hypertension 2012: what the latest clinical trials mean to my practice
TRANSCRIPT
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Hypertension 2012: What The Latest Clinical Trials Mean to My Practice
Jan Basile, MDSeinsheimer Cardiovascular Health ProgramProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaRalph H. Johnson VA Medical CenterCharleston, South Carolina
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Maui, Hawaii October 25 , 2012
DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Jan N. Basile, MDGrant/Research support: NHLBI (SPRINT)
Consultant: Daiichi-Sankyo, Forest, Takeda
Speakers Bureau: Daiichi-Sankyo , Forest, Takeda, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly
Major stock shareholder: None
Other: None
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Question 1Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Calcium Channel Blockers are less effective than ACE inhibitors for preventing first stroke.
2) Home BP monitoring is less predictive of CV events than office BP measurement
3) Lifestyle management should only be used in those with pre-hypertension
4) Aliskerin should not be used with an ACEI or ARB in those with AODM-2
5) None of the above are true
Question 2Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Atenolol, when used once-a-day, compared to other antihypertensive agents is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
2) Hydrochlorthiazide, at 12.5-25 mg qd, is associated with improved clinical outcomes.
3) Chlorthalidone is an evidence-based thiazide-like diuretic shown to reduce stroke and CV events.
4) Combination therapy should be reserved for those with white coat hypertension
5) None of the above are true
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Your patient has Stage 1 hypertension and no compelling indication. Which of the following antihypertensive drugs has not been shown to improve clinical outcome in evidence-based clinical trials?
1. Lisinopril 40 mg2. Amlodipine 10 mg3. Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 mg4. Chlorthalidone 25 mg5. They will all improve clinical outcome
Question # 3Choose the Best Answer
Why Are We Still Talking About HTN?
It’s prevalentOver 74 million in U.S. have HTNAbout 70 million in U.S. have prehypertensionIncreasing prevalence with aging of population and epidemic of overweight/obesity
Control of BP leads to a reduction in eventsApproximately 50% reduction in heart failureApproximately 40% reduction in strokeApproximately 20%–25% reduction in MI
Ong KL et al. Hypertension. 2007;49:69.Hebert PR et al. Arch Inten Med. 1993;153:578. Kannel WB. JAMA. 1996;275:1571. Moser M, Hebert P. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1214.
HTN, hypertension; BP, blood pressure
j22
Slide 6
j22 NOTE: Our reference format includes only first page number of article (not full page range). Also, no comma before "et al" and refs flush right. Abbreviations and footnotes should not appear in the same text box as refs.jsimmons, 7/31/2010
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
20-Year Trends in Hypertension in the U.S.: 1988–2008
Hajjar I et al. JAMA. 2003;290:199.Egan BM et al. JAMA. 2010;303:2043.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Prevalence Awareness Treatment Control (With RX)
Control (AllHypertension)
%
1988–1991 1991–1994 1999–2000 2007–2008
It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.
–Y. Berra (1925- )
Trying to Predict JNC 8
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Is it the Antihypertensive Class or the BP Achieved That Best Improves
Outcome in Those with Hypertension and No Compelling Indication?
Question 1
0.5 1.0 2.0
BP-Lowering Treatment TrialistsComparisons of different active treatments
Lancet 2003; 360:1903
Relative Risk RR (95% CI)BP Difference
(mm Hg)
FavorsFirst Listed
FavorsSecond Listed
Major CV Events
CV Mortality
Total Mortality
1.02 (0.98, 1.07)2/0ACE vs. D/BB
1.03 (0.95, 1.11)2/0ACE vs. D/BB
1.00 (0.95, 1.05)2/0ACE vs. D/BB
1.04 (0.99, 1.08)1/0CA vs. D/BB
1.05 (0.97, 1.13)1/0CA vs. D/BB
0.99 (0.95, 1.04)1/0CA vs. D/BB
0.97 (0.95, 1.03)1/1ACE vs. CA
1.03 (0.94, 1.13)1/1ACE vs. CA
1.04 (0.98, 1.10)1/1ACE vs. CA
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
FavorsFirst Listed
FavorsSecond Listed
0.5 1.0 2.0
BP-Lowering Treatment TrialistsComparisons of different active treatments
Lancet 2003; 360:1903
Relative Risk RR (95% CI)BP Difference
(mm Hg)
CA vs. D/BB 1.33 (1.21, 1.47)1/0
0.93 (0.86, 1.01)CA vs. D/BB 1/0
1.01 (0.94, 1.08)CA vs. D/BB 1/0
ACE vs. CA 0.82 (0.73, 0.92)1/1
1.12 (1.01, 1.25)ACE vs. CA 1/1
0.96 (0.88, 1.05)ACE vs. CA 1/1
Stroke
Coronary Heart Disease
Heart Failure
1.09 (1.00, 1.18)ACE vs. D/BB 2/0
0.98 (0.91, 1.05)ACE vs. D/BB 2/0
1.07 (0.96, 1.19)ACE vs. D/BB 2/0
Question 2
What Is The Optimal BP For Outcome Improvement in Special Populations?
