igcse geography rivers workbook

8/11/2019 IGCSE Geography Rivers Workbook

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1GEOGRAPHY WORK BOOK.

SECTION A

``

1.(A) what is the water cycle? (1)

(b)The water cycle is powered by _____________________________. (1)

(c)The photograph shows a hydrological cycle. Name the parts labelled 1 to 5.

(d)The water cycle has 4 processes. Match the key words to their meanings. (4)

Infiltration This water is held in the rock underground

Surface runoff When water soaks down through the ground

Through flow Flow of water though the soil

Groundwater Rainwater flowing over the grounds surface

2. (A) what is the name for the beginning of the river? (1)

(b)Where does the water come from at the start of a rivername 2 places? (2)

(c) Put these features in the order youd expect to find them in a river:

SOURCE MOUTH FLOOD PLAIN WATERFALL MEANDER

(d) Match the letter to the feature

Mouth Source GorgeMeander Waterfall Tributary


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2

e) Describe the features of a drainage basin. (4)

3. (A) Name two inputs and two outputs of the drainage basin cycle. (4)

(b) Describe how the shape and characteristics of river channels change from source to mouth.You may draw a diagram(s) to help your answer. (6)

(c)Which river feature does this picture show?i.

A tributaryii. A deltaiii. A mouth

(d)Ring the features that can happen at the end of a river:

Delta Meander Plunge pool Estuary

Mouth Tributary Lake Confluence

(e) TRUE OR FALSE

i. The drainage basin of a river is the bit at the end with a grill over it

ii. The drainage basin of a river is the area of land that drains into the river

iii. The edge of the basin is called a watershed


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3iv. The watershed can be worked out by connecting the lowest points of the basin

v. Only people who live on hills live inside a river watershed

vi. Everywhere is inside the watershed of a river

4. (A) Key words and definitions

In the table below, fill in the processes with their meanings, involved in river erosion and transportation. (8)Erosion Transportation Deposition

H T

A S

A S

S S

(b). Fill in the table below to show the resulting landforms due to erosion and deposition. (9)

Erosion Deposition Erosion and Deposition

5. Use the words below to complete the sentences correctly.Tributary Confluence Mouth Watershed Source Drainage basin

: where two rivers meet: the area drained by a river and its tributaries


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4: where a river flows into the sea

: where the river begins

: a smaller river which flows into a larger river

: the imaginary line surrounding a drainage basin(6)

6. What is the difference between :

(a)A tributary and a confluence? (1)

(b)A source and a mouth? (1)

(c)A river basin and a river channel? (1)

(d)Remember we said the hydrological system was a closed system? What did that mean? (1)

(e)Do you think a drainage basin is an open or closed system? Why? (1)

(f)What do you think might make the flow through one drainage basin quicker or slower than another one?

(1)

(g)Why do we might we need to know whether a river basin has a fast flow through or not? (1)

(h)What might help us find out which river system is likely to cause a problem and which isnt? Whatwould we have to measure? (2)


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57. Study the storm hydrograph below.

(a)Give the meaning of the following terms:Lag time, peak discharge, rising limb, falling limb (4mks)

(b) Explain how the following factors influence the shape of the storm hydrograph. (4mks)

8. (A) what is?

A watershed

a confluence? (2)

8.Explain how each of the following affects the drainage network:

rock type (2)

land use. (2)

A: Drainage basin: LARGE or SMALL B: Bare Earth or Forest

C: Drainage basin: Sloping or Steep D: Permeable rock or impermeable


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69a) What is meant by the term lag time? (1)

b) Describe how lag time is affected by each of following factors: (8)

slope

temperature

precipitation

vegetation.

10a) What is the difference between weathering and mass movement? (2)

(b) What made the landslide in Figure 10b into a serious hazard andnatural disaster? (4)

Fig. 10b a mudslide

11a) How does a river change when it leaves an upland area? (3)

b) Why is deposition greater along the lowland section of a river? (3)

12.a) What processes is responsible for the formation of a V-shaped valley? (3)

(b)In your own words, describe the differences between the two hydrographs in Figure 12. Try to explain thosedifferences. (3)


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Figure 12: The impact of a dam and water abstraction on a rivers storm hydrograph

13. Study the figure 13 below.

Figure 13

The paragraph below explains how the above waterfall is formed by completing the paragraph using some of thewords in the box. (5)

