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OCTOBER 30, 2019

The burial of CO 2 will collect the tours. Will

Estonia miss the train?  

The next step after CO 2 neutrality - negative emissions - is already being looked at .

RAIMO POOMraimo.poom@epl.ee

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PHOTO: RAIVO

Europe and Estonia want to become climate neutral by 2050. In the broad sense, this means that

the amount of CO 2 emitted into the air must be reduced to an amount that nature, such as

forests, can absorb from the air.

But calculations from both the UN's famous panel of climate scientists and other organizations

show that striving to achieve this goal would require a particularly radical change in the way

people live around the world. It would not only be about a complete transition to renewable

energy, abandoning combustion cars and reducing �ying, but all the way to nutrition or clothing,

as agriculture, for example, is a major producer of greenhouse gases.

Such a goal becomes unlikely if we incorporate in our plans for the future that the world

economy should continue to grow and people's living standards improve.

But how to implement a plan to reduce CO 2 emissions to slow down climate change? Even the

aforementioned UN plans have a neglected aspect: in order to keep the global climate below 1.5-

2 degrees Celsius, 7-10% of the greenhouse gas emitted should be captured and stored

underground. This process is known worldwide by the English abbreviation for carbon capture

and storage (CCS ).

Already in use

Sounds scary, but neither is it. An Estonian, Eve Tamme, works as a climate change policy advisor

at the Global CCS Institute in Brussels, saying that such technologies have been used for almost

half a century. “There are 19 large-scale CCS projects in the world, with a total storage of 35

million tonnes of CO 2 each year . There are two projects in operation in Norway, one from 1996

and one from 2008. Over 230 million tonnes of CO 2 are safely stored worldwide . "

According to Tamm, there is no shortage of space to store CO 2 . “300 g of CO

2 can be stored in

Europe and over 8 000 g in the world. By comparison, the International Energy Agency (IEA) two-

degree scenario requires a total of 140 g of CO 2 to be stored worldwide by 2060 ".

The amount of CO 2 currently stored underground is still far from gigatonnes. CO

2 capture and

storage, more particularly, hindered the process of price. From catching a greenhouse chimney,

transporting it to storing it, burial of one tonne of CO 2 can

cost at least € 30 or even more than €

100.

The map of Europe (see graph) has a large number of dots to indicate the CCS projects that are

expected to be launched in the coming years or in the coming decade. In part, this is due to the

fact that the price of the Europe-wide CO 2 quota has already risen to almost EUR 30 per tonne

of gas and promises to be more expensive as climate targets become more stringent. This, in

turn, brings the point where companies have a choice between buying CO 2 for

production or

purchasing equipment to capture and pump exhaust gas. In the case of gas burial, the quota

should not be paid for.

GRAPHICS: IVAR KULDVER

The technique of capturing CO 2 is too expensive. The rule of thumb is that greenhouse gas

The price of a Europe-wide

emissions are cheap if pure CO 2 is

released at the end of the industrial process . However, if

other gases and particles are emitted from the stack, it is expensive to get CO 2 .

According to Tamm, there are opportunities to support CCS deployment: “The cost of the

European CO 2 emissions trading scheme is one element that contributes to the economic

viability of CCS technologies. It can be combined with European Union funding for project

launches and with incentives and grants at national level, ”he notes.

Can be theorized

As far as Estonia and CO 2 capture are concerned, the question is whether oil shale energy could

be helped. A report by the Institute for Sustainable Development, on the basis of which the

government set Estonia's goal of climate neutrality, says that shale power should be dropped in

order to achieve this, and expanding the oil shale industry with a re�nery would not be suitable

for CO 2 reduction plans. After all, one could theorize: we catch the CO

2 of the oil shale industries

, store it underground and then there is no emissions?

But Tamm says diplomatically that it may not �t in with the visions of the European Union. "The

European Commission sees the role of CCS in long-term climate strategy scenarios, particularly in

industry, such as cement and steel, where there are currently no alternatives," he says.

In other words, the EU does not want to see CO 2 capture

The price of a Europe widequota has already risen tonearly EUR 30 per tonne ofgas and promises to bemore expensive as climatetargets tighten.

extending the use of fossil fuels such as coal or Estonian oil

shale for purely energy production, but the goal is still to switch

to renewable energy sources.

And it is renewable energy with CCS that is currently the biggest

excitement in Europe. This is where a negative issue with a

minus sign may come into play. The explanation is simple.

Take, for example, the burning of biomass to produce electricity or heat. According to EU rules,

biomass is a renewable energy source. But if the CO 2 from a biomass power plant is captured

and stored underground, the result is negative emissions because the gas is stored and the

future forest is already sequestering additional CO 2 . The same would apply to incineration of

waste if it contains a signi�cant proportion of bio-waste. The problem now is whether and how it

can be turned into cash. Successful experiments are already underway in the vicinity of Estonia,

which raises the question of why no project has yet been established in Estonia for CO 2 capture

and storage.

FORTUM WANTS NORWAY, SWEDEN, LITHUANIA AND POLAND TO STORECO2 IN THE NORTH SEALast week, held in Tallinn on the Baltic Sea states of CO

2 capture and storage (CCS), told a conference on

the Nordic energy company Fortum high representative Jørgen Thomassen how the company makesmoney greenhouse gas storage.

Norway is launching a large submarine CO 2 storage project in the North Sea, Northern Lights, which is

also ready to receive gas from other countries. Fortum is looking into whether it could be used to storethe amount of CO

2 emitted by factories in its Baltic Sea region . They have selected Oslo, Stockholm,

Klaipėda and one southern Polish land�ll for this purpose. The CO 2 of

these plants will be captured and

transported by sea to the North Sea Storage Facility. As all of these installations use about half of the bio-waste, this also results in a negative emission for Fortum.

Next, the company found an interesting way to make money. Namely, the company set up the Puroexchange to sell its negative CO

2 emissions. This is not mandatory for anyone, but companies interested

in making production climate-neutral can buy from there already under-stored, and thus negative, quotasto reduce or reduce their emissions to zero. In spring, the �rst auction took place. Thomassen merelystated that the price of the so-called negative tonne of CO

2 was lower than that of the EU ETS. But

scientists noted that on average, negative tonnes of CO 2 were sold at a pretty solid price of € 22.

LITHUANIA WANTS TO MAKE CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TEXAS

Lithuania has its own oil reserves. While Europe is not looking well at increasing the use and production offossil fuels, Minijos Nafta, a Danish-Polish-Lithuanian company, has plans to capture and store CO

2 . This

would help unlock hitherto unused black gold barrels from the oil �elds of the southern neighbors

would help unlock hitherto unused black gold barrels from the oil �elds of the southern neighbors.

The company's American chief Thomas Haselton told a conference last week how Lithuania could bedepleted oil�elds still a lot of oil in the hands of - in his words, almost 100 million barrels - the use of theUnited States long ago proven CO

2 underground pumping technology.

But how could the CO 2 needed be found ? To do so, the company would like to build a large gas-�red

power plant in Lithuania (according to Haselton, it would cover one third of Lithuania's electricity needs),which could provide cheap clean CO

2 to use for oil. As CO

2 would be stored under oil �elds during this

process, the gas power plant would not have to buy the EU quota either.

According to Haselton, the company would like to explore the possibilities of o�ering a CO 2 storage

service in Lithuania and Latvia more widely. He believes that there are up to a billion tonnes of CO 2 in

space, both in the terrestrial and the Baltic Sea . While developing these storage sites, local companiesshould not transport their CO

2 to their Norwegian burial sites in the North Sea.

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