“if a tree falls…” if a tree falls in the forest and there is nobody around to hear it… does...
TRANSCRIPT
““If a tree falls…”If a tree falls…”
If a tree falls in the forest and there is
nobodyaround to hear it…
Does it make a noise?
NO…Sound (like colour) is all in your head!
HearingHearing
What is Sound?What is Sound?Compression & Rarefaction
of air molecules.
Sound WavesSound WavesAmplitude (Loudness)
Strength or height of thewave
Frequency (Pitch)Distance twixt consecutive
peaks
Mix (Timbre)Interaction of different
waves
1 Hertz = 1 Cycle/Sec1 Hertz = 1 Cycle/Sec Human HearingHuman Hearing20 - 20k Hz20 - 20k Hz
Perceiving PitchPerceiving Pitch
Georg von Békésy1899-1972
Place Theory - pitch determined bypoint of maximal vibration on
basilar membraneTraveling Wave Theory 1957Traveling Wave Theory 1957
Frequency Theory - pitch determined by the rateat which the hair cells fire (i.e., 1KHz tone cause
hair cells to fire 1k times/sec) Volley PrincipleVolley Principle
The EarThe Ear
Houses two senses
Hearing
Equilibrium (balance)
Receptors are mechanoreceptors
Anatomy of the EarAnatomy of the Ear
Slide 8.21
The ear is divided into three areas Outer
(external) ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Figure 8.12
The External EarThe External Ear
Slide 8.22
Involved in hearing only
Structures of the external ear Pinna
(auricle)
External auditory canal
Figure 8.12
The External Auditory CanalThe External Auditory Canal
Slide 8.23
Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
Lined with skin
Ceruminous (wax) glands are present
Ends at the tympanic membrane
malleus
cochlea
incus
pinnapinna
auditory canalauditory canal
tympanic membranetympanic membrane
auditory/8th nerve
Outer EarOuter Ear
Tympanic MembraneTympanic Membrane - collect “sound” &
vibrate ossicles
PinnaPinna - collect and direct “sound” into auditory canal
Auditory CanalAuditory Canal - amplify & funnel “sound” totympanic membrane
The Middle Ear or Tympanic CavityThe Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Slide 8.24a
Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
Only involved in the sense of hearing
Middle EarMiddle Ear
MalleusMalleus - vibrate & move the IncusIncusIncus - vibrate & move the StapesStapesStapes - vibrate against Oval Window of Cochlea
malleusmalleus incusincus
handleof malleus
long processof incus
stapesstapes
The Middle Ear or Tympanic CavityThe Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Slide 8.24b
Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
The opening from the auditory canal is covered by the tympanic membrane
The auditory tube connecting the middle ear with the throat
Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing
This tube is otherwise collapsed
Bones of the Tympanic CavityBones of the Tympanic Cavity
Slide 8.25a
Three bones span the cavity
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrip)
Figure 8.12
Bones of the Tympanic CavityBones of the Tympanic Cavity
Slide 8.25b
Vibrations from eardrum move the malleus
These bones transfer sound to the inner ear
Figure 8.12
Inner Ear or Bony LabyrinthInner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Slide 8.26a
Includes sense organs for hearing and balance
Filled with perilymph
Figure 8.12
Inner Ear or Bony LabrynthInner Ear or Bony Labrynth
Slide 8.26b
A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Inner EarInner Ear
lateralsemicircular
canal
posteriorsemicircular
canal
vestibule
anteriorsemicircuar
canal
cochleacochlea
CochleaCochlea - filled with fluid & contains receptorsfor hearing (Hair Cells)(Hair Cells)
Basilar MembraneBasilar Membrane - divides length of cochlea & holdsthe hair cells
Auditory PathwayAuditory Pathway
Organs of HearingOrgans of Hearing
Slide 8.27a
Organ of Corti
Located within the cochlea
Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane
Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells
Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
Organs of HearingOrgans of Hearing
Slide 8.27b
Mechanisms of HearingMechanisms of Hearing
Slide 8.28
Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane
Hair cells are bent by the membrane
An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve
Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation
Mechanisms of HearingMechanisms of Hearing
Slide 8.29Figure 8.14
Organs of EquilibriumOrgans of Equilibrium
Slide 8.30a
Receptor cells are in two structures
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Figure 8.16a, b
Organs of EquilibriumOrgans of Equilibrium
Slide 8.30b
Equilibrium has two functional parts
Static equilibrium – sense of gravity at rest
Dynamic equilibrium – angular and rotary head movements
Figure 8.16a, b
Static EquilibriumStatic Equilibrium
Slide 8.31
Maculae – receptors in the vestibule Report on the position of the head
Send information via the vestibular nerve
Anatomy of the maculae Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic
membrane
Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells
Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells
Function of MaculaeFunction of Maculae
Slide 8.32
Figure 8.15
Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium
Slide 8.33a
Crista ampullaris – receptors in the semicircular canals
Tuft of hair cells
Cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
Figure 8.16c
Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium
Slide 8.33b
Action of angular head movements
The cupula stimulates the hair cells
An impulse is sent via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
Figure 8.16c
Chemical Senses – Taste and Chemical Senses – Taste and SmellSmell
Slide 8.34
Both senses use chemoreceptors
Stimulated by chemicals in solution
Taste has four types of receptors
Smell can differentiate a large range of chemicals
Both senses complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli
Olfaction – The Sense of SmellOlfaction – The Sense of Smell
Slide 8.35
Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the nasal cavity
Neurons with long cilia
Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection
Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory nerve
Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex
Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Epithelium
Slide 8.36
Figure 8.17
The Sense of TasteThe Sense of Taste
Slide 8.37
Taste buds house the receptor organs
Location of taste buds Most are on
the tongue
Soft palate
Cheeks Figure 8.18a, b
Structure of Taste BudsStructure of Taste Buds
Slide 8.39a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gustatory cells are the receptors
Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
Structure of Taste BudsStructure of Taste Buds
Slide 8.39b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Anatomy of Taste BudsAnatomy of Taste Buds
Slide 8.40Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.18
Taste SensationsTaste Sensations
Slide 8.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sweet receptors Sugars Saccharine Some amino acids
Sour receptors Acids
Bitter receptors Alkaloids
Salty receptors Metal ions
Developmental Aspects of the Developmental Aspects of the Special SensesSpecial Senses
Slide 8.42Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Formed early in embryonic development
Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
All special senses are functional at birth