iact901 - module 1 planning theory - scope & integration abrs hong kong 2004 penney mcfarlane...
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IACT901 - Module 1 Planning Theory - Scope & Integration
ABRS Hong Kong 2004
Penney McFarlane University of Wollongong
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Types of Planning
Normative Substantive Process
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Addresses a Range of Issues
SubstantiveWhat do we know about WHAT we are planning &
for whom we are planning? Process What do we know about HOW planning takes
place & HOW plans are implemented?
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Definition Continued
Normative
HOW do we plan & why should we plan?
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Overall….
These definitions can be broad enough to include all the previous or more limited
Any definition will depend largely on HOW one views planning
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Core Is Process
The Core of planning theory is PROCESS
HOW should and DO people plan?
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Planning Theory cont.
Explores the planning process and examines its components
What are they?
How do they interrelate?
How are they affected by the context of planning efforts?
How do they determine planning outcomes?
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Planning Theory History
Started with planning of cities
Can be traced back as far as 2150 BC
Rationalism key concept
- scientific approach to analysis
- particular way of problem solving
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The Rational Decision-making Model
Requires people to consider what they ought to do in light of what it is they want to accomplish
ie. demands the systematic consideration & evaluation of alternative means in light of the preferred goals they are to achieve
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WHAT & HOW? - Planning Definitions & Process
What is Planning? 1. Planning as a basic activity pervading human
behaviour at the individual & every social level “a process - of human thought & action based
upon that thought - forethought - which is a very general human activity”
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Types of Planning
2. Planning as public intervention
“all those making decisions about the allocation & distribution of public resources”, are in fact, planning
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Types of Planning
3. Planning as a deliberate action
In general, “planning is a procedure for
arranging beforehand, by deliberately sequencing actions so as to achieve an objective” - or it is “a process for determining appropriate future actions through a sequence of choices”
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Planning Theory cont.
4. A sequential, multistage process in which many of the phases are linked to their predecessors by feedback loops
May lead to reappraisal of goals & objectives
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When You Plan
Monitoring & evaluation of the impacts of plans or programs may reveal new problems
These become the stimulus for a new round of planning
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Accepted Definition
Planning Definition (synthesised) Alexander (1993)
“the deliberate social or organisational activity of
developing an optimal strategy of future action to achieve a desired set of goals, for solving novel
problems in complex contexts, and attended by the power & intention to commit resources & to act as
necessary to implement to chosen strategy”
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Major Components of Planning
Problem Diagnosis Depends on the image of the desired state
which acts as a point of reference Gives form to specific goals, general
norms, standards, ideologies, even utopian visions
-In most cases problems not defined clearly -Aims the thrust of the solution
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Major Components of Planning
2. Goal Articulation
Relates to problem definition
Most difficult challenge in planning is translation of vague, incoherent goals into operational objectives
If this is not done, serious dysfunctions can result
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Major Components of Planning
Communication of goals is a major factor in whether the plan, policy or program is successfully implemented documents, groups, individuals, talking, inferred via negotiation/bargaining/conflict.
A plan is called for when you have a…
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Problem Solving
1. Requires projection into the future in order to estimate conditions, needs & constraints
2. Evaluates & selects alternatives in order to project impacts of alternative proposals under future conditions
3. Estimates future demand for facilities & services
4. Assesses the organisation’s capacity to meet projected needs
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“Design” of Alternatives
Not usually thought of when considering the planning process
Usually associated with a building (architectural design), tool or product (product design), machine or structure (engineering design) or built environment (urban design)
As a stage in the decision-making process– “everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at
changing existing situations into preferred ones”
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Planning for Your Organisation
“A mix of search & creativity, which includes at least some, potentially a great deal of information retrieval, processing & transformation”.
However, its role in policy-oriented planning has been largely ignored.
A good plan must include deliberate design & cannot simply analyse existing options.
Plan Testing
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Summary
How would you define planning? What steps consist of constructing a well
thought out plan?
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