14. Study the cross-section of the meander shown below.


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8(a)Label your cross- section.Use your knowledge of the characteristics of meanders; use the

following statements to label your diagram.Bank on the outside of the bend being undercut by erosion., Slower water, faster water, deposited sand andshingle on the inside of the bend, suspended material. (5)

(b)What is a meander? (1)

(c)Explain what happens on the inside of a meander bend. (1)

(d)Why does water flow faster on the outside bend? (1)

(e) Where does deposition occur and why? (2)

(f) What characteristics will the water have if it is erosive? (1)

(g) How do you think the water erodes the river bed and banks? (1)

15. Study Figure 15 below. It shows a section of a river valley.

Figure 15

(i) Describe the landforms A and B shown on Figure 15 (4)

(ii) Landform C shown on Figure 19 is a river-cliff. Explain how it was formed. You may use a diagram to help

your answer. (4)

16.(a)What is an ox-bow lake? (1)


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9(b)How does an ox- bow lake form? (4)

(c) Why does water follow the straight channel instead of the curved channel? (1)

17. Write a few sentences to explain how flood plains are formed. (4)

18. Explain the formation of a Levee. (4)

19. Describe the physical features of a Delta (4mks)

20. (a)Compare estuaries and deltas in terms of the way they are formed. (2)

b) On your sketch map, show and label four features commonly found ina river estuary. (4)


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10c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of this estuary for shipping? (3)

21. Study the maps 21a and b below of River Tay. Draw accurate cross sections from A to B and from C to D (8).Write down the characteristics of the two cross sections. (4)

Figure 21a:Part of the upland course of the River Toy


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Figure 21b:Part of the floodplain and estuary of the River Toy

22.a) What are the five main uses of fresh water? (5)

(b)What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of bottled water (4?)


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12c) What are the main sources of fresh water? (4mks)

23.

How might global warming change this world water (3?)

Figure 23-The worlds water

24.Describe the global distribution of water surplus and deficit as shown on map 23 below. (6)

Figure 24- water surplus and water deficit areas of the world


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1325.Describe how water is used in the UK. (4)

Figure 25water use in the UK

26.(A) Describe the water demand and supply in England and Wales as shown on figure 26 (6)

Figure 26- water demand and supply in England and Wales

(b) It would be wrong to think that there are no reservoirs in the drier parts of England. For example, London has anumber of them on its northern and western outskirts. These are used both to collect water and store recycled

water. Research the names of some large reservoirs in dry England. (2)

27.

(a)

Water stress can be a seasonal or temporary condition, as during a climates dry season or duringoccasional droughts.


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14Conversely, water stress can be relieved temporarily by periods of unusually heavy rainfall.Analysefigure above toshow the levels of water stress. (6)

Figure 27- Levels of water stress

(b)Suggest some ways of saving water and using it more efficiently. (4)

(c)Can you think of ways in which recreation and tourism pollute water? (2)

28.

Describe the populationwhich has access to cleanwater (6)

Figure 28 Access to clean water29.Why has the demand for water increased so much over the last 100 years? (4)


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1530. (A)Why is water quality so important? (2)

(b)What are the sources of water pollution as shown in the photograph below? (4)

This is a pretty good summary for an HIC

(c)Give four other causes of river pollution (4)

31. Draw a labelled diagram to show the stages in managing the supply of clean water. (6)


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1632. How does a river flood?

Sometimes after heavy ________ or a fast snow melt there may be too much water for the _________ to hold. The

river will then overflow its _________ and flow out onto the _________ either side of it. This is called a river

_________.

Usually when it rains the water will soak into the _______. However if it is unable to soak into the ground it will

flow _________ and into the river. This is the most common cause of ___________.

33. Flooding is a normal occurrence in the lower course of a river. It occurs when the river overflows its banks andleaves the channel. River flooding helps to form several river features: Flood plains, ox-bow lakes and levees.

Explain the Causes of flooding: (9)

Name your case study!!!

34. Identify the following methods of controlling floods in Bangladesh

Use the photographs above to answer the

following questions.

(a) Photo A

(I)Why is it important for families to

have at least oneradio? (1)

(ii) How can people

prepare themselves before a flood?

