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TRANSCRIPT
1
½IaxmifYpkHrS avYvmjcif; -
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2
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1 Russell Shor and Robert Weldon, “Ruby and Sapphire Production and Distribution: A Quarter Century of Change,” Gems & Gemology 45, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 239.
2 Emma Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review (World Bank, 2016), 42.3 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 7 and 45–47.
3
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4 ywÅjrm; 150 teuf 12 vkH;onf a':vm 5 aomif;ausmfonf/ Shor and Weldon, “Ruby and Sapphire Production and Distribution,” 239.
5 Richard Hughes, “World Sources: Burmese Ruby & Sapphire | Pt. 4,” Ruby & Sapphire, last modified 7 March 2013, http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm.
6 rkd;ukwf a'ocHrsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIrsm;
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7 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 78.8 2017 Zlvkdif? ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf
9 2017 Mo*kwf? rkd;ukwfrS vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf
10 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 55 and 4811 Ibid12 2017 Zlvkdif? rkd;ukwfukefonfESifh ar;jref;csuf
13 t*FvdyfpmvkH;aygif; rluGJ trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ tcsdKUu Mongshu [k aygif;onf/ tcsdKUu
Mineshu [k aygif;onf/
14 Hughes, “World Sources: Burmese Ruby & Sapphire | Pt. 4.”
6
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teDa&mifausmufwGif c&rf;&ifha&mif pGJaeonf/ tvGefjrifhrm;onfh tylwkdufNyD;aemufwGif
ta&mifESifh awmufyMunfvifrIrsm; ododomom wkd;wufvmonf/16 tylwkduf ta&mifwifjcif;
twGuf xkdif;onf pk&yfjzpfonf/ csebl&DNrdKUwGif t"du vkyfaqmifMuonf/ rkdif;½I;ausmufrsm;
t"du a&mufoGm;onfh ae&monf xkdif;EkdifiH jzpfonf/17 2000 0ef;usifckESpfrsm;wGif csebl&D&Sd
ywÅjrm; 99 &mckdifEIef;onf rkdif;½I;xGufywÅjrm;rsm; jzpfMuonf[k uRrf;usifolwpfOD;u cefYrSef;
xm;onf/18 jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd tylwkduf ta&mifwif vkyfief;rsm;onf xkdif;EkdifiHESifh ,SOfvsif
acwfaemufus usefaecJYNyD jzpfonf[k ar;jref;cJYorQ vkyfief;&Sif tm;vkH;u ajymonf/ jrefrm
EkdifiH&Sd ywÅjrm;ukrÜPDBuD; wpfcku ukd,fykdif tylwkduf ta&mifwifpuf½kH wnfaxmifxm;aomf
vnf; tajctaet&yf&yfwGif aemufusaeqJ jzpfonf/19 xkdif;0,fvufrsm;onf rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm;
aps;uGuf\ wpfckwnf;aom 0,fvufrsm;ozG,f jzpfaeonf[k jrefrmausmufrsufvkyfief;&Sif
rsm;u ajymjyonf/20 xkdif;ukefonfrsm;onf rkdif;½I;okdY wkduf½kdufvmNyD; ausmufrsufrsm;0,f,l
um21 a&TBwd*H rl;,pfvrf;aMumif;rsm;rSwqifh jynfyodkY xkwf,loGm;Muonf/22 xkdif;ukefonfrsm;
onf ausmufrsufjyyGJokdY wufa&mufNyD; t½kdif;wkH;rsm; 0,f,lMuonf[k qkdolrsm;vnf; &Sd
onf/23
2/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ ausmufrsufpDrHrI
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh BuHKawGUae&onfh ausmufrsufu@ pDrHrI tcuf
tcJrsm;? aqmif&Gufaeonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkyg avYvmrS jrefrmYywÅjrm; u@wGif awGU
ae&onfh tcuftcJrsm;udk tukeftpif em;vnfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ tvG,fwul ckd;xkwfEkdifjcif;?
tBudKuf ESifh uRrf;usifrIay:vkdufí jzpfwnfaomaMumifh aygufaps; rSef;q&ef cufcJjcif;wkdYaMumifh
15 Richard Hughes and Olivier Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment,” Ruby & Sapphire, last modified 29 January 2014, http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/foreign-affairs.htm.
16 tylay;&ef vkdtyfjcif;aMumifh rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm;onf BudKufaps;rawmif;EkdifyJ aps;avsmYonf/
&Hzef&Hcg tylay; vkyfief;pOfwGif rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm; twGif;om;okdY zef? borax jznfhjcif;?
temz,fjcif;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfonfjzpfaomaMumifh prf;oyfawGU&Sdygu tylay;
jyKjyifxm;onfh ausmuf\ aps;EIef;udk ododomom xdckdufaponf/ aps;uGuftwGif;rS
0,f,lolrsm;twGufvnf; tcsif;rsm;p&m jzpfonf/ Hughes and Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment.” ukdMunfhyg/
17 &Srf;jynfrS a&TUajymif;oGm;aomfvnf; ausmufvkyfief;ESifh xdpyfaeqJjzpfonfh yGJpm;rsm;aMumifh
jzpfEkdifonf/ Lehman (Chit Hlaing), “The Central Position of the Shan/Tai as ‘Knowledge Brokers’ in the Inter-Ethnic Network of the China-Burma (Myanmar) Borderlands.” (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2007), https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5293/2/10chithlaing-shan_paper.pdf.
