iks lecture designing_interactive_ubiquitous_is_part_1

Co-funded by the European Union

Semantic CMS Community

Designing Interactive Knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems

Results from theIKS AmI Case

Copyright IKS Consortium1

LecturerOrganization

Date of presentation

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Copyright IKS Consortium

Introduction of Content Management

Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies

Storing and Accessing Semantic Data

Knowledge Interaction and Presentation

Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Semantic Lifting

Designing Interactive Ubiquitous IS

Requirements Engineering for Semantic CMS

Designing Semantic CMS

Semantifying your CMS

Part I: Foundations

Part II: Semantic Content Management

Part III: Methodologies

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What is this Lecture about?

We have introduced ... ... software engineering methods

for semantic CMS as „traditional“ information systems.

What‘s next? Methods for the development of

ubiquitous information systems need to consider additional aspects, like characteristics of the physical environment.


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Designing Interactive Ubiquitous IS

Requirements Engineering for Semantic CMS

Designing Semantic CMS

Semantifying your CMS

Part III: Methodologies

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Copyright by Nike

Designing Information Systems


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"What developers think makes a good system - it works, it's technically elegant, and it's easy to use - is not necessarily what makes people want to use it

- a good fit with their natural incentives and motivation.“ (Markus & Keil, 1994)

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Designing Information Systems Design process deals with 3 components (Walls et al., 1992)

(1) Design method - describes procedure(s) for the construction of the artifact

(2) Kernel theories - from the natural or social sciences inform the design method, e.g., domain knowledge

(3) Design process hypotheses - as testable results of design process, e.g., theorems or proofs

“A good design of an information system is not only concerned with technically issues but also with managerial ones that affect organizations and their individuals.” (ibid.)


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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems


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P1 IS has to be "linked“ within the real world, e.g., specification of requirements, use cases and scenarios

P2 Design method has to integrate diverse design steps and stakeholders

P3 Option of discussions about diverse design proposals, e.g., supported by feedback loops

P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes

P5 Formalization of system design

P6 Development of functional (rapid) prototypes and their iteration

P7 Guidance through development process in all design steps

(Markus et al., 2002)

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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems


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P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes

P5 Formalization of system design



User requirements derived from kernel theories

Methodical development process

Methodical development process

Design of System

(Markus et al., 2002)

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Design Method Pattern 5 generalized phases taken from leading design science

approaches(1) Identification of problem and needs

(2) Design of solution based on scenarios, use cases or requirements

(3) Development of solution

(4) Evaluation of solution and resulting design

(5) Specification of design theory based on experiences and results during application of design method


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(Hevner et al., 2004; March & Smith, 1995; Pfeffers et al., 2006; Rossi & Sein, 2003; Kuechler & Vaishnavi, 2008)

Identification of Problem and Needs

Design of Solution based on Scenarios,

Use cases, Requirements

etc.

Development of Solution

Evaluation of Solution

Specification of Design

Theory

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Analysis of 12 Existing Design Methods


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P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5) P(6) P(7)Taylor & Swan, 2005 ● ● n/a - - - -

Ross & Keyson, 2007 ● ○ n/a ● - - ●

Le Rouge & Niederman, 2006

● ● ● - ● - ○

Crabtree & Rodden, 2004

● ● n/a - - - -

Schmidt et al., 2007 ● ● ○ - ● ● ○Peronne et al., 2005 ● ● ○ - ● ● ○Strömberg et al., 2004 ● ● n/a - - - -Mackay, 2004 ● ○ n/a - - - -Maiden et al., 2004 ● ● ● - - - -Buur et al., 2004 ● ● ● - - - -Chung et al., 2004 - - ● ● - - ○Aaen, 2008 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a ○

(● =Complete; ○ =Partly; - =No match; n/a =Not applicable)

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Design Method for Interactive Knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems

Requirements:(1) Focus on social interactions between agents supported by

technical services

(2) Consideration of physical objects

(3) Environments of Ubiquitous Information System (UIS) cannot be fully specified, i.e. UIS designs should be flexible enough to cope with a range of unpredictable events and entities.

