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iii

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT ON GAIT ASYMMETRY IN THE LONG-TIME RUNNING

2019, Jun. Student: Peng, Li-yao

Advisor: Shiang, Tzyy-Yuang

Abstract Most of previous gait asymmetry studies collected few gait cycles in a laboratory.

Besides, the research of asymmetry usually focused on patients and athletes. The

change in gait asymmetry during long-time outdoor running in general health group

needed to be further clarified. Purpose: To determine the effect of long-time outdoor

running on gait asymmetry in general health group. Method: Fifteen participants run

at 75% of maximum speed for 30-minutes outdoors. Five Inertial Measurement Unit

sensors were fixed on upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk to calculate asymmetry index.

One way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess the change in gait

asymmetry during 30-minutes running. Result: The results showed that the asymmetry

index reduced with fatigue. Conclusion: The gait in general health group is more

symmetry with fatigue during 30-minutes running.

Keywords: Asymmetry index Functional gait asymmetry Outdoor track

iv

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25

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二

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34

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39

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0

5

10

15

20

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

RPE

Time %

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43

rP

(stance)

「 - i S

「 p ＆ ASI. i 7

7P「 p IMU i o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 18.62±11.53 10.71±10.95 9.81±11.67 8.08±5.96 12.16±12.18

A-y 20.47±12.64 15.81±16.22 11.55±11.26 14.60±8.42 16.40±9.45

A-z 8.07±4.16 4.58±2.59 5.23±2.43 4.71±3.36 5.29±3.59

G-x 7.73±3.67 10.33±7.73 12.30±8.22 9.25±6.69 8.61±4.92

G-y 19.67±16.41 16.65±9.06 14.23±12.33 8.02±9.48 15.19±12.08

G-z 8.08±6.63 7.73±6.53 2.89±2.24 6.45±9.22 6.40±7.62

f

A-x 18.71±7.51 18.27±8.05 15.76±11.83 13.77±9.98 15.22±9.80

A-y 5.77±3.92 5.44±4.95 6.81±4.72 6.92±5.49 6.49±7.46

A-z 13.99±10.39 13.52±10.18 14.79±10.80 11.45±11.66 10.51±12.11

G-x 7.40±6.35 7.59±8.40 7.93±5.98 9.49±9.52 9.26±8.42

G-y 5.51±6.14 5.45±6.06 5.01±5.40 4.42±4.54 5.38±5.05

G-z 12.06±9.39 11.44±8.17 12.03±8.95 10.03±10.37 9.45±9.32

二

A-x 3.96±2.95 2.09±2.18 2.46±2.31 3.92±2.35 3.41±3.42

A-y 3.98±4.53 2.76±3.43 6.51±4.69 6.26±6.34 3.45±4.56

A-z 1.03±1.23 1.44±1.58 1.15±1.54 0.49±0.91 0.81±0.77

G-x 4.75±3.75 3.25±4.83 3.51±4.02 5.54±4.32 5.09±4.13

G-y 2.65±3.56 1.63±1.75 1.77±2.38 1.87±1.54 2.08±1.87

G-z 5.34±4.02 4.37±5.34 3.85±5.35 3.06±3.25 6.18±7.41

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

44

(stance)

「 - k S

「 v p ＆ ASI. i 8 g

G-xPG-y f G-xPG-z ASI. ＆

(F1.7,23.2=4.255, p<.01) (F1.9,25.9=3.849, p<.01) (F1.5,19.9=3.923, p<.01)

(F1.5,20=8.103, p<.01) ASI. k

8P「 p IMU k o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 20.25±16.07 18.94±14.72 23.93±16.79 20.52±14.88 18.19±17.81

