Innovations in production and production technology

R. K. Malik & Andrew McDonald

CSISA Project, CIMMYT-India

Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)

Widespread

dissemination of

production and

postharvest

technologies to

increase cereal

production, resource

efficiency and

incomes

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

PRIVATE SECTOR

Contributions

New productsHybrids New technologies

Benefits

Increase in salesAccess to large no of farmers Backward integration

CHAMPION FARMERS

Contributions

Take-up sustainable intensificationOpinion buildersHelping innovationsSeed production

SAUS and ICAR-KVKs Contributions

Trained human capitalQuality farmersNew technologies

DOAField level extension

Hubs -Generate value to farmers, target and refine technologies, facilitate custom services, guide private sector about quality products, services of customized products (seeds), development of human capital, dissemination and distribution of information, and access to technologies in IARS.

MNREGA: Labor scarcity and wages

Solution: Mechanization for Sustainable Intensification

Original Widely Used Zero Till drill Paddy trans-planter (S Korean)

Zero Till Seeder for High Residues Levels Paddy Trnas-planter (Chinese)

2002......................

Peter Jennings, FLAR, 2005

Yie

ld

Variety revolution

(semi-dwarfs – 2 t / ha)350 new varieties released

Agronomic Revolution(management gain 2 t / ha, )

Creation of FLAR

.......................1968 1995

The rice revolution in South America

Acceleration of management gains

Courtesy of A. Dobermann

Green Revolution - Then

Dwarfing genes allow product of

photosynthesis for reinvestment in grain.

Sustained selection for yield by diverting

such savings into grain growth.

Proportion of crop biomass ended up in

grain increase from 30 to 50%.

Increase in yield potential is through rise

in harvest index.

• Majority of area in rabi remain fallow mainly because less residual moisture left for rabi crop

• Hybrid rice with shorter to medium duration can maintain or improve rice yield and vacate the field earlier which allows better opportunity to utilize residual moisture for rabi crops

Frequent drought and worstflooding – a cause of concern-Sub 1 and drought tolerantShahbhagi Dhan

Hybrids in maize and rice

GM crops

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

Hybrids Varieties

Pad

dy

yie

ld (

t/h

a)

Filling the food bowl now

Direct Seeded Rice

DSR in Odisha

• Mostly by broadcasting

method

– shift to line sowing with ZT

machine

• Early seeding to facilitate

rabi crops

• Shorter to medium duration

hybrids to facilitate rabi

crops

Bihar & Eastern UP

Hybrids

Inbred varieties

DSR in Odisha

• Mostly by broadcasting

method

– shift to line sowing with ZT

machine

• Early seeding to facilitate

rabi crops

• Shorter to medium duration

hybrids to facilitate rabi

crops & system

intensification

Bihar & Eastern UP

Machine transplanted rice in non-puddled soil

(MTUPR)

Odisha

• Saves labour (20 man-day/ha),

water (10%), energy (tillage costs)

and time

• Higher productivity:

– Facilitate transplanting of younger

age (15-20 days) in line &

maintain optimum plant population

– Allows more tillering due to

shallow transplanting.

– Maintains more number of

effective tillers

• Early transplanting/short duration

hybrids to facilitate double

cropping (rabi crop)

Bihar & Eastern UP

Hybrids

Inbred varieties

Direct seeded rice (DSR), Machine transplanted unpuddled

rice (MTUPR) and puddled transplanted rice (PTR)

Rice establishment methods

Pooled analysis (2010 & 2011)

Establishment

method

Paddy

Yield

(t/ha)

No. of

Demos

Std.

Deviation

DSR 5.322 563 .8325

MTUPR 6.776 145 1.2101

PTR 5.162 43 .6128

Total 5.594 751 1.0760

Achieving SI: systems-based adaptations

Shorter duration rice (e.g.

hybrids)

Early rice establishment

PH mechanization for rice

Zero-tillage for wheat

Land drainage

The thermal window for wheat in SA is shrinking

(wheat breeding +++)

R.K. Malik et al.

Laser land leveling (Interns report 2010)

• Diesel pump based irrigation in EIGP is costly.• It’s less frequency and extent impacts productivity growth

Results of rice NOPT trials and development of Rice-wheat Crop

Manager (EUP & Bihar 2013)

Estimate yield gain from applied N as

a function of target yield

Estimate yield gain from applied P as a

function of target yield (16% yield gain)

Target yield

(t/ha)

P-limited

yield (t/ha)

P2O5 rates

(kg/ha)

4 3.4 16

5 4.2 20

6 5.1 24

7 5.9 28

8 6.7 32

Target yield

(t/ha)

N-limited

yield (t/ha)

N rates

(kg/ha)

4 2.3 90

5 3.0 110

6 3.8 125

7 4.5 140

8 5.3 150

Estimate yield gain from applied K as a

function of target yield (14% yield gain)

Target yield

(t/ha)

K-limited

yield (t/ha)

K20 rates

(kg/ha)

4 3.4 23

5 4.3 29

6 5.1 34

7 6.0 40

8 6.8 46

K rate based on K balance approach

vs yield gain approach

Zinc response

There was an estimated 11% increase in rice

yield from application of Zn

Linking SPs with Public & Private SectorsIn Bihar & Eastern UP

Farmer

Wholesaler : Retailer

1 : 81 Eastern UP

1 : 106 Bihar

All Service Providers: Feb. 2014 (1398)

Dealer network in EUP & Bihar

Source: Dealer survey by NAARM interns

Capacity building of dealers and field officers

– Hybrids– Seed treatment– Varietal selection– Weed management– Fertilizer management– Pesticide spray equipment and application technology– Pest management – Exposure visits– Mechanization– Training material– Messaging- like weather forecast, insect-pest alerts– Crop insurance and climate change– Crop manager- Nutrient expert

Opportunities - many segments

• Increase in yield means rising

demand for inputs. We must

encourage more farmers to use

external inputs

• We need to mainstream service

providers and dealers to repair

the extension system.

• There is booming market for

inputs but farmers need

services.

• Labour shortage means rising

demand for mechanization in

agriculture.

• Climate change and crop

insurance

Months Business Activities

January Paddy Thresher & Herbicide Spray (Wheat) & Rice Hauler

February Paddy Thresher & Multi crop planter (Maize) & Rice Hauler

March Zero-tillage (Green Gram) & Multi crop planter (Maize) & Rice Hauler

April Wheat Thresher & Laser Land Leveller

May Laser Land Leveller, Zero-tillage Machine (DSR), Mat-type Nursery & Sale of Rice Seed

June Zero-tillage Machine (DSR), Mat-type Nursery, Laser Land Leveller, Rice Trans-planter, Bed Planting Maize, Sale of Rice Seed & Sale of Herbicide

July Rice Trans-planter, Bed Planting Maize & Herbicide Spray (Paddy & Maize) & Sale of Herbicide

August Rice Trans-planter, Herbicide Sale & Spray (Paddy & Maize)

September Pesticide Sale & Spray (Paddy & Maize)

October Zero-tillage (Mustard) & Laser Land Leveller & Sale of Wheat Seed

November Zero-tillage (Wheat & Mustard), Multi crop planter-Bed Planting (Maize), Herbicide Sale & Spray (Wheat), Paddy Thresher & Sale of Wheat Seed

December Zero-tillage (Wheat), Paddy Thresher, & Herbicide Sale & Spray (Wheat & Maize)

THANKS