment was making little progress in the Nanjing area. This quote provoked anger from Kumataro

Honda, the Japanese Ambassador and Consul in Nanjing. Chou Fo-hai petitioned for total control of China's central

provinces by the National Government. In response, Japanese Army Officer Teiichi Suzuki was ordered to provide

military guidance to Wang Jingwei's new regime at Nanking, and so became part of the real power that lay behind

Wang's throne.

With the permission of the Japanese Army, a common monopolistic economic policy was applied, to the benefit of Japanese zaibatsu and local representatives. Though these companies were supposedly treated the same as local

Chinese companies by the Government, the President of the Yuan legislature in Nanjing, Cheng Kung-po,

complained that this was untrue to the Kaizo Japanese review. The Nanjing Nationalist Government of the Republic

of China also featured its own an Embassy in Yokohama, Japan (as did the puppet-state of Manchukuo).

Notable people

Government Slogan: "Support Mr. Wang Jingwei!"

Local administration:

€ Liang Hongzhi: President and Head of State

in the initial period

€ Wang Jingwei: President and Head of State

€ Chen Gongbo: President and Head of State

after the death of Wang. Also, President of 

the Legislative Yuan and Mayor of the

Shanghai occupied sector.

€ Zhou Fohai: Vice President and Finance

minister in the Executive Yuan

€ Jiang Kanghu Chief of the Education Yuan.

€ Kumataro Honda: Japanese civil and political

counselor of the local government andJapanese Ambassador in Nanjing

€ Nobuyuki Abe: Japanese political adviser in the Chinese administration

€ Teiichi Suzuki: military and political adviser in the Chinese administration

€ Bao Wenyue: Minister of Military Affairs

€ Ren Yuandao: Naval Minister

€ Xiao Shuxuan: General Chief of Staff 

€ Yang Kuiyi: Minister of Military Training

€ Li Shiqun: head of Tewu, the Nanjing regime's secret service

€ Kaya Okinori: Japanese nationalist, merchant, and commercial adviser in the Chinese area

€ Chu Minyi: national Ambassador in Yokohama, Japan

€ Tao Liang: notable Chinese landowner and Chinese government official

€ Chao Kung: (Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln), purported Buddhist leader

Foreign representatives and diplomatic personnel:

€ Kumataro Honda: Japanese Ambassador and Representative

€ Dr. Ernst W„rmann: German Ambassador

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Reorganized National Government of China 5

Economy

The local economy was administered primarily for the Japanese Army of the Central Front. Military planners

installed an "occupation economy" with wartime money (Japanese Military Yen and native Chinese Yuan), and a

Chinese Central Bank with supposedly Chinese entities, but all were administered by Japanese counsellors and the

Japanese Army in the area. Chinese under the regime had greater access to coveted war-time luxuries, and the

Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce inJapan proper. Additional entertainment, such as brothels, casinos and bars, were managed by the Japanese and local

functionaries for the military. The purpose of this control was allegedly to impede the monetary depreciation of the

yen, so as to maintain the strength of the Japanese currency on the continent.

In the Japanese-occupied territories, the prices of basic necessities rose substantially. In Shanghai of 1941, they

increased elevenfold. Similar inflation occurred in Manchukuo, despite heavily-centralized economic control by the

Japanese.

Education

Education was similar across all the Japanese occupied territories. The strategy was to create a workforce suited for

the factories and mines, and for manual labour. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to

the Chinese. Complaints and agitation, as in Manchukuo, were raised and called for more meaningful Chinese

educational development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centres were built in order to instill Japanese culture

and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war.

Daily life

Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist Government-controlled Republic of China, and grew

increasingly so as the war turned against Japan (c.1943). Local residents resorted to the black market in order to

obtain needed items or to influence the ruling establishment. The Japanese Kempeitai, Japanese Tokko,

collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese, all worked to censor information,monitored any opposition, and tortured enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the Tewu, was created with

Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centres, concentration camps,

and Kamikaze training centres to indoctrinate pilots as members of the Navy's Shanghai Kokutai (equipped with

Mitsubishi A6M Reisen, Yokosuka K5Y, Nakajima B5Ns and some Seaplanes) and Nakajima/Kugisho L3Y1/2 of 

Tsingtao Base Squadron,detached in Tsingtao as part of Shina Homen Kantai (China Area Fleet) among Army s I/II

Chutai of 85th Hiko Sentai and 9st SentaiWikipedia:Please clarify (equipped with Ki-44 Shoki/Ki-84 Hayate) both

units based in Shanghai and Nanjing area.

