ieee paper on mobile computing based on the title kiot mobile technology
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8/13/2019 IEEE paper on mobile computing based on the title KIOT Mobile Technology
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KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Salem-637 504
Beyo! "o#le!$e
WI%E LESS &OWE% T%'NS(ISSION 'ND GO)E%NING OF
ELECT%IC D%I)ESUSING (OBILE TECHNOLOGY*
S+,m..e! By/-
'*SOWNTH'%Y' (*SOWNTH'%Y'
SECOND YE'%-CSE SECOND YE'%-CSE
Emal !/o#.1a2yaa!1$mal*om Emal !/o#4$mal*om
8/13/2019 IEEE paper on mobile computing based on the title KIOT Mobile Technology
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'BST%'CT
Now a day’s whole world is
more depends upon petroleum
products for energy to Drive the
motors &vehicle But it will
exhaust one day go we have to go
for alternate trend. Now we are
using electricity for drive the train
by passing the power through
conductor &some vehicle by using
battery. But in this paper we want
to explain Wire less power
transmission to electric drives and
it can governed by using mobile
technology. There are various
technologies available so for wireless transmission of electricity &
the need for a wire less system of
energy transmission is being
discussed to find its possibility in
actual practices their
advantageous disadvantageous &
economical consideration.
This paper is mainly concentrate
on
!The most popular concept "nown
as tesla theory
!The micro wave power
transmission #$%T called solar
power satellite
!$agnetron &'ectenna &electric
drives in vehicle
!Billing system according to
mobile technology
This paper also discusses the
possible way to get useful
&practical result.
INT%ODUCTION
(n present day we using
fossil fuels for drive the vehicle itis toxic to our atmosphere & it will
exhaust one day so we need
alternate trend that is using
electric power by using batteries &
by passing power through
conductor But it is not affective
for all so we want to go for wire
less power transmission to drive
the electric drives. &(t is pollution
free reduces losses there is no
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need of conductors. The
transmission of power without
wires may be one noble alternative
for electricity transmission.
H.o2y o W2ele &o#e2
T2amo/
(n )*+, -ames . $axwell
predicted the existence of radio
waves by means of mathematical
model. (n )**, -ohn /. %oynting
reali0ed that the %oynting 1ector
would play an important role in
2uantifying the electromagnetic
energy. (n )*** bolstered by
$axwell3s theory /einrich /ert0
first succeeded in showing
experimental evidence of radio
waves by his spar"4gap radio
transmitter. The prediction and
5vidence of the radio wave in the
end of )6th century was start of the
wireless power transmission. 7t
the same period of $archese 8.
$arconi and 'eginald 9essenden
who are pioneers of
communication via radio waves
Nicola Tesla suggested an idea of
the wireless power transmission
and carried out the first W%T
experiment in )*66. /e said :This
energy will be collected all over
the globe preferably in small
amounts ranging from a fraction
of one to a few horse4powers. ;ne
of its chief uses will be the
illumination of isolated homes<.
/e actually built a gigantic coil
which was connected to a high
mast of =>>4ft with a ? ft4diameter
ball at its top. /e fed ?>> "W
power to the Tesla coil resonated
at )@> "/0. The '9 potential at the
top sphere reached )>> $1.
Anfortunately he failed because
the transmitted power was diffused
to all directions with )@> "/0
radio waves whose wave length
was =) "m. To concentrate the
transmitted power and to increase
transmission efficiency we have to
use higher fre2uency than that
used by Tesla. (n )6?>s much
progress in generating high4power
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8/13/2019 IEEE paper on mobile computing based on the title KIOT Mobile Technology
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TECHNOLOGY USED
!Wire less power transmitter
!'eceiver or 'ectifier!5lectric drives
!%ost paid energy meter using
mobile technology
'* W2ele o#e2
.2am..e2
). Tesla theory
=. $icro wave power
transmitter
?. Asing ultrasound
,. Asing laser beam
TESL' TOWE%
The most popular concept "nown
is Tesla Theory in which it was
firmly believed that Wardenclyffe
would permit wireless
transmission & reception across
large distance with negligible
losses.
(IC%OW')E &OWE%
T%'NS(ITTE%
'.ea o2 (2o#a8e &o#e2
T2amo
/owever we have to use a phased
array antenna for the $%T fromto
moving transmitterreceiver which
include the E%E because we have
to control a microwave beam
direction accurately and speedy.
The phased array is a directive
antenna which generate a beam
form whose shape and direction by
the relative phases and amplitudes
of the waves at the individual
antenna elements. (t is possible to
steer the direction of the
microwave beam. The antenna
elements might be dipoles slot
antennas or any other type of
antenna even parabolic antennas.