(4) Flexibility is supported by strongly modularized computing environments (Yoo 2010)

Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)


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Methodological approach of SiDIS is based on three Conceptual Model (CM) types

Abstract from technical issues and focus on aspects of situations in which users and user groups perform activities supported by information and communication services (Wand et al., 1995)

Shared understandings and vocabularies between different stakeholders during design process (Wand et al., 1995; March & Smith, 1995)

Described by various notations conceptual modeling language (CML) , e.g., Entity-Relationship (Chen,1976) models; Unified Modeling Language (UML) etc.


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Towards Explicit Domain Knowledge


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Implicit domain knowledge

Explicit domain knowledge expressed by

a non-formal language

Explicit domain knowledge expressed by a formal

language

Individual Conceptual Modeling Conceptual Modeling

System Design, Implementation, Execution

Translation 1 Translation 2

Languages: vocabularies, thesaurus, class diagrams, OWL Light, UML in particular diagrammatic languages

Languages: natural language, ‘language of thought’ In particular natural languages

Languages: OWL-DL, OWL2, OWL-Full, PL1, higher-order PL, non-logical mathematical languages in particular symbolic languages

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Problems with UML (Simons & Graham, 1999)

e.g., Use case diagrams Supposed to be independent of any formal design conceptual

structures by use cases mislead developers about design structures Logical faults are introduced; prevent use case model from scaling up

to large systems Non-logical relationships development of illogical use case models

that have to be completely deconstructed later during design e.g., Class diagrams

Strength and weakness of UML's class diagram = ability to capture wide variety of semantic relationships anticipated, but not interpreted associations between entities in the analysis domain

Richness of representation confuses developer “They are wrestling simultaneously with analysis and design perspectives, with data modelling and client-server functional dependency perspectives, all in the same diagram.”


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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS) – 3 CM Types

(1) Narrative conceptual models of situations

(2) Diagrammatic conceptual models (Pre-Artifacts)

(3) Propositional conceptual models


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It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.

① ② ③

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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems SiDIS


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Principle Fulfillment of principle by SiDIS


Resulting UIS is linked to real world through creativity workshops and work with real world situations


Integration of diverse design steps and stakeholders, e.g., domain experts, users etc.


Feedback loops

P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes Diverse evaluation steps during design process

P5 Formalization of system design Representation of system design in formalized way


Development of rapid prototypes, i.e. mock-ups


Guidance during all design steps according to design method pattern

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Identification of Problem and

Needs



etc.


Evaluation of Solution and

Specification of Design Theory


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SiDIS Task 1: Identification of Problems and Needs

What is the problem that shall be solved? What is the motivation to design a solution?

Identification of (business or private) problems and needs Workshops with domain experts to identify problem that has to be

solved by the intended solution

Outcome: Description of (business or private) problems and/or needs

Involved stakeholders: Domain experts and computer scientists


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Application of SiDIS Task 1 in IKS Workshops with Duravit (manufacturer of high-end

bathroom furniture) Direct user interaction with contents in the bathroom

Merging physical world of furniture with digital world of contents

No “small windowsto the digital world“ Holistic product design

USP compared tocompetitors


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Copyright by Duravit

http://youtu.be/Dhpucf3UbxQ

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Needs



etc.





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SiDIS Task 2: Derivation of situations (narrative CMs)

Imagine, the intended solution would be already available: How would it be used in everyday life?

Specification of usage situations in the domain of interest according to problems and needs defined together with domain experts

Situations are textual descriptions of different entities -objects, roles, information, environments, services etc. – performing particular activities and interacting with each other

Outcome: Specification of usage situations in form of narratives Involved stakeholders: Domain experts and computer scientists


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What is a Situation?