18 Hughesand Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment.”19 Ruby Dragon Jade & Gems company website: http://www.rubydragongroup.com/
gemstones.html.20 2017 ZlvkdifwGif ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf
21 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 52.22 2017 Mo*kwfwGif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf
23 2017 Mo*kwfwGif ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf
7
½IaxmifYpkkHrS avYvmjcif; - jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkkyfief; pDrHrIESifh y#dyu© jzpfay:EdkkifrI
ausmufrsufrsm;udk pDrH&mwGif tcuftcJrsm; &Sdonf/ xkdYjyif ywÅjrm;onf tvGef vGwfvyfí
tcsKyftcs,f enf;onfh a&mifpkH ausmufrsufaps;uGuf\ tpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpf&m pdefuJhokdY
a&mif;vkdtm;xdef;csKyfrI aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJonf/ rkd;ukwfESifh rkdif;½I;wGifvnf; tvm;wlyifjzpfNyD;
,kHMunf&onfh tcsdwftqufrsm;udk t"duxm; a&mif;0,fMuonf/ ta&mif;t0,f pmcsKyfrsm;
r&SdyJESifh yrmP trsm;tjym;udk ta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyfMuonf/ ausmufta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyf
aeolrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY 0,f,lonfhae&m? ¤if;wkdY tcsdwftqufrsm;udk azmfjyvkdjcif; r&Sdyg/24
Mum;cH tqifhqifh yg0ifrIrsm;aMumifhvnf; jrefrmY&wemrsm; aemufaMumif;vkduf&mwGif ½IyfaxG;
rIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/
Oya'ESifh pnf;urf;rsm; ½IyfaxG;rIaMumifh jrefrmYausmufrsufu@ pDrHrI tcuftcJonf ykdí
½IyfaxG;aeonf/ ywÅjrm;u@ESifh oufqkdifrI t&SdqkH; Oya'rSm ausmufrsufOya' jzpfonf/
1995 wGif a&;qGJtwnfjyKNyD; 2016 wGif jyKjyifrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJYonf/ vuf&Sd pmwrf;jyKpkaecsdefwGif
Oya'opfudk vTwfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;aeygonf/ (tao;pdwf od&Sdvkdygu NRGI’s Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar wGif avYvmEkdifygonf/) tjcm;
aom obm0 o,HZmwrsm;uJhokdYyif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufudkvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
ukd,fwkdifaqmif&Gufaeonfh EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm;u t"du OD;pD; apmifhMunfhonf/ jrefrmYausmuf
rsuf&wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief; (Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE) onf vkdifpifcsxm;
ay;jcif;? tcGefaumufcHjcif;wkdYudk wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufonf/ w&m;0if ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;udkvnf;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;pDpOfonf/25 yk*¾vdu vkyfief;trsm;tjym;ESifh xkwfvkyfrI cGJa0cHpm;jcif;
pmcsKyf (production sharing contracts) csKyfqkdum wl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;vkyfief;
rsm;rS tjrwfcGJwrf;rsm; &&Sdonf/ us,fjyefYonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ wpfckvkH;udk
xda&mufpGm apmifhMunfhEkdifpGrf; MGE wGif r&Sdyg/ ¤if; tusdK;wl oabmwlnDcsufjzifh yg0if
vkyfukdifaeonfh ukrÜPDrsm;udkom apmifhMunfhrIrsm; jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ okdYaomfvnf; 2016 ckESpf
wGif wl;azmfa&;ygrpf 98 &mckdifEIef;onf tusdK;wl r[kwfyJ? yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;okdY csxm;ay;cJY
onf/ xkdYaMumifh yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;onf apmifhMunfhrI r&SdyJ vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufEkdifMuonf?
xkwfvkyfrnfh enf;vrf;udk vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fEkdifMuonf? pm&if;wifrnfhyrmPudk pdwfBudKuf
qkH;jzwfMuonf? w&m;0if a&mif;rnf? arSmifckdxkwfrnfudk pdwfBudKuf qkH;jzwf vkyfukdifEkdifMuonf
[k EITI ausmufrsuftpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/26 &&Sdvmonfh tcGefaiG trsm;pkudk jynf
olY tokH;p&dwfokdY xnfh&rnfhtpm; MGE \ oD;oefY bPfpm&if;okdYom ay;ydkYodrf;qnf;xm;onf/
(oD;oefY pm&if;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; NRGI’s Gilded Gatekeepers for more on these “Other Accounts.” wGif Munfhyg/)
jrefrmEkdifiH\ ausmufrsufu@ pDrHrIykHpHaMumifh EkdifiHwum ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh 0ifa&muf &if;
ESD;&ef tcuftcJjzpfaeonf/ ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfjcif; odkYr[kwf wl;azmfjcif;ESifh qkdifNyD; 2016
jyifqifcsufwGif EkdifiHjcm;om; 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifjcif;udk uefYowfxm;onf/ ausmufpdrf;?
ywÅjrm;? eDvm ESifh pdef wkdYtwGuf wGif;0cGefudk 20 &mckdifEIef; owfrSwfxm;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\
owfrSwf tcGefEIef;onf tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rS tcGefEIef;xm;xuf tenf;qkH; 2 q ydkrsm;aeonf/
,cifu EkdifiHjcm;ydkYcGifhudkvnf; ydwfyifxm;onfjzpf&m arSmifckdxkwfa&mif;&ef wGef;tm;jzpfapcJY
onf/27 jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf &wem t½kdif;wkH;rsm; jynfywifykdYrIudkvnf;
,cifOya'wGif ydwfyifxm;cJYonf/ 2016 jyifqifcsufwGif ydwfyifxm;rIudk z,f&Sm;vkdufaomf
vnf; ausmufrsuf t½kdif;wkH;rsm; w&m;0ifwifykdYjcif; vkyfief;pOfudk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif;
r&Sdyg/28 Oya' owfrSwfcsuft& MGE okdY wGif;0cGef ay;aqmifNyD;ygu ukrÜPDrsm;onf ¤if;
wkdY\ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk aejynfawmfwGif jyKvkyfonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
24 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 48.25 “Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation: Duties.”26 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 7.27 NRGI research, 2017.28 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 2017, 55.
8
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a&mif;csEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf ukefonfrsm;odkY a&mif;cscGifh&Sdonf/29 ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;onf
EkdifiHwum ausmufrsufta&mif;t0,frsm; jzpfay:&eftwGuf &nf&G,fonf jzpfaomfvnf;
ywÅjrm;ta&mif;t0,f trsm;pkrSm ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif yGJjzpfavY r&Sdyg/ ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;
onf ausmufpdrf;0,fvkdonfh w½kwf yGJpm;rsm;twGufom t"dujzpfonf/30
apmifhMunfh&mwGif tuefYtowf&Sdjcif;? pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;wkdYaMumifh
jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkyfief;\ wefzkd; cefYrSef;jcif;udk ykdí cufcJaponf/ jrefrmEkdifiHxGuf ywÅjrm;rsm;
onf EkdifiHwum avvHrsm;wGif ykHrSefpHcsdef csdK;avY&Sdonf/ 2015 ckESpf a[mifaumifwGif jyK
vkyfcJYonfh Christie avvHyGJwGif 15 um&uf&Sd “Crimson Flame” udk urÇmYpHcsdefjzpfaom
wum&uf 1 .2 oef;jzifh a&mif;cscJY&onf/31 okdYaomfvnf; tpkd;&Xmersm;u xkwfjyefonfh
ta&mif;qkdif&m? xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m udef;*Pef;rsm;rSm tBuD;tus,f uGJvGJaeonf/ tpkd;&