DiabeticCKD
Elderly
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
One Million Adults, 61 Prospective Studies
Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Stroke Mortality
Lewington S, et al. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-1913.
Increasing Systolic Blood Pressure and Age Elevates Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and
Stroke Mortality
Usual Systolic BP (mm Hg)
256
12864
32
16
8
42
1
120 140 160 180
IHD
Mor
talit
y(A
bsol
ute
Ris
k an
d 95
% C
I)
Age at Risk (y)
80-89
70-79
60-69
50-59
40-49
Usual Systolic BP (mm Hg)
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
120 140 160 180S
troke
Mor
talit
y
(Abs
olut
e R
isk
and
95%
CI)
Age at Risk (y)
80-89
70-79
60-6950-59
Chobanian AV et al. JAMA. 2003;289:2560.Arauz-Pacheco C et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:S80.
Flack JM et al. Hypertension 2010;56:780. Bakris GL et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:646.
Condition mm HgEssential HTN <140/90
DM <130/80
Chronic renal disease <130/80
JNC7/ADA/NKF/ISHIB Guidelinesfor Hypertension
Guidelines Have Set Clear Treatment Goals
140/90
130/80
ADA, American Diabetes Association; NKF, National Kidney Foundation; ISHIB, International Society on Hypertension in Blacks
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Why is it important not to intensify medications to reduce BP below the level
proven in trials?
• It identifies a much larger proportion of the US population as having “hypertension” and presumably need drug therapy [i.e, all diabetics > 130].
• Millions previously classified as having “HTN”require more drugs to achieve lower BP goals.
• Even if neither beneficial nor harmful, resources would be wasted and patient adherence could suffer.
• Treating to lower BP levels may be harmful (J-curve?).
What Is The Optimal BP For Outcome Improvement in Special Populations?
DiabeticCKD
Elderly
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
SBPUKPDSADV
UK Prospective Diabetes Study, BMJ Volume 321, August 12, 2000.
ACCORD
What Is The Optimal BP For Outcome Improvement in Special Populations?
DiabeticCKD
Elderly
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Trial Phase Trial and CohortPhases Cohort Phase
p=0.16
p=0.01
Cum
ulat
ive
Inci
denc
e, %
Standard control-Dotted Intensive control-Solid
>300 mg/day HR 0.73, 95% CI, 0.58–0.93
Effect of Level of BP Control on CumulativeIncidence of the Composite Primary Outcome According to
Baseline Proteinuria Status
300 mg/day HR 1.18, 95% CI, 0.93–1.50
Follow-up Year>300 mg/dayStandard control 176 165 134 113 81 66 45 32 26 22 13Intensive control 181 172 151 128 109 87 67 56 47 40 25
300 mg/day Standard control 376 373 362 353 332 302 267 234 214 196 128Intensive control 357 350 335 321 306 282 254 228 206 189 128
Adapted with permission from Appel LJ et al for the AASK Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:918–929.
Systematic Review: BP Target in CKD Proteinuria as an Effect Modifier
• Evidence does not conclusively show that the currently recommended BP target of < 130/80 mm Hg improves clinical outcomes more than a conventional target of <140 mm Hg.
• A lower target may be beneficial in persons with proteinuria > 300 to 1000 mg/d.
• We suggest that practitioners use discretion in patients with CKD and proteinuria and base the BP target on individualized risk-benefit assessment. Treatment to a lower target may require greater vigilance to monitor for and avoid possible symptoms and adverse events from hypotension.