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“(1) Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation. (2) Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case. (3) Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene. […] (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary)

„(1) The way in which something is positioned vis-à-vis its surroundings. (2) The place in which something is situated; a location. (3) Position or status with regard to conditions and circumstances. (4) The combination of circumstances at a given moment; a state of affairs. […]“ (Wiktionary)

(Century Dictionary Online)

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What are Narratives?


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“[…] To-day we shall not meet. Yesterday, when we said good-bye, the clouds began gathering over the sky and a mist rose. I said that to-morrow it would be a bad day; she made no answer, she did not want to speak against her wishes; for her that day was bright and clear, not one cloud should obscure her happiness.[…]” (White Nights, Fjodor Dostojewski)

“I have just returned from a visit to my landlord — the solitary neighbour that I shall be troubled with. […]” (Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë)

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Application of SiDIS Task 2 in IKS

Creativity workshop with Duravit Part A: Generation of ideas via Brainwriting Pool method

Development of situations together step by step Selection of situations via Spot method 12 resulting situations

Part B: Application of situations in real bathroom environment Specification of thematical scopes, e.g., emotion,

personalization; information types and forms, physical devices


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Retrieval of site-specific weather information as well as free-time event suggestions according to weather forecast. Synchronization with calendar.

green: IT; red: information; yellow: realization of information

Example situation:

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Derivation of narrative CMs based on situations

How to write a narrative within SiDIS?- Focus on entities of situation (actors, roles, information,

environments) and interactions between them- Instance level not type level- No technical or implementatory aspects- Understandable for everyone- Short and sweet


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Narrative 1Anna gets site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom. Based on weather information and her calendar, free-time event suggestions are given, e.g. "Today, 8 p.m. - Miss Marple Night at CinemaOne. Do you want to order tickets?”

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Needs



etc.





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SiDIS Task 3: Derivation of diagrammatic CMs

How to represent narratives in a structured, diagrammatic form?

Translation of narrative CMs into semi-formal, diagrammatic CMs

Highlighting essential elements of each narrative

Outcome: Representation of narrative CMs in form of semi-formal diagrammatic CMs

Involved stakeholders: Knowledge engineers and computer scientists


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Generic Model of Conceptual Modeling

Useful conceptual modeling approaches “should enable both mappings without

loss of information” [Wand et al. 1995].

The distinction between CMs and design models for information systems gets

blurred if CMs can be executed [Wand et al. 1995] based on formal ontologies

[Evermann 2009].


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Consistency, syntactic, and

semantic interoperability are

major obstacles for working with

different CMLs [Booch &

Rambaugh 1999], e.g., Rational

Unified Process (RUP) provides

159 key resulting artifacts that

are created and used during the

software development process

[Kruchten 2003].

Conceptual Modeling

CMα(Dα, Lα, Oα)

CMγ(DΥ, LΥ, OΥ)

IS Ontology O

Modeling Method M

Conceptual Modeling

Language L

CM(D, L, O)

Domain Ontology D

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SiDIS Task 3: Diagrammatic CMs Pre-Artifacts

Information System composition of Information Sphere, Social System, Service System (Lamb & Kling, 2003; Lechner & Schmid, 2001; Orlikowski & Barley, 2001)

UIS additional fourth level: Physical Object System (Abstract Information System Model (AISM), Maass & Janzen, 2011)

Pre-Artifacts conceive usage situations by highlighting requirements on social structures, information objects, physical objects and services of the UIS


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SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifacts


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SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifact Patterns


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Role

P1: Role Interaction

P4: Service Interaction

P2: Service takes Role

Roler-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

s-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

Internal Service Internal ServiceInterface Service

Interface Service

takesRole

Interface Service

P3: Service uses Information Object

Internal ServiceInterface Service

Information Object

receivedBy

P5: Role uses Information Object

Information Object

receivedByInformation

Object

creates

Role

Role

or

or or

Interface Service

supportsAction


uses

or


uses

or

supportsAction

supportsAction

Information Object

creates

Role

takesRole

Interface Service

Role

supportsAction

P6: Role uses Service

P7: Role creates Information Object

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SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Pattern RoleInteraction