(2)

(iii)

What can people do during a flood to help them cope with flooding? (3)

Word box Banks flood rainfall downhill land floodin Ground River


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17(iv) What can people do after a flood to help cope with flooding? (2)

(b)Photo B

(i) How will it benefit the people of Bangladesh if theyhad cheap electricity? (2)

(ii)

Why is irrigation important for people? (2)

(iii) If the dam collapses what problems will that cause for the people? (3)

(c)Photo C

(i)Why is it important for people to save their possessions? (2)

(ii) If people lose their livelihood what problems will that cause? (2)

(d)Photo D(i) If people cant earn money through fishing whatProblems will that cause?(2)

(ii) Embankments can be expensive to build why is this problem? (2)

35. The completed three gorges dam.

(a)In what ways will the Three Gorges Dam project helpthe growth of industry in China? (3)

(b)Make a list of the disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam project. (4)


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1836. (A) Suggest reasons why floods in HICs are often more costly than those in LICs. (4)

(b)It is important that you are clear about: The difference between hard engineering and soft engineering (2)

Why soft engineering is more environmentally friendly. (2)

37.(a)In your own words, suggest a definition for the term floodmanagement (1)

(b).How does these mud embankments control floods?

(2)

Mud embankment being built by hand

38.For each of the scenarios decide if they will cause the river tofloodor not flood.

The soil is very dryso the

water stays on the surface.

___________________

There are lots of trees

to take up and catch the

water on their leaves.

___________________

The slopesare reallysteep

and the water runs quicklyto the river.

___________________


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Photograph 39

39. Study Photograph 39 below. It shows an area in Alicante, Spain that has been flooded.

(a)State two immediate effects of this flood event on the people of Alicante. (2)

(b) State two long-term effects of this flood event on the people of Alicante. (2)

(c) Describe the effects of floods such as this on the economy of the area. (4)

There river runs

through a city where

there are lots of

concrete surfaces.

There is soft soilwhich

the water can go into.

The soilis already very

wetso no more water can

go into it.

A river is more likely to flood when_____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


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20(d) Describe one human cause that can increase the number of floods in an area. (3)Named cause Description

(e) Explain how human actions may have increased the risk of flooding in areas such as this. (3)

40. Study Photograph 40 below. It is an aerial photograph of the confluence of the Ohio River and the MississippiRiver.

Photograph 40

(I) Describe one other technique of hard engineering used to manage rivers such as the Mississippi. (3)

Named technique

Description

(ii)Levees are constructed to protect areas from flooding.Suggest why levees sometimes fail to prevent flooding. You may draw a diagram to help your answer. (4)


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2242. Study Figure 42.

Figure 42Changing global water consumption, 1910 2010

(a) Describe how the use of water for agriculture changed between 1910 and 2010. (2)

(b) Describe how one human activity can result in a decline in water quality. (2)

43. (A) for a named location, explain how human actions have increased flood risk. (6)Named location

44.Study Figure 44

(a) Suggest twobenefits of large scalewater management projects such asthe Tarbell Dam. (2)

(b) Describe one impact of water

shortages on people. (2)

.

Figure 44A satellite image of the Tarbela Dam (Pakistan)


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23(c) Using an example(s), explain why small scale solutions to managing water suppliesare often sustainable. (4)

45. Study Figure 45.(a) Name the method of flood management shown in Figure 45.

(1)

Named process

*

Figure 45

46. Complete the following crossword.


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2447. Study the photograph above and describe the effects of floods. (3)

HAZARDS1. (I)Label the diagram below.Write down the number of the box where the label should go and the letter of the label you would put there. (1x6)

(ii) Which is the densest layer of the Earths cross-section? (1)2.

Figure 2: Global distribution of tropical storms


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Look closely at Figure 2. What do you noticeabout the limits to tropical storms in the twohemispheres? (2)

3. Volcanoes (8)

Across

8. Where volcanoes formDown1. Tube in the middle of a volcano2. Lava which flows down the side of the volcano3. Lumps of molten rock thrown up by thevolcano4. When volcanoes explode it is called a...5. The opening at the top of a volcano6. Where molten rock is stored inside the earth'scrust7. Form if the main event is blocked

4. (A) Study Figure 4a below. It shows a plate boundary.

