iacovou, maria. mapping the ancient kingdoms of cyprus. cartography and classical scholarship during...

7/23/2019 Iacovou, Maria. Mapping the Ancient Kingdoms of Cyprus. Cartography and Classical Scholarship During the Enligh

1/23

M a r i a Iacovou

Mapping theAncient Kingdoms of Cyprus.

Cartography

andClassical Scholarship

during theEnlightenment

Abstract

The kingdoms of Cyprus remain a hotly debated

issue

for the archaeologist

an d the historian alike due to the fact t h a t the literar y sources present a

constantly fluctuating number.

The

political institution

of the

autonomous

citykingdom

was

abolished

by

Ptolemy

I

Soter

in the

third century

BC,

when

the

island

was

annexed

by the

Hellenistic kingdom

of

Ptolemaic

Egypt. Definitive answers to the question, when were the Cypriote

kingdoms founded and what was the geographica l extent of their

boundaries, are still unavailable. In vi ew of the discrepancies between the

archaeological record and the ancient sources, thedecision of at least one

E u r o p e a n mapmaker, Pierre MoullartSanson, to deviate from the

Ptolemaic

prototype of the four an cient distri cts of the island an d to

publish (1718) a map with the ancient Cypriote kingdoms and their

boundaries, is astounding. This paper tries to define the specific ancient

source(s) upon which

the

scholarcartographer

may

have r elied,

an d the

extent to which classical scholar ship in Europe, especially duri ng the

Enlightenment, influenced thedevelopment of the cartography of Cyprus.

TH E

ENIGMA OF THE KINGDOMS

forem ost ri dd le that arc haeolog y is expected to eluci date for

the history of ancien t Cyprus co nc ern s the emerg enc e and

development of citykingdoms during the 1

s t

millennium BC.

Considering that literary sources play havoc with the number

and the n a m es of these I r on Age po li ties, it is n ot su rp ri si ng that

archaeologic al data frag mentar y an d ina dequ ate to this day

often

add to the discrepancy. Consequently, no honest scholar

can cla im pr ecis e kn owl edg e of the nu mb er, let alo ne the na mes

and the bo un da ri es, of the Cypr iote ki ng do ms at any on e time

during their existence.

1

Defin itiv e ans wers, to qu esti on s suc h as,

when was a k in g do m fou nded , or what was the geogr ap hical

Institute for

Neohellenic Research N . H . R . F .

Eastern Mediterranean Cartographies

Tetradia Ergasias

25/26

(2004)

p.

263285


2/23

M A R I A I A C O V O U

fig.

1: P. Moullart-Sanson, Cyprus Praestanti nulli cedens Insulae,

Paris 1718. Courtesy of Mrs Sylvia Ioannou.

ex t en d o f i t s ad m in i s t r a t iv e d i s t r i c t , a r e s t i ll u n a v a i l ab l e .

In v iew of th is , the unwarran ted dec is ion o f a Par is ian

m ap m ak er to i s sue in 1718 a m ap of the Cypr io te k in gd om s a nd

the i r bou nd ar i es i s , to say the l eas t, as tound in g. Th is pap er a t t em pts

to assess the scho lar ly research tha t mus t have been conducted in

t h e n ame o f t h i s u n p reced en t ed ca r t o g rap h ic p ro j ec t , b e f o re t h e

Cy p r io t e k in gd o ms ' map r each ed t h e en grav in g s t age . T h e in cep t io n

of a rchaeo logica l research in Cyprus da tes rough ly f rom the

p en u l t ima t e d ecad e o f t h e 1 9

t h

cen t u ry .

2

Thus , in the early years of

the 18

t h

cen t u ry n o ma t e r i a l ev id en ce r e l ev an t t o t h e k in gd o m s ,

such as inscr ip t ions and co inage , was fo r thcoming. In o rder to

p ro p o s e a ca r t o g rap h ic r eco n s t ru c t io n o f t h e an c ien t k in gd o m s '

geography , the mapmaker and h is as soc ia tes had to re ly exc lus ive ly

on anc ie n t source s . My in te n t io n , the refo r e , i s to scan the l i t e ra ry

corpus o f an t iqu i ty in search o f those sources tha t mus t have served

t o w ard s t h e p ro d u c t io n o f t h i s ex cep t io n a l map , w h o s e t h eme

renders i t un ique in the h is to ry o f the car tography o f Cyprus .

264


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M A P P I N G T H E A N C I E N T K I N G D O M S O F C Y P R U S

fig.

2: Detail of cartouche.

PIERRE MOULLART-SANSON (d. 173 0)

In t h e y ea r 1 7 0 3 P i e r r e M o u l l a r t , g r an d s o n o f N ico l a s S an s o n

d ' A b b e v i l l e , a d d e d t h e S a n s o n t o h i s n a m e . H a v i n g s i r e d n o

m a l e h e i r s , t h e s o n s o f N i c o l a s S a n s o n b e q u e a t h e d t o t h e i r

n e p h e w , P i e r r e M o u l l a r t , t h e f a m i l y ' s g e o g r a p h i c a l s t o c k a n d t h e

d u t y t o p r e s e r v e t h e n a m e of t h e 'f a t h e r o f F r e n c h c a r t o g r a p h y ' .

3

N e i t h e r N i c o l a s S a n s o n n o r h i s s o n s a r e c r e d i t e d w i t h t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f a m a p o f C y p r u s .

4

H e n c e , t h e m a p o f t h e i s l a n d

t h a t P i e r r e i s s u ed in 1 7 1 8 d id n o t b e l o n g t o t h e in h e r i t e d s t o ck ;

i t w as in a l l r e s p ec t s o r ig in a l . T h e map ca r r i e s t h e n ames a s w e l l

a s t h e b o u n d a r i e s ( a lb e i t c o n j e c t u r a l ) o f n i n e k i n g d o m s (F i g . I ) .

5

A l e n g t h y te x t c o n f i n e d w i t h i n t h e c a r t o u c h e ( F ig . 2 ) e x p l a i n s

i n L a t i n t h a t i n a n t i q u i t y t h e i s la n d h a d c i t i e s , w h i c h f u n c t i o n e d

a s t h e s e a t s o f n i n e k i n g d o m s .

6

O n e c a n c l a i m w i t h c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h i s w a s t h e f i r s t m a p o f

Cy p ru s t h a t P ie r r e h ad i s s u ed b u t n o t t h e l a s t . I n 1 7 2 0 , o n l y t w o

y ea r s a f t e r t h e f i r s t, h e p u b l i s h ed a s ec o n d ma p of Cy p ru s , t h i s

t i m e w i t h l e g e n d s i n F r e n c h i n s t e a d o f L a t i n ( F i g . 3 ) .

7

Cu r io u s l y ,

t h e t w o m a p s r e s u s c i t a t e a n o u t - o f - d a t e o u t l i n e o f t h e i s l a n d

a s c r i b e d t o P a o l o F o r l a n i V e r o n e s e . F o r l a n i w a s a c t i v e i n V e n i c e

d u r i n g t h e d r a m a t i c y e a r s o f t h e 1 5 6 0 s t h a t l e d t o t h e O t t o m a n

i n v a s i o n o f C y p r u s i n 1 5 7 0 .

8

A L a t i n k i n g d o m f r o m t h e 1 2

t h

to

265


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M A R I A IACOVOU

fig. 3:

MoullartSanson,

L'Isle (et

autrefois

Royaume) de

Chypre, Paris

1720. Courtesy of the Bank of

Cyprus Cultural

Foundation.

t h e

15

t h

century, the island was subsequently administered by

t h e Republic of Venice (14891570) and

fell

to the Ottomans in

1571. As a result of the TurcoVenetian conflict, the third

q u a r t e r of the 16

t h

century became the 'golden age' of Cypriote

cartography.

9

Issued in 1570, Forlani's map illustrates the

island's eleven (administrative?) districts, and MoullartSanson's

second map of Cyprus

follows

its prototype in terms of the

c o n t e n t s , as well as the shape.

1 0

It is not surprising that MoullartSanson's Cyprus maps share

t h e

same di mens io ns (345 490 mm ) . They ar e

large

but not

folding maps of the size one expects to find in atlases. They have,

for example, nearly the same dimensions as the 1573 Abraham

Ortelius' map of Cyprus (370 495mm) (Fig. 4).

1 1

This should

explain why Andreas a nd Ju di th Stylianou expected to find

Moull artSanson's Cyprus map s in atlases: The two map s of

MoullartSanson appear to be rather rare and we have not been

able to trace them in any atlas.