xkwfjyefonfh udef;*Pef; trsm;pkonf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf ESpfckvkH;udk aygif;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ wpfckwnf;aom Oya'jzifh pDrHjcif;? yl;wGJa&mif;csjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ywÅjrm;qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; odD;oefY cGJxkwf&efrSm tcuftcJ&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHxGuf tjcm;ausmufrsuf
rsm;onf ausmufpdrf;u@uJhokdY aiGtrsm;tjym; &SmazGEkdifjcif; r&Sdyg/ MGE u EITI rSwqifh
xkwfjyefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;wGif wl;azmfcJYonfh ywÅjrm;rsm;\ cefYrSef; wefzkd;udk azmfjyxm;
jcif; r&Sdyg/ 2013 - 2015 twGif; wpfESpfvQif ywÅjrm; um&uf 400000 xkwf,lonf[k
MGE tcsuftvufrsm;t& od&onfhwkdifatmif ausmufrsufrsm;\ wum&ufjcif; wefzkd;rSm
0,folay:wGif rlwnfaeonfjzpfaomaMumifh u@wpfckvkH;\ wefzkd;udk wGufcsuf&ef jynfhpkH
jcif; r&Sdyg/32
2014 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) tzGJU0ifEkdifiH jzpfvmonf/ obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m wm0efcHrIrsm; tm;aumif;vmap&ef pwdwf
[kd'g tvTmpkH yg0ifaom EkdifiHwum twkdif;twmESifh aqmif&Gufaeonfh yGifhvif;jrifomrI pepf
wpfckjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; yxrqkH; EITI tpD&ifcHpmtjzpf 2013 - 2014 b@ma&;ESpf
wGif xkwfa0cJY&m ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPD 30 om yg0ifcJYonf/ ausmufrsufvkdifpif
wifjyonfh ukrÜPD 4 ckom &SdNyD; usefukrÜPDrsm;rSm ausmufpdrf;ESifh ywfoufonfudkom azmf
jycJYMuonf/ xkwfvkyfrItrsm;qkH; okdYr[kwf ausmufrsufjyyGJjyifywGif ukefonfrsm;tm; a&mif;
csrI trsm;qkH;ay:wGif a&G;cs,fjcif; r[kwfyJ tedrfhqkH; owfrSwfcsuftaejzifh usyfaiG 10 bDvD
,H (a':vm 7 .3 oef;) zkd; ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf&wemjyyGJwGif w&m;0if a&mif;cs&onfh
ukrÜPDrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;cJYonf/ ausmufrsufta&mif;t0,f t"du jyKvkyfonfh
ae&monf ausmufrsufjyyGJ r[kwfojzifh ausmufrsufjyyJT tcsuftvufrsm;udk EITI owfrSwf
csuftjzpf tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh EITI onf ausmufrsufu@ yGifhvif;jrifomrIudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
taxmuftul rjyKonfh oabmjzpfonf/ aemifwGif jyKpkrnfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif ausmufpdrf;
ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPD trsm;tjym; wkd;wufyg0ifvmEkdif&ef owfrSwfcsufudk jyKjyifoihfaMumif;
jrefrm EITI pwdwf[kd'grsm;u tBuHjyKonf/
29 Ibid., 40.30 Oyrmtm;jzifh 2017 Mo*kwf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif ausmuftwGJaygif; 6887 wGJrSm 326
wGJomvsif ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm wefzkd;jrifhrm;onfh ausmuffpdrf;
t½kdif;wkH;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if; ausmufrsufjyyJG a&mif;&aiG ,l½kd 515 oef;wGif ausmufrsuf
a&mif;&aiGonf ,l½kd 3 .07 oef;om &Sdonf/ Chan Mya Htwe, “Jade Sales at 54th Gem Emporium down Due to Poorer Quality,” Myanmar Times, 14 August 2017, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/27245-jade-sales-at-54th-gem-emporium-down-due- to-poorer-quality.html.
31 Christie’s, “The Crimson Flame Ruby Setsa World Auction Recordat Christie’s Hong Kong,” press release from 1 December 2015, http://www.christies.com/about-us/press-archive/details?pressreleaseid=8190&lid=1&mob-is-app=false.
32 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 98 and 40.
9
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ay;&eftwGuf Nidrf;csrf;pGm n§dEdIif;rIudk tm;avsmhaponf[k tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tjcm;aom ausmufrsuf&wem u@onf ausmufpdrf;u@ uJhokdY y#dyu©ESifh
33 Ko Ko Kyaw, “Mogok Residents Seek Amendments to Gemstones Law,” Myanmar Times, 17 August 2017, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/27308-mogok-residents-seek-amendments-to-gemstones-law.html.
34 Michael L. Ross, “Oil, Drugs, and Diamonds: The Varying Roles of Natural Resources in Civil War,” in The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance, eds Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003), 55. For a fuller description of the mechanisms by which natural resource wealth affects conflict dynamics—whether onset, duration or intensity, see Michael L Ross, “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization 58, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 35–67.
10
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rsm;onf w&m;0if EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; r[kwfyJ ppfwyfykdiftaejzifh w&m;0ifozG,f (semi-
35 t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf 2017 Mo*kwf
36 “Long Wait On for Global Value Add Players to Enter Gem Market,” Myanmar Gems, accessed 16 November 2017, http://www.myanmargems.com/gemmarket.htm.
37 Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), 48–49.
11
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38 Adam Smith International, Institutional and Regulatory Assessment of the Extractive Industries in Myanmar (The World Bank, 2015), 83; Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’ (2015), 50–52.
39 WikiLeaks cable cited in Michael Peel, “Myanmar: The Military-Commercial Complex,” Financial Times, 2 February 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dce-d26a-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0.
40 Clare Hammond, “Military-Owned MEHL Applies to Become Public Company,” Myanmar Times, 1 April 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/ 19799-military-owned-mehl-applies-to-become-public-company.html.
41 “IRD Honours Top Tax Payers,” Eleven Myanmar, 11 April 2017, http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/business/8799; Aye Thidar Kyaw, “Annual List of
Top Taxpayers Shows Payments Rising,” Myanmar Times, 22 March 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/business/19586-annual-list-of-top-taxpayers-shows-
payments-rising.html.42 Peel, “Myanmar: The Military-Commercial Complex.”43 Maung Aung Myoe, Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2009), 182.44 rkd;ukwf vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf? 2017 Mo*kwf
45 Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), 20.
12
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EkdifiHa&; tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifh MGE acgif;aqmifrIykdif; tajymif;tvJrsm; &SdcJYaomfvnf;
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pGrf;aqmif&nfykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf;csuf rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ xkdYjyif ppfwyfudkom tpD&ifcH tusdK;jyK
onfh XmewGif; tavYtusifhuvnf; pGJuyfaeqJjzpfonf/
46 Myanmar Ruby Enterprise, Dana Theidi Star and Thit Par Sann.Excludes the small, in§dvidually held permits that Mogok began issuing recently to long-time residents. Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), Appen§dx.
47 Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), Appen§dx.
