I. Greek Civilization

A. Greek City-States1. Rugged Terrain

a. Mountains, coastal reefsb. Difficult to unify

2. The Seaa. Travelb. Foodc. Trade

i. Olive oil, Wine, Marble

3. Two levelsa. Acropolis

i. Highest point in city ii. Temples & government buildings

b. Agorai. Lower part of cityii. Market, theater, homes

Acropolis

Agora

A. Greek City-States4. Free Timea. Spent learning and debating

i. Developed math, music, history, and logic

ii. Herodotus – first historian

b. Philosophyi. Socrates – seek truth and

knowledgeii. Plato – ideal formiii. Aristotle – writer; set up

university system

5. Polytheistica. Zeus – King of the godsb. Athena – Goddess of wisdom

Socrates

Herodotus

Aristotle

B. Greek Accomplishments1. Architecture

a. Meant to show perfect balance

b. Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena

2. Sculpturea. Lifelike and idealisticb. Gods, athletes, famous people,

etc.

3. Paintingsa. Only surviving are potteryb. Depicted everyday life

C. Athens & Sparta1. Athens

a. Monarchy Aristocracy Democracyi. Monarchy – royal family rulesii. Aristocracy – Wealthy landowning nobles ruleiii. Democracy – People (though not all) rule

b. Rights and Educationi. Male citizens could voteii. Women had no rightsiii. Boys attended formal school if they could afford it –

studied music, poetry, military training, athletics

C. Athens & Spartac. Pericles

i. Direct Democracy – All male citizens could vote; needed 6000 in attendance for decision.

ii. Established juries.

iii. Paid government officials (poor could be in government).

iv. Started ostracism – banished a person for up to 10 years.

v. Had the Parthenon built.

C. Athens & Sparta2. Sparta

a. Governmenti. Two kings + council of Eldersii. More slaves (conquered) than free meniii.Citizens: Male, native-born Spartans over 30

b. Newborns abandoned if deformed or sickly

c. Military Trainingi. Age 7, ALL boys sent to barracks for trainingii. Beaten, coarse diet, hard exerciseiii.Marry at 20, move out of barracks at 30, stop

eating there at 40

d. Womeni. Exercise and strength importantii. Expected to produce healthy sons

II. Greek Wars

A. Military 1. Phalanx – massive formation of infantry (10 across x 10 deep)

2. Armora. Metal armor on chests,

forearms, and shinsb. Round shieldc. Helmet

3. Weaponsa. Spears (10 feet long) and small

swords (2 feet long)

4. Units were combined to make over 1000 men.

Greek Phalanx

B. Persian Wars1. Persia

a. Largest empire in known worldi. Demanded Greeks pay tributeii.Athens and Sparta said no –

formed the Athenian League

2. Victory at Marathona. Persia attacksb. Greeks outnumbered but win by

attacking the flanks (back)– Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles to

Athens with news of the victory– d. Persia defeated!

B. Persian Wars3. Persia attacks again 10 years later

a. 500,000 Persians (largest army ever)

b. 300 Spartans (plus 7000 Greeks) hold off the army at Thermopylae i. Athens evacuated

c. Persia burns Athens to the ground, but the Athenian navy sinks the Persian fleet i. Persian army stuck in Greece.

d. Greece wins! Why?• Superior Navy + knowledge of the land• Superior tactics and leadership

C. Greek Decline1. Peloponnesian War

a. 431 BC – Sparta attacks Athensb. People move into Athens for protectionc. Plague kills 1/3 of population

i. Why a plague?– No waste disposal– Food spoilage– No hand washing

d. Sparta captures Athens in 404 BC

2. Macedonia takes advantage & conquers city-states from the North – King Philip/Alexander the Great.