1 2

It ought to be noted that a copy

of the ki ng do ms ' m ap, which was auctio ned in Germa ny in 1998,

266


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M A P P I N G THE ANCIENT KINGDOMS OF CYPRUS

fig. 4:Ab raham O rtelius, Cypri Insulae Nova Descript. 1573, Theatrum

Orbis Terrarum, Antwerp 1574.Courtesy of Mrs Sylvia Ioannou.

was descr ibed as from a composite atlas wi th additi onal marg ins

added at sides and bottom.

13

I have received conf irma tion ,

however, by no less an authority than Monique Pelletier, that

Moullart-Sanson never published an atlas.

14

For what purpose,

then, did he issue two large maps of Cyprus? Francis Herbert,

Curator of Maps at the Royal Geographical Society in London,

suggested that the two maps might have been destined to

compliment the publication of a new book.

15

For instance, the

pair could have been engraved as illustrations for a monograph

on the history of Cyprus since antiquity. This hypothesis becomes

more plausible if we recall that at least one such treatise, Johann

Paul Reinhard's

Vollstndige Geschichte des Kningreichs Cypern

(Erlangen and Leipzig 1766, 1768), which was published in the

second half of the 18

th

cent ury , contains a pai r of folding maps

of the island: 'Cypri Facies Antiqua' (236 327 mm) is dressed

w i t h a n c i e n t c o n t e n t s and

C y p r i

F a c i e s H o d i e r n a (367 477

m m ) with

c o n t e m p o r a r y

c o n t e n t s .

1 6

67


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CARTOGRAPHY DURING THE CENTURY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

17

A s h o r t n o t e o n t h e

milieu

o f M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n ' s c a r t o g r a p h i c

c a r e e r i n P a r i s is e s s e n t i a l i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e s of h i s

w o r k . A s a r e s u l t of t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e Ro y a l A cad em y o f

Sc ien ces ( in 1 6 6 6 ) b y L o u i s X IV , t h e Su n K in g , t h e 1 8

t h

c e n t u r y

b e c a m e a g e o g r a p h i c a l l y f e r t i l e t i m e i n F r a n c e . C a r t o g r a p h y w a s

t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t a n d s c h o l a r - g e o g r a p h e r s

a p p l i e d c a r e f u l s c r u t i n y t o t h e i r s o u r c e s .

1 8

T h e p e r i o d o f t h e

E n l i g h t e n m e n t , h o w e v e r , c a n h a r d l y c l a i m a n y s i g n if i c a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t s , a s f a r as t h e m a p o f C y p r u s is c o n c e r n e d . E v e r

s i n c e 1 57 3 , w h e n G i a c o m o F r a n c o ' s c a r t o g r a p h i c m a s t e r p i e c e

w a s p u b l i s h e d b y A b r a h a m O r t e l i u s , n o E u r o p e a n c a r t o g r a p h e r

h a d t r i e d t o d o b e t t e r w i t h a C y p r u s l a n d - m a p t h a n t o c o p y t h i s

l a te 1 6 t h - c e n t u r y p r o t o t y p e ( F i g . 4 a s a b o v e ) , w h i c h - b e s i d e s

h a v i n g p e r f e c t e d t h e i s la n d ' s o u t l i n e - h a d u p d a t e d t h e

t o p o n y m i e r e c o r d o f C y p r u s .

1 9

T h e r e p e t i t i v e c o p y i n g o f

O r t e l i u s ' C y p r u s m a p o f 1 5 7 3 , w h i c h r e s u l t e d a s a r u l e i n

i n f e r i o r p r o d u c t s , c o n t i n u e d u n a b a t e d f o r a l m o s t as l o n g a s t h e

i s l a n d r e m a i n e d a n e g l e c t e d O t t o m a n p r o v i n c e ( 1 5 7 1 - 1 8 7 9 ) . T h e

n e x t m a j o r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e c a r t o g r a p h y o f C y p r u s t o o k p l a c e

i n 1 8 5 1 , w h e n t h e B r i t i s h A d m i r a l t y p u b l i s h e d t h e s e a - c h a r t t h a t

w a s t h e r e s u l t o f C a p t a i n T h o m a s G r a v e s ' h y d r o g r a p h i c a l s u r v e y

of 1849 .

2 0

Engraved in Par is in the f i r s t quar te r o f the 18

t h

cen t u ry ,

Mo u l l a r t -San s o n ' s cu r io u s map o f t h e Cy p r io t e k in gd o ms h ad n o

am b i t io n t o w ard s in n o v a t iv e ca r t o g rap h y : it w as an h i s t o r i ca l

d o cu men t . T h e p ecu l i a r p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t io n o f t h e I ro n A ge

k in gd o ms o f Cy p ru s w as ab o l i s h ed b e t w een 3 1 0 -2 9 4 BC b y

P t o l em y I So t e r, an d t h e i s lan d w as an n ex ed t o t h e n ew l y f o u n d ed

H e l l en i s t i c k in gd o m o f P t o l ema ic E gy p t .

2 1

A l mo s t t h r ee cen t u r i e s

la te r -a f t e r the e nd o f the Civ i l W ar in 30 BC - Augu s tus m ad e

Cy p ru s p a r t of t h e Ro ma n E m p i re . As a s en a t o r i a l p ro v in c e ( s in ce

2 2 BC) , Cy p ru s w as d iv id ed in t o f o u r ad min i s t r a t iv e d i s t r i c t s :

Sa l amin ia , L ap i t h ia , A m at h u s ia an d Pap h ia . E v e ry t im e E u ro p ean

ca r t o g rap h e r s h ad r ea s o n t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e i s l an d ' s an c ien t

geo grap h y , t h e i r p r ac t i ce w as s t an d a rd : f a i t h f u l t o t h e d es c r ip t io n

268


7/23


o f C l au d iu s P t o l emy (5 , 1 4 .5 ) , t h e u n ch a l l en ged au t h o r i t y o f

an c ien t geo grap h y an d r en a i s s an ce ca r t o g rap h y , w h o l iv ed in

A l e x a n d r i a u n d e r t h e E m p i r e

{circa

A D 9 0 -1 6 8 ) , t h ey in d ic a t ed

t h es e f o u r ad min i s t r a t iv e d i s t r i c t s .

2 2

They can be seen c lear ly on

a 1 6

t h

cen t u ry s ma l l w o o d c u t t h a t a cco m p an ie s t h e d es c r ip t io n o f

Cyp rus in a b i l in gu a l ed i t io n o f S t rab o ' s Geography, t r an s l a t ed

in to Lat in by Gul ie lmus Xylandrus (F ig . 5 ) .

2 3

A n o t h e r , 1 7

t h

c e n t u r y

e x a m p l e f r o m J o d o c u s H o n d i u s

Atlas Minor,

i l lus t ra te s ' an c ie n t '

Cyprus and be low s ix Aegean is l ands in inse t s (F ig . 6 ) .

2 4

N e i t h e r t h e p r i m a r y i n s p i r a t i o n t h a t l e d t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

t h e k i n g d o m s ' m a p , n o r t h e s p e ci fi c i n f o r m a t i o n o f t h e n a m e s

o f t h e n i n e k i n g d o m s c o u l d h a v e b e e n a t t a i n e d f r o m C l a u d i u s

P t o l e m y . I n P t o l e m y ' s

Geography

t h e w o r d

basileio (regnum )

d o es n o t ev en ex i s t i n r e l a t io n t o Cy p ru s .