(n some $%T experiments in
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-apan the phased array antenna
was adopted to steer a direction of
the microwave beam .7ll E%E is
designed with the phased array
antenna. We consider the phased
array antenna for all
9ollowing $%T system.
(a$e.2o
$agnetron is a crossed field tube
in which
E ×Β forces electrons emitted from
the cathode to ta"e cyclonical path
to the anode. The magnetron is
self4oscillatory device in which the
anode contains a resonant '9
structure. The magnetron has long
history from invention by 7. W.
/ull in)6=). The practical and
efficient magnetron tube gathered
world interest only after F. ;"abe
proposed the divided anode4type
magnetron in )6=*.
The magnetron is suitable device
for the $%T because of high
efficiency and low cost
7nd unsuitable device because of
its unstable fre2uency and
uncontrollable phase. (f we do not
ma"e a phased array to control
beam direction electrically the
magnetron can be applied for the
$%T system. /owever the
coo"er4type magnetron itself
cannot be applied for the phased
array4type $%T because it is only
a generator and we cannot
controlstabili0e the phase and the
amplitude. The coo"er4type
magnetron was considered as
noisy device. (t is however
confirmed that spurious emissions
from the coo"er4type magnetron
with a stable D power supply is
low enough and this
an be applied to the $%T system.
%ea" levels of higher harmonics
are below 4+> dBc and other
spurious is below 4)>> dBc.
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Sae ola2 o#e2
The space solar power
satellite (SSPS or SPS) that
will transmit energy from
space to the Earth has a
potential to become an
alternative energy sources
even though there are many
technical and other hurdles to
realize it. Basic idea of SSPS
is to collect the solar Energy
in orbit and send it to ground
by Microwave, laser beam or
some other way. In case of
sending the energy by
microwave, the solar energy
must be converted to electrical
energy and then converted
further to the microwave (see
Fig.2).The on-ground
rectifying antenna will receive
this microwave beam and
convert it into the electrical
energy. Major hurdle in this
power transmission is how to
improve efficiency of
converting the solar energy to
the electrical energy. Much
type of solar cells and other
type of energy conversion
system are being developed or
proposed. Typical energy
conversion ratio from the
solar energy to the electrical
energy is 10% to 30%. Since
other
Conversion ratios such as
from the electricity to the
microwave, from the
microwave to the electricity
are much higher than this
conversion ratio, the
conversion ratio from the
solar energy
To the electrical energy will
mainly decide the size of the
space segment (satellite)
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%ECEI)E% 9 %ECTIFIE%
%e.ea
%oint4to4point $%T system needs
a large receiving area with a
rectenna array because one
rectenna element receives and
creates only a few W. 5specially
for the E%E we need a huge
rectenna site and a power networ"
connected to the existing power
networ"s on the ground. ;n
contrary there are some $%T
applications with one small
rectenna element such as '94(D.
The rectenna will be used as an
array for high power $%T because
one rectenna element rectifies a
few W only. 9or usual phased
array antenna mutual coupling and
phase distribution are problems to
solve. 9or the rectenna array
problem is different from that of
the array antenna because the
rectenna array is connected not in
microwave phase but in D phase.
When we connect two rectennas in
series or in parallel they will not
operate at their optimum power
output and their combined power
output will be less than that if
operated independently. This is
theoretical prediction. (t is caused
by characteristic of the '94D
conversion efficiency of the
rectenna elements shown in 9ig. (t
was experimentally and
theoretically reported that the total
power decrease with series
connection is more than that with
parallel connection. (t was further
confirmed with simulation and
experiments that current
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e2uali0ation in series connection is
worse
Than voltage e2uali0ation in
parallel connection. There is the
optimum connection of the
rectenna array.
%ee. Te1olo$e o
Cylo.2o Wa8e Co8e2.e2
(f we would li"e to use a
parabolic antenna as a $%T
receiver we have to use yclotron
Wave onverter #W instead of
the rectenna. The W is a
microwave tube to rectify high
power microwave directly intoD. The most studied cyclotron
wave converter #W comprises
an electron gun a microwave
cavity with uniform transverse
electric field in the gap of
interaction a region with
symmetrically reversed #or
decreasing to 0ero static magnetic
field and a collector with
depressed potential . $icrowave
power of an external source is
converted by this coupler into the
energy of the electron beam
rotation the latter is transformed
into additional energy of the
longitudinal motion of the electron
beam by reversed static magnetic
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fieldG then extracted by
decelerating electric field of the
collector and appeared at the load4
resistance of this collector.
ELECT%IC D%I)ES
Drive system
performance is an essential part of
the 51. The drive system is the
lin" between the energy stored in
the batteries and the transfer of this
energy to the road. 7 high
efficiency drive system can best
utili0e the batteries and effectively
reduce the price of owning an 51.