48 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 22.49 tao;pdwf odvkdygu NRGI Briefing: Maw Htun Aung and Paul Shortell,
“Mineraland Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar” (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), 20. wGifMunfhyg/
13
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axmufjycJYonf/51
50 Oyrmtm;jzifh Kevin Woods, “Ceasefire Capitalism,” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38, no. 4 (2011): 747–770 udkMunfhyg/
51 Vanda Felbab-Brown, Myanmar Maneuvers (United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, April 2017), 2.
WSTT
KA
KMN
MT
MH
SM
KML
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TNA
Seik Tra Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Dana Theidi Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Sabae(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Thit Sar Pann(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Pone Nyet(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Cancri(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Lyrae(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Hawk Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
HNA
KS
ASHOK(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
Du Won Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
ST
WM
BK
KTS
ZW
SWM
MyanmarRuby Enterprise
(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited
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t"duae&mrS yg0ifcJYonf/53 Ruby Dragon onf rkdif;½I; ESifh rkd;ukwf ESpfae&mpvkH;wGif
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onf/ MGE ESifh tusdK;wl zufpyf wl;azmfonf/ yk*¾vdu wl;azmfrIrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfonf/
PNO onf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'owpfckudk pDrHcGifh&NyD; ¤if;\ vufeufukdifonf tpkd;&ESifh
rdwfzuf jynfolYppftjzpfokdY ajymif;vJoGm;onf/54 y#dyu©rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;jcif; r&Sdaomf
vnf; ausmufvkyfuGufrsm;onf ppfwyfESifh eD;pyfrIudk ykdí ckdifrmapcJYonf/ ausmufvkyfief;rsm;
vkyfukdif&if;ESifh ywÅjrm;e*g; (Ruby Dragon) onf tpkd;&ESifh ykdí eD;pyfvmcJYonf/ 2000 ck
ESpfwGif {&mr ausmufpdrf;wkH;BuD;udk ppfwyfodkY vufaqmifay;cJYjcif;aMumifh emrnfausmfcJYonf/55
SSPP/SSA-N \ jzpf&yfrsm;onf wyfrawmfu ay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfuGufrsm;\ rNrJaom
oabmrsm;udk o½kyfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ SSPP \ ausmufrsuf vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vl
trsm;odonfh tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fom &Sdaomfvnf; 1989 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfESifh EIwf
uwd typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufaMumifh ywÅjrm;vkyfuGufrsm; &&SdcJYonf[k ajymjyol
trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/56 ¤if;wkdY &&Sdonfh vkyfuGufrSm rkdif;½I;teD;wGif jzpfEkdifacs&SdNyD;? ¤if;ae&monf
SSPP/SSA-N \ t"duusonfh ppfXmecsKyfrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;typftcwf&yfpJa&;
onf ysufjy,fcJYNyD; 2012 wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfuGufrsm;taMumif; yg0ifjcif;r&SdawmYonfh typf
tcwf &yfpJa&; pmcsKyftopfudk xyfrHn§dEdIif;cJYonf/57 ,if; typftcwf &yfpJa&;onfvnf;
tBudrfBudrf azmufzsufcHcJY&onf/58 2017 Mo*kwfwGif SSPP/SSA-N ESifh jrefrmppfwyfwkdY
rkdif;½I;teD;wGif wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJYjcif; tygt0if pmcsKyfazmufzsufrI rsm;pGm jzpfay:cJYonf/59
,if; ywÅjrm;vkyfuGufrsm;onf SSPP/SSA-N twGuf aiGa&;aMu;a&; taxmuftyHY jzpf
rjzpf okdYr[kwf ykdifqkdifrIrsm; vufvTwfvkduf&NyD; aemufykdif; taxmuftyHY jzpfrjzpfudk &efukef
rS ar;jref;csufrsm;jzifh twnfjyKí r&EkdifcJYyg/
52 Ko Htwe, “PaO Seek Party Registration,” The Irrawaddy, 5 April 2010, http://election.irrawaddy.com/news/240-pao-seek-party-registration.html.53 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 67.54 Buchanan, John. Militias in Myanmar (The Asia Foundation, 2016), 2055 Wai Moe, “Nay Win Tun: Burma’s Gem Stone Tycoon,” The Irrawaddy, 31 October
2007, http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9164.56 Myanmar Peace Monitor, Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process: A Reference
Guide (Burma News International, 2014), 57.57 “Agreement between the State Level Peace Making Team and the Shan State
Progressive Party/Shan State Army.”58 See, for example, ALTSEAN-BURMA, “Tatmadaw troops start assault on a
Shan State Army-North (SSA-N) camp at Red Ruby Mountain, Monghsu, Shan State,” 11 June 2014, as cited in “Ethnic Issues Chronology 2014,” accessed 23 August 2017, http://www.altsean.org/chronology/chronology2014/ ethnicIssueschronology2014.htm.
59 Sai Aw, “Renewed Fighting Erupts,” Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 August 2017, http://english.panglong.org/2017/08/23/renewed-fighting-erupts-between-burma-army-and-ssppssa-in-mong-hsu.
15
½IaxmifYpkkHrS avYvmjcif; - jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkkyfief; pDrHrIESifh y#dyu© jzpfay:EdkkifrI
(3) ywÅjrm;ESifh tjcm;aom vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm; qufpyfrI - ausmufwGif;rsm;? ukef
oG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;twGuf wkdufckdufMujcif;
trsm;jynfolrS od&SdEkdifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;t& ywÅjrm;ukefoG,frIESifh ay:wif qufpyfrI
r&Sdaeonfhwkdifatmif ywÅjrm;wl;azmfonfh ae&mw0kdufwGif wkdufckdufrIrsm; ydkí tjzpfrsm;onf/
rkdif;½I;a'owGif SSPP/SSA-N ESifh ppfwyf wkdufyGJrsm;tjyif? RCSS/SSA-S ESifh ppfwyfonf
vnf; ,if;ae&mw0kdufwGifyif wkdufyGJrsm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfcJYonf/ RCSS onf wpfEkdifiH
vkH;qkdif&m ypfcwfwkdufckdufrI &yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfxkd;xm;NyD;? ppfwyfESifh
vnf; 2012 wGif ESpfzufoabmwl typftcwf&yfpJ oabmwlnDrIudk csKyfqkdxm;ao;onf/
ausmufwGif;ae&mw0kduf tay;t,lrsm;\ rNrJrIudk azmfjyaeonfh tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfonf/
RCSS/SSA-S onf 2012 ckESpfupNyD; &Srf;awmifwef;cs,f&D trnfjzifh ukrÜPDzGJUum
ausmufrsufESifh &wemvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeonf[k azmfjycsufrsm; &Sdonf/ ,ckpmwrf;
twGuf avYvm&mwGif ¤if;ukrÜPDtrnfESifh ywÅjrm;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufaerIudk w&m;0if
xkwfjyefxm;csufudkawmY azmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r&SdcJYyg/60
rkd;ukwfrS &Srf;jynfokdY jzwfoef;oGm;&jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh a'ocH ukefonfrsm;u vufeufukdif
tzGJUrsm; wkdufckdufrI okdYr[kwf "g;jywkdufcH&rnfudk aMumuf&GHUMuonf/ rkd;ukwfrS jyifOD;vGif