A-y 12.48±9.48 17.27±11.14 18.30±8.1 18.45±22.87 8.58±6.73

A-z 6.22±3.36 6.26±4.44 4.68±3.40 7.29±5.48 4.02±4.26

G-x 20.15±19.99d 23.34±22.56 10.54±16.10d 14.23±11.95ac 4.61±5.34

G-y 11.19±11.23 14.02±8.70e 11.79±8.72e 12.04±7.55 8.54±7.02bc

G-z 28.78±15.27 22.96±15.77 18.44±18.54 24.94±17.14 22.57±21.58

f

A-x 11.22±6.85 10.71±5.36 9.89±7.64 8.83±7.52 10.88±7.30

A-y 18.83±4.43 25.69±10.49 24.09±11.83 23.78±8.98 18.81±12.06

A-z 10.57±6.64 10.55±7.63 9.81±8.28 9.98±7.62 11.84±5.94

G-x 18.03±9.21 16.30±13.32 11.01±8.31de 10.83±8.32c 17.80±13.44c

G-y 33.29±16.04 35.29±15.66 27.35±18.19 28.64±19.54 28.90±19.85

G-z 28.95±18.59d 31.04±15.99d 22.93±17.82 18.44±16.53ab 15.32±12.04

二

A-x 4.24±4.72 4.17±2.30 2.72±2.74 3.29±3.06 3.67±4.06

A-y 0.74±0.63 0.37±0.34 0.34±0.32 0.30±0.29 0.44±0.33

A-z 2.61±2.86 2.11±2.12 2.82±1.78 2.73±4.35 3.84±6.68

G-x 0.48±0.35 0.70±1.20 0.21±0.18 0.56±0.54 0.23±0.20

G-y 6.15±5.54 5.54±4.45 2.83±3.56 5.21±5.18 7.55±6.12

G-z 0.57±0.63 0.24±0.28 0.57±0.48 0.89±1.25 1.29±2.12

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

45

(stance)

「 - S

「 p ＆ ASI. 9 g

G-x Pf A-z 二 A-xPG-z ASI. ＆

(F4,52=5.147, p<.01) (F4,52=3.893, p<.01) (F1.8,24.1=3.622, p<.01)

(F2.6,34.9=5.181, p<.01) ASI. k

9P「 p IMU o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 19.74±15.36 18.00±14.61 18.38±15.29 15.83±12.63 16.92±15.42

A-y 14.66±7.34 15.96±13.00 15.82±7.18 14.13±6.68 9.76±8.15

A-z 5.13±3.68 1.72±1.85 3.99±3.00 4.55±4.09 3.65±4.31

G-x 10.41±6.17cde 10.78±7.39 7.80±3.12a 4.99±4.79a 6.33±2.32a

G-y 17.17±5.62 10.84±5.24 8.70±5.73 7.06±4.72 11.61±8.57

G-z 18.81±8.03 16.45±13.87 11.65±7.96 15.46±8.83 14.02±10.00

f

A-x 12.22±3.84 10.37±6.36 9.67±6.50 9.17±6.92 10.60±5.96

A-y 7.88±6.55 7.64±5.83 8.12±8.43 9.05±6.79 7.26±6.81

A-z 14.51±10.12e 13.13±10.34 13.86±8.75 12.45±10.66 10.39±10.31a

G-x 9.29±8.50 11.84±8.38 8.50±6.19 10.63±7.61 10.89±7.35

G-y 20.28±15.48 21.31±15.53 17.65±16.89 17.30±16.49 17.83±15.87

G-z 16.90±12.16 17.42±9.91 15.59±12.21 14.42±11.60 14.81±10.93

二

A-x 3.92±3.48 3.13±3.40c 2.77±2.79b 1.01±0.67 2.64±1.66

A-y 3.69±2.96 2.40±1.35 4.67±4.46 3.45±3.39 3.38±2.34

A-z 4.97±4.55 3.29±2.35 4.57±3.54 3.49±2.64 3.37±1.65

G-x 4.40±3.33 3.48±2.95 3.15±3.62 3.83±2.39 3.69±2.35

G-y 4.02±2.43 3.31±3.42 2.61±1.99 3.18±3.04 4.32±2.80

G-z 4.56±4.46d 4.48±2.71d 2.65±2.25 2.50±1.99ab 1.66±1.89

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

46

(stance)

「 - v S

「 p ＆ ASI. v 10 g

G-yPf A-zPG-y 二 A-zPG-z ASI. ＆

(F21.6,28=4.054, p<.01) (F4,52=4.171, p<.01) (F1.9,23.8=4.144, p<.01)

(F2.3,30.3=8.139, p<.01) (F2.7,35.1=4.799, p<.01) ASI. k

10P「 p IMU v o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 22.74±19.95 21.77±18.75 22.57±16.90 19.41±13.39 16.90±17.09