Figure 4a(i) Describe the landforms A and B shown on Figure 4a. (4)

(ii) Landform C shown on Figure 4a is an area of Fold Mountains. Explain how they are formed.You may use a diagram to help your answer. (4)


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26(iii) The paragraph below explains why earthquakes occur.Complete the paragraph by using some of the words in the box. (5)

(b) The plate boundary illustrated in Figure 4a is a destructive one. Some plate boundaries are known as

constructive. Explain the processes that take place at constructive plate boundaries. (4)

(c) Describe one way a region affected by earthquakes can prepare for this hazard. (2)

(d) Using an example(s), describe the effects of earthquakes on people and property. (4)

5 Study Figures5 below. It is a map showing the global distribution of volcanoes.

Figure 5


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27(i) Name two volcanoes located in Europe. (2)

(ii) Describe the global distribution of volcanoes shown. (2)

(iii). Explain why the distribution of volcanoes is very uneven. (3)

6.Why do you think tourists like to visit volcanoes? (4)

Figure 6:Mount Vesuvius crater: a tourist attraction

7. Study Photograph 7 below. It shows an areathat has been affected by a volcanic eruption ina low-income country (LIC).(a)Identify two short-term effects and two long-term effects of such an event on people. (4)Short-term effects

Long-term

Photograph 7(b)Explain the effects of volcanic eruptions such as this on the economy of a low income country. (4)


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288. Study Photograph 8below. It shows a disaster survival kit.

Photograph 8(a) Describe how the contents of such kits help people survive the first few days afteran earthquake or

volcanic eruption. (4)

(b)Explain the methods used both before and after a natural disaster to limit its effects. (6)

(c)Explain how and why each of the following would hinder emergency aid: (4) Airport and seaport damage

Weak government

Widespread poverty

Little coordination.

.9.In your own words and with the help of hazard examples, explain what is meant by risk and adjustment. (1)

10a) What is a tectonic plate?(1)

(b)What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre of an earthquake? (1)

c) Why is it that earthquake pose a particular threat in coastal areas? (2)


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2911.When are tropical storms most common in the Northern Hemisphere? (1) June and July when sea temperatures are warming April and May when sea temperatures are cool September and October when sea temperatures are warmest?12.Describe how tropical storms are tracked and their future paths predicted. (3)

13. Explain why tropical storms generally cause more damage in LICs. Use the case studies of Hurricanes Mitch

and Floyd to support your answer. (6)

14.A) Draw a labelled diagram showing the six steps involved in the management of a hazard. (6)

b) Describe in more detail what happens at one of those steps. (3)

15.Describe the different ways in which the Japanese prepare for earthquakes. (9)


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3222. Heads and Tails exercise. Write down the word and then the letter of the sentence that best describes the word.(6)

23. Look at the diagram below.(a)Match the labels to the boxes on the diagram. Write down the number of the label and the letter of the box it

should go in. (1x6)

1. Crater 2. Magma Chamber 3. Lava Flow 4. Ash Cloud 5. Secondary Cone 6. Pipe

(b)What is the difference between magma and lava? (1)

(c). what is a dormant volcano? (1)

(d)List two ways an ash and cinder volcano is different from a composite cone volcano. (2)

1. What three different things can come out of a volcano?2. What kind of volcano is commonly found around the Pacific Ocean?3. How old are most volcanoes?4. What kind of volcano is shaped like a bowl in the middle?5. Describe a cinder cone volcano.6. What causes a volcano to erupt?

24.A) Look at the table below, it shows the impacts of two similar sized earthquakes.

(a)

Compare the effects of the two earthquakes and explain why they are not the same in both places.

(5)


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33b) Explain how the impact of an earthquake be reduced and where possible give examples. Hint, you

Should cover the following areas; prediction, precaution and preparedness. (5) To identify that the Earths plates move in four ways

25.

26.

This is a picture from the aftermath of an eruption in 1997 on aCaribbean Island called Montserrat. It has been buried by ash.

Why would anyone live near a volcano? (6)

27.This is the Blue Lagoon Thermal Spa in Iceland it has water temperatures of 40C all year around. The wateris heated by the molten rock that bubbles just below the earths crust. This is an extremely popular tourist

attractionand lots of visitors go to Iceland every year just to visit these spas. Give other reasons why people visitthe thermal spa in Iceland (4)


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3428.(a) Study figure below, which shows the island of Montserrat (West Indies) before and after the Soufriere Hills

volcano erupted in 1997.

(i) From the information on the figure, calculate the population of Montserrat after the eruption (1)

(ii) Comparethe impact of the eruption in northern Montserrat with that in southern Montserrat on (6)1. Landscape

2. Population

3. Transport

(iii) Give one short-term effect and one long-term effect of the eruption (2)


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3529.Find the words which match the following descriptions. They may be shown horizontally or vertically.