Upadhyay, A et al. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:541-548.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
What Is The Optimal BP For Outcome Improvement in Special Populations?
DiabeticCKD
Elderly
BP Targets and Achieved BP in HTN Intervention Studies in Elderly
1. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1991;265(24):3255-3264. • 2. Staessen JA, et al. Lancet. 1997;350(9080):757-764. • 3. Beckett NS, et al; for HYVET Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887-1898.
SHEP1 Syst-Eur2 HYVET3
Subjects, n 4736 4695 3845
Inclusion BP Criteria, mm Hg 160-219/< 90 160-219/< 95 160-190/< 110
Goal SBP, mm Hg < 160 or 20 mm reduction
< 150 or 20 mm reduction < 150
Mean Achieved BP, mm Hg 143/68 151/79 144/78
Follow-up, y 4.5 (mean) 2.0 (median) 1.8 (mean)
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
• Systolic BP values <140 mm Hg are appropriate goals for most patients <80 years of age; for 80 years of age, a goal of < 150 mm Hg is acceptable aiming for 140-145 mm Hg, if tolerated.
ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert Consensus Document on Hypertension in the Elderly
Aronow WS et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert Consensus Hypertension in the Elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. Volume 57, No 20 pg 2037-2114. May 17, 2011
Condition mm Hg
Essential HTN <140/90
DM 130-134/80
Chronic kidney disease
Elderly
< 140/90
< 130/80 with clinical proteinuria
< 140 if age 79 or less; < 150 shooting for 140-144 mm Hg if age > 80
JNC 8 Guidelines?
140/90
130/80
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Question 3
What Antihypertensive Medications Should Be Recommended as Initial
Therapy?
Compelling Indications for Individual Drug Classes
Diuretic-
blocker ACEI ARB CCBAldo
Antag. Clinical Trial Basis
HF
ACC/AHA HF guideline; MERIT-HF; COPERNICUS, CIBIS, SOLVD; AIRE, TRACE, Val-HeFT; RALES
Post-MIACC/AHA post-MI guideline; BHAT; SAVE, CAPRICORN, EPHESUS/VALIANT
High CAD Risk
ALLHAT; HOPE, ANBP2; LIFE; CONVINCE, ONTARGET
Diabetes NKF-ADA guideline; UKPDS; ALLHAT
CKD NKF guideline; CAPPP; RENAAL; IDNT, REIN, AASK
Stroke PROGRESS, LIFE
Chobanian AV et al. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
MI=myocardial infarctionCKD=chronic kidney disease
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Stage 1 Hypertension(SBP 140–159 or DBP 90–99 mmHg)
Thiazide-type diuretics for most May consider ACEI, ARB,
-blocker, CCB, or combination
In Patients With Hypertension
INITIAL DRUG CHOICES
LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
Not at Goal Blood Pressure (<140/90 mmHg) (<130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or CKD)
Optimize dosages or add additional drugs until goal blood pressure is achievedConsider consultation with hypertension specialist
Drug(s) for the compelling indications Other antihypertensive drugs
(diuretics, ACEI, ARB, -blocker, CCB)as needed
Not at Goal Blood Pressure
In Patients With Compelling Indications Related to Hypertension
Stage 2 Hypertension (SBP >160 or DBP >100 mmHg)
2-drug combination for most(usually thiazide-type diuretic andACEI or ARB or -blocker or CCB)
Management of Blood Pressure
Adapted from Chobanian AV et al. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252.
Years to CHD Event0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cum
ulat
ive
CH
D E
vent
Rat
e
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20RR (95% CI) p value
A/C 0.98 (0.90–1.07) 0.65
L/C 0.99 (0.91–1.08) 0.81
ChlorthalidoneAmlodipineLisinopril
Cumulative Event Rates for the Primary Outcome (Fatal CHD or Non-fatal MI) by ALLHAT Treatment Group
Adapted with permission from ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 2002;288:2981–2997.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
ALLHAT Secondary Endpoints: Heart Failure* Rate Lower in Diuretic vs. ACEI or CCB
*Heart failure is a component of combined cardiovascular disease.Adapted from ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 2002;288:2981–2997.