A-y 15.92±9.15 15.78±12.67 15.00±8.92 13.63±6.59 12.69±9.35

A-z 7.97±5.04 6.46±5.12 7.09±6.28 7.03±9.05 5.77±4.65

G-x 7.64±8.41 9.97±8.63 7.69±4.82 7.17±5.11 7.70±6.55

G-y 18.84±12.71 13.42±7.77c 9.27±6.05b 5.69±3.68 14.63±11.18

G-z 16.59±9.45 13.33±14.37 8.31±7.12 13.07±9.69 15.15±13.26

f

A-x 13.81±7.98 11.92±6.94 11.10±7.79 11.53±8.45 10.29±6.47

A-y 9.06±5.80 10.01±5.58 8.30±6.73 8.33±6.35 8.34±6.69

A-z 11.98±8.48 10.73±7.84 11.08±5.83d 9.88±8.74c 7.86±7.87

G-x 7.58±6.98 9.35±6.89 7.22±4.23 8.90±7.25 8.41±6.98

G-y 23.12±18.77c 24.18±19.82 20.62±20.47a 19.31±20.88e 20.55±19.24d

G-z 19.95±15.06 20.42±14.03 19.16±14.69 16.81±15.92 17.33±14.10

二

A-x 6.48±3.68 6.09±5.94 6.45±5.27 4.22±6.08 4.56±5.13

A-y 6.54±2.56 5.73±3.46 8.29±6.04 6.30±7.24 5.83±3.90

A-z 8.51±5.33cd 7.71±3.61cd 7.33±5.42ab 4.01±3.15ab 4.69±2.59

G-x 7.36±4.01 6.40±3.46 6.03±8.64 6.73±8.25 4.23±3.04

G-y 5.42±2.53 4.34±3.23 4.96±4.94 3.55±2.50 3.27±2.47

G-z 10.05±5.86 7.60±5.93 5.33±2.55 4.03±3.60e 4.75±4.46d

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

47

(swing)

「 - i S

p ＆ ASI. i 11 f G-x

ASI. ＆ (F4,52=6.01, p<.01)

ASI. k

11P「 p IMU i o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 7.20±6.55 6.08±5.36 7.30±6.33 6.34±8.09 8.48±8.42

A-y 9.74±9.26 11.08±7.39 13.95±8.80 13.33±8.98 12.52±10.13

A-z 9.24±6.94 8.64±8.42 9.31±8.15 5.68±4.04 4.94±3.70

G-x 10.60±10.03 11.24±9.35 14.25±13.90 6.73±4.91 10.02±5.96

G-y 14.71±11.89 4.73±4.18 2.78±2.64 8.97±10.76 8.79±7.02

G-z 7.85±6.38 11.08±5.30 7.01±6.48 11.29±16.37 3.59±2.48

f

A-x 13.25±12.89 13.37±13.13 10.20±9.87 11.84±12.03 10.00±10.45

A-y 6.91±5.05 7.96±6.45 6.48±4.39 6.04±5.60 4.35±3.22

A-z 8.37±10.04 9.41±8.81 8.40±9.43 7.43±8.66 4.70±6.06

G-x 6.56±5.39 5.48±3.53 6.89±5.20e 9.11±6.92e 8.91±5.22cd

G-y 0.89±0.97 0.94±1.25 1.14±1.12 1.14±1.09 0.45±0.42

G-z 6.05±6.64 6.65±7.40 6.24±7.65 5.81±10.32 7.29±7.87

二

A-x 2.76±2.84 2.08±1.65 2.08±2.09 1.42±1.56 2.65±2.35

A-y 5.11±5.71 1.38±1.72 4.99±6.01 5.57±7.95 3.60±6.18

A-z 0.87±1.27 0.97±1.30 0.82±1.34 0.56±0.97 0.71±0.80

G-x 4.61±3.77 2.77±3.66 3.34±3.10 4.02±3.51 2.53±1.13

G-y 2.69±2.86 1.99±1.88 3.38±3.51 2.27±1.15 1.56±1.52

G-z 3.58±3.90 3.12±4.08 2.41±2.79 1.42±2.18 3.99±4.57

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

48

(swing)

「 - k S

「 p ＆ ASI. k 12

12P「 p IMU k o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 9.24±7.91 10.46±5.74 8.66±6.18 7.63±7.78 10.40±5.83

A-y 10.71±9.34 15.56±9.64 22.47±12.68 16.97±21.73 13.29±11.19

A-z 5.18±3.38 6.02±3.19 6.61±6.04 5.67±5.43 5.68±3.56

G-x 24.56±28.56 19.52±23.29 14.67±17.03 8.91±9.39 6.64±4.26

G-y 11.25±7.16 10.49±6.37 5.02±1.57 7.41±5.28 6.65±4.82

G-z 20.82±13.82 20.82±14.22 20.53±17.49 17.28±10.10 16.24±9.76

f

A-x 6.52±4.89 8.09±6.08 6.96±14.90 7.02±5.75 6.30±4.46

A-y 18.66±8.87 19.40±10.83 17.66±12.99 16.16±12.15 14.50±7.72

A-z 6.45±4.19 8.10±6.09 7.06±4.08 9.48±5.26 9.08±4.49

G-x 14.61±8.37 15.14±12.73 11.34±11.04 13.05±7.69 15.50±9.91

G-y 15.34±16.67 16.24±11.74 15.41±16.13 15.72±19.42 21.19±19.67

G-z 13.53±11.40 12.60±8.36 10.43±7.67 8.85±7.94 8.41±5.66

二

A-x 2.99±3.06 3.98±1.93 1.64±1.96 3.17±3.12 2.83±3.48

A-y 0.23±0.17 0.15±0.11 0.24±0.21 0.30±0.21 0.32±0.48

A-z 0.83±1.12 1.44±1.36 2.21±1.27 1.34±1.86 1.30±1.73

G-x 0.22±0.15 0.17±0.22 0.19±0.17 0.26±0.23 0.18±0.19

G-y 3.29±5.45 2.92±2.83 3.38±3.35 5.65±4.91 3.62±4.46

G-z 0.07±0.06 0.16±0.16 0.25±0.18 0.27±0.19 0.44±0.51

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

49

(swing)