vrf;topfonfvnf; ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif usa&mufaeonf/ vufeufukdifrsm;taMumif; rod
onfh um;orm;rsm; (rodojzifh tay;turf;r&SdaomaMumifh) twGuf txl;ojzifh tEÅ&m,frsm;
onf/ wyfrawmfESifh watmif; vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) wkdYMum; wkdufckdufrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHpmwpfckwGif azmfjyxm;onf/61
ausmufrJ? vm;½SdK;? rlq,f (&Srf;jynfe,f) udkjzwfonfh rkd;ukwfrS w½kwfokdYoGm;onfh vrf;ESifhywf
oufNyD;vnf; pkd;&drfMuonf/ vufeufukdifwyfrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh wkdufckdufcH&rnf? jzwfoef;
c awmif;cHrnfudk pkd;&drfMuonf/62
rkdif;½I;a'oxGuf ywÅjrm;rsm;onf a&TBwd*H a'o&Sd rl;,pfarSmifckdvrf;aMumif;twkdif; xGufoGm;
onf[kvnf; rSef;qajymqkdrIrsm; &Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh 0 ESifh tjcm; jynfolYppf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifhvnf;
qufpyfaeonf/63 okdYaomfvnf; ,if; rSef;qcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; ckdifrmonfh oufao
taxmuftxm; jyEkdifrI r&Sdao;yg/
aoG;pGef;ywÅjrm;
txufwGif azmfjycJYonfhtwkdif; 2015 wGif xkwfjyefcJYonfh Global Witness \ tpD
&ifcHpmwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ucsifjynfe,fwGif ESpfaygif;&SnfMumpGm jzpfafeonfh y#dyu©
Mum; tcsdwftqufrsm;udk tav;ay; azmfjyoGm;onf/ ausmufpdrf;u@wGif yg0ifae
onfh tpktzGJUrsm;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufykHrsm;? wGef;tm;ay;onfh tcsufrsm;udk ywÅjrm;u@
wGifvnf; awGU&onf/
2014 ckESpf pm&if;rsm;t& rkdif;½I; okdYr[kwf rkd;ukwf &wemajrwGif vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef
vkdifpif&xm;onfh ukrÜPD 3 ykH 1 ykHeD;yg;onf ausmufpdrf;vkdifpifvnf; &&Sdxm;Muonf/64
EITI yxrqkH; tpD&ifcHpmwGif tedrfhqkH; owfrSwfcsuf jynfhrDí yg0ifcGifh&onfh ausmuf
rsufukrÜPD 4 ckonf ¤if;wkdY\ ausmufpdrf;rsm; t"duxm; a&mif;cs&ef ausmufrsufjyyGJ
60 Myanmar Peace Monitor, Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process, 185.61 Hla Hla Htay, “Myanmar’s Elusive Gift from God,” Agence France-Presse, 17
February 2017, https://correspondent.afp.com/myanmars-elusive-gift-god.62 2017 Zlvkdif? Mo*kwfwGif rkd;ukwf ausmufvkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf
63 2017 Mo*kwfwGif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf
64 Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Myanmar First EITI Report (2016), Appen§dx.
16
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wufMujcif; jzpfonf/
ppfwyfaemufcH ukrÜPDrsm;onf ESpfzufvkH;wGif yg0ifaeus tpktzGJUrsm;jzpfonf/ rkd;ukwf
ESifh rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm;vkyfief;udk pkd;rkd;xm;onfh OD;ykdif? MEC ESpfckaygif;NyD; 2013 ESifh 2014
wGif ausmufpdrf; a':vm 283 oef;zkd; a&mif;cscJY&onf/65
Global Witness tpD&ifcHpmwGif c½kdeD ukrÜPDrsm;[k azmfjycHxm;&onfh ppfwyftpkd;&ESifh
eD;pyfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;onf ywÅjrm;vkyfief;wGifvnf; 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifaeMuonfh vuf
BuD;orm;rsm; jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
¼ Asia World onf EITI tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf owfrSwfcsufjzpfaom usyfaiG 10 bD
vD,H ta&mif;&Sdonfh ausmufrsufukrÜPDD 4 ckteuf 2 ckESifh qufpyfaeonf/ Wai Family Gems ESifh Wai Aung Gabar Gems jzpfonf/ yxrqkH; EITI tpD&ifcHpm
wGif zGifhjycJYonfh tcsuftvufrsm;t& Asia World onf Wai Family Gems \
60 &mckdifEIef;udk ykdifqkdifonf/ Wai Family Gems ukrÜPD 'g½kdufwm 3 OD;? vdyfpm
onf Wai Aung Gabar Gems ESifh xyfwl jzpfaeonf/66
¼ uarÇmZ Kanbawza (KBZ) onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tBuD;qkH; bPf zGifhvSpfxm;onfh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pk jzpfonf/ rkdif;½I;wGif ausmufwl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh tpjyKcJYNyD;
tpOftvmwpfcktaejzifh ausmufvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfukdifcJYonf/ ausmufvkyf
ief;wGif ¤if;\ yg0ifrIrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/ ucsifjynfe,fwGif ausmufpdrf;wl;azmf
jcif;udk &yfqkdif;cJYonf[k aMunmcJYonf/67
¼ Ruby Dragon onf ywÅjrm;vkyfief;wGif Loi Mine Nagar Gems trnfwpfckwnf;
jzifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufonf/ ¤if;onf ytkd0fh typftcwf &yfpJa&; tzGJUESifh qufpyfrI
&Sdonf/ tao;pdwfudk ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
65 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 40.66 http://www.dica.gov.mm/en/company/wai-aung-gabar-gems-company-limitedand http://www.dica.gov.mm/en/company/wai-family-gems-company-limited67 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 58.
17
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y#dyu©ESifh csdwfqufaerIrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfazmfjyjcif;/ ausmufpdrf; ESifh ywÅjrm;
ucsifjynfe,f ausmufpdrf; rkd;ukwfywÅjrm; rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm;
ykdifqkdifrI
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(Contested territory) —1994 wGif ausmufpdrf;wGif;rsm;
vufvTwfvkduf&jcif;onf 17
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ppfwyf xdef;csKyfrI tm;aumif;
jcif; ESifh ppfyGJ jzpfEkdifonfh
tvm;tvm &Sdjcif; (Significant military influence and possible contested territory) — ausmufvkyfuGuf trsm;pkukd
ppfwyfu wkduf½kduf okdYr[kwf
ppfwyf qufpyf ukrÜPDu
ykdifqkdifxm;onf/ wkdif;&if;om;
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onf/68
ucsif vGwfvyfa&;tzGJU Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) onfvnf; ausmufwefzkd;
10 &mckdifEIef;udk w&m;0ifozG,f
aumuf,lonf/ ausmufaumif;
rsm; &&Sdygu owif;ay;rsm;u
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xkwfay;onf/69
,ckpmwrf;twGuf avYvmrIt&
rkd;ukwf ausmufwGif;rsm;wGif
vkHjcKHa&;acgif;pOfjzifh aumufcHrI
okdYr[kwf wkdif;&if;om; vufeuf
ukdif tzGJUrsm; tcGefpnf;MuyfrIudk
rawGU&yg/ vufeufudkif wyfzGJU
rsm; vIyf&Sm;rI r&Sdonfh rkd;ukwf
wGif ,if;uJhokdY aumuf,lrIrsm;
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ausmufwGif;rsm;wGif vkHNcKHa&;
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&mxl;BuD; AkdvfcsKyfrsm;\ um;rsm;
udk tcrJh jzwfoef;cGifh jyKonf/70
rkd;ukwfrS awmifbuf jyifOD;vGif
okdY? ta&SUajrmuf w½kwfokdY &Srf;
jynfudkjzwfí vrf;opfazmufvkyf
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jcif;? ykdufqHawmif;jcif; ESifh^
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68 Fabienne Bernhardt, Natural Resources and Peacemaking: The Link Between Myanmar’s Jade Wealth and the Civil Conflict in Its Northern Borderlands (Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales et de Developpement, 2017), 67.