Therefore accurate measurement
of drive system efficiency is
primary concern for the 51 drive
system designer.
&o#e2 Coe.o
The electric vehicle battery4
pac" is used on the dynamometer
to provide a high current D lin".
Because a battery can absorb
current as well as supply it this
dynamometer can effectively test
all four 2uadrants of motor
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operation. The present
dynamometer configuration
connects both the load reference
and drive system under test to the
same battery pac". Therefore
during a test power is circulated
from one inverter to
7nother. This configuration
eliminates the need for a load ban"
to dissipate
$echanical power generated by
the drive system under test. Hosses
in the drive systems are made up
by a parallel4connected @>4
"ilowatt power
Eupply. The power supply is
always connected while a
dynamometer test is running
;therwise the energy stored in the
batteries is slowly depleted over
the course of a test. This power
supply is also used for charge
maintenance of the batteries
BILLING SYSTE(
By using 5nergy meter &
Technology of mobile billing
system we can find out how much
energy is consumed by vehicle &
we can collect revenue of that.
Billing can be done by either pre
paid or post paid li"e mobile
according to consumption of
energy.
Ele.2o
ee2$y me.e2
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(E%ITS!(t is pollution free
!No conductor cost
!The system would reduce the cost
of electrical energy used by the
rid the landscape of wires cables
and transmission towers.
!There is no transmission &
distribution loss.
!/igh transmission integrity &
low loss #6>46C efficient
!5nergy management throughout
the world.
LI(IT'TION
The concept loo"s to be costly
initially.
'ectenna si0e is more.
$aintaining constant
fre2uency of microwave is
difficult.
/eat reduction will be a
serious problem
;ne of the characteristics of
the $%T is to use more intense
microwave than that in wireless
communication systems.
Therefore
We have to consider $%T
safety for human. (n recent years
there have been considerable
discussions and concerns about the
possible effect for human health by
'9 and $W radiation.
!(n general effect of
atmosphere to microwave is 2uite
small. There are absorption and
scatter by air rain and irregularity
of air refraction ratio. (n =.,@ 8/0
and @.* 8/0 the absorption by
water vapor and oxygen dominate
the effect in the air.
'DDITION'L %E('%'KS/
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$any concepts research papers
patents are available on wireless
transmission of electricity but most
research wor" were carried out in
isolation so it needs a Ioint
collaborative efforts to get very
useful results on this advanced
technology on power transmission
for the benefit of man"ind globally
in future. Whatever the future may
bring the universal application of
these great principles is fully
assured and through it may be
long in coming. With the opening
of first power plant incredulity
will give way to wonderment and
this to ingratitude as ever before.
(f this has had not been happened
then today we will be in wonder
world of plenty of power using the
technology of wireless
transmission of electricity.
CONCLUSION/
The transmission of power
without wires is not a theory or
a mere possibility it is now a
reality. The electrical energy
can be economi 4cally
transmitted without wires to
any tires 4trial distance. $any
researchers have established
innumerous observations
5xperiments and
measurements 2ualitative and
2uantit4ative.Dr.N.Tesla is the
pioneer of this invention.
Wireless transmission
of electricity has tremendous
merits li"e high transmission.
(ntegrity and How Hoss #6>4
6Cefficient and can be
transmitted to anywhere in the
globe and eliminate the need
for an inefficient costly and
capital investive grid of
cables towers and substations.
The system would reduce the
cost of electrical energy used
by the consumer and get rid of
the landscape of wires cables
and transmission towers. (t has
negligible demerits li"e
reactive power which was
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found insignificant and
biologically compatible. (t has
a tremendous economic impact
to human society. $any
countries will benefit from this
service. $onthly electric utility
billing system much li"e
:$obile Technology :of today.
%EFE%ENCES/
J)K Tesla N. :The transmission of
electric energy without wires< the
thirteenth 7nniversary Number of
the 5lectrical World and 5ngineer
$arch @ )6>,.
J=K Ta"ano T. 7. Eugawara and
N. Fano :Eimplification
Techni2ues of the onstitution of
$icrowave Transmission
7ntennas of E%E #in -apanese<
Tech. 'ep. of (5(5
E%E=>>?4>6#E%E=>>,4>= =>>,
pp.@)4@*
J?KhttpLwww.inventionandtechnol
ogy.comxml=>>@,itM=>>@M,Mfe
atM,.xml
J,K Brown W. . :The /istory of
the Development of the 'ectenna<
%roc. ;f E%E microwave systems
wor"shop at -E4N7E7 -an. )@4
)* )6*> pp.=C)4=*>.