2 5

S t r a b o (.circa 63 BC

- A D 2 5 ) , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o f fe r s t h e f o l l o w in g h in t ab o u t t h e

a n c i e n t k i n g d o m s : ' T h e C y p r i o t e s w e r e f i r s t r u l e d i n t h e i r

s e v e r a l c i t i e s b y k i n g s , b u t s i n c e t h e P t o l e m a i c k i n g s b e c a m e

l o rd s o v e r E gy p t , Cy p ru s t o o p as s ed t o t h e m ' (S t r ab o 1 4 , 6 ) . It

i s i r o n i c t o t h i n k t h a t t h i s v a g u e s t a t e m e n t r e m a i n s t h e s a fe s t

fig. 5:

'Cyprus' in Henricus Petrus (publisher), Strabonis R erum Geograp hi-

carum libri septem decim , Basle 1571 - Courtesy of the Bank o f

Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

269


8/23

M A R I A I A C O U V O U

fig. 6: 'Cyprus' in Jodocus Hondius A tlas Minor, Am sterdam l6l0 (Latin

edition). Courtesy of the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Founda tion.

i n f o rm a t i o n a cau t io u s s ch o l a r w o u l d u s e t o t h i s d ay b u t i t

w o u l d h a v e b e e n o f n o h e l p t o M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n . T h e p o l i t i c a l

g e o g r a p h y o f p r e - R o m a n o r p r e - P t o l e m a i c C y p r u s h a d n e v e r

b e e n m a p p e d b e f o r e . M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n w a s n o t i n d e b t e d t o a n y

o f h i s E u r o p e a n p r e d e c e s s o r s f o r t h e m a p o f t h e C y p r i o t e

k i n g d o m s . B e i n g a c h i l d of t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t ' s ' p o s i t iv e

g e o g r a p h y ' , h e w a s l e d b y t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t " t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d

c o u l d b e m a p p e d b y m e a n s o f m e a s u r e m e n t a n d t h e r a t i o n a l

an a l y s i s o f a l l s o u rces , b e t h ey l i t e r a ry , ma t h ema t i ca l , o r

c a r t o g r a p h i c . "

2 6

In f ac t, a s w e w i l l s ee b e l o w , h i s s o u rce s fo r t h e

m a p o f t h e a n c i e n t C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s w e r e e n t i r e l y l i t e r a r y .

THE WRITTEN SOURCES

T h e e a r l i e s t a v a i l a b l e t e x t u a l s o u r c e s o n t h e I r o n A g e k i n g d o m s

o f C y p r u s a r e n o t G r e e k . T h e y a r e A s s y r i a n r o y a l i n s c r i p t i o n s ,

w h i c h c l a i m t h a t i n 7 0 7 B C t h e k i n g s o f C y p r u s , w h o m a y h a v e

b e e n a s m a n y a s s e v e n , o f fe r e d t h e i r s u b m i s s i o n t o S a r g o n

I I .

2 7

27


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T h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s la t e r , i n 6 7 3 / 2 BC , w h e n E s a r h a d d o n ( 6 8 2 - 6 6 8 )

w a s o n t h e t h r o n e o f t h e A s s y r i a n e m p i r e , t h e n u m b e r o f t h e

t r i b u t e - p a y i n g k i n g d o m s o f t h e i s l a n d h a d r i s e n t o t e n . I n t h i s

i n s t a n c e , t h e r o y a l p r i s m o f E s a r h a d d o n t r e a t s u s t o a c o m p l e t e

l i s t o f t h e i r n a m e s a n d t h e n a m e s o f t h e i r k i n g s . T h e t e n

k i n g d o m s h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s I d a l i o n , C h y t r o i , S a l a m i s ,

P a p h o s , S o lo i , K o u r i o n , T a m a s s o s , L e d r a , K a r t i h a d a s t i ( ' th e n e w

c i t y ' , t r a d i t i o n a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h K i t i o n ) , a n d N o u r e ( p o s s i b l y

A m a t h o u s ) .

2 8

S u r p r i s i n g l y , n o o t h e r s o u r c e i n a n t i q u i t y e v e r

r ep ea t s t h i s n u m b er o r o f fe r s an id e n t i c a l l i st o f n a m es fo r t h e

k i n g d o m s . R e g r e t t a b l y , t w o m o s t p r o m i s i n g G r e e k t r e a t i s e s o n

t h e k i n g d o m s o f C y p r u s , n a m e l y A r i s t o t l e ' s

O n the Constitution

of the Cypriotes

a n d T h e o p h r a s t u s '

O n Cypriote Kingship,

w e r e

as l o s t t o Mo u l l a r t -San s o n a s t h ey r ema in t o

u s .

2 9

A r i s t o t l e ,

b e s i d e s b e i n g t h e e a r l i e s t a u t h o r i t y k n o w n t o h a v e d e v o t e d a n

ex c l u s iv e t r ea t i s e o n t h e s u b j ec t o f t h e Cy p r io t e p o l i t i e s , w as

f u r t h e r m o r e a c t i v e i n t h e 4

t h

c e n t u r y B C , w h e n k i n g d o m s s ti ll

ex i s t ed in Cy p ru s .

In an y ca s e , P ie r r e Mo u l l a r t -San s o n d id n o t h av e acces s t o

E s a r h a d d o n ' s c a t a l o g u e o f t e n . R e n d e r e d i n A k k a d i a n c u n e i f o r m ,

t h e p r i s m i n s c r i p t i o n w a s f i rs t d e c i p h e r e d b y G e o r g e S m i t h a n d

w a s p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 7 1 .

3 0

I k n o w o f o n l y o n e s c h o l a r , w h o w a s

i n t r i g u e d b y M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n ' s m a p . I a m r e f e r r i n g t o t h e l a te

e p i g r a p h i s t O l i v i e r M a s s o n a n d t h e a r t i c l e

La gographie des

royaum es chypriotes chez les m odernes,

w h i c h h e c o - a u t h o r e d

w i t h A n t o i n e H e r m a r y .

3 1

M a s s o n a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e h i s t o r i c a l

v a l u e o f t h e m a p b u t c l a i m e d t h a t t h e F r e n c h c a r t o g r a p h e r ' s

s o u r c e s w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y S t r a b o a n d P l i n y t h e E l d e r . S i n c e w e

h a v e a l r e a d y c o m m e n t e d o n S t r a b o ( a b o v e ) , w e c a n n o w l o o k

i n t o

N aturalis Historiae.

P l in y s t a t e s t h a t Cy p ru s w as f o rm er l y

t h e s e a t o f n i n e k i n g d o m s novem regnorum sedem: 5 , 3 5 .1 2 9 ) .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , h e d o e s n o t p r o c e e d t o n a m e t h e n i n e k i n g d o m s ,

b u t w r i t e s , i n s t ead , t h a t t h e i s l an d in h i s t ime (A D 1

s t

c e n t u r y )

h a d f i f te e n t o w n s (oppida in ea XV: 5 , 3 5 . 1 3 0 ) , w h i c h h e

p r e s e n t s b y n a m e .

3 2

I n s h o r t , C l a u d i u s P t o l e m y d i s c l o s e s n o t h i n g a b o u t C y p r i o t e

k i n g d o m s ; S t r a b o i g n o r e s t h e n u m b e r o f t h e k i n g d o m s ; P l i n y

271


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c l a i m s t h e r e w e r e n i n e b u t d o e s n o t r e c o r d t h e i r n a m e s . E q u a l l y

v a g u e r e f e r e n c e s , w h i c h r e p e a t t h e n u m b e r n i n e , c a n b e f o u n d

i n o t h e r a u t h o r s w h o a r e P l i n y ' s c o n t e m p o r a r i e s b u t t h e n a m e s

o f n i n e C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s a r e n o w h e r e t o b e f o u n d .

3 3

A l t h o u g h

n o s u ch s o u rce ex i s t s in t h e s u rv iv in g l i t e r a ry r eco rd o f

a n t i q u i t y , t h i s s a d r e a l i t y h a s b e e n h a n d s o m e l y c o n c e a l e d f r o m

h is t o ry t ex t b o o k s . T h i s , an d t h e f ac t t h a t i t h a s n o t y e t b een

u n a n i m o u s l y a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f t h e k i n g d o m s

n e v e r i n c r e a s e d b e y o n d t h e t e n l i s t e d b y E s a r h a d d o n e a r l y i n

t h e 7

t h

cen t u r y BC ( t h e y d ro p p ed t o n i n e an d l a t e r s t i l l t o

s e v e n ) ,

3 4

h a s l ed to a s e r i e s o f f i c t i t i o u s r ec o n s t r u c t io n s o f t h e

p o l i t i c a l s t a t u s o f t h e i s l an d in t h e Cy p ro -A rch a ic p e r io d .

