ihc chapter 12 4th edition
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 5Behaviors for Success
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Chapter 12Lifestyle Management
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Healthy Lifestyle
• Wellness largely under personal control• Personal habits influence incidence of heart
disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and stroke
• Importance of personal responsibility• Practicing good health habits especially
important for health care workers
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Habits and Health
• Change not always easy• Be patient with self• Set reasonable goals• Focus on positive• Track progress• Plan rewards
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Diet and Nutrition
• Diet– Type of foods individual habitually eats
• Nutrition– Process of obtaining food necessary for health
and growth
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Diet and Nutrition
• Nutrients– Substances body uses to grow and function– Good diet provides all necessary nutrients
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Diet and Nutrition
• Essential nutrients– Proteins– Carbohydrates– Fats– Vitamins– Minerals– Water
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Question
• Which of the following classes of nutrients provides the body with immediate energy?A. ProteinsB. FatsC. Carbohydrates
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Answer
• C. Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates
– Provide immediate energy• Proteins
– Build and maintain body structures• Fats
– Provide concentrated form of energy
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Question
• Which of the following vitamins plays an important role in preventing infection?A. Vitamin AB. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin C
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Answer
• A. Vitamin A• Vitamin A
– Helps prevent infection
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Question
• Which of the following vitamins does the body need so it can absorb calcium?A. Vitamin B6
B. Vitamin CC. Vitamin D
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Answer
• C. Vitamin D• Vitamin D
– Enables body to absorb calcium
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Diet and Nutrition
• Fiber– Food content that cannot be fully digested– Helps maintain healthy bowel
• Calories– Measure of potential energy food can provide
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Diet and Nutrition
• Processed foods– Foods packaged in boxes, cans, or bags– Many are high in sodium and/or trans fats
• Trans fats (hydrogenated oils)– Raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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Diet and Nutrition
• Cholesterol– Fatty substance that can clog arteries– Major source is trans fats
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Question
• What is the daily adequate intake level of sodium recommended for most adults?
• A. 1000 mg.• B. 1500 mg.• C. 2000 mg.
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Answer
• B. 1500 mg.
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Choose My Plate
• Eating guidelines developed by U.S. Department of Agriculture
• Individuals determine amounts they should eat– choosemyplate.gov
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Choose My Plate
• Major food groups on plate icon:– Vegetables– Grains– Proteins– Fruits– Dairy
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Types of Diets
• Low-salt– Helps reduce blood pressure
• Low-fat– Helps prevent accumulation of fat in arteries
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Types of Diets
• Vegetarianism– Plant-based only (vegan)
• No animal-based foods– Lacto-vegetarian
• Plant-based plus milk products
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Types of Diets
• Vegetarianism– Lacto-ovo vegetarian
• Plant-based plus eggs and dairy products– Flexitarian
• Includes small amounts of animal products
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Types of Diets
• DASH diet– Eating plan endorsed by National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute– Reduces fats and sodium (salt)
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Types of Diets
• Mediterranean diet– Emphasizes fruits and vegetables– Substitutes olive oil for saturated fats– Substitutes herbs and spices for salt– Small portions of nuts– Eat very little red meat– Eat fish or shellfish at least twice a week
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Question
• True or False:– It is impossible to get enough protein when
following a total plant-based diet.
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Answer
• False• Several plant-based protein sources
– E.g., soy products, dried beans, nuts
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Food Labels
• Provide information about nutrients• But can be confusing• “Natural” may not be healthy
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Organic Foods
• Organic– Methods used for growing and processing foods
• Use natural fertilizers– Rather than chemical
• Use birds and traps to catch insects• Hand weed• Give animals organic feed• Do not give animals drugs or growth hormones
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Question
• True or False:– Organic foods tend to be more expensive than
traditionally grown foods.
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Answer
• True• Organic foods are more expensive to grow
– Therefore cost more for consumer
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Healthy Eating Habits
• Eat moderate amounts• Look for nutritional value• Avoid excessive salt and sugar• Eat adequate fiber• Avoid fast food and junk food• Drink sufficient water
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Question
• True or False:– Water makes up more than half of the average
adult’s body.
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Answer
• True• Water makes up 55% to 65% of average
adult’s body– Percent even higher for older adults
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Maintaining Normal Weight
• Healthy nutrition and weight contribute to wellness and disease prevention
• Majority of Americans overweight or obese• Excess weight can cause discomfort and
serious conditions and diseases
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Question
• True or False:– Overweight children tend to become overweight
adults.
