I.I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

B.B. Salt Marsh PlantsSalt Marsh Plants• Cord grass (Cord grass (SpartinaSpartina))

• Salt tolerant terrestrial plantsSalt tolerant terrestrial plants• Salt glands in leaves excrete excess saltsSalt glands in leaves excrete excess salts• Inhabit temperate soft-bottom coastal areasInhabit temperate soft-bottom coastal areas• Important sources of habitat for birds, etc.Important sources of habitat for birds, etc.

• Pickleweed (Pickleweed (SalicorniaSalicornia))• HalophyteHalophyte• Occurs at higher levels in marsh with less Occurs at higher levels in marsh with less

inundation by salt waterinundation by salt water• Succulent leaves help to dilute saltsSucculent leaves help to dilute salts

Fig. 12.7Spartina

Fig. 12.8Salicornia

I.I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

C.C. MangrovesMangroves• Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species)Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species)• Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments, Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments,

often organic rich and often organic rich and anoxicanoxic• Poor competitorsPoor competitors

• All share certain characteristicsAll share certain characteristics• Salt tolerance (Salt tolerance (halophyteshalophytes))• Shallow, broad root system and Shallow, broad root system and aerial rootsaerial roots with with

pneumatophorespneumatophores (pores for gas exchange) (pores for gas exchange)• Salt glands that excrete excess saltSalt glands that excrete excess salt• Tough, succulent leaves that store waterTough, succulent leaves that store water• ViviparityViviparity

• Inhabit highly productive ecosystemsInhabit highly productive ecosystems• Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile

organismsorganisms• Protect shorelines against erosion and wave actionProtect shorelines against erosion and wave action

RedMangrove

I.I. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

C.C. MangrovesMangroves• Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species)Salt tolerant shrubs and trees (80+ species)• Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments, Tropical terrestrial plants living in soft sediments,

often organic rich and often organic rich and anoxicanoxic• Poor competitorsPoor competitors

• All share certain characteristicsAll share certain characteristics• Salt tolerance (Salt tolerance (halophyteshalophytes))• Shallow, broad root system and Shallow, broad root system and aerial rootsaerial roots with with

pneumatophorespneumatophores (pores for gas exchange) (pores for gas exchange)• Salt glands that excrete excess saltSalt glands that excrete excess salt• Tough, succulent leaves that store waterTough, succulent leaves that store water• ViviparityViviparity

• Inhabit highly productive ecosystemsInhabit highly productive ecosystems• Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile Provide important habitat for larval and juvenile

organismsorganisms• Protect shorelines against erosion and wave actionProtect shorelines against erosion and wave action

Fig. 6.14

II.II. Invertebrates - BackgroundInvertebrates - Background

• Domain EukaryotaDomain Eukaryota• Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

• MulticellularMulticellular• Invertebrates – No backboneInvertebrates – No backbone• Vertebrates – BackboneVertebrates – Backbone

• Estimate - 97% of all animal species Estimate - 97% of all animal species are invertebratesare invertebrates

III.III. Porifera (Sponges)Porifera (Sponges)

• Structurally simplest multicellular animalsStructurally simplest multicellular animals• ““Complex aggregations of specialized cells”Complex aggregations of specialized cells”• Cellular level of organizationCellular level of organization

• No true tissuesNo true tissues• No true organsNo true organs

• Most sponges are marine (~9000 species)Most sponges are marine (~9000 species)• Most speciose in shallow tropical watersMost speciose in shallow tropical waters

• All are All are sessilesessile (attached to substrate) (attached to substrate)• Diversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitatsDiversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitats

• Encrusting spongesEncrusting sponges• Glass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeletonGlass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeleton• Boring sponges (Ex - Boring sponges (Ex - ClionaCliona))• Sclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeletonSclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeleton

Fig. 7.2

III.III. Porifera (Sponges)Porifera (Sponges)

• Structurally simplest multicellular animalsStructurally simplest multicellular animals• ““Complex aggregations of specialized cells”Complex aggregations of specialized cells”• Cellular level of organizationCellular level of organization

• No true tissuesNo true tissues• No true organsNo true organs

• Most sponges are marine (~9000 species)Most sponges are marine (~9000 species)• Most speciose in shallow tropical watersMost speciose in shallow tropical waters

• All are All are sessilesessile (attached to substrate) (attached to substrate)• Diversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitatsDiversity of shapes, sizes, colors, habitats

• Encrusting spongesEncrusting sponges• Glass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeletonGlass sponges (Hexactinellids) – Silica skeleton• Boring sponges (Boring sponges (ExEx - - ClionaCliona))• Sclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeletonSclerosponges – Calcium carbonate skeleton

III.III. Porifera (Sponges)Porifera (Sponges)

A.A. Body Plan (Structure)Body Plan (Structure)• OstiaOstia – Small pores through which water enters – Small pores through which water enters• OsculumOsculum – Large opening through which water exits – Large opening through which water exits• PinacocytesPinacocytes – Flat cells covering outer surface – Flat cells covering outer surface• PorocytesPorocytes – Canal allows water to enter – Canal allows water to enter• ChoanocytesChoanocytes – Collar cells; line chambers – Collar cells; line chambers