3 5

D l O D O R U S S l C U L U S

I f o n e go es t h ro u gh each an d ev e ry o n e o f t h e ex t an t s o u rces in

G re ek an d L a t in t h a t co n t a in in f o rm a t i o n a s t o k in gs o r

k i n g d o m s o f a n c i e n t C y p r u s , o n e w i l l d i s c o v e r i n o n e ' s

a m a z e m e n t t h a t o n l y a f i r s t - c e n t u r y B C l i t e r a r y s o u r c e p r o v i d e s

t h e n am es o f a s m an y as s ev e n o u t o f t h e n in e k i n g d o m s : t h e

Bibliotheke Historike

( h e r e a f t e r t h e

Library)

o f D i o d o r u s

S icu l u s . Cu r io u s l y , D i o d o ru s s t a t e s , b u t o n l y o n ce w h e re h e

re l a t e s ev en t s of t h e y ea r 3 5 1 BC, t h a t t h e r e w e r e n in e im p o r t a n t

c i t i e s in Cy p ru s an d t h a t e ach w as go v e rn e d b y a k in g an d a ll

k in gs w ere s u b j ec t t o t h e K in g o f Pe r s i a (1 6 , 4 1 .4 ) . N ev e r t h e l e s s ,

h e d o e s n o t n a m e t h e n i n e c i t y - k i n g d o m s i n th i s o r i n a n y o t h e r

p a s s a g e . O n e n e e d s t o p e r s e v e r e t h r o u g h t h e e x t a n t b o o k s o f t h e

Library in o r d e r t o co l l ec t r e f e r en ces t o k in g s w h o ru l ed o v e r

s e v e n d i f fe r e n t C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s . T h e s e a r e K i t i o n , M a r i o n ,

So l o i , Sa l amis , A mat h u s , Pap h o s an d L ap i t h o s .

In d e s c r i b in g t h e ev en t s of t h e y ea r 3 1 5 BC t h a t l ed t o t h e

u l t i m a t e a b o l i t i o n o f t h e k i n g d o m s , D i o d o r u s g i v e s a n

u n e x p e c t e d r e f e r e n c e t o a

Lapithios

an d a

Kerynitis basileus

i n

t h e s a m e p a s s a g e ( 1 9 , 5 9 . 1 ) . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w h e n i n t h e y e a r 3 1 3

B C P t o l e m y I b e g a n e l i m i n a t i n g t h e C y p r i o t e k i n g s , D i o d o r u s

n a m e s o n l y P r a x i p p u s a s ' k i n g o f L a p i t h i a a n d r u l e r o f K e r y n i a '

111


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( 1 9 ,

7 9 .4 ) . L ap i t h o s an d K ery n ia a r e t w o l o c i t h a t l i e n ex t t o

each o t h e r o n t h e n o r t h co as t . I t i s n o t p o s s ib l e t o accep t t h a t

b o t h of t h em f u n c t io n e d a s t h e cap i t a l s o f t w o d i f f e r en t p o l i t i c a l

u n i t s a t t h e s a m e t i m e . M o r e o v e r , l i t e r a r y a s w e l l as n u m i s m a t i c

e v i d e n c e c l a i m t h a t L a p i t h o s , b u t n o t K e r y n i a , w a s a k i n g d o m

to the end o f the 4

t h

c e n t u r y B C .

3 6

If the Periplous o f Sky lax

c o u l d b e d a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y t o t h e 4

t h

cen t u ry BC, i t w o u l d

p r o v i d e t h e e a r l i e s t w r i t t e n r e f e r e n c e t o a c i t y ( n o t a k i n g d o m )

n a m e d K e r y n i a .

3 7

SH O RT O F T WO K I N G D O M S

R e t u r n i n g n o w t o t h e k i n g d o m s ' m a p , w e t a k e n o t e o f t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e n a m e s o f n i n e k i n g d o m s h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d i n L a t in

i n t h e g e n i t i v e c a s e : Salam ini, Chytri, Lapathi, Solorum , Paphi,

Curii, A m athi, Citii, a n d Mali Regnum. T o d a r e c o n t e m p l a t e

m a p p i n g t h e t e r r i t o r i a l e x t e n t o f n i n e k i n g d o m s , M o u l la r t-

S a n s o n h a d t o e s t a b l i s h f i r s t t h e i r n a m e s . T h e

Library,

b e s i d e s

b e in g t h e ea r l i e s t ex t an t G reek s o u rce t h a t r e f e r s t o n in e

k i n g d o m s a n d n a m e s a s m a n y as s e v e n , h a d b e e n e d i t e d ( t w i c e )

an d w as av a i l ab l e in a L a t in t r a n s l a t i o n b y l 6 0 4

3 8

- m o r e t h a n a

c e n t u r y p r i o r t o t h e m a p ' s p r o d u c t i o n . A s s u m i n g t h a t o u r

s c h o l a r - c a r t o g r a p h e r h a d s c a n n e d t h e Library, h e b e g u n b y

a c c o m m o d a t i n g o n th e m a p t h e s a m e s e v e n k i n g d o m s t o w h i c h

D i o d o r u s r e f e r s b y n a m e ( K i t i o n , M a r i o n , S o l o i , S a l a m i s ,

A m a t h u s , P a p h o s a n d L a p i t h o s ) , b u t w a s w i s e e n o u g h n o t t o

d e l i n e a t e a s e p a r a t e t e r r i t o r y f o r a k i n g d o m o f K e r y n i a ( a l o c u s

' C e r a n i a ' is f o u n d w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e k i n g d o m o f

L a p i t h o s ) .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , h e w a s s t i l l s h o r t o f t w o k i n g d o m s . N e i t h e r a

k i n g d o m o f K o u r i o n n o r o n e o f C h y t r o i a r e k n o w n t o D i o d o r u s .

W h a t o t h e r s o u r c e s d i d M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n a n a l y s e i n o r d e r t o

r o u n d u p t h e n u m b e r w i t h K o u r i o n a n d C h y t r o i ? K o u r i o n w a s

e a s y . H e r o d o t u s '

Histories

c o n t a i n t h e e a r l i e s t G r e e k r e f e r e n c e

t o a k i n g d o m o f K o u r i o n . I n d e s c r i b i n g t h e r e v o l t of O n e s i l u s

o f S a l a m i s a n d o t h e r C y p r i o t e k i n g s a g a i n s t P e r s i a n r u l e i n

273


12/23


4 9 9 / 8 B C , H e r o d o t u s ( 5 , 1 1 3 . 1) r e f e r s t o t h e k i n g o f K o u r i o n

S t e s en o r w h o , in t h e mid s t o f b a t t l e , b e t r ay ed t h e cau s e o f t h e

r e v o l t. D u r i n g t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t , E u r o p e a n s c h o l a r s h i p w a s

t h o r o u g h l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e w o r k of H e r o d o t u s . A s a n e x a m p l e ,

I m e n t i o n t h a t i n 1 7 1 5, o n l y t h r e e y e a r s b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n

o f t h e k i n g d o m s ' m a p , S a m u e l L u c h t m a n h a d p u b l i s h e d i n

L e i d en a f o l io ed i t io n o f t h e Histories Herodoti Halicarnassei

Historiarum Libri IX)

w i t h a L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n .

CHYTROI INSTEAD OF IDALION

W h e r e d i d M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n l o c a t e a s o u r c e t h a t c l a i m e d C h y t r o i

a s t h e se a t o f a k i n g d o m ? N o s o u r c e , o t h e r t h a n E s a r h a d d o n ' s

r o y a l p r i s m t h a t l is t s K i t r u s i a m o n g t h e t e n k i n g d o m s , r e f e r s t o

a k i n g d o m o f C h y t r o i . N e i t h e r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x c a v a t i o n s , n o r

e p i g r a p h i c a l t e s t i m o n i e s h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t C h y t r o i w a s a

c i t y - k i n g d o m . T h e r e m a i n i n g d e c i s i v e f a c t o r i s c o i n a g e . A l r e a d y

b e f o re t h e en d o f t h e 6

t h

cen t u r y BC, o n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r t h e

C y p r i o t e k i n g s w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o d e f i n e a n d e n h a n c e t h e i r

r o y a l p r e r o g a t i v e b y s t r i k i n g c o i n s . N o c o i n a g e h a s e v e r b e e n

a t t r i b u t e d t o a k i n g d o m o f C h y t r o i . A s s u m i n g t h a t i t h a d t h e

s t a t u s o f a k i n g d o m d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of E s a r h a d d o n i n t h e 7

t h

c e n t u r y , C h y t r o i m u s t h a v e b e e n a b s o r b e d b e f o r e t h e i n c e p t i o n

o f m o n e t a r y e c o n o m y .

3 9

T h e f ac t i s t h a t Mo u l l a r t -San s o n h ad n o

l e g i t i m a t e g r o u n d s f o r m a k i n g a k i n g d o m o u t o f C h y t r o i b u t h e

h a d t o h a v e a n i n t h k i n g d o m .