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Role


Roler-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

Interface Service

supportsAction

Boss


Dogbertr-interacts

Question

usedIn

Hotline Service

supportsAction

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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts in 5 Steps

Step 1: Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere Step 2: Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to IO Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services Step 5: Definition of user initiative


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Empirical study (n=46) to validate 12 narratives 7 relevant narrative CMs

Derivation of 17 Pre-Artifacts that represent narratives in a diagrammatic form In case of high complexity of narrative multiple Pre-Artifacts

are generated to avoid overloading of diagrammatic structure

Library of diagrammatic conceptual models


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Application of SiDIS Task 3 in IKS: Exemplary Translation of Narrative CM into Pre-Artifact


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It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom. Based on weather information and my calendar, free-time event suggestions are given, e.g. "Today, 8 p.m. - Miss Marple Night at CinemaOne. Do you want to order tickets?”

Copyright by Duravit

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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 1

Step 1: Definition of Information Objects in Infosphere

All information objects that occur in a narrative are defined as Information Objects (IO) in the Infosphere.

Why? Information Objects are subjects of any later interaction!

Description of goal, i.e. intention of user in situation

Note always take the perspective of the user when modeling!


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Step 2: Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to Information Objects.

interactions between users or user and system related to newly generated information objects have to be defined

interactions take place between Roles in the Social System exclusively

Interactions between user and system are always supported by a service of the Service System (defined later in Step 3)

Application of Role Interaction pattern


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Slide 39Mai 2011

© Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass

Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface ServiceS

erv

ice

Sy

ste

mS

oc

ial

Sy

ste

mIn

fos

ph

ere

It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.

Goals

a) Getting weather information for user‘s location[User]

Notation

Global Weather

Information

Site-specific Weather

Information

User

Location

Personalized Weather Assistant

r-interacts

usedIn

Action

Personalized Weather Service

supports Action

Step 1 & 2: Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere; Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to IO

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Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services

interface service has to be defined that takes a role for creating the new information object that will be used in the interaction

service has to take a role in the interaction

Option (1) service is linked to a role that was already defined in step 2 or option (2) it adds a new role

Application of RoleCreatesInformationObject and ServiceTakesRole pattern


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Slide 41Mai 2011


Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface ServiceS

erv

ice

Sy

ste

mS

oc

ial

Sy

ste

mIn

fos

ph

ere

Goals


Notation

Global Weather

Information


Information

User

Location


r-interacts

usedIn

Action


supports Action

takes Role

creates

supports Action

Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services


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Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services

To create new information objects, generic information sources are needed interface service that supports the creation of a new IO needs access to these sources

Internal Services for all remaining information objects in the Infosphere have to be specified

Interaction between services regarding information objects is realized by applying the Service Interaction and ServiceUsesInformationObject pattern


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Slide 43Mai 2011


Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface ServiceS

erv

ice

Sy

ste

mS

oc

ial

Sy

ste

mIn

fos

ph

ere


Goals


Notation

Global Weather

Information


Information

User

Location


r-interacts

usedIn

Action


supports Action

takes Role

creates

supports Action

Weather Service s-interacts

usedIn

User Context Services-interacts

usedIn

Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services

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Step 5: Definition of user initiative

If a user role initiates an interaction with the system situation is modeled by using the Role uses Service or Role uses Information Object pattern

role uses a service to create or receive an information object, for instance, the user wants to leave a message for another user

action is indirectly supported by a service


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Literature on SiDIS


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Maass, W. & Janzen, S.: Pattern-Based Approach for Designing with

Diagrammatic and Propositional Conceptual Models, 6th

International Conference on Design Science Research in

Information Systems and Technology, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee,

Wisconsin, USA, 2011.

Janzen, S., Kowatsch, T. & Maass, W.: A Methodology for Content-

Centered Design of Ambient Environments, DESRIST 2010: Global

Perspectives on Design Science Research, St. Gallen, Switzerland,

2010.