1.38 (1.25–1.52)
RR (95% CI)
Favors AmlodipineFavors Lisinopril
Heart failure (fatal, non-fatal, hospitalized or treated)
1.19 (1.07–1.31)AmlodipineLisinopril
Hospitalized/fatal heart failure1.35 (1.21–1.50)1.10 (0.98–1.23)
AmlodipineLisinopril
Favors Chlorthalidone
0.5 2.01
JNC-8: What Might Be Expected?
• Either a thiazide-type diuretic, CCB, ACEI/ARB will be recommended as initial drug therapy for most patients. Direct renininhibitors will be recommended as an additive but not first line agent
• Chlorthalidone or indapamide should be highlighted as the evidence-based thiazide-type diuretic of choice
Moser M, Basile J, Kaplan M, and Victor R. Med Roundtable Cardiovasc Ed. 2010 pg 267-275.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Dose-Response Curve With HCTZ: Have We Gone Too Far With Low-Dose HCTZ?
Compared with HCTZ 25 mg ABP: P = NS vs 12.5 mg (both systolic and diastolic), P=0.0001 vs50 mg systolic, and P = NS vs 50 mg diastolic. N indicates number of patients.
24-H
r BP
Cha
nge
(mm
Hg)
0
-6
-12-14
-4
-8-10
-2
5 Studies(N=123)50 mg
9 Studies(N=503)25 mg
4 Studies(N=129)12.5 mg
-3.3-5.7
Systolic ambulatory BP (ABP)Diastolic ABP
-5.4
-7.6
-5.4
-12
Messerli FH et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011:57:590.
NS, not significant
Evidence for Chlorthalidone
MRFIT C or HCTZ vs usual careTOMHS C vs enalapril, amlodipine (A)
doxazosin (D), acebutolol, and placebo
SHEP C vs placeboALLHAT C vs lisinopril, A, and D
1.MRFIT Grimm RH Jr et al. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:1191.2.MRFIT Circ ulation1990;82:1616.3.MRFIT Hypertension 2011;57;689.4.TOMHS Neaton JD et al. JAMA. 1993;270:713.5.SHEP Cooperative Res Group. JAMA 1991; 265:3255.6.ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 2002; 288: 2981.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
12.411.4
13.5
7.4 8.16.4
-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20
CLD 25 mg HCTZ 50 mg
Chlorthalidone Has Greater BP-Lowering Efficacy vs HCTZ, Especially at night
CLD=chlorthalidone; HCTZ=hydrochlorothiazide.
Red
uctio
n in
Mea
n SB
PB
asel
ine
to W
eek
8, m
m H
g24-hour Mean SBP Daytime Mean SBP Night-time Mean BP
Daytime was 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM; night-time, 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM.
P=0.009P=0.054 P=0.230
Ernst ME, et al. Hypertension. 2006;47:352-358.
Chlorthalidone Has a Longer Half-life and Duration of Action vs. HCTZ
Half-life, hours Duration of Action, hours
Single dose Long-term dosing Single dose Long-term
dosing
HCTZ 6-9 8-15 12 16-24
CLD 40 45-60 24-48 48-72
Carter BL, et al. Hypertension. 2004;43:4-9
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Aliskerin
– FDA Approved at 150 or 300 mg– as initial or additional therapy – ALiskerin Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using CV
and Renal Disease Endpoints (ALTITUDE)- Aliskerin vs placebo on top of ACEI or ARB in type 2 diabetes with renal impairment
- stopped early when DMSB noted more nonfatal strokes, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension over 18-24 months follow-up
- still awaiting final publication– No outcomes available as initial antihypertensive
Future Evidence for Aliskerin
ASTRONAUT AliSkerin TRial ON Acute Heart Failure oUTcomes
ATMOSPHERE Aliskerin Trial to Minimize OutcomeS in Patients with HEart failuRE
APOLLO Aliskerin in the Prevention Of Later Life Outcomes
Gheorghiade M, et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011; 13: 100-106. Krum H, et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011; 13: 107-14.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Lifestyle Modification—Especially Diet and Exercise
Algorithm for BP Control in Non-Compelling Situation(May Start with 2-Drug Combination)
Not at Goal
All Patients
(ACEI or ARB) or ThiazideDiuretic
(Use alternative not used above)
(Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker)
(Vasodilatory BB)
Not at Goal
or Amlodipine or Non-AtenololBB
Trials With Initial -BlockersAtenolol• Coope & Warrender• MRC-Elderly• HAPPHY (Atenolol)• Dutch TIA• TEST• UKPDS• LIFE• ELSA• CONVINCE• INVEST• ASCOT
Other -blocker(s)• IPPPSH (oxprenolol)• MRC-I (propranolol)• HAPPHY (metoprolol,
propranolol?)• MAPPHY (metoprolol)• STOP-1 (mixed)• Yurenev (propranolol)• CAPPP (mixed)• STOP-2 (mixed)• NORDIL (mixed)• AASK (metoprolol)
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Primary Prevention – MRC Older AdultsCoronary Events
Cumulative % of events
Follow-up (y)
Atenolol
Placebo
Hctz + Amiloride
MRC Working Party, Br Med J. 1992;304:405-12.