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Answer
• True• Overweight children tend to have weight
problems when adults
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Maintaining a Normal Weight
• Body mass index (BMI)– Method to determine relationship of weight to
height• Overweight
– BMI of 25.0 to 29.9• Obese
– BMI of 30.0 or higher
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Weight and Health Problems
• Conditions related to overweight and obesity– High blood pressure– Type 2 diabetes– Heart disease– Stroke
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Weight and Health Problems
• Conditions related to overweight and obesity:– Osteoarthritis– Sleep apnea– Certain cancers– Depression
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Maintaining a Normal Weight
• Why Americans are overweight– Increase in amount of food eaten– Availability of inexpensive, high-calorie food– Heavy use of cars and labor-saving devices– Lack of active recreational activities– Increase in time with television, computers, and
video games
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Weight Loss
• Reduce number of calories• Increase amount of exercise
– Calories burned• Increase muscle mass• Eliminate stress and emotional triggers• Continue to consume essential nutrients
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Question
• What is the main reason why increasing muscle mass helps with weight control?A. Individuals with more muscle tend to exercise
moreB. Muscle tissue requires more calories to
support itself than fat tissueC. The exercise used to produce muscle tissue
burns calories
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Answer
• B. Muscle tissue requires more calories to support itself than fat tissue
• Muscle tissue burns more calories than fat tissue– Even when at rest
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Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa– Distorted belief that one is overweight– Can be life-threatening
• Bulimia– Compulsive eating of large amounts followed
by vomiting or using laxatives
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Eating Disorders
• Binge eating– Compulsive eating of large amounts of food
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Physical Activity
• Health benefits– Promotes feelings of well-being
• Endorphins– Relieves stress– Improves sleep– Increases energy
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Physical Activity
• Health benefits– Reduces symptoms of arthritis– Helps prevent lower back pain, heart disease,
and osteoporosis
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Question
• Which of the following conditions refers to the loss of bone density?A. OsteoporosisB. OsteoarthritisC. Osteomalacia
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Answer
• A. Osteoporosis• Osteoporosis
– Condition in which bones lose density• Become more likely to fracture
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Physical Activity
• Recommended amounts of exercise:– Adults
• 30 minutes at least 5 days per week– Children and teens
• 60 minutes per day
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Physical Activity
• Aerobic exercise– Forces heart muscle to work
• Increases strength• Target heart rate for healthy person: 220 minus the
individual’s age
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Sleep
• Adequate amounts necessary for body to recuperate– Provides energy and increases productivity– Mental recuperation takes place during last
hours of sleep– 6 to 9 hours for most adults
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Sleep
• Improving sleep– Avoid caffeine– Avoid stressful activities before bedtime– Increase personal efficiency to make more time
for sleep– Engage in physical activity– Develop bedtime routine
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Question
• True or False:– Vigorous physical activity just before bedtime
can help promote sleep.
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Answer
• False• Vigorous activity just before bedtime can
interfere with sleep– Avoid
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Preventive Measures
• Routine health checkups• Periodic screening for risks• Regular visits to dentist• Early treatment of illness• Immunizations
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Question
• True or False:– Gum infections can spread to other parts of the
body.
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Answer
• True• Dental infections can spread to other parts
of body– Including heart
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Stress in Modern Life
• Stress– Body’s reaction when it responds to danger
• Real or imagined
• Physical changes– Increased heart rate– Elevated blood pressure
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Stress in Modern Life
• Physical changes– Raised blood sugar– Dilation of blood vessels and pupils of eyes
• Some evidence exists linking stress and certain illnesses– Stress over time may weaken immune system
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Stress in Modern Life
• Stressors– External
• Factors beyond individual’s control– Internal
• Self-generated• Under individual’s control
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Health Care Work Stressors
• Stress in the workplace– Interaction with patients– Must remain calm– Must constantly be attentive– Need to perform tasks accurately– Work under time constraints– React to changing conditions
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Question
• True or False• Stress is always negative and should be
avoided whenever possible.
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Answer
• False• Stress can be a positive reaction, as in an
emergency when quick thinking and action are necessary.
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Dealing with Stress
• Set priorities• Use time management strategies• Practice muscle relaxation techniques• Try meditation
– Clearing mind of thoughts• Develop positive attitude
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Smoking– Contributes to nearly half a million deaths
annually– Nicotine
• Physically addictive
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Smoking– Methods for quitting
• Support groups• Hypnosis• Medications, skin patches, or gum
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Question
• The main reason that smokers have difficulty quitting is thatA. they enjoy smokingB. they lack will powerC. Nicotine is physically addicting which makes smoking difficult to quit
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Substance abuse– Growing problem among health care
professionals• Easy access to medications• Stressful job conditions• Desire to self-medicate• Perceived ability to improve work performance• Ability to call in prescriptions
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Consequences of substance abuse:– Blackouts– Memory loss– Inability to perform– Unethical behavior
• E.g., stealing drugs from patients– Loss of job and career– Prison
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Occupational hazards– Use proper body mechanics to avoid injury– Protect self against infection– Practice environmental safety– Use computer safely
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Practice safe sex• Take precautions against:
– HIV– Genital herpes– Other sexually transmitted diseases
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Burnout– Physical and emotional exhaustion– Work-related– Examples of behavioral changes:
• Negative feelings about work• Increased absences from work• Physical symptoms• Committing errors
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Minimizing Health Risks
• Burnout– Some causes:
• Long hours• Difficult work conditions• Inadequate emotional support• Emotional involvement with patients• No time for recreational activities
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Question
• If Jan thinks she may be suffering burnout, which action is likely to be the most helpful?
• A. Make time each day to spend walking her dog.
• B. Tell her supervisor she needs time off.• C. Have a glass of wine at the end of her
workday.
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Answer
• A. Spending time in physical activity and sharing it with a pet would likely be the most helpful.
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Helping Patients Develop Healthy Lifestyles
• Serve as role model• Provide patient education• Share information about healthy habits