T h i s i s t h e n t h e m o m e n t t o w o n d e r w h y t h e k i n g d o m o f

Id a l io n i s ab s en t f ro m t h e m ap o f M o u l l a r t -Sa n s o n . Id a l io n , ju s t

l i k e K o u r i o n w e r e k i n g d o m s i n t h e 7

t h

cen tu ry BC, as fa r as the

A s s y r i a n s w e r e c o n c e r n e d . U n l i k e C h y t r o i , I d a l i o n a n d K o u r i o n ,

s u r v i v e d i n t o t h e 5

t h

ce n t u ry BC f o r t h e i r k in gs t o i s s u e

d i s t i n c t i v e c o i n a g e w i t h s y l l a b i c G r e e k l e g e n d s .

4 0

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,

K o u r i o n a n d I d a l i o n a r e t h e t w o C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s m i s s i n g

f ro m D io d o ru s acco u n t . L i t e r a ry s o u rces a r e s i l en t a s t o t h e i r

f a t e .

W e k n o w f r o m i n s c r i p t i o n s t h a t t h e P h o e n i c i a n k i n g s o f

K i t i o n a n n e x e d t h e k i n g d o m o f I d a l i o n e a r ly i n t h e 5

t h

c e n t u r y

274


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a f t e r t h e f a i l ed in s u r r ec t io n o f t h e Cy p r io t e s in 4 9 9 / 8 BC. W e

d o n o t k n o w w h e n , h o w o r b y w h o m w a s t h e k i n g d o m o f

K o u r i o n a b o l i s h e d , b u t it w a s c e r t a i n l y n o t b y P t o l e m y I .

K o u r i o n h a d b e e n a b s o r b e d b e f o r e t h e e n d o f t h e 4

t h

c e n t u r y ,

w h e n P t o l e m y I e l i m i n a t e d t h e l as t o f t h e k i n g s a n d t h e

i n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e c i t y - k i n g d o m s .

4 1

I d a l i o n , a n i n l a n d k i n g d o m w i t h n o a c c e s s t o t h e s e a , d i d n o t

m a k e it o n t h e m a p o f M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n , b e c a u s e n e i t h e r

H e r o d o t u s n o r D i o d o r u s , o r a n y o t h e r s u r v i v i n g a n c i e n t s o u r c e

f o r t h a t m a t t e r , i d en t i f y Id a l io n as t h e s ea t o f a k i n g d o m . T h u s ,

C h y t r o i , a n i n l a n d c i t y , b e c a m e t h e n i n t h k i n g d o m o n t h e m a p .

M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n c o u l d h a v e c h o s e n i t b e c a u s e o f i t s p r e

e m i n e n c e i n t h e w r i t t e n s o u r c e s : C h y t r o i i s e x p l ic i t ly m e n t i o n e d

b y C l au d iu s P t o l emy a s o n e o f t h e t h r ee in l an d c i t i e s o f

C y p r u s .

4 2

A s s u ch , it i s r eg u l a r l y f ea t u re d o n E u ro p ea n m ap s

b a s e d o n P t o l e m y ' s Geography. Ch y t ro i i s a l s o o n the l i s t of

P l in y ' s f i f t e en t o w n s o f Cy p ru s . T h e d ec i s iv e c l u e i s g i v e n b y t h e

c a r t o g r a p h e r

himself:

i n t h e c a r t o u c h e o f h i s m a p , h e

a c k n o w l e d g e s t h a t h e a p p l i e d a v e r s i o n o f t h e R o m a n r o a d -

s y s t e m f r o m P e u t i n g e r ' s t a b l e s . C h y t r o i a r e , i n d e e d , q u i t e c l e a r l y

m a r k e d a s C i t a r i o n t h e

Peutingeriana.

4

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M A L I RE G N U M : W HY EAST F

W e s t i l l h a v e t o e x p l a i n t h e p r o v e n a n c e o f t h e n a m e , a n d t h e

l o c a t i o n o n t h e m a p , o f Mali Regnum. Malos is n o t a

ge o g rap h ic a l l o cu s o f Cy p ru s ; i t b e l o n gs in C i l i c i a . T h e m y s t e r y

w a s s o l v e d b y t h e e r u d i t e M a s s o n .

4 4

In Book XII o f the

Library

D io d o ru s d es c r ib e s ev en t s o f t h e y ea r 4 5 4 BC an d r e f e r s t o t w o

o f t h e c i t y -k i n g d o m s : o n e i s K i t io n , t h e o t h e r i s M ar io n , b u t in

t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e t h e G r e e k c o d e x o f t h e Library r e n d e r s

M a r i o n a s M a l o n ( i n t h e a c c u s a t i v e ) , p r o b a b l y c o n f u s i n g t h e

n a m e w i t h t h a t o f t h e C i l i c i a n M a l o s .

4 5

T h i s e r r o r , w h i c h w a s

r e c o g n i z e d a n d c o r r e c t e d i n t o M a r i o n i n e d i t i o n s o f t h e

Library

t h a t p o s t d a t e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n ' s m a p , p r o v e s

t h a t t h e c a r t o g r a p h e r ( a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s ) h a d c o n s u l t e d a n e a r l y

75


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e d i t i o n o f D i o d o r u s ' Library.

M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n h a d u n w i t t i n g l y c o p i e d a n e r r o r b u t t h i s w a s

h a r d l y h i s m a i n p r o b l e m w i t h M a r i o n . N o n e o f t h e a n c i e n t

s o u r c e s w o u l d g i v e h i m a c l u e a s t o w h e r e t h i s k i n g d o m w a s

l o c a t e d . T h e C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s w e r e k n o w n b y t h e n a m e o f

t h e i r c ap i t a l c i t y . T h e geo grap h ica l l o ca t io n o f t h e o t h e r c i t i e s

w a s n o t i n d o u b t b e c a u s e e v e n a f t e r t h e a b o l i t i o n o f k i n g s h i p

S a l a m i s , K i t i o n , K o u r i o n , L a p i t h o s , A m a t h u s , S o l o i , P a p h o s a n d

C h y t r o i c o n t i n u e d t o f u n c t i o n a s u r b a n c e n t r e s d u r i n g t h e

H e l l e n i s t i c a n d R o m a n e r a . T h u s , t h e i r c o - o r d i n a t e s w e r e

c a l c u l a t e d b y C l a u d i u s P t o l e m y i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i s l a n d .

T h i s , h o w e v e r , i s n o t t h e c a se w i t h M a r i o n . O u r k n o w l e d g e a s

t o w h e re i t s t o o d r e m a i n s im p e r f e c t t o t h i s d ay . I t w a s o n l y in

t h e l a t e 1 9

t h

c e n t u r y t h a t M a r i o n w a s s u s p e c t e d o f l y i n g w e s t

u n d e r t h e v i l l a g e o f Polis in the bay o f Chrysochou . S t i l l , as

r e c e n t l y as 1 9 9 7 , t h e d i r e c t o r o f P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y ' s

ex c av a t io n s in t h e a r ea w ro t e t h a t " t h e id e n t i f i c a t io n o f t h i s s i t e

w i t h M a r i o n i s b a s e d o n a m o d e r n c o n s e n s u s o f s c h o l a r l y

o p i n i o n , n o t o n c o n c r e t e f a c t . "

4 6

D io d o ru s r eco rd s t h a t t h e k in gd o m o f Mar io n w as r a i s ed t o t h e

gro u n d b y o rd e r o f P t o l emy I So t e r

(circa

312 BC) an d i t s

p o p u l a t io n t r an s f e r r ed t o Pap h o s (1 9 , 7 9 .4 ) . O n e a s s u mes t h a t i f

i t s p o p u l a t io n w as t r an s f e r r ed t o Pap h o s , Mar io n co u l d n o t h av e

b een s i t u a t ed o n t h e o p p o s i t e en d o f t h e i s l an d , w h e re Mo u l l a r t -

San s o n ch o s e t o l o ca t e i t . So me o t h e r r ea s o n in g mu s t h av e

co mp e l l ed h im t o d o s o , an d t h i s w as t h e a s s o c ia t io n o f Mar io n

w i t h A rs in o e . W r i t in g f iv e h u n d re d y ea r s a ft e r D io d o r u s ,

S t ep h an u s By zan t iu s (A D 5

t h

cen t u ry ) h ad acces s t o in f o rma t io n ,

w h ich a l l o w ed h im t o d i s c l o s e t h a t A r s in o e w as a Cy p r io t e c i t y

p r e v i o u s l y n a m e d M a r i o n .