69 Transparency and Accountability Network for Kachin State (TANKS), Beyond Liability: Preliminary Report on Jade Mining, 31–33.
70 Bernhardt, Natural Resources and Peacemaking, 33, and TANKS, Beyond Liability (n.d.), 31–33.
18
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csxm;ay;&mwGif yGifhvif;rI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh wkdif;&if;om; vufeufukdif tkyfpkrsm; ykdifqkdifrI
ykHpHudk twdtus azmfxkwf&ef vkdtyfonf/
ywÅjrm; tygt0if ausmufrsufu@wGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI ESifh wm0efcHrI tm;aumif;atmif
aqmif&Guf&ef
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &Sm;yg;jcif;aMumifh jrefrmYausmufrsufu@ jyKjyifrIrsm;? apmifhMunfh
xdef;ausmif;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfay:aponf/ t"duvkdtyfaeonfh tpkd;&?
t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh EkdifiHwum vkyfief;rsm;rS apmifhMunfhrIrsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf
yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/ odu©m&Sd wm0efod 0,f,lrIudk tav;xm;vmonf jzpf
aomaMumifh y#dyu© pD;yGm;a&;udk a&avmif;onfhozG,f rjzpfap&eftwGuf taemufukrÜPDrsm;
onf ppfudk taxmuftyHY jzpfaponfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS 0,f,ljcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;MuawmYrnf jzpf
onf/ w½kwfukrÜPDrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&; tavYtxonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; rNidrfoufrIrsm;udk jzpf
ay:aponfudk ¤if;wkdYukd,fwkdif ykdí oabmaygufvmMuonf/ azmfjycJYyg tajctaersm;aMumifh
EkdifiHwum aps;uGufwGif jrefrmYywÅjrm;udk a&SmifusOf&ef rqkdvkdyg/ okdYaomfvnf; ppfyGJwGif
tokH;jyKjcif;xuf wkdif;jynf wkd;wufa&;udk taxmuftul jzpfap&eftwGuf tem*wfwGif
odu©m&Sd? wm0efod 0,f,lrIrsm;? taustvnf ppfaq;aqmif&GufrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef jzpfygonf/
19
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yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIrsm; wkd;wufvmap&ef atmufygtqifhrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef vkd
tyfonf/
¼ vkdifpif? tcGef0ifaiG pDrH okH;pGJ&mwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI wkd;wufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf
- trSefwu,f tusdK;cHpm;&oludk od&SdEkdif&ef? ausmufrsuf0ifaiGqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
&&Sd&eftwGuf twGif;vludk tm;udk;&onfhpepfudk tqkH;owfEkdif&efESifh ausmufrsufta&mif;
t0,fwGif yg0ifaeolrsm;\ tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk od&SdEkdif&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrI vkdtyfonf/
¼ EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifrIudk jr§ifhwif&ef - jrefrmEkdifiH\ obm0
o,HZmwESifhywfoufonfh yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI wkd;wufvmap&eftwGuf EITI onf ta&;ygonfh vrf;aMumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; vuf&Sd aqmif&GufykHrsm;onf
ausmufrsufu@twGuf xda&mufrI r&SdyJ jzpfaeonf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif &&Sdvmonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHum tpD&ifcHpm jyKpkjcif;tjyif ygrpf? xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;? 0ifaiGowfrSwfcsufrsm; avsmhcsjcif;wkdY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh EITI wGif
ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifrIudk jr§ifhwifum ajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf/
¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef EkdifiHwumwGif usifhokH;aeonfh odu©m&Sd? wm0efod
0,f,lrIqkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; usifhokH;yg - 0ifaiG? tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sd ykdifqkdifolESifh qkd
onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfxkwfEkdif&ef okawoersm; qufvuf aqmif&GufEkdifygu
jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&mufvkdonfh EkdifiHwum ukrÜPDrsm;udk tmrcHcsuf tjynfh
t0 ay;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ jzpfEkdifacswpfckrSm xGuf&Sd&ma'o ajc&mcHonfh vkyfief;pOfwpfck
(traceability scheme) azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xGuf&Sd&ma'o azmfjyjcif;jzifh a&mif;csonfh
ausmufrsuf aps;aumif;&&ef &nf&G,fum aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ ausmufrsufESifhqkdifNyD;
A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avsmhcsjcif; ESifh cif&mcifaMumif; a&mif;0,fonfh tcsdwftqufrsm;onf
Kimberley Process twkdif; aqmif&GufEkdifrIudk tcuftcJ awGUapEkdifonf/ 2016 ckESpf
wGif? Responsible Jewellery Council taejzifh ¤if;\ todtrSwfjyKvTm xkwfay;onfh
tpDtpOfwGif ausmufrsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;&ef &nf&G,fxm;aMumif; aMunmcJYonf/71
jrefrmEkdifiHrS ausmuftcsdKU\ xGuf&Sd&ma'oudk twnfjyKay;Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh pdD;yGm;a&; *,ufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aeolrsm;udk
taxmuftyHY ay;&ef? txl;ojzifh y#dyu©rsm;udk aiGaMu;yHYykd;rIrsm; jzpfaponfh ausmufrsufu@
udk Muyfrwf aqmif&Guf&ef
vuf&Sd jrefrmYtajctaewGif tmPm&Sdolrsm;onf b@ma&;ESifh ruif;Muolrsm; jzpfum vuf
eufukdif tiftm;pkrsm;\ axmufcHrIrsm;jzifh &yfwnfaeMuonf/ a&G;aumufcH tpkd;&opfvuf
xufrSmyif q,fpkESpftwGif; tjyif;xefqkH; ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;aeonf/ ppfjzpfyGm;aejcif;aMumifh
t&yfom;tpkd;& BuD;MuyfrI okdYr[kwf? wkdif;&if;om; &yf&Gmrsm;\ yg0ifrI azmfxkwfjcif;? u@
pDrHrIwGif a'ocHtpkd;&rsm; yg0ifapjcif; tp&Sdaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tm;
avsmhapcJYonf/ ywÅjrm;onf ppftokH;p&dwftwGuf t"duusonfh vkyfief;r[kwfaomfvnf;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&; n§dEdIif;rIwGif vkdtyfonfh vufeufudkif tpktzGJUrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tavsmh
71 RJC to Expand Scope to Include Colored Stones,” National Jeweler, 22 March 2016, http://www.nationaljeweler.com/diamonds-gems/social-issues/4047-rjc-to-expand-scope-to-include-colored-stones.