「 - S

「 p ＆ ASI. 13 g

A-zPG-zPf G-x 二 A-xPG-z ASI. ＆

(F1.3,17.2=7.562, p<.01) (F1.5,19.8=3.923, p<.01) (F1.7,22.6=4.4, p<.01)

(F1.9,25.2=4.053, p<.01) (F2.7,35.5=5.782, p<.01) ASI. k

13P「 p IMU o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 9.38±8.89 8.62±8.17 10.56±4.99 10.31±4.83 9.25±5.76

A-y 7.58±8.70 11.84±4.93 16.64±10.95 15.60±11.42 11.89±10.84

A-z 4.92±3.78de 6.87±3.75d 6.92±6.83a 2.60±1.43ab 2.78±1.73

G-x 8.41±5.92 8.48±4.40 6.61±3.11 5.80±5.70 5.67±3.88

G-y 8.89±7.40 10.26±6.42 4.13±3.27 7.92±4.40 9.23±8.44

G-z 17.63±10.16b 16.61±7.21a 9.43±7.99 11.51±10.78 9.44±7.02

f

A-x 10.73±3.63 11.04±5.00 8.29±4.54 7.83±5.49 8.07±5.45

A-y 9.33±4.80 12.32±5.62 9.79±6.47 8.10±5.45 6.98±5.70

A-z 7.46±6.12 7.48±5.18 8.21±5.64 6.71±5.73 6.17±4.85

G-x 10.49±3.91e 10.72±4.98e 9.59±6.87d 8.36±6.60c 9.91±7.34ab

G-y 12.77±9.33 12.98±9.38 11.15±10.01 11.73±10.00 12.76±9.85

G-z 8.94±7.97 8.93±8.24 7.44±8.32 8.28±8.96 10.86±9.97

二

A-x 2.88±2.35 2.35±2.48c 2.19±1.86be 0.83±0.62 2.06±1.37c

A-y 2.56±1.98 1.49±1.03 3.43±3.18 2.58±2.72 2.84±2.42

A-z 3.69±3.29 2.36±2.22 3.53±2.76 2.97±2.42 2.63±1.23

G-x 3.22±1.40 2.40±2.09 2.26±2.15 2.88±1.11 2.75±1.64

G-y 2.57±1.38 2.04±2.05 2.01±1.64 2.19±1.91 3.20±1.81

G-z 3.10±2.99d 3.41±1.96d 1.95±1.49 1.66±1.28ab 1.24±0.94

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

50

(swing)

「 - v S

「 p ＆ ASI. v 14 g

A-zPf A-y 二 A-z ASI. ＆

(F1.8,24=5.854, p<.01) (F2.2,29=3.294, p<.01) (F2.3,30.8=6.441, p<.01)

ASI. k

14P「 p IMU v o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

g

A-x 12.16±12.62 10.89±11.45 12.81±8.27 11.85±7.15 11.32±6.69

A-y 5.50±6.96 9.86±4.62 15.23±10.88 13.98±12.58 12.57±9.27

A-z 7.09±5.38d 8.69±5.14d 9.57±6.54 4.73±4.92ab 4.73±3.00

G-x 8.79±5.63 7.52±5.10 7.76±4.38 7.46±5.99 7.37±3.35

G-y 12.73±9.42 11.13±8.41 6.74±4.30 8.24±3.39 11.22±10.72

G-z 15.95±11.03 14.20±6.64 6.92±5.41 9.75±8.76 10.09±8.07

f

A-x 9.57±5.24 8.79±6.02 6.49±4.50 6.02±6.03 6.89±3.11

A-y 7.41±5.37d 10.01±5.91 7.92±7.98 5.70±5.35a 5.73±4.81

A-z 6.47±3.66 6.11±3.29 8.01±1.82 6.10±4.61 4.96±4.69

G-x 8.07±4.58 8.51±5.78 9.44±5.40 7.72±6.27 8.92±7.40

G-y 15.29±11.55 15.61±11.95 14.03±11.98 13.63±12.46 14.69±12.47

G-z 11.19±12.20 10.90±12.22 10.10±11.15 10.41±11.00 12.54±12.67

二

A-x 4.09±2.15 3.88±3.86 4.19±3.11 2.89±3.58 3.23±3.46

A-y 4.28±1.51 3.81±2.26 5.55±3.76 4.59±4.92 4.25±2.64

A-z 5.56±3.91d 5.13±2.56cd 5.19±3.67b 3.06±2.52ab 3.28±1.67

G-x 4.80±2.69 4.23±2.22 4.28±5.62 4.65±5.18 3.02±2.37

G-y 3.55±1.37 2.78±2.27 3.65±3.33 2.71±1.68 2.56±1.63

G-z 6.54±3.88 5.02±4.19 3.51±1.54 2.82±2.34 3.08±2.86

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

51

(stance)