P=0.0009
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ASCOT-BPLAELSAINVESTLIFEMRC OldUKPDSTotal events
0.5 0.7 1 1.5 2
Atenolol Other drug RR RR(n/N) (n/N) (95% Cl) (95% Cl)
422/961814/1157
201/11309309/4588
56/110217/358
1019/28132
327/96399/1177
176/11267232/460545/108121/400
810/28169
1.29 (1.12–1.49)1.58 (0.69–3.64)1.14 (0.93–1.39)1.34 (1.13–1.58)1.22 (0.83–1.79)0.90 (0.48–1.69)1.26 (1.15–1.38)
Favorsatenolol
Favorsother drug
-Blocker Meta-analysisStroke: Atenolol vs Other Antihypertensive Agents
ASCOT-BPLA, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Blood Pressure Lowering Arm; CI, confidence interval; ELSA, European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis; INVEST, International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study; LIFE, Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction; MRC, Medical Research Council; RR, relative risk; UKPDS, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.
Lindholm LH et al. Lancet. 2005;366(9496):1545-1553.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Beta-Blockers and Reduced Protection Against Stroke
• Adverse metabolic effects: – Increased insulin resistance and weight gain– Increased triglyceride levels– Reduced HDL cholesterol
• Less effective reduction in central aortic pressure than other treatments
• Enhanced blood pressure variability relative to other treatments
Isn’t this just a problem with atenolol?What about other beta-blockers?
• No data in RCTs with regard to the effectiveness of other beta-blockers in preventing major cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in hypertensive patients
• The absence of data does not mean absence of effectiveness, but without evidence there can be no recommendation when we have such effective alternatives
• Pathophysiologically, the less-effective stroke prevention, less-effective reduction in central pressure, and increase in BP variability are likely to be a function of heart rate lowering and an increase in pulse pressure in the context of a stiff aorta in older people (ie, applicable to all drugs with this mechanism of action)
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
NICE Treatment of Hypertension Update 2011
New Cost-Effectiveness Reviewof Drug Therapy for Hypertension
NICE. Clinical guidelines (CG127). August 2011. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2012.
Cost Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Treatment 2011
No intervention Thiazide-type diuretics Calcium-channel blockersBeta-blockers ACE inhibitors/angiotenson-II receptor antagonists
4,800
4,600
4,400
4,200
4,000
3,8009.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40
Mean Effect (QALYs Per Person, Discounted)
Mea
n C
ost (
2009
UK
Per P
erso
n, D
isco
unte
d)
1,960
5,400
5,200
4,800
4,600
4,400
4,2009.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80
Mean Effect (QALYs Per Person, Discounted)
1,520
5,000
Men Women
“Treating high blood pressure is cheaper than doing nothing”
“Beta-blockers are the least cost-effective treatment….apart from no treatment at all” Bryan Williams 2011
Base case results (65-year-old, 2% cardiovascular risk, 1.1% diabetes risk, 1% HF risk)
NICE. Clinical guidelines (CG127). August 2011. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2012.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Antihypertensive Drug Treatment AlgorithmNICE 2011
Age <55 yrs Age 55 yrs or black*
Step 1 A C†
A + C†Step 2
A + C + D Step 3
A + C + D + further diuretic‡
Consider specialist advice
Step 4Resistant Hypertension
NICE. Clinical guidelines (CG127). August 2011. www.nice.org.uk/CG127. Accessed May 8, 2012.