4 7

A p p a r e n t l y , P t o l e m y II P h i l a d e l p h o s

(2 8 5 -2 4 6 BC) f o u n d ed a n e w c i t y o n t h e ru in s o f M ar io n , w h i ch

h e n a m ed A rs in o e a f t er h i s s i s t e r ( an d w i f e ) A r s in o e I I , w h o w a s

d e i f i ed b e f o re h e r d ea t h in 2 7 0 BC. T h e n am e A rs in o e , h o w ev e r ,

w as g iv en t o an u n k n o w n n u m b e r o f p l aces in Cy p ru s (n o f ew er

t h a n t h r e e )

4 8

an d t h e an c ien t geo grap h e r s f a i l t o id en t i f y o n e o f

t h em w i t h Mar io n . In h i s d e s c r ip t io n of Cy p ru s , P t o l e m y (5 ,

14 .4 ) re fe rs to one Ars inoe to the wes t , beyond So lo i . P l iny (5 ,

276


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3 5 . 1 3 0 ) e n u m e r a t e s a n A r s i n o e a m o n g s t t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y c i t ie s

o f the i s l an d and re f e rs se par a te ly to M ar io n as a c i ty tha t ha d

ex i s t ed in t h e p as t . H e is u n aw are o f i t s geo grap h ica l l o c a t io n an d

t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n M a r i o n a n d A r s i n o e e l u d e s h i m . S t r a b o ,

h o w ev e r , me n t io n s t h r ee A rs in o e : t h e f ir s t is a p o r t c i ty o n t h e

eas t coas t near Sa lamis ; the second is on the sou th coas t be low

t h e s an c t u a ry o f A p h ro d i t e a t Pa l aep ap h o s ; t h e t h i rd ma t ch es

P t o l emy ' s A r s in o e o n t h e w es t co as t .

4 9

Yet , he assoc ia tes none o f

t h e t h r e e w i t h a n e a r l i e r c i t y a n d k i n g d o m n a m e d M a r i o n .

T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s A r s i n o e o f C y p r u s

- c o m m e m o r a t e d o n i n s c r i p t i o n s o r m e n t i o n e d b y a n c i e n t

a u t h o r s - a n d t h e A r s i n o e t h a t o c c u r o n t h e p r e - m o d e r n m a p s o f

Cy p ru s w i l l n o t b e r e s o l v ed in t h i s p ap e r ; i t w i l l r eq u i r e a l o n g-

t e r m r e s e a r c h . S u ff i ce i t t o s a y t h a t M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n

a c c o m m o d a t e d o n h i s k i n g d o m s ' m a p n o f e w e r t h a n f o u r l o c i b y

t h e n a m e of A r s in o e - t h o u g h n o p l ace co u l d h a v e b o rn t h i s

n a m e u n t i l w e l l a f t e r t h e a b o l i t i o n o f t h e k i n g d o m s a n d t h e

i n c e p t i o n o f P t o l e m a i c r u l e . O n e i s t o t h e w e s t w i t h i n t h e

b o r d e r s of t h e P a p h i a n k i n g d o m a n d i s d e f i n e d a s p l a i n

Arsinoe

( i n a c c o r d w i t h P t o l e m y a n d w i t h S t r a b o ' s t h i r d A r s i n o e ) . T h e

s e c o n d , b e l o w

A ntiqua Paphos

( b e t w e e n

Zephyria

a n d

Hierocepsis)

is

Arsinoe Statio

( in acc o rd w i t h S t r ab o ' s s eco n d

A r s i n o e ) . T h e t h i r d ,

Marium postea A rsinoe,

is a locu s on th e

s o u t h c o a s t w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e k i n g d o m o f A m a t h u s . T h e

f o u r t h i s Arsinoe Urb s et Portus o n t h e ea s t co as t b e t w ee n

Sa l amis an d L eu co l l a ( in acco rd w i t h S t r ab o ' s f i r s t A r s in o e ) , o n

t h e s i t e w h e r e M e d i e v a l A m m o c h o s t o s w a s d e s t i n e d t o g r o w ,

a n d i t i s t h e o n l y o n e d e s i g n a t e d w i t h i n t h e b o r d e r s o f

Mali

Regnum.

T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f M a r i o n w i t h o n e o f t h e s e A r s i n o e m u s t

h a v e l i n g e r e d i n c o n c l u s i v e l y i n t h e m i n d of M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n .

E v e n t u a l l y , h e o p t e d t o a s s o c i a t e t h e k i n g d o m o f M a r i o n w i t h

A r s i n o e - F a m a g u s t a t o t h e e a s t . H a v i n g m a d e u p h i s m i n d o n

t h i s , h e t h e n h a d t o f u r n i s h Mali Regnum w i t h a t e r r i t o r y

w o r t h y o f a k i n g d o m . T o d o s o , h e r u n - i n t h e m o s t

u n c o n v i n c i n g m a n n e r - a n a w k w a r d b o u n d a r y l i n e f r o m ju s t t o

t h e s o u t h o f Sa l amis an d a l l t h e w ay u p t o t h e n o r t h co as t . T h e

277


16/23


k i n g d o m o f M a r i o n w a s t h u s e n d o w e d w i t h a c c e s s t o t h e s e a o n

t h r e e f r o n t s - o n t h e n o r t h , e a st a n d s o u t h c o a s t - a n d w i t h m o s t

o f t h e f e r t i l e p l a in o f Mes ao r i a .

Salam ini regnum

w as l ef t w i t h

n o t h i n g b u t t h e p e n i n s u l a o f C a r p a s i a .

CARTOGRAPHIC SCHOLARSHIP

P i e r r e M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n ,

gographe du roi,

d ied ch i l d l e s s in 1 7 3 0 ,

a d e c a d e a f t e r h e h a d p r i n t e d h i s s e c o n d C y p r u s m a p . W i s h i n g ,

i n h i s t u r n , t o p r e s e r v e t h e c a r t o g r a p h i c h e r i t a g e o f t h e S a n s o n

f ami l y , h e d e s ig n a t ed in h i s w i l l t h r ee f r i e n d s t o s u cc eed t o t h e

San s o n s t o ck : t h ey w e re a p r i e s t , a l aw y e r a n d a p ro f e s s o r o f

m a t h e m a t i c s .

5 0

O f t h e t h r e e i t w a s G i l l es , t h e m a t h e m a t i c i a n ,

w h o w a s t o c a r r y o n w i t h t h e m a p b u s i n e s s a n d w h o , a l o n g w i t h

h i s s o n D i d i e r , f o u n d e d t h e m o s t f a m o u s 1 8

t h

ce n t u ry f am i l y o f

F r e n c h M a p m a k e r s : t h e R o b e r t d e V a u g o n d y . L i k e t h e S a n s o n s

b e f o r e P i e r r e , t h e V a u g o n d y d i d n o t p r o d u c e a m a p o f C y p r u s ,

t h o u g h w e m a y a s s u m e t h a t t h e y i n h e r i t e d t h e c o p p e r p l a t e s o f

t h e t w o C y p r u s m a p s .

A s f a r a s F ren ch ca r t o g rap h y i s co n ce rn ed , P ie r r e Mo u l l a r t -

San s o n i s co mp l e t e l y o v e r s h ad o w ed b y h i s g r an d f a t h e r an d h i s

sp i r i tua l he i r s , the Vaugondy . In the f ie ld o f the car tography o f

Cy p ru s , h o w ev e r , h e h ad a w e l l - co n cea l ed r ea s o n t h a t l ed h i m t o

p ro d u ce an o r ig in a l c a r t o g rap h ic i l l u s t r a t io n o f t h e i s l an d ' s

po l i t ica l s t a tus in the Class ica l per iod . Hav ing su rv ived fo r the

be t t e r par t o f the 1

s t

m i l l e n n iu m BC, t h e s y s t em o f t h e

au t o n o m o u s c i t y -k i n gd o m s of I ro n Age Cy p ru s w as t e rm in a t ed b y

Pto lemy I So ter shor t ly a f t e r the c lose o f the 4

t h

cen t u ry (b y 2 9 4

BC). A n y map , w h i ch a t t e m p t s t o an t ed a t e b y f o u r t o f iv e h u n d re d

years S t rabo ' s and Pto lemy ' s geography o f Roman Cyprus , i s no t a

mere fa i th fu l t rans fer on to the medium of the copper p la te o f an

ex i s t in g mo d e l t h a t an y o n e in t h e map t r ad e co u l d h av e co p ied .