- i S

p ＆ ASI. i 15 g

A-zPG-y f A-z 二 G-z ASI. ＆

(F4,52=5.095, p<.01) (F2.3,30=4.726, p<.01) (F1.9,25=4.983, p<.01)

(F2.2,29=3.735, p<.01) ASI. k

15P p IMU i o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 16.32±12.86 10.53±8.63 13.11±14.08 5.91±2.11 9.00±10.58

A-y 14.83±14.12 14.85±10.01 16.21±9.37 16.93±12.67 17.78±9.13

A-z 9.37±2.88 4.80±1.79 3.57±1.81e 4.44±2.43 2.87±1.77c

G-x 9.92±4.93 11.23±7.82 7.30±4.61 10.18±11.17 6.66±4.28

G-y 16.23±14.87c 19.72±9.96c 18.11±12.41abde 8.32±7.25c 18.76±13.91c

G-z 9.36±8.45 5.84±6.26 5.12±3.47 6.17±7.27 4.30±3.70

f A-x 19.25±5.94 19.83±8.13 20.13±8.62 12.18±10.28 14.56±9.26

A-y 5.33±5.43 5.82±4.93 6.64±5.27 4.99±2.68 8.84±8.80

A-z 15.40±9.12 12.19±8.72d 15.65±9.92 11.32±11.98b 10.76±11.39

G-x 7.51±8.42 7.93±5.07 10.94±7.05 9.57±9.30 9.09±8.04

G-y 6.52±6.11 4.58±4.89 4.92±6.09 6.94±6.40 5.09±5.92

G-z 9.78±10.55 8.35±6.92 12.28±7.45 9.11±10.89 10.49±9.80

二

A-x 3.56±2.88 3.23±1.84 2.63±1.54 3.25±2.59 3.11±2.82

A-y 4.05±2.60 4.78±5.52 9.88±11.06 3.27±6.18 4.17±4.49

A-z 1.12±1.05 1.05±1.32 0.95±1.27 0.84±0.86 0.57±0.69

G-x 4.69±4.83 3.13±3.14 2.79±2.83 4.22±4.06 4.56±3.73

G-y 3.18±3.97 1.69±1.89 2.61±2.72 3.52±2.03 3.54±3.45

G-z 7.20±5.42 6.60±5.39 5.00±3.61e 2.13±2.95 3.29±2.69c

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

52

(stance)

- k S

p ＆ ASI. k 16 f

A-zPG-z ASI. ＆ (F4,52=3.962,

p<.01) (F1.3,16.6=5.025, p<.01) ASI. k

16P p IMU k o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 26.53±12.38 20.37±14.66 25.01±17.34 18.77±13.86 17.32±14.51

A-y 18.28±18.14 23.37±20.75 14.83±11.18 17.41±18.75 16.28±17.66

A-z 6.78±5.44 7.50±4.82 6.74±2.88 5.97±4.05 6.62±6.14

G-x 7.10±6.91 13.09±14.35 8.21±9.02 17.54±14.70 9.03±7.40

G-y 5.81±7.41 14.94±10.53 11.19±7.45 15.39±8.43 12.73±8.90

G-z 25.33±17.86 20.27±16.49 25.89±19.24 20.03±15.07 22.40±18.47

f

A-x 10.85±7.15 8.28±5.79 11.78±5.28 9.28±6.63 10.31±6.15

A-y 24.71±10.11 24.78±9.91 25.70±15.33 26.28±8.64 21.91±17.33

A-z 9.71±7.79e 5.78±8.66 9.53±5.55 9.32±5.98 8.57±4.25a

G-x 15.71±11.05 9.61±7.41 12.67±13.65 9.71±12.29 14.84±12.42

G-y 33.47±15.10 31.87±15.71 34.12±13.54 27.91±19.16 27.88±19.74

G-z 28.16±18.02e 27.23±13.29e 28.52±16.05 20.69±17.53 18.25±17.83ab

二

A-x 2.90±3.46 2.87±2.64 2.43±2.67 2.99±4.34 4.49±4.33

A-y 0.41±0.23 0.31±0.28 0.23±0.17 0.21±0.28 0.22±0.17

A-z 2.83±2.32 1.77±1.88 3.56±3.07 3.46±5.43 2.36±4.33

G-x 0.54±0.53 0.75±1.35 0.28±0.40 0.59±0.55 0.45±0.24

G-y 6.23±5.53 6.59±4.42 4.22±2.70 4.17±4.81 7.81±6.92

G-z 0.79±1.37 0.98±1.78 0.83±0.76 0.31±0.33 0.79±1.43

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

53

(stance)