30.

Factbox:

17 Jan 1995

Epicentre in Osaka

Bay, near the cities ofKobe and Osaka

Magnitude of 7.2 on

Richter scale

Japan lies on

boundary of 3 plates,suffers lots of

earthquakes andvolcanoes as it is partof the ring of fire

Earthquake occurredon a destructive plateboundary

Violent shaking of theground and building for 20seconds

Water and food shortagesmeant the army had todeliver food to survivors

living in schools

Transport linksdisrupted, includingelevated motorway,

making it difficult foremergency services

Electricity and gas networkdamaged and in need ofrepair

Over 5,000 people killed and25,000 injured

Older houses worst hit,newer earthquake proofbuildings fared betteralthough these are moreexpensive and take longerto build

Hospitals and smallerdoctors surgeriesdestroyed

Water mains broken so nowater reached homes

Gas mains fractured,electricity cut off and

many fires started

Transport damaged,

including elevated motorwayand public transport system

200,000 buildings

collapsed leaving 300,000homeless

Schools destroyed

Aftershocks lastedhalf an hour


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36(a)Scale 1

What is the name of the scale? (1)

Who invented it? (1)

What numbers does it range from? (1)

What does it measure? (1)

(b)Scale 2

What is the name of the scale? (1)

Who invented it? (1)

What numbers does it range from? (1)

What does it measure? (1)

31.You may want to make the boxes longer! Use Bullet points rather than full sentences (10)Cyclone Sidr Bangladesh Hurrican Katrina, USA

Date and Time: Date and Time:

Strength: Strength:

Short term Impacts Short term Impacts

Long Term Impacts Long Term Impacts

Interesting thingsnot impactse.g responses,planning etc

Interesting thingsnot impactse.g responses,planning etc


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3732.Hurricanes need four conditions to form: (7)

_________ air pressure

_________temperatures

Moist ___________ air

___________winds (near the equator).

Hurricanes form in the _________, over warm ocean water

(over 27C).

Hurricanes form mostly from June to November. This is known as hurricane ____________. These powerful

storms are fuelled by the heat energy from the warm air of _________________ and the ocean.

.

33

(a)Give 4 key features of Tropical Storm patterns (4)

(b)On a world map draw the likely path of Tropical Storms (2)

Where are Tropical Storms most likely to occur? (1)

Season Thunderstorms Tropics

Trade Low Ocean Warm


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3834 (a). When in the year are more tropical storms likelyand Why? (2)

(b)Describe the sequence in the formation of a tropical storm (4)

(c)Draw an annotated cross-section of a tropical storm. (4)

(d)Why do hurricanes often lead to so many casualties? (2)

(e)Where does the main danger come from in tropical storms? (2)

35. How are hurricanes measured?

Hurricanes are measured using the Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale.

Hurricanes are given a 1-5 category rating. These categories are used to estimate the amount of damage and

flooding a hurricane will cause


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39Identifying the strength of a hurricane.

Hurricane Year Category

Galveston

Camille

1992

Mitch 1998

Charley2005

Katrina

Earl

Irene

2012

Meteorologists use equipment such as satellites, radar and weather stations to measure hurricanes. They even use

Hurricane Hunters (planes that fly through the hurricane, taking measurements and scientific readings!).

(a)Why do you think it is important to measure hurricanes? (2)

(b)How does the damage from a Category 5 hurricane differ from that of a Category 1 hurricane? (2)

(c)What else changes with different categories of hurricane as well as wind strength? (4)

35...For a tropical storm you have studied what preparations were made for the hurricane.(a)What are the Primary Effects of a hurricane? (3)

.

(b)What were the Secondary effects of a tropical storm you have studied. (3)


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41(e)How might human activity be influencing the pattern of tropical storms in the future? (3)

37.Show a picture of the impact of Hurricane Katrina in US, 2005 and Typhoon Fengshen inPhilippine, 2008.

Photograph A. Before .the storm Photograph B. After the storm

Typhoon Fengshen hits Phillippines, September 2000

(a)Express the opinions generated by the picture or what they heard/readregarding the news. How did this happen?

How were the damages of the storm? (4)

(b)If you were one of the people there, what would you do? Express your opinions about that. (2)

38.

(a)Elicit why tropical cyclones only happen in areas near to equator. (1)


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4339.Match each vocabulary word on the left, to its definition on the right.

igcse geography rivers workbook

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