*Of African or Caribbean family origin
†CCB preferred but D is an alternative in people intolerant of C or at high risk of heart failure
‡Consider low-dose spironolactone or higher-dose thiazide
A = angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockerC = calcium channel blockerD = thiazide-like diuretic
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Places -Blockers as Fifth-Line Treatment for
Uncomplicated Hypertension
NICE Clinical Guideline 127, August 2011.
• Beta-blockers are not a preferred initial therapy for uncomplicated hypertension.
• If treatment with three drugs is required, the combination of ACEinhibitor or ARB, calcium-channel blocker and thiazide-like diuretic should be used.
• Beta-blockers may be considered in younger people, particularly:-those with an intolerance or contraindication to ACE inhibitors and ARB’s -women of child-bearing potential-people with evidence of increased sympathetic drive.
• If therapy is initiated with a beta-blocker and a second drug isrequired, add a calcium-channel blocker rather than a thiazide-likediuretic to reduce the person’s risk of developing diabetes.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Conclusions• The NICE decision to relegate beta-blockers
from initial therapy to special indications was fully justified due to:
– Less effective stroke prevention than alternative treatments
– No more effective prevention of other major cardiovascular events
– Less desirable metabolic profile than other treatments
– Beta-blockers are the least cost-effective option for hypertension treatment on formal analysis
Question 4When should 2 or more antihypertensive agents be recommended as initial therapy, either as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) or as 2 individual agents?
Which 2 drug combinations have the greatest BP-lowering effect?
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
0.19
Incr
emen
tal
SB
P re
duct
ion
ratio
of
obs
erve
d to
exp
ecte
d ad
ditiv
e ef
fect
s
Thiazide
Wald DS et al. Am J Med. 2009;122:290-300.
Beta blocker
Calcium channel blocker
Adding a drug from another class (on average standard doses)Doubling dose of same drug (from standard dose to twice standard)
1.041.00
1.16
0.89
1.01
0.20.23
0.37
ACE inhibitor
All classes
0.22
Combining Drugs from Different Classes is Approximately 5 Times More Effective in Lowering
BP than Doubling the Dose of 1 Drug
1.00
0.60
0.40
0.20
0
1.40
0.80
1.20
Guideline Recommendations Regarding Initial Use of Combination Therapy
JNC 7 >20/10 mm Hg
ISHIB >15/10 mm Hg
ESH >20/10 mm Hg OR high cardiovascular risk
AHA SBP 160 mm Hg or DBP 100 mm Hg irrespective of the BP goals
NKF K/DOQI SBP >20 mm Hg above goal according to the stage of CKD and CVD risk
JNC 7, Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.ISHIB, International Society on Hypertension in Blacks.ESH, European Society of Hypertension.AHA, American Heart Association.NKF K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.1. Chobanian AV, et al. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252. 2. Douglas JG, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163: 525-541. 3. K/DOQI. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43 (suppl 1):S65-S230. 4. Mancia G, et al. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105-1187. 5. Rosendorff C, et al. Circulation. 2007;115;2761-2788.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
• 45 practices (2048 patients) in southern Ontario randomized to:
Guideline-based “stepped” care
– Based on Canadian Health System Guidelines(similar to JNC 6)
STITCH care algorithm
– Start ½ tab single-pill fixed-dose combination of ACEI-diuretic or ARB-diuretic
– Increase dose of combination tablet
– Add calcium channel blocker
– Add a peripheral alpha blocker, beta blocker or spironolactone
• Primary Outcome = Proportion at BP target at 6 months
The Simplified Therapeutic Intervention To Control Hypertension (STITCH) Trial—Methods
Feldman RD, et al. Hypertension. 2009;53(4):646-653.
STITCH STUDY: Main Results (Summary)
Variable Usual Care STITCH P-Value# of patients 1246 802Baseline
SBP, mmHg 153.4 155.1 NSDBP, mmHg 87.7 88.1 NSDiabetic, % 15.9 15.1 NSFDC, % 9.3 11.2 NSBP control, % 0 0 NS
Final visitSBP, mmHg -17.5 -22.6 <0.005DBP, mmHg -8.2 -10.4 <0.05
FDC, % 15 85 <0.001Med titration, % 69.6 82.6 <0.01BP control, % 52.7 64.7 <0.05
Feldman RD, et al: Hypertension 2009;53:646-653
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
The Simplified Therapeutic Intervention To Control Hypertension (STITCH) Trial—Results
95% CI: 1.5% to 22.4%P=0.026
Feldman RD, et al. Hypertension. 2009;53(4):646-653.
