hypothesis
TRANSCRIPT
PREPARED BY,
SAAD FAROQI, C.NO: 01
BS 6TH SEMESTER,
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
04/15/23
1
HYPOTHESIS
Contents2
Introduction
Definition
Nature of hypothesis
Importance of hypothesis
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Sources of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Problem in formulation of hypothesis
Errors in testing of hypothesis
References
Meaning of Hypothesis3
The word hypothesis is derived from the Greek word – ‘hypotithenai’
meaning ‘to put under’ or ‘to suppose’.
The word hypothesis consists of two words ‘Hypo’ and ‘thesis’.
‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification and
‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of a problem.
So the word “Hypothesis” means tentative statement about solution of a
problem or Hypothesis means the guesses to solve the research problem.
Definition of Hypothesis4
“It is a tentative supposition or provisional guess which seems to explain the
situation under observation.” – James E. Greighton
A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more
variables. (Kerlinger, 1956)
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship
between an independent and dependent variable. (Creswell, 1994)
Nature of Hypothesis5
1. It is conceptual in nature.
2. It is a verbal statement in a declarative form.
3. It has the empirical referent.
4. It has a forward or future reference.
5. It is the pivot of a scientific research.
Importance of a hypothesis6
To the point enquiry
Development of Research technique
Separating Relevant from Irrelevant observation
Selecting required facts
Direction of research
Act as a guide
Prevent blind research
Cont.7
Accuracy and precision
Link between Theory and Investigation
Link between Assumption and Observation
Provide answer for a question
Save Time, Money and Energy
Proper data collection
Proper conclusion
Characteristics of a good hypothesis8
A good hypothesis must possess the following main characteristics.
A good hypothesis is in agreement with the observed facts.
A good hypothesis does not conflict with any law of nature which is known to be true.
A good hypothesis is stated in the simplest possible term.
A good hypothesis permits of the application of deductive reasoning.
A good hypothesis shows very clear verbalization. It is different from what is generally
called hunch.
Cont.9
A good hypothesis ensures that the methods of verification are under control of the
investigator.
A good hypothesis guarantees that available tools and techniques will be effectively
used for the purpose of verification.
A good hypothesis takes into account the different types controls which are to be
exercised for the purpose of verification.
Cont.
A good hypothesis ensures that the sample is readily approachable.
A good hypothesis indicates clearly the role of different variables involved in
the study.
A good hypothesis maintains a very apparent distinction with what is called
theory law, facts, assumption and postulate.
10
Sources of Hypothesis11
According to Webster,
“Hypothesis is a guess made by the researcher which either solve the problem or guide
him in further investigation.”
Reading Material- Published books, Journals, Magazines, Seminar Reports,
Principle of Theories – Rule of Law, Basic Structure etc.,
Personal Experience, and
Other Studies.
Types of Hypothesis12
Hypotheses are classified in several ways on different basis. On the
other basis of the degree of generality hypothesis can be divided into
two categories.
Universal and
Existential.
Cont.
Universal hypothesis
Universal hypothesis is one which states the relationship that holds good
for all the levels or values of variables which are specified for all time at
all places.
Existential hypothesis
Existential hypothesis is one which states the relationship which holds
good for at least one place.
13
Cont.14
Descriptive Hypothesis:
A Hypothesis is about the law which is an instance, is called descriptive Hypothesis.
Explanatory Hypothesis:
A Hypothesis may be about cause of phenomenon; this type of Hypothesis is known
as exploratory. This strongly states the existence of cause and effect relationship.
Cont.
Directional Hypothesis:
It connotes an expected direction in the relationship or difference between
variables.
Non- Directional Hypothesis
It shows absence of relationship in the variables.
15
Cont.
Working Hypothesis:
A casual relation between various facts/ which are foremen on probability.
It is set upon the basis of pier observation or on logical grounds.
Statistical Hypothesis:
It is testable within the framework of probability theory. N.C.Nemor the null
hypothesis as the statistical Hypothesis.
16
Cont.17
Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis is a statistical Hypothesis which used in analyzing the data. It
assumed that observed difference is attributable by sampling error and too difference
is zero.
Problem in formulation of hypothesis18
According to Goode and Hatt these are three major possible difficulties in
formulation of good hypothesis.
First: Absence of knowledge of theoretical framework.
Second: Lack of ability to utilize the theoretical framework logically.
Third: Investigator’s unawareness about available research techniques.
Errors in testing of hypothesis19
There are two types of errors in hypothesis.
(i) Type I error
(ii) Type II error
(i) Type I error :
Rejection of a true null hypothesis is called the type I error.
(ii) Type II error :
Retention of false null hypothesis is called the type II error.
References21
Donald. A, Jacobs. C. L and Razavieh. A, (2010) “Introduction to Research in
Education” 8th Edition, Cengage Learning products, USA; Wadsworth Belmont.
Creswell (2009) “Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approach” 3rd Edition, California: SAGE Publications.
Guy (2006) “Educational Research; competencies for analysis and application”
8th edition, New Jersey; Pearson Education, Inc.