T h e an c ien t k in gd o ms ' map , w h ich b ea r s t h e s ign a t u re o f P ie r r e

M oular t -S anson , is the end resu l t o f o r ig ina l scho la r ly re sea rch

am ids t a co l l ec t ion o f an t i que da ta an d of scho la s t ic sc r u t in y o f

t h e in f o rm a t io n p ro v id ed b y o f t en co n f l i c tin g o r d iv e rg in g

278


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l i t e ra ry sources . I t i s more than l ike ly tha t in th is endeavour

Mo u l l a r t -San s o n w as n o t b y himself. Never the less , the p ro jec t in

t h e n ame o f w h ich h e i s s u ed t h e t w o Cy p ru s map s , r ema in s a

my s t e ry . A p p a ren t l y , i t w as n ev e r r ea l i s ed , an d t h e t w o map s w en t

u n n o t i c ed . I d o n o t t h i n k t h e y w er e ev e r of f ic i a ll y t r ad e d , w h i ch

w o u l d ex p l a in w h y t h ey a r e s o r a r e .

E v e r y o n e o f t h e f e w k n o w n c o p i e s o f t h e k i n g d o m s ' m a p i s

m i s s i n g t w o l i n e s f r o m t h e l e g e n d e n c l o s e d w i t h i n t h e

c a r t o u c h e .

5 1

T h e s e tw o l in e s w e r e h a p h a z a r d l y e l i m i n a t e d f r o m

t h e co p p e r p l a t e . Co u l d w e h o p e t o f in d a co p y o f t h e m ap t h a t

h a d b e e n t h r o u g h M o u l l a r t- S a n s o n ' s p r i n t i n g p r e s s b e f o r e h e

h a d r e a s o n t o e l i m i n a t e t h o s e t w o l i n e s f r o m t h e l e g e n d ? A n d if

w e d o , i s i t go in g t o s h e d l igh t o n t h e u n rea l i s e d b u t ce r t a in l y

a m b i t i o u s p r o j e c t i n w h i c h t h i s r e m a r k a b l e s c h o l a r - c a r t o g r a p h e r

w a s i n v o l v e d .

A DISTURBING REALISATION

O n a n o t h e r l e v e l - i r r e s p e c t i v e of M o u l l a r t - S a n s o n ' s c o n j e c t u r a l

Cy p ru s p ro j ec t - t h e ex e rc i s e o f h av in g t o s ea rch f o r t h e s o u rce

m a t e r i a l of t h e k i n g d o m s ' m a p d i s c lo s e s s o m e v e r y d i s t u r b i n g

a n d w e l l - c o n c e a l e d t r u t h s . T h e C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s , a n d t h e i r

v e r y a n t i q u e a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e i n s t i t u t i o n , w e r e a b o l i s h e d b y

P t o l e m y I f o l l o w i n g h i s c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h a n o t h e r o f t h e

S u c c e s s o r s , A n t i g o n u s a n d h i s s o n D e m e t r i o s P o l i o r c e t e s . B y t h e

t i m e w h e n t h e i n t e ll i g e n t s i a of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d b e c a m e

i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e n e w l y a c q u i r e d i s l a n d c o l o n y of P t o l e m a i c

E g y p t , r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s r e g a r d i n g t h e o r i g i n a l , t h e A r c h a i c

C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s ( 7

t h

- 6

t h

c e n t u r i e s B C ) , h a d b e c o m e

u n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e G r e e k a u t h o r s o f a n t i q u i t y . I n t h e 1

s t

c e n t u r y

BC,

a t a b o u t t h e t i m e t h e i s l a n d w a s to b e c o m e a p r o v i n c e o f

t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , k n o w l e d g e a s t o a p e r i o d , w h e n C y p r u s w a s

d i v i d e d i n t o te n k i n g d o m s w a s f o r e v e r l os t. F u r t h e r m o r e ,

t h o u g h t h e m e m o r y o f a n e r a , w h e n t h e r e w e r e n i n e k i n g d o m s

w a s v a g u e l y r e t a i n e d , n o b o d y s e e m e d t o h a v e h a d a r e c o r d o f

a l l t h e i r n i n e n a m e s o r t h o s e o f t h e n i n e r o y a l f a m i l i e s .

279


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Diodorus had l imi ted and fragmentary knowledge even as to the

Cypr iote kingdoms that exis ted dur ing the confl ict of the

Successors in the late 4

t h

century. I t i s shocking to contemplate

that no surviving Greek source can tel l us expl ici t ly how many

( the i r number ) and which k ingdoms ( the i r names) were in

existence, when Alexander the Great sought the al l iance of the

Cypriote kings during the siege of Tyre in 332 BC.

Zealous scholars dur ing the Renaissance and subsequent ly

dur ing the per iod of the Enl ightenment - for example, Thomaso

Porcacchi in the late 16

th

century and Johannes van Meurs in the

17

th

cen t u r y -

5 2

began to make thei r own assumpt ions as to

which Cypr iote ci t ies had once been seats of kingdoms. Before

Moul lar t -Sanson sat down to engrave the kingdoms ' map in the

second decade of the 18

th

century, he and his scholar associates

exercised cons iderable scrut iny over the sources in order to

select nine ci t ies that had functioned as capitals of the Cypriote

kingdoms. In the end, they too, gave in to assumpt ions s ince no

extant source had preserved the nine names of the Cypr iote

kingdoms. We wi l l never know to what extent Ar is tot le ' s los t

t reat i se could have remedied such a vas t his tor ical gap.

Maria Iacovou

University of Cyprus

2 8 0


19/23

M A P P I N G TH E A N C I E N T K I N G D O M S O F C Y P R U S

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The

Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1917-1932).

ANDREAS STYLIANOU

an d

JUDITH STYLIANOU, The History of the Cartography

of Cyprus (Nicosia: Cyprus Research Center, 1980).

P. J. STYLIANOU,

The Age

of the

Kingdoms.

A

Political History

of

Cyprus

in

the

Archaic

and

Classical periods

(Nicosia: Archbishop Makarios III

Foundation, 1992).

K. HADJIIOANNOU, [Ancient

Cyprus inGreek

Sources]

( N i c o s i a : S a c re d Archibishopric

of

C y p rus, 1971).

M. YON

et

F. MALBRANLABAT,

La stle de Sargon

Larnaca, in A. Caubet

(d.),

Khorsabad,

le

palais

de

Sargon

H, roi

dAssyrie, Actes

du

colloque

organis

au

muse

du

Louvre

1994

(Paris:

La

Documenta tion franaise,

1995), 159-68.

282


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M A P P I N G TH E A N C I E N T K I N G D O M S OF C Y P R U S

AGNOWLEDGEMENTS

An ea r l i e r ve r s ion

of

t h i s p a p e r

had

a l r e a d y a p p e a r e d

in

Cahier

du

Centre

d'tudes Chypriotes 30

(2000) : 79 -94 , when

the

e d i t o r s

of the

p re sen t

v o l u m e i n v i t e d

me to

submi t t h i s p i ece

of

r e s e a r c h

on the

pol i t ica l

g e o g r a p h y of anc i en t Cyprus . It was a f te r con s ide rab le hes i t a t i on tha t I

gave in to t h e i r k i n d , bu t fi rm, r equ es t . In r e t rospec t , Iw i s h to e x p r e s s my

s i n c e r e t h a n k s to t h e m for t h e i r p a t i e n c e and p e r s e v e r a n c e . T h e y g a v e me

t h e c h a n c e

to

c o r r e c t e r r o r s ,

to

u p d a t e

the

b i b l i o g r a p h y

and to

r e w o r k

and

r ev i se

the

en t i r e pape r .

NOTES

1. Recent ly d iscussed

in IACOVOU

2002.

2. Consult GORING.

3.

PEDLEY,

21.

4. STYLIANOU 1980, 98.

5.

I

t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y

to

i n t r o d u c e

a

p r e v i o u s l y u n r e c o r d e d c o p y

of

t he r a r e map of the C y p r i o t e k i n g d o m s . The map b e l o n g e d to the late

H o m e r H a b i b i s

and is now in the

co l l ec t i on

of Mrs

Sy lv i a Ioannou .