52.764.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Guideline-Based Care STITCH-Based Care
Control Rates (%)6-Month Follow-up
Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, Bakris GL; American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4:42.
Drug Combinations in HTN: Recommendations
Preferred• ACE inhibitor/diuretic*• ARB/diuretic*• ACE inhibitor/CCB*• ARB/CCB*
Acceptable
• BB/diuretic*• CCB (dihydropyridine)/BB• CCB/diuretic• Renin inhibitor/diuretic*• Renin inhibitor/ARB*
• Thiazide diuretics/K+ sparing diuretics*
Less effective
• ACE inhibitor/ARB• ACE inhibitor/BB• ARB/BB• CCB (nondihydropyridine)/BB• Centrally acting agent/BB
*Single-pill combinations available in the United States.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Hermida et al. Hypertension. 2009.
Bedtime Dosing of One BP Medicationin Resistant Hypertension
3 drugs on awakeningOne of the drugs at bedtime
Cha
nge
in S
BP (
mm
Hg)
-12-15-8-6-4-202
Diurnal mean Nocturnal mean 24-hr mean
P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Cha
nge
in D
BP (m
m H
g)
-12-15-8-6-4-202
P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Clinical Points• It makes less difference which antihypertensive
agent is used, unless the patient has a compelling indication for a specific antihypertensive class, and matters more that BP is appropriately reduced to the chosen BP goal.
• The current recommended BP goals in those with Diabetes and CKD from the ADA, NKF, and JNC 7 is <130/80 mm Hg. Evidence may change the JNC 8 recommendations.
• The initial drug chosen will be broadened to include Thiazide-diuretic, ACEI/ARB, or CCB.
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Clinical Points• Most patients will require 2 or more
antihypertensive agents to get BP effectively controlled which may be best approached with initial combination therapy, either as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) or as 2 individual initial agents
Question 1Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Calcium Channel Blockers are less effective than ACE inhibitors for preventing first stroke.
2) Home BP monitoring is less predictive of CV events than office BP measurement
3) Lifestyle management should only be used in those with pre-hypertension
4) Aliskerin should not be used with an ACEI or ARB in those with AODM-2
5) None of the above are true
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Question 1Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Calcium Channel Blockers are less effective than ACE inhibitors for preventing first stroke.
2) Home BP monitoring is less predictive of CV events than office BP measurement
3) Lifestyle management should only be used in those with pre-hypertension
4) Aliskerin should not be used with an ACEI or ARB in those with AODM-2
5) None of the above are true
Question 2Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Atenolol, when used once-a-day, compared to other antihypertensive agents is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
2) Hydrochlorthiazide, at 12-25 mg qd, is associated with improved clinical outcomes.
3) Chlorthalidone is an evidence-based thiazide-like diuretic shown to reduce stroke and CV events.
4) Combination therapy should be reserved for those with white coat hypertension
5) None of the above are true
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Question 2Which of the following statements about hypertension is true?
1) Atenolol, when used once-a-day, compared to other antihypertensive agents is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
2) Hydrochlorthiazide, at 12-25 mg qd, is associated with improved clinical outcomes.
3) Chlorthalidone is an evidence-based thiazide-like diuretic shown to reduce stroke and CV events.
4) Combination therapy should be reserved for those with white coat hypertension
5) None of the above are true
Your patient has Stage 1 hypertension and no compelling indication. Which of the following antihypertensive drugs has not been shown to improve clinical outcome in evidence-based clinical trials?
1. Lisinopril 40 mg2. Amlodipine 10 mg3. Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 mg4. Chlorthalidone 25 mg5. They will all improve clinical outcome
Question # 3Choose the Best Answer
2nd Annual Primary Care Fall Conference Friday, October 26, 2012
Jan Basile, MDHypertension
Your patient has Stage 1 hypertension and no compelling indication. Which of the following antihypertensive drugs has not been shown to improve clinical outcome in evidence-based clinical trials?
1. Lisinopril 40 mg2. Amlodipine 10 mg3. Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 mg4. Chlorthalidone 25 mg5. They will all improve clinical outcome
Question # 3Choose the Best Answer