Media control

The Nanjing Government organized a "Bureau of Newspapers Management" under the "Department of Propaganda'"

in October 1940. Four press agencies were created in 1941, though all were formally controlled by and censored by

the Department of Propaganda.

Population

The population was probably close to the 1937 ‚38 figures of the Interior Affairs Ministry, with no account taken of 

the outer regions or areas occupied by later advances:

€€ Jiangsu: 15,804,623

€€ Anhui: 23,354,188

€€ Zhejiang: 21,230,749The populations of the major cities were:

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Reorganized National Government of China 6

€€ Nanjing: 1,100,000

€€ Shanghai: 3,703,430 (including 75,000 foreigners)

€€ Suzhou: 576,000

€€ Hangzhou: 389,000

€€ Shaoning: 250,000

€€ Ningpoo: 250,000

€€ Hankow: 804,526 (during its temporary control)

Other population estimates are as follows:

€€ Shanghai: 3,500,000

€€ Hankow: 778,000

Others sources during 1940 reported that the total number of inhabitants rose to 182,000,000.

National defense

The Japanese Army organized a local army, supposedly to defend the Nanjing Regime-controlled China. In reality, it

served as a second line of offense and internal security as part of the Second Sino-Japanese war. A Collaborationist

air force (the "Reformed Government of China Air Force" (1938) renamed the "National Government of China Air

Force" in 1940) was created, and provided gliders for training purposes. It was later equipping with:

€ Nakajima Ki-34 "Thora" for military activities and troop transport;

€ Nakajima Ki-27b "Nate";

€ Tachikawa Ki-55 "Ida" for training;

€ Tachikawa Ki-9 "Spruce" for reconnaissance and training; and

€ Nakajima Ki-43Ia Hayabusa "Oscar" for defence.

For the Collaborationist army, Japan provided:

€ Type 94 TK Light Tanks

€ Type 38 Year Meiji Carbines

€ German Stahlhelm helmets, cannons, mortars, and light AA cannons

€ Arisaka rifles, Type 99 Rifles and Nambu pistols.

For the Collaborationist navy, the IJN provided some captured warships:

€ Gunboat Suma (Ex-HMS Moth)

€ Gunboat Tatara (Ex-USS Wake)

€ Gunboat Karatsu (Ex-USS Luzon)

€ Gunboat Narumi (Ex-RM Ermanno Carlotto)

€ Gunboat Okitsu (Ex-RM Lepanto)

€ Gunboat Nan-Yo (Ex-Chinese Navy Teh Hsing)€ Patrol Boat PB-102 (Ex-USS Stewart )

€ Patrol Boat PB-101 (Ex-HMS Thracian)

€ Light Cruiser Isojima (Ex-Chinese Navy Ning Hai)

€ Light Cruiser Yasojima (Ex-Chinese Navy Ping Hai)

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Reorganized National Government of China 7

War Ensign used by the Republic of 

China-Nanjing after May 1, 1942.

Naval Jack.

The regime also had a regular police force under Japanese control. The local

politicians and media consistently provided pro-Japanese propaganda,

praising the "heroic efforts of the Imperial troops", and argued for a "national

defence against Communism and Western interests".

Chiang Kai-shek's forces captured numerous members of Wang Ching-wei's

army during military engagements. Enemy prisoners of low rank werepersuaded to renege and fight alongside anti-Japanese forces, but

high-ranking prisoners were executed. Leaders of the military included:

€ Minister of Military Affairs: Bao Wenyue (‘  ’  “ )

€ Minister of Navy: Ren Yuandao (”    – )

€ General Chief of Staff: Yang Kuiyi (—  ˜  ™ )

€ Minister of Military Training: Xiao Shuxuan (š  ›  œ )

Japanese methods of recruiting

During the conflicts in central China, the Japanese utilized several methods torecruit Chinese volunteers. Japanese sympathisers like Nanjing's pro-Japanese

governor, or major local landowners like Tao-liang, were used to recruit local

peasants in return for money or food. The Japanese recruited 5,000 volunteers

in the Anhui area for the local Nanjing Army. Japanese forces and the

Reformed Nanjing Government used slogans like "Drop Your Weapons, and

Take the Plow", "Oppose the Communist Bandits" or "Oppose Corrupt

Government and Support the Reformed Nanjing Government" to dissuade guerrilla attacks and buttress its support.

Other methods included soliciting the cooperation of local bandits, using money, drugs, weapons, or captured goods

as enticements. Using this system, they organized anti-guerrilla units, who sometimes collaborated with criminal

elements.