Maass, W. & Varshney, W.: A Framework for Smart Healthcare

Situations and Smart Drugs. SIG-Health Pre-AMCIS Workshop at

the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS

2009). San Francisco, USA.

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Further Publications


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Walls, J.G., Widmeyer, G.R., Sawy, O.E.: Building an information system design theory for vigilant eis. Information Systems

Research 3(1) (1992) 36-59

Markus, M.L., Keil, M.: If we build it, they will come: Designing information systems that people want to use. Sloan Management

Review 35 (1994) 11-25

Markus, L.M., Majchrzak, A., Gasser, L.: A design theory for systems that support emergent knowledge processes. MIS Quarterly

26(3) (2002) 179-212

Pries-Heje, J., Baskerville, R.: The design theory nexus. MIS Quarterly 32(4) (January 2008) 731-755

Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J., Ram, S.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly 28(1) (2004) 75-105

March, S.T., Smith, G.F.: Design and natural science research on information technology. Decis. Support Syst. 15(4) (1995) 251-

266

Pfeffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Gengler, C.E., Rossi, M., Hui, W., Virtanen, V.e.a.: The design science research process: A model for

producing and presenting information systems research. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design Science

Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2006), Claremont, CA, USA (2006) 83106

Rossi, M., Sein, M.K.: Design research workshop: A proactive research approach. (2003)

Kuechler, W.L.J., Vaishnavi, V.K.: An expert system for dynamic re-coordination of distributed workows. Expert Syst. Appl. 34(1)

(2008) 551-563

Ross, P., Keyson, D.V.: The case of sculpting atmospheres: towards design principles for expressive tangible interaction in control

of ambient systems. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 11(2) (2007) 69-79

Le Rouge, C.M., Niederman, F.: Information systems and health care xi: Public health knowledge management architecture

design: A case study. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 18 (2006)

Schmidt, A., Terrenghi, L., Holleis, P.: Methods and guidelines for the design and development of domestic ubiquitous computing

applications. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 3(6) (2007) 721-738

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Further Publications (cont.)


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Perrone, V., Bolchini, D., Paolini, P.: A stakeholders centered approach for conceptual modeling of communication-intensive

applications. In: SIGDOC '05: Proceedings of the 23rd annual international conference on Design of communication, New York, NY,

USA, ACM (2005) 25-33

Strömberg, H., Pirttila, V., Ikonen, V.: Interactive scenarios|building ubiquitous computing concepts in the spirit of participatory design.

Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 8(3-4) (2004) 200-207

Mackay, W.E.: The interactive thread: exploring methods for multi-disciplinary design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on

Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 103-112

Maiden, N., Manning, S., Robertson, S., Greenwood, J.: Integrating creativity workshops into structured requirements processes. In:

DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 113-122

Buur, J., Jensen, M.V., Djajadiningrat, T.: Hands-only scenarios and video action walls: novel methods for tangible user interaction

design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 185-192

Chung, E.S., Hong, J.I., Lin, J., Prabaker, M.K., Landay, J.A., Liu, A.L.: Development and evaluation of emerging design patterns for

ubiquitous computing. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM

(2004) 233-242

Aaen, I.: Essence: Facilitating agile innovation. In: XP. (2008) 1-10

Alexander, C.: The timeless way of building. Oxford University Press, New York (1979)

Clark, P., Thompson, J., Porter, B.: Knowledge patterns. In: In Proc. of KR-2000, Morgan Kaufmann (2000) 591-600

Gangemi, A.: Ontology design patterns for semantic web content. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Semantic Web

Conference, Springer (2005) 262-276

Y. Yoo, Computing in Everyday Life: A Call for Research on Experiential Computing, Mis Quart, 34(2) (2010) 213-231.

P. Chen, The Entity-Relationship Model--Toward a Unified View of Data, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1(1) (1976) 9-36.

Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly,

13(3), 319-339.

iks lecture designing_interactive_ubiquitous_is_part_1

Education

good design

design stepsmarkus

scenariosp2 design method

situational design method

design method pattern

diverse design steps

diverse design proposals

design ofinformation