For

p e r m i s s i o n

to

i l lus t ra te

it in

t h i s a r t i c l e ,

I am

i n d e b t e d

to Mrs

I o a n n o u

and

to her cu ra to r Ar t emi s S kou ta r i .

6 .

STYLIANOU 1980,

99-100

[129].

7. F igu res 3 and 5-6 w e r e k i n d l y p r o v i d e d by the c u r a t o r s of the Bank

of Cyprus Cu l tu ra l Founda t ion

map

co l l ec t i on

in

Nicosia.

8. STYLIANOU 1980, 34 [39]

9. IACOVOU 1998, 290.

10. STYLIANOU 1980, 100 [130].

11. STYLIANOU 1980, 60 [66].

12. STYLIANOU 1980, 101 .

13. Reiss and Sohn , K n igs t e in , Auk t ion 66/1(29 .10 .1998) , i t e m2771.

14.

I

w i s h

to

a c k n o w l e d g e t h a t

in my

r e s e a r c h

on

P i e r r e M oul l a r t -

Sanson

and his

C y p r u s m a p s

I

sough t

the

a s s i s t ance

of Mme

M onique

Pe l l e t i e r , Conse rva t eu r

en chef,

D p a r t e m e n t

des

Ca r t e s

et

Plans ,

B ib l i o thque Na t iona l e

de

F r a n c e ,

who

k i n d l y r e s p o n d e d

to my

i nqu i r i e s

(da t e

of

co r r e sp ond enc e 14 .6 .1999)

15. I am gra teful to Mr. F r a n c is H e r b e r t for hism ost he lpful sugge s t ions

(da t e

of

co r r e sp ond enc e 2 .6 .1999)

283


22/23


1 6 . STYLIANOU 1 9 8 0 , 1 4 6

[193-194].

1 7 .

PEDLEY,

7 .

1 8 .

PEDLEY,

11 & 14 .

1 9 .

IACOVOU

1 9 9 8 , 2 9 0 & 3 0 3 -

2 0 .

STYLIANOU

1 9 8 0 , 1 5 0 [20 6] ;

IACOVOU

1 9 9 8 , 2 8 9 .

2 1 .

STYLIANOU

1 9 9 2 , 4 9 0 ( a n e m i n e n t a n c i e n t h i s t o r i a n , P e t e r S t y l i a n o u

s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e l a t e A n d r e a s a n d J u d i t h S t y l i a n o u , a u t h o r s

o f t h e s e m i n a l w o r k o n The History of the Cartograp hy of Cyprus. N i c o s i a

1 9 8 0 ) .

2 2 .

H A D J I IO A N N O U

1 9 7 3 , 3 2 5 [154].

2 3 .

STYLIANOU

1 9 8 0 , 6 8 [ 7 4 ] .

2 4 .

STYLIANOU

198 0 , 8 6 [99 ]

2 5 . I h a v e c o n s u l t e d t h e e d i t i o n of P e t r u s M o n t a n u s , Claudii Ptolem aei

Alexan drini Geograp hiae Libri O cto Graeco-Latini, A m s t e r d a m l 6 0 5 ( i n t h e

c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e B a n k o f C y p r u s C u l t u r a l F o u n d a t i o n , N i c o s i a ) .

2 6 .

PEDLEY,

9-

2 7 .

GJERSTAD,

4 4 9 ; Y O N a n d

MALBRAN-LABAT.

2 8 .

BORGER,

6 0 ;

BAURAIN; MASS ON;

REYES, 5 8 .

2 9 .

HADJIIOANNOU

1 9 7 5 , 3 4 4 [ 9 0 ] , 3 4 6 [ 9 1 ] .

3 0 .

Consu l t

MA S S O N

a n d

HERMANY,

2 3

( n o t e

3 ) .

3 1 .

MASSON

a n d

HERMANY.

32 .

HADJIIOANNOU

1 9 8 0 a , 3 4 4 [ 2 9 2 ] .

3 3 F o r e x a m p l e i n t h e Chorograffia o f P o m p o n i u s M e l a (c f.

COBHAM,

3)

3 4 .

IACOVOU

2002, 8 0 - 1 .

3 5 . S u c h i s t h e c a s e o f a m o d e r n m a p b e a r i n g t h e l e g e n d ' M a p o f C y p r u s

d e p i c t i n g t h e m a x i m u m p o s s i b l e k i n g d o m s i n t h e C y p r o - A r c h a i c II p e r i o d '

( R U P P ,

1 6 8 ) , w h i c h i n t r o d u c e s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b o u n d a r i e s o f 1 5 k i n g d o m s

36 .

T h e r e f e r e n c e t o a Kerynitis basileus i n D i o d o r u s i s a u n i c u m ( cf .

STYLIANOU

1 9 9 2 , 5 2 5 ) a n d w i l l r e m a i n u n r e s o l v e d a s l o n g a s w e p o s s e s s n o

o t h e r r e f e r e n c e t o a k i n g o r a k i n g d o m o f K e r y n i a . T h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f

K e r y n i a w i t h a k i n g n a m e d T h e m i s o n i s a t o t a l l y u n j u s t i f i e d a s s u m p t i o n o f

E n g e l . A s H i l l h a s i n d i c a t e d , ' E n g e l (Kypros, I , p . 3 6 5 ) c o n j e c t u r e s t h a t t h e

k i n g a b o u t t h i s t i m e w a s T h e m i s o n , t h e C y p r i o t e k i n g t o w h o m A r i s t o t l e

d e d i c a t e d h i s " P r o t r e p t i c u s " ( S t o b a e u s , Flor. 9 5 . 2 1 ) . T h e c h i e f r e a s o n f o r

t h i s c o n j e c t u r e i s t h a t w e k n o w t h e n a m e s o f t h e k i n g s o f a l l C y p r i o t e

s t a t e s e x c e p t K e r y n i a a b o u t t h i s t i m e '

( H I L L

1 9 4 0 , 1 5 8 , n o t e 4 ) .

3 7 .


1 9 7 3 , 3 2 6 [155.1].

284


23/23

M A P P I N G TH EA N C I E N T K I N G D O M S OF C YP R US

3 8 . The e d i t i o n of H. S t e p h a n u s w i t h a L a t i n tr a n s l a t i o n of B o o k s I-V,

X I -X X ( H a n a u l 6 0 4 ) ; c o n s u l t

L.

R h o d o m a n

in vol. I,

x x i i i ( E d i t i o n s

and

T r a n s l a t i o n s ) , Diodorus of Sicily in twelve volumes, t r a n s l a t e d

by C.H.

O l d f a t h e r .

T h e

L o e b C l a s s i c a l L i b r a r y 1 9 3 3 - 1 9 6 7 .

39 -

IACOVOU

2002, 81.

4 0. H I L L 1904, xlviii, 24-8; K A G A N , 33-43-

41. PERLMAN, 272.

4 2 . H A D J I IO A N N O U 1973, 324 [155].

4 3 .

STYLIANOU

1980, 1[2], 100 [129].

44. M ASSON an d HERMANY, 24.

4 5 . H A D J I IO A N N O U 1971, 114 [613].

46. CHILDS, 37.

4 7 . H A D J I IO A N N O U 1973, 326 [155.2].

4 8 .


1980b, 122.

4 9 .


1973, 316 [153].

50. PEDLEY, 21.

5 1 .

F o u r c o p i e s

of the

k i n g d o m s '

m ap a re

k n o w n

to me : the

f i r s t ( f r o m

a n u n d i s c l o s e d p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n )

is

i l l u s t r a t e d

in STYLIANOU 1980, [129] fig .

1 3 1 ;

t h e

s e c o n d

is

w i t h

t h e

D e p a r t e m e n t

des

C a r t e s

et

P la n s , B i b l i o t h q u e

N a t i o n a l e , P a r i s ,

and i t was

i l l u s t r a t e d

- b y

k i n d p e r m i s s i o n

of Mm e

M o n i q u e P e l l e t i e r - i n

IACOVOU

2 0 0 0 , 92, fig. 1; a t h i r d c o p y w a s i l l u s t r a t e d

b y R e i s s a n d S o h n , K n i g s t e i n , in the c a t a l o g u e for A u k t i o n 66/1

( 2 9 - 1 0 . 1 9 9 8 ) , as i t e m 277 1; the f o r t h c o p y is in the c o l l e c t i o n of S y l v i a

I o a n n o u an d is i l l u s t r a t e d in t h i s a r t i c l e .

5 2 . PoRCACCHi, 144;

ME U R S ,

98.

285

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