The Japanese used various methods for subjugating the local populace. Initially, fear was used to maintain order, but

this approach was altered following appraisals by Japanese military ideologists. In 1939, the Japanese army

attempted some populist policies, including:

€€ dividing the property of major landowners into small holdings, and allocating them to local peasants;

€€ providing the Chinese with medical services, including vaccination against cholera, typhus, and varicella, and

treatments for other diseases;

€€ ordering Japanese soldiers not to violate women or laws;

€€ dropping leaflets from aeroplanes, offering rewards for information (with parlays set up by use of a white

surrender flag), the handing over weapons, or other actions beneficial to the Japanese cause. Money and foodwere often incentives used; and

€€ dispersal of candy, food and toys to children.

Buddhist leaders inside the occupied Chinese territories ("Shao-Kung") were also forced to give public speeches and

persuade people of the virtues of a Chinese alliance with Japan, including advocating the breaking-off of all relations

with Western powers and ideas.

In 1938, a manifesto was launched in Shanghai, reminding the populace the Japanese alliance's track-record in

maintaining "moral supremacy" as compared to the often fractious nature of the previous Republican control, and

also accusing Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek of treason for maintaining the Western alliance.

In support of such efforts, in 1941 Wang Jing-wei proposed the Qingxiang Plan to be applied along the lower course

of the Yangtze River. A Qingxiang Plan Committee (Qingxiang Weiyuan-hui) was formed with himself as

Chairman, and Zhou Fohai and Chen Gongbo (as first and second vice-chairmen respectively). Li Shiqun was made

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Reorganized National Government of China 8

the Committee's secretary. Beginning in July 1941, Wang maintained that any areas to which the plan was applied

would convert into "model areas of peace, anti-communism,and rebuilders of the country" (heping fangong jianguo

mofanqu). It was not a success.

Primary industry statistics

Before and during Japanese control of the Reformed Nanjing Republic of China, the farming possibilities were as

follows:

Winter wheat and kaoliang (sorghum) zones

€€ Precipitation: 24 in (600 mm)

€€ Growing period: 241 days

€€ Cultivated land area: 118,993 mile‚ (308,000 km‚)

€€ Cultivated land area: 47% for winter wheat and 68% for kaoliang

€€ Cultivatable area per farm: 5.1 acres (21,000 m‚)

€€ Percentage of peasant-tenants: 5%

€€ Peasant population density per unit area of cultivated land: 450/km‚ (1,165/mile‚)

Distribution of crops

€€ Wheat: 46%

€€ Rice: 23%

€€ Corn: 16%

€€ Cotton: 9%

€€ Kaoliang: 19%

Distribution of animals

€€ Oxen: 40%

€€ Donkeys: 21%

€€ Mules: 16%

Transport types

€€ Loaders: 32%

€€ Hand carts: 36%

€€ Loader Animal: 21%

€€ Carts: 60%

Typical products

€€ Ziziphus

€€ Forages

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Reorganized National Government of China 9

Yangtze rice and wheat zones

€€ Precipitation: 42 inches (1070 mm)

€€ Growing period: 293 day

€€ Cultivated land area: 40,328 square miles (104,000 km‚)

€€ Cultivated land area: 61% for rice and 25% for wheat

€€ Cultivatable area per farm: 3.5 acres (14,000 m‚)€€ Percentage of peasant-tenants: 25%

€€ Peasant population density per unit area of cultivated land: 525/km‚ (1,360/mile‚)

Distribution of land usage for farming

€€ Rice: 58%

€€ Wheat: 31%

€€ Cotton: 13%

€€ Barley: 19%

Distribution of animal husbandry

€€ Oxen: 40%€€ Water buffalo: 42%

€€ Pigs: 15%

Transportation distribution

€€ Loaders: 41%

€€ Hand carts: 22%

€ Little vessels & boats: 33%

Typical products

€€ Bamboo

Land in cultivation

€€ Anhwei:

€€ Land in cultivation: 22.7%

€€ Cultivated land per person: 0.38 acres (1,500 m‚)

€€ Kiangsu:

€€ Land in cultivation: 52.4%

€€ Cultivated land per person: 0.39 acres (1,600 m‚)

€€ Chekiang:

€€ Land in cultivation: 26.3%€€ Cultivated land per person: 0.30 acres (1,200 m‚)

For mining resources, see Empire of Japan (natural resources, Asia mainland and Pacific areas, after 1937)

Industry & commerce

In pre-war Shanghai, many factories developed silk and cotton, and most had been controlled and owned by the

Japanese or other foreign investors. A notable installation was the "Shanghai Power Plant" at the heart of the city,

with a production capacity of some 200 megawatts. This power plant used coal from northern China. Since 1843 the

port of Shanghai had been China's gateway for commerce, and in 1935, it was handling trade with New York,

London, San Francisco, Kobe, Liverpool, Los Angeles, Hong-Kong, Hamburg and Rotterdam. Shanghai also had

other industries that were crucial to modern Chinese society at that time. Even under Wang Jing-wei's regime it

continued to be a major industrial and economic powerhouse.