20
½IaxmifYpkkHrS avYvmjcif; - jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkkyfief; pDrHrIESifh y#dyu© jzpfay:EdkkifrI
ay;rI rjyKvkyfyJ wif;cHap&ef tm;ay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf/72
atmufazmfjyyg udpörsm;twGuf &nf&G,faqmif&Gufygu vuf&Sd aqG;aEG;rIrsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; tjrwftpGef;Mum; qufEG,frIudk vSyaprnfjzpfonf/
¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ausmufrsufu@ pDrHrIudpö aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif epfem&onfh &yf&Gmrsm;ESifh
t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'grsm;udk ae&may; yg0ifap&ef - y#dyu©udk taxmuf
tyHY ay;aeonfh obm0 o,HZmwrsm; udpöudk Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyf&mwGif
xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;Ekdif&eftwGuf ¤if;udpörsm;udk txl; 0g,rpkduf aqmif&Gufaeonfh t&yf
buf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? &yf&Gmrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; pkaygif;í 21 &mpk yifvkH Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ
twGuf obm0 o,HZmw pDrHrIqkdif&m tajccHrIrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJYonf/73 Nidrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif obm0 o,HZmw udpöonf ta&;ygonfh taMumif;t&mwpfck jzpf
onfhwkdifatmif aejynfawmf&Sd Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;rIwGif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHrIqkdif&m
enf;ynmykdif; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; yg0ifavY r&Sdyg/
¼ vkHNcKHa&;u@ jyKjyifajymif;vJrI aqG;aEG;rIwGif y#dyu© vufonf tpktzGJUrsm;udk axmufyHY
ay;aeonfh ausmufrsufu@taMumif; xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;yg - vkHNcKHa&;u@ jyKjyifajymif;
vJrI aqG;aEG;&mwGif? EkdifiHwGif; vIyf&Sm;aeonfh vufeufukdif tpktzGJUrsm;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;
csdwfqufrI okH;oyfcsufudk xnfhoGif;&ef? txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;a'o o,HZmw xkwf
,lrI okH;oyfcsufudk xnfhoGif;&ef jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;twGif; ppfwyfvTrf;rkd;rI avsmhcs&mwGif
twkduftcHrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifonfudk pwdwf[kd'grsm;taejzifh owdxm;&ef vkdonf/
tcsdKUaom ppfwyfaemufcH ukrÜPDrsm;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; pwifae
NyDudkvnf; owdjyK&ef vkdtyfonf/
tem*wf ausmufrsufpDrHrI aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? tpDtpOf csrSwfjcif;rsm;wGif yg0if&ef
jrefrmEkdifiH\ Nidrf;csrf;a&; n§dEdIif;rIwGif obm0 o,HZmw 0ifaiGcGJa0rI? vkyfykdifcGifh cGJa0rI yg0if
onfh pepfrsm; yg0ifEkdifzG,f&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tjcm;aom obm0 o,HZmwrsm;uJhokdYyif
ywÅjrm;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk tpkd;&ESifh tquftoG,fjywf a0;vHonfh a'o? ppfwyfudk &GH
&Smonfh wkdif;&if;om; a'orsm;rS xkwf,lavY&SdMuonf/ vuf&Sd xGufaeonfh? tem*wfwGif
wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrnfh obm0 o,HZmw pDrHrIwm0efrsm; cGJa0rI? tusdK;tjrwf cGJa0rItwGuf
tokH;jyKEkdifonfh ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; &Sdonf/ rnfonfhykHpHwGifrqkd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI? apmifhMunfh
xdef;ausmif;rI vkdtyfonf/ ,if;ykHpHrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif t"duusonfh tqifhrsm;
rSm -
72 ,if;a'owGif vIyf&Sm;aeaom vufeufukdiftpktzGJU - ppfwyf? tpkd;&wdkYESifh oufqkdifjcif;
r&Sdonfh tpktzGJUrsm;yg tusdK;tjrwf wpfckwnf;aMumifh &yfwnfaeMujcif; r[kwfyg/
obm0 o,HZmwonf a'ovu®PmwGif t,ltqa&;&mt&? EkdifiHa&;t& eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;
qufEG,faeEkdifonf/ Oyrm ucsifjynfe,fESifh ausmufpdrf; tquftpyfonf xif&Sm;onfh
Oyrmjzpfonf/ ppfwyfuvnf; ¤if;onfomvQif olwvl igwrif; jzpfaeonfh EkdifiH
rNydKuGJ&avatmif xdef;odrf;Ekdifonfh wpfckwnf;aom tiftm;pkjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;NyD;?
pD;yGm;a&;t& aygif;pnf;rIonf rNydKuGJa&;twGuf tokH;wnfhonfh enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf[k
,lqxm;onf/ (See David Steinberg, “Burma/Myanmar: The Role of the Military in the Economy,” Burma Economic Watch 1 (2005), 53.)
73 Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA), “The 21st Century Panglong Process Must Set a New Approach for Natural Resource Management,” last modified 23 May 2017, https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1504539409616416&id=672103292860036.
21
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¼ ywÅjrm;u@ wm0efESifh tusdK;tjrwfrsm; cGJa0 pDrH&eftwGuf y#dyu© rjzpfapyJ tm;vkH;udk
NcKHikHEkdifonfh pepfwpfck owfrSwfjcif; - ukd,fpm;jyKrI ESifh wef;wlnDrQrI &Sdonfh zGHUNzdK;wkd;wuf
rIESifhqkdifonfh aqG;aEG;rIwGif o,HZmwrsm; pDrHrIudk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;ygu taumif;qkH;
jzpfonf/ a'o obm0 o,HZmw ysufqD;rI? &&Sdvmrnfh 0ifaiGrsm;aMumifh ay:aygufvm
onfh vlrIa&;qkdif&m qkd;usdK;rsm;? wl;azmfjcif;? a&mif;csjcif;rS &&Sdvmonfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;
&&Sdxkdufol owfrSwfjcif;? xdef;odrf;jcif;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm; usifhokH;rI ay:aygufap&ef aqmif
&Gufjcif;udpörsm; yg0ifvsuf aqG;aEG;ygu oifhawmfrI t&SdqkH;jzpfonf/ tao;pdwfudk 2016
wGif NRGI u xkwfa0cJYonfh Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues ESifh 2018 wGif xkwfa0cJYonfh Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&; pwdwf[kd'grsm;\ obm0 o,HZmw qkdif&m tpDtpOfrsm;wGif ywÅjrm;ESifh
tjcm; ausmufrsufrsm; xnfhoGif;&eftwGuf wkdufwGef;yg - ausmufpdrf;u@ vkyfief;
aqmif&GufykHESifhywfoufNyD; umv&SnfMum pGJuyfvmonfh rauseyfrIrsm;\ &v'ftaejzifh
ucsifjynfe,f&Sd tcsdKU tzGJUrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw 0ifaiGcGJa0rIay:wGif ydkí tm½kHpkduf
vmMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ausmufrsufESifh tjcm; &wemwGif; teD;tem;rS &yf&Gmrsm;\
awmif;qkdoHrsm;rSm jyif;xefrI r&SdvSyg okdYr[kwf pepfrusvSyg/ obm0 o,HZmw 0ifaiG?