- S

p ＆ ASI. 17 二

A-yPG-z ASI. ＆ (F2.5,32=3.408,

p<.01) (F1.5,19=5.273, p<.01) ASI. k

17P p IMU o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 24.81±12.25 16.64±13.32 22.27±16.56 14.45±14.15 17.68±13.51

A-y 14.67±10.26 18.01±12.74 13.98±9.84 15.08±12.97 15.09±10.69

A-z 4.70±3.86 2.05±1.74 2.94±2.69 3.73±2.55 3.25±2.92

G-x 6.53±5.44 10.06±9.45 5.56±6.25 6.17±2.27 6.16±5.42

G-y 11.36±8.95 11.23±8.07 11.53±7.10 5.44±1.84 13.81±11.61

G-z 19.87±7.33 14.89±12.37 14.37±9.61 19.12±14.76 12.45±6.22

f

A-x 11.92±3.24 9.83±7.37 11.77±6.49 8.00±7.46 9.76±5.85

A-y 10.86±9.13 8.72±5.42 9.88±7.69 8.45±6.79 7.44±5.80

A-z 15.73±8.12 10.97±9.10 13.16±8.05 11.68±10.07 10.53±9.14

G-x 8.88±8.63 9.01±6.82 13.55±8.35 9.79±8.10 10.68±7.32

G-y 22.63±14.67 17.46±13.24 20.00±15.36 18.22±16.89 16.95±16.50

G-z 17.05±11.81 13.42±8.60 17.37±9.17 15.00±11.68 16.22±11.63

二

A-x 2.90±3.80 3.58±4.45 2.58±1.94 0.91±1.08 1.42±1.12

A-y 2.89±1.95 3.64±2.40d 6.36±4.46d 2.49±2.77bc 4.04±3.44

A-z 4.33±4.90 3.78±3.07 4.65±2.86 2.93±2.51 2.87±2.06

G-x 5.58±3.61 3.78±3.20 2.23±1.50 3.25±3.79 3.13±2.60

G-y 4.10±2.46 4.33±2.61 3.59±2.45 3.19±3.63 4.62±3.24

G-z 6.09±5.52b 5.57±3.50a 2.87±1.86 3.02±2.29 2.28±1.86

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

54

(stance)

- v S

p ＆ ASI. v 18 二

G-z ASI. ＆ (F4,52=5.997,

p<.01) ASI. k

18P p IMU v o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 28.08±17.59 19.61±17.30 24.96±20.20 18.21±18.88 20.62±13.08

A-y 14.62±12.11 14.17±14.26 16.13±9.25 16.34±13.43 17.47±9.05

A-z 9.45±4.34 7.85±9.37 3.68±4.13 6.97±4.60 5.08±4.82

G-x 6.34±6.81 13.63±12.74 4.32±2.55 6.40±1.72 7.76±6.15

G-y 15.33±11.91 16.72±9.86 14.41±9.72 7.77±5.29 16.53±15.54

G-z 16.68±8.52 17.10±13.47 12.54±11.35 16.23±14.76 14.40±9.07

f

A-x 14.46±8.16 15.97±7.73 13.21±6.98 9.77±7.41 10.95±5.81

A-y 12.27±8.24 10.93±7.89 9.61±7.06 8.43±5.96 8.35±6.07

A-z 13.46±7.56 13.09±13.65 11.03±6.20 8.99±7.71 8.80±6.20

G-x 6.36±5.60 11.33±11.04 11.06±8.16 6.74±5.78 7.97±6.17

G-y 25.23±18.33 19.89±16.45 21.84±19.44 20.53±21.74 19.35±19.87

G-z 19.57±15.81 15.49±11.75 19.51±12.18 17.75±16.28 18.19±15.07

二

A-x 5.98±3.5 9.69±10.70 5.23±4.70 4.44±4.78 3.15±4.32

A-y 7.32±3.60 8.13±7.92 9.27±6.69 5.51±4.73 6.12±4.35

A-z 7.79±6.26 10.90±9.65 7.18±4.09 5.01±3.82 4.21±3.07

G-x 8.01±5.50 7.50±7.67 4.71±5.84 6.15±8.65 6.22±4.80

G-y 5.27±2.62 9.23±10.21 4.30±3.72 3.41±2.10 3.04±2.69

G-z 12.18±6.68 11.10±8.35 6.40±3.34 3.74±3.42 3.06±3.19

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

55

(swing)

- i S

p ＆ ASI. i 19 g

G-xPf A-y 二 A-y ASI. ＆

(F4,52=4.17, p<.01) (F1.9,25.8=8.694, p<.01) (F4,52=5.15, p<.01) ASI.