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Reorganized National Government of China 10

To complement the efforts of the South Manchurian Railway Company, the Japanese civil establishment and the

Imperial Japanese Army, in collaboration with Chinese local businessmen, founded the North China Railway

Company. This had branches in Hopei, Shangtung and other Northern Chinese areas in order to link up the north

China and central China railways. At about the same time the pro-Japanese government in Nanjing, together with

"native" Japanese organisations and the Japanese Central Chinese Army authorities, organized the Central China

Railway Company to link up the railways of Ahnwei, Kiangsu, north Chekiang, and areas near to or were held by the

Southern Japanese Chinese Army, for economic and strategic reasons. The Japanese also organized a Chinese

merchant shipping company and a Commerce Authority Entity for managing commercial traffic around Shanghai.

Japanese authorities reinforced monopolies on production in the occupied territories. Control methods were

modelled on guilds, on the Naiga Wata Kabushiki Kaisha (which specialized in managing the Japanese cotton

industry), or private zaibatsu such as Mitsubishi.

In Popular Culture

€  Lust, Caution is a 1979 novella by Chinese author Eileen Chang which was later turned into an award winning

film by Ang Lee. The story is about a group of young university students who attempt to assassinate the minister

of security of the Wang Jingwei government. During the war, Ms. Chang was married to Hu Lancheng, a writer

who worked for the Wang Jingwei government and the story is believed to be largely true.

€ The 2009 Chinese film The Message is a thriller/mystery in the vein of a number of Agatha Christie novels. The

main characters are all codebreakers serving in the Wang Jingwei regime's military, but one of them is a

Nationalist Government double-agent. A Japanese Intelligence Officer detains the group in a castle and attempts

to uncover which of them is the spy using psychological and physical coercion, uncovering the protagonists' bitter

rivalries, jealousies, and secrets as he does so.

References

[1] Youtube - Japanese Newsreel with the national anthem (http:/   /  www. youtube.  com/  watch?v=yxsXo_06_S0)

Further reading

€ David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu, eds.; Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932-1945: The Limits of 

 Accommodation Stanford University Press 2001

€ John H. Boyle, China and Japan at War, 1937 € 1945: The Politics of Collaboration (Harvard University Press,

1972).

€ Bunker, Gerald E. Peace Conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China War, 1937-41 (1972)

€ James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds., China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937 € 1945 (Armonk,

N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992)

€ Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937 € 1945 (Ann Arbor:

University of Michigan Press, 1982).

€ Frederick W. Mote, Japanese-Sponsored Governments in China, 1937 € 1945 (Stanford University Press, 1954).

€ Joseph Newman, Goodbye Japan (references about Chinese Reformed Regime) published in New York,March

1942

€ Edward Behr, The Last Emperor , published by Recorded Picture Co. (Productions) Ltd and Screenframe Ltd.,

1987

€ Agnes Smedley, Battle Hymn of China"

€ Chiang Kai Shek, The Soviet Russia in China

€ Wego W. K. Chiang, How the Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek gained the Chinese- Japanese eight years war,

1937-1945

€ Alphonse Max, Southeast Asia Destiny and Realities, published by Institute of International Studies, 1985.

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Reorganized National Government of China 11

€ Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, Volume I: China &

 Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihul, West Midlands, England.

External links

€ Nanjing Puppet Government National Flag (http:/   /  www. crwflags. com/  fotw/  flags/  cn_j_nj2. html)

€ Central China Railway Company Flag, under Japanese Army control (http:/   /  www. crwflags. com/  fotw/  flags/ 

cn_j_tp. html#ccrc)

€ Japanese occupation moneys (http:/   /  home. modemss. brisnet. org. au/  ~dunn/  ozatwar/   japmoney. htm)

€ Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime (http:/   /  www. indiana.edu/ 

~easc/  resources/  working_paper/  noframe_6a_sloga. htm)

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