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wkdYESifh qkdifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;
onf a&&Snf ywÅjrm;u@ pDrHrI aumif;rGefvmap&ef? tm;vkH; yg0ifvmap&eftwGuf
ta&;BuD;onfh vrf;aMumif;wpfckjzpfonf/
¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkyfuGufvJvS,fjcif;xuf ykdonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef
- aumif;rGefonfh o,HZmw cGJa0rI[k qkd&mwGif typftcwf &yfpJa&;ESifh vkyfuGufvJvS,f
jcif;ukd rqkdvkdaMumif;udk odxm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ vufeufukdif tpktzGJUrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;
oabmwlnDcsuf r[kwfonfh tay;t,ltwGuf ausmufwGif;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;\
jyóemrSm *,ufxaeqJ jzpfonf/ obm0 o,HZmwudk tokH;jyKNyD; jzpfyGm;aeonfh
ppfyGJ&yfqkdif;jcif;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf;? ywÅjrm; ta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyf&eftwGuf ppfwyfudk
tm;udk;&ojzifh pm;usufvkrIrsm;udk jzpfyGm;aponf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;&mwGif EkdifiHa&;
tpm; pD;yGm;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh vrf;aMumif;udk jzpfay:aponf/ vkdifpifvkyfief;wGifvnf;
bufvkdufrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ odu©m&Sd rSefrSefuefuef aqmif&Gufrnfh ukrÜPDrsm; vkdif
pif&&eftwGuf twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfaponf/ ppfrSefonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGif ywÅjrm;ta&mif;
t0,frS &onfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk trsm;jynfol cHpm;Ekdif&ef vrf;pazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf/
vlwpfpk aumif;pm;a&;twGuf o,HZmw wl;azmfEkdif&ef ppfyGJrsm; &yfqkdif;jcif; r[kwfyg/
22
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usrf;ukd;pm&if;
Adam Smith International. Institutional and Regulatory Assessment of the Extractive Industries in Myanmar. The World Bank, 2015. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/843921468179973121/executive-summary.
Agence France-Presse. “Making a Living in Mogok, the ‘Land of Rubies,’ Has No Guarantee of a Sparkling Future.” Young Post: South China Morning Post, 15 January 2017. http://yp.scmp.com/news/features/article/105348/making-living-mogok-‘land-rubies’-has-no-guarantee-sparkling-future.
“Agreement between the State-Level Peace-Making Team and the Shan State Progressive Party/Shan State Army.” Dated 28 January 2012. Published by The New Light of Myanmar, 30 January 2012. http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MN_120128_Agreement between State Level Peacemaking Team and Shan State.pdf.
Alternative Asean Network on Burma (ALTSEAN-BURMA). “Ethnic Issues Chronology 2014.” Accessed 23 August 2017. http://www.altsean.org/chronology/chronology2014/ethnicIssueschronology2014.htm.
Archuleta, Jennifer-Lynn. “The Color of Responsibility: Ethical Issues and Solutions in Colored Gemstones.” Gems & Gemology 52, no. 2 (Summer 2016). http://www.gia.edu/sites/satellite?c=page&cid=1495237975377&childpagename=gia/page/ggarticledetail&pagename=gia/wrapper&wrapperpage=gia/wrapper.
Aw, Sai. “Renewed Fighting Erupts between Burma Army and SSPP/SSA in Mong Hsu.” Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 August 2017. http://english.panglong.org/2017/08/23/renewed-fighting-erupts-between-burma-army-and-ssppssa-in-mong-hsu.
Bauer, Andrew, Lorenzo Delesgues and Paul Shortell. Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016. https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/sharing-wealth-roadmap-distributing-myanmars-natural-resource-revenues.
Bauer, Andrew, Natalie Kirk and Sebastian Sahla. Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2018. https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/natural-resource-federalism-considerations-myanmar
Bernhardt, Fabienne. Natural Resources and Peacemaking: The Link Between Myanmar’s Jade Wealth and the Civil Conflict in Its Northern Borderlands. Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales et de Developpement, 2017.
Binningsbø, Helga Malmin and Kendra Dupuy. “Using Power-Sharing to Win a War: The Implementation of the Lome Agreement in Sierra Leone.” Africa Spectrum 44, no. 3 (2009). https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/193.
Buchanan, John. Militias in Myanmar. The Asia Foundation, 2016. http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/militias-in-myanmar.pdf.
Burton, Eli. “Reverse the Curse: Creating a Framework to Mitigate the Resource Curse and Promote Human Rights in Mineral Extraction Industries in Africa.” Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014). http://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-28/issue-1/comments/reverse-the-curse-human-rights-africa.html.
Christie’s. “The Crimson Flame Ruby Sets a World Auction Record at Christie’s Hong Kong.” Press release from 1 December 2015. http://www.christies.com/about-us/press-archive/details?pressreleaseid=8190&lid=1&mob-is-app=false.
Collet, Lea, Laura Curtze and Kathrin Reed. Responsible Sourcing of Colored Gemstones. Institut de Hautes Etudes Internationales et du Developpement, 2013. http://www.responsiblejewellery.com/files/responsible-sourcing-of-colored-gemstones_ars-final-report_-collet-curtze-reed.updated.pdf.
Eleven Myanmar. “IRD Honours Top Tax Payers.” Eleven Myanmar, 11 April 2017. http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/business/8799.
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½IaxmifYpkkHrS avYvmjcif; - jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkkyfief; pDrHrIESifh y#dyu© jzpfay:EdkkifrI
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. “How Illicit Economies in Myanmar Help Sustain Conflict and Underpin Peace.” Brookings, 24 April 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/04/24/how-illicit-economies-in-myanmar-help-sustain-conflict-and-underpin-peace.
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. Myanmar Maneuvers: How to Break Political-Criminal Alliances in Contexts of Transition. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 2017. https://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/attachment/2445/myanmar-maneuvers-how-to-breakpolitical-criminal-alliances-in-contexts-of-transition.pdf.
The Fund for Peace. “The Effect of the Kimberley Process on Governance, Corruption, & Internal Conflict.” Globalization & Human Rights, 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/44675/2006_march.pdf.
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Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)
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