k

19P p IMU i o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 9.59±5.48 7.42±6.24 4.99±3.49 8.30±6.29 8.69±8.23

A-y 15.32±13.82 12.66±5.29 14.64±7.19 18.16±12.47 17.36±3.88

A-z 9.12±8.76 9.40±7.03 9.80±7.25 6.57±3.70 6.51±5.01

G-x 11.51±9.76bce 14.93±12.04a 9.09±9.28a 7.94±9.26 12.10±14.45a

G-y 11.63±8.79 5.92±5.18 8.19±7.97 6.33±7.77 10.40±10.41

G-z 8.55±6.81 10.38±7.62 8.16±7.51 9.86±11.66 6.87±4.41

f A-x 12.12±11.03 11.87±12.00 11.02±9.72 10.28±10.74 12.56±10.78

A-y 6.79±6.04 9.83±7.79de 8.62±5.90e 5.64±4.74b 3.55±4.03bc

A-z 9.92±10.06 8.03±8.71 4.62±7.10 6.48±7.49 5.01±6.05

G-x 7.67±5.11 4.13±4.09 6.62±5.45 8.69±7.13 9.64±5.30

G-y 0.95±0.92 2.55±2.97 0.96±1.22 1.48±1.38 1.09±0.87

G-z 5.77±7.90 5.95±3.83 5.07±6.04 6.52±8.79 7.52±9.75

二

A-x 2.67±2.66 2.01±1.32 1.62±1.31 1.73±1.43 0.99±0.78

A-y 5.92±7.67 5.20±6.29c 6.71±7.88b 2.13±3.45 5.64±7.49

A-z 0.84±1.07 0.87±1.18 0.89±1.32 0.92±0.87 0.61±0.62

G-x 3.15±3.15 2.71±2.85 1.86±3.34 3.42±4.01 2.41±3.45

G-y 2.13±2.37 2.82±1.87 4.73±5.12 3.14±2.08 3.63±3.08

G-z 6.36±5.22 4.26±4.93 3.53±3.38 2.12±2.00 3.24±2.50

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

56

(swing)

- k S

p ＆ ASI. k 20 g

A-xPG-y f G-y ASI. ＆

(F2.1,28.4=3.468, p<.01) (F4,52=3.258, p<.01) (F4,52=4.279, p<.01) ASI.

k

20P p IMU k o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 13.07±9.59 5.94±5.85c 9.75±6.28be 5.24±4.77 7.08±4.37c

A-y 22.99±27.42 23.31±21.17 18.56±12.48 17.38±12.76 22.20±18.56

A-z 4.96±2.49 6.82±3.68 6.15±3.04 4.48±3.26 5.50±4.93

G-x 24.67±23.65 8.98±5.92 7.45±10.41 17.49±9.28 14.24±20.67

G-y 8.02±4.69 12.45±9.44 8.99±5.79e 5.14±3.21 10.37±4.46c

G-z 18.62±11.37 15.75±14.99 23.12±16.31 13.94±19.53 9.58±6.30

f A-x 6.30±5.26 5.41±5.43 6.50±5.95 7.02±5.29 4.84±5.52

A-y 19.90±9.93 18.54±15.47 17.71±12.67 16.58±10.29 12.32±9.23

A-z 7.07±5.40 7.31±6.20 6.37±3.97 6.79±4.10 8.86±7.05

G-x 13.70±8.81 14.64±11.01 10.75±8.03 11.08±7.23 14.97±8.78

G-y 14.21±15.86b 15.72±10.93a 19.60±16.37 18.91±18.85 22.37±17.07

G-z 14.83±14.68 14.14±8.23 7.79±8.28 7.25±5.07 10.56±6.49

二

A-x 3.55±3.25 2.88±2.40 2.33±2.89 3.38±4.62 3.90±3.84

A-y 0.18±0.23 0.31±0.24 0.24±0.22 0.15±0.14 0.29±0.26

A-z 0.71±1.02 1.31±1.31 2.15±1.95 1.28±1.69 0.80±0.75

G-x 0.17±0.09 0.19±0.09 0.17±0.16 0.20±0.20 0.22±0.18

G-y 4.16±4.68 2.58±1.99 2.96±3.32 4.14±4.28 3.04±4.79

G-z 0.41±0.37 0.24±0.19 0.37±0.40 0.28±0.20 0.34±0.19

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

57

(swing)

- S

p ＆ ASI. 21 g

G-xPG-yPG-z 二 A-yPA-zPG-z ASI. ＆

(F2.4,31=8.333, p<.01) (F2.5,32.8=3.261, p<.01) (F2.2,28.8=3.729,

p<.01) (F2.2,29.6=3.18, p<.01) (F2.2,29=3.68, p<.01) (F1.7,22.2=6.38, p<.01)