• Beat flagella to pump water through spongeBeat flagella to pump water through sponge• Collar traps food particlesCollar traps food particles

• SponginSpongin – Elastic protein that makes up body of – Elastic protein that makes up body of many spongesmany sponges

• SpiculesSpicules – Calcareous or siliceous structures that – Calcareous or siliceous structures that provide structural support and discourage predatorsprovide structural support and discourage predators

• AmebocytesAmebocytes – Secrete spongin and spicules – Secrete spongin and spicules

Fig. 7.1

III.III. Porifera (Sponges)Porifera (Sponges)

B.B. FeedingFeeding• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders

• Filter feedersFilter feeders (active suspension feeders) (active suspension feeders)• Pump water across filter (Pump water across filter (VideoVideo))

• Ingest plankton and organic particlesIngest plankton and organic particles• Important consumers of particles in many areasImportant consumers of particles in many areas

C.C. ReproductionReproduction1.1. AsexualAsexual

• FragmentationFragmentation2.2. SexualSexual

• SpawningSpawning• Gametes produced by Gametes produced by amebocytesamebocytes, not , not gonadsgonads• Most sponges Most sponges hermaphroditichermaphroditic• Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization• Planktonic larva = Planktonic larva = parenchymulaparenchymula• Spawning Spawning Larva Larva Settlement Settlement Metamorphosis Metamorphosis

Fig. 7.4

Link: Sponge Spawning Video

IV.IV. CnidariaCnidaria

• Includes 9000+ speciesIncludes 9000+ species• Sea anemonesSea anemones• CoralsCorals• JellyfishesJellyfishes

A.A. Body PlanBody Plan• True tissues**True tissues**

• Perform specific functionsPerform specific functions• Body formsBody forms

• PolypPolyp• MedusaMedusa

• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry• Oral surfaceOral surface• Aboral surfaceAboral surface

Fig. 7.6

IV.IV. CnidariaCnidaria

A.A. Body PlanBody Plan• SystemsSystems

• Nervous systemNervous system• Digestive systemDigestive system

• Cell TypesCell Types• EpidermisEpidermis – External cell layer – External cell layer• MesogleaMesoglea – Middle layer, usually acellular – Middle layer, usually acellular• GastrodermisGastrodermis – Inner cell layer – Inner cell layer

• NematocystsNematocysts• Stinging cellsStinging cells• DefenseDefense• Prey capturePrey capture

www.calacademy.org/research/izg/nematocyst.htm

IV.IV. CnidariaCnidaria

B.B. Hydrozoa (Class)Hydrozoa (Class)• Polyp formsPolyp forms

• Often colonialOften colonial• Polyps typically smallPolyps typically small• Polyps may be specialized forPolyps may be specialized for

• FeedingFeeding• ReproductionReproduction

- Some produce small medusae that produce - Some produce small medusae that produce gametesgametes

- Ciliated free-swimming - Ciliated free-swimming planulaplanula larva larva Polyp Polyp• DefenseDefense

• Medusa forms – Usually smallMedusa forms – Usually small• May be colonialMay be colonial• Siphonophores – Colonial (Siphonophores – Colonial (ExEx - Portugese man of war) - Portugese man of war)

• Specialized polyps for swimming, feeding, Specialized polyps for swimming, feeding, reproductionreproduction

Millepora species

Fig. 7.8

IV.IV. CnidariaCnidaria

C.C. ScyphozoaScyphozoa• Medusa stage dominantMedusa stage dominant

• Polyps very small – produce juvenile medusaePolyps very small – produce juvenile medusae• Polyp stage absent in some speciesPolyp stage absent in some species

• Medusae may get very largeMedusae may get very large• ExEx – – Cyanea capillataCyanea capillata (Lion’s Mane) (Lion’s Mane)

• Bell more than 2 m in diameterBell more than 2 m in diameter• Tentacles to 60+ m longTentacles to 60+ m long

• Swim by contracting Swim by contracting bellbell rhythmically rhythmically

Desmonema glaciale

Cyanea capillata

IV.IV. CnidariaCnidaria

D.D. AnthozoaAnthozoa• More species than Hydrozoa or ScyphozoaMore species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa• No medusa stageNo medusa stage• Polyps more complex than in other classesPolyps more complex than in other classes

• Gut contains Gut contains septasepta to add surface area for digestion of prey to add surface area for digestion of prey• Passive suspension feeders and predatorsPassive suspension feeders and predators1.1. SolitarySolitary forms forms

• Sea anemones – polyps may be very largeSea anemones – polyps may be very large

2.2. ColonialColonial forms formsa.a. CoralsCorals

• Stony corals – branching and doming (massive)Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics- Some build reefs in tropics• Soft coralsSoft corals

b.b. Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spiculesPrecious corals – Protein skeleton + spiculesc.c. Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeletonGorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeletond.d. Sea pens – No skeletonSea pens – No skeletone.e. Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescentSea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent

Anthopleura xanthogrammica

Branching Corals Doming Corals

Soft Corals Precious Corals