Hydrological Analysis For Urban Water

Management

A Thesis Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree of

“Master of Technology” In

“Civil Engineering”

WITH SPECIALIZATION IN

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Under The Guidance and supervision Of

Prof. (Dr.) RAMAKAR. JHA

Submitted By:

RANJIT KUMAR SAHU – 213CE4109

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA

MAY 2015

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Hydrological Analysis for Urban Water

Management” submitted by RANJIT KUMAR SAHU in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Master of Technology Degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING with

specialization in “WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING” at the National Institute of

Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by her under my supervision and

guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any

other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Date:

Place: Prof. (Dr.) R. Jha

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A fascinating journey has begun with the imagination and objective in mind, kept on going

with wide exposure of information, instrumentation, knowledge and application and finally

reaching the destiny of completing our project report. It has become possible due to the direct

and indirect contribution of many well-wishers, who have provided us all the support to stand

determined, motivated to move forward, strength to overcome the obstacles in reaching our

goal.

We find no words to express our regards and gratitude to our supervisor Prof. (Dr) R Jha for

his continuous motivation, guidance and support in the investigation. He has inspired us and

extended the necessary academic help in carrying out our project work. In spite of his busy

schedule, he participated in each minute details of our progress of work, shared our pleasures

and anxieties. In the entire research tenure, his precious technical advice, in depth interaction,

valuable discussion and affectionate encouragement helped this journey to a fruitful end. We

express our sincere thanks and regards to S.K. Sarangi of NIT for their valuable suggestions

at different stages of the investigation.

This leaf would remain incomplete; if we do not record our appreciation of understanding,

inspiration and support we received from our parents and all family members and friends who

have taken a lot of pain for this project venture. We consider ourselves extremely fortunate to

be blessed with such loving family who have always supported and encouraged us to achieve

our goal.

Ranjit Kumar Sahu

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS:

CWC: Central Water Commission, India

DEM: Digital Elevation Model

IDW: Inverse Distance Weighted

USGS: United States Geological Survey

TIN: Triangulated Irregular Network

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vi

Abstract

Abstract— Urban Water Management is the practice of managing freshwater, wastewater, and

storm water as components of a basin-wide management plan. It builds on existing water supply

and sanitation considerations within an urban settlement by incorporating urban water

management within the scope of the entire river basin. The pervasive problems generated by urban

development have prompted, in the present work, to study the spatial extent of urbanization in

Golden Triangle of Odisha connecting the cities Bhubaneswar (20.2700° N, 85.8400° E), Puri

(19.8106° N, 85.8314° E) and Konark (19.9000° N, 86.1200° E)., and patterns of periodic changes

in urban development (systematic/random) in order to develop future plans for (i) urbanization

promotion areas, and (ii) urbanization control areas. Remote Sensing, using USGS (U.S.

Geological Survey) Landsat8 maps, supervised classification of the Urban Sprawl has been done

for during 1980 - 2014, specifically after 2000. This Work presents the following: (i) Time series

analysis of Hydrological data (ground water and rainfall), (ii) Buffer Analysis and other soft

computing techniques for Urban Water Management, and (iii) Uncertainty analysis of model

parameters (Urban Sprawl and correlation analysis). The outcome of the study shows drastic

growth results in urbanization and depletion of ground water levels in the area that has been

discussed briefly. Other relative outcomes like declining trend of rainfall and rise of sand mining

in local vicinity has been also discussed. Research on this kind of work will (i) improve water

supply and consumption efficiency (ii) Upgrade drinking water quality and wastewater treatment

(iii) Increase economic efficiency of services to sustain operations and investments for water,

wastewater, and storm water management, and (iv) engage communities to reflect their needs and

knowledge for water management. Keywords— Land use change, Buffer Analysis, Uncertainty analysis and Urban Sprawl.