ASI. k

21P p IMU o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 12.16±8.22 6.86±9.80 9.88±9.40 8.62±5.88 11.05±4.39

A-y 11.95±12.55 12.83±10.55 15.81±10.65 16.45±13.61 17.99±11.13

A-z 5.49±5.21 6.47±6.06 4.53±3.83 4.20±0.45 4.06±2.10

G-x 11.51±7.29bde 10.60±5.20a 4.14±3.54 8.81±5.98a 3.53±3.07a

G-y 8.28±6.10c 10.27±4.24 7.85±6.69ae 6.35±4.04 9.44±9.85c

G-z 11.68±9.29e 14.75±7.28 9.29±7.53 14.56±8.87 8.77±4.61a

f

A-x 10.32±4.17 9.27±4.94 9.27±5.20 8.23±5.12 8.35±5.60

A-y 11.64±8.27 10.01±6.77 8.56±7.67 6.83±4.54 6.67±4.93

A-z 7.44±7.15 5.37±5.24 6.44±5.14 7.31±5.03 6.10±4.48

G-x 9.11±4.36 7.96±4.73 8.86±6.53 8.04±6.65 10.14±7.01

G-y 12.46±9.22 9.67±8.64 12.19±9.89 12.01±10.29 13.05±9.04

G-z 9.94±6.98 6.55±6.13 7.60±6.97 8.70±8.97 11.47±9.58

二

A-x 2.95±2.60 2.29±2.68 1.86±1.55 0.86±0.98 1.13±1.02

A-y 2.40±0.78 2.58±1.28cd 4.39±3.45b 2.04±2.39b 3.56±2.68

A-z 3.63±2.94 3.11±2.54e 3.25±2.89 2.39±2.33 2.32±2.49b

G-x 3.88±2.25 2.46±2.04 1.10±1.12 2.40±2.23 2.29±2.08

G-y 2.73±1.59 2.75±1.81 2.73±1.85 2.43±2.37 3.30±2.33

G-z 4.49±3.31b 3.94±2.32a 1.83±1.08 1.97±1.68 1.91±1.68

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%

58

(swing)

- v S

p ＆ ASI. v 22 g

A-zPG-xPG-yPG-z f A-yPG-z ASI. ＆

(F1.7,22.6=4.976, p<.01) (F2.5,33.1=7.507, p<.01) (F2.9,37.6=4.13,

p<.01) (F2.5,32=3.36, p<.01) (F1.7,21.6=10.418, p<.01) (F1.9,25=4.912, p<.01)

ASI. k

22P p IMU v o 一 o

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% g A-x 13.23±11.98 11.94±12.08 13.47±11.65 10.49±9.18 13.13±6.47

A-y 10.64±10.05 16.09±15.66 13.08±11.06 15.96±12.89 19.04±10.70

A-z 8.43±5.08b 10.13±6.33a 6.48±5.13 5.80±4.01 6.64±3.86

G-x 12.12±6.96bde 11.50±5.92ac 5.15±6.11b 6.69±3.88a 5.33±3.18a

G-y 11.64±8.39c 10.94±7.55e 9.27±9.36ae 8.21±4.89 12.03±12.44bc

G-z 11.90±8.44b 14.45±7.43a 6.64±5.58 12.40±8.87 9.90±6.52

f

A-x 9.79±4.52 9.92±9.599 8.17±4.01 6.85±3.82 7.57±4.48

A-y 10.10±8.15de 10.96±7.03c 7.54±6.43b 5.90±5.18a 5.72±4.76a

A-z 6.46±3.83 8.47±7.43 5.98±3.10 6.32±1.22 5.06±2.86

G-x 7.06±3.85 8.00±7.16 8.69±5.87 7.83±4.67 8.95±7.69

G-y 15.12±11.40 11.72±10.51 13.37±13.10 14.55±12.66 16.37±12.02

G-z 11.69±11.18 6.81±9.20de 8.63±10.59 11.26±12.37b 13.83±13.01b

二

A-x 3.46±2.38 6.18±8.36 3.33±2.60 2.90±2.66 2.16±2.99

A-y 5.35±1.78 5.29±6.15 5.84±4.91 3.86±2.84 5.12±2.56

A-z 5.53±3.84 7.10±8.08 4.63±3.02 3.43±2.52 3.52±2.50

G-x 5.38±4.10 4.22±5.92 2.70±3.63 4.10±5.50 4.77±3.44

G-y 3.20±1.58 6.28±7.89 2.91±2.56 1.94±1.46 2.80±2.59

G-z 8.40±3.73 6.62±6.74 3.58±2.24 3.19±1.97 2.00±2.55

Sa 0% Pb 25% Pc 50% Pd

75% Pe 100%