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CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certificate by the supervisor ii

Declaration iii

Acknowledgement iv

List Abbreviations v

Abstract vi

Contents vii

List Of Figures x

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 General 1

1.2 Origin of Project 1

1.3 Research Significance 1

1.4 About Remote Sensing 2

1.5 Remote Sensing And Urban Studies 3

1.6 Objectives of the project report 5

1.7 Organisation of the project report 5

1.8 Summary 5

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

2.1 General 6

2.2 Literature Review on ground water and urban research 6

2.3 Critical Observation 10

CONTENTS

viii

Chapter 3 The Study Area And Methodology

3.1 Study Area 11

3.2 Methodology 12

3.3 Data Collection 13

3.4 Data Analysis 13

3.5 Ground Water Data 13

3.6 Ground Water Data Analysis 14

3.6.1 Contouring 14

3.6.2 Ground Water DEM 18

3.7 Land Use And Land-Cover Data 19

3.8 Urban Classification 19

3.8.1 Geo-Referencing 20

3.8.2 Creation of shape files 20

3.8.3 Extraction by mask 20

3.8.4 Supervised classification 21

3.8.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Classification 21

3.9 Topological Analysis 22

3.9.1 Flow Direction 23

3.9.2 Aspect 23

3.10 Buffer Analysis 24

3.11 Summary 24

Chapter 4 Results and Discussion

4.1 General 25

4.2 Ground Water Results 25

4.2.1 IDW Results 25

4.2.2 Kriging Results 27

CONTENTS

ix

4.2.2 Ground Water Dem Results 30

4.3 Land Use And Land-Cover Results 30

4.4 Topological Results 35

4.5 Buffer Results 39

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Scope

5.1 Conclusion 43 5.2 Future scope of work 43

References 44

x

List of Figures

Figure

No.

Title of the Figure Page

No. 3.1 The study area research 11 3.2 The Methodology Sequence 12 3.3 Study area 13 3.4 Ground Water Stations 14 3.5 Contouring used in study area 15 3.6 TIN model of the Study area 18 3.7 Extracted Base Map of the Study area from L8 band 20 3.8 Land use and Land cover Map of Study area 22 4.1 IDW result of the Study area (2010) 25 4.2 IDW result of the Study area (2013) 26 4.3 IDW result of closer look of Bhubaneswar of the Study area (2013) 26 4.4 IDW result of closer look of Puri of the Study area (2013) 27 4.5 Kriging result of the Study area (2010) 28 4.6 Kriging result of the Study area (2013) 28 4.7 Kriging result of closer look of Bhubaneswar of the Study area (2013) 29 4.8 Kriging result of closer look of Puri of the Study area (2013) 29 4.9 Ground water DEM of the Study area 30 4.10 Land Cover change in 2015 31 4.11 Land Cover change in 2006 32 4.12 Land Cover change in 2008 32 4.13 Land Cover change in 2010 33 4.14 Land Cover change in 2012 33 4.15 Change in percentage of forest and wasteland in the study area 34 4.16 Change in Waterbodies, Forest and Agriculture land 34 4.17 Urban land use change in percentage in the Study area 35 4.18 DEM of the Study area 36 4.19 Slope Map of the Study area 37 4.20 Flow Direction Map of the Study area 38 4.21 Aspect ratio of the Study area 39 4.22 Buffer over NH of the Study area 40 4.23 Ground water buffer of the Study area 41 4.24 Final Buffer result of the Study area 42

Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION In the present investigation, the results of the computational analysis are presented. The Ground

water analysis and urban sprawl were computed in the previous chapter from which

conclusions are being drawn and presented in this chapter. Also a comparative study between

the years and with urban and the ground water is presented. The effect of urban sprawl is

presented in detail in this chapter. Based on the above results the following conclusions may

be drawn:

• Urban sprawl depletes the ground water.

• Ground water flow depends on the topology

• Urban sprawl is rapidly increasing in the urban areas.

• Undeveloped areas are next for potential development

• Agricultural land cover gradually decreasing with time.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK The following are some of the areas where further studies may be carried out:

• To study over exploitation of urban areas.

• To study more potential areas for development

• Physiographic characteristics can be further improved.

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