hydrogen energy presentation

7/28/2019 Hydrogen Energy Presentation

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Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen Energy

Physical Properties of Hydrogen

Colorless

Highly flammable

Light in weight

Pure hydrogen is a gas under normal conditions

Melting point : - 259.2 C

Boiling point :- 252.8 C

Autoignition temperature : 520 C

Heat of combustion (lower heating value) : 120 MJ/kg

Lower flammable limit (in air) : 4% by volume

Upper flammable limit (in air) : 75% by volume

Stoichiometric mixture (in air) : 29.5% by volume Density (20C, 100kPa) : 0.61 cm2/s

Viscosity (20C, 100kPa) : 8.814 Pa-s

Flame temperature (in air) : 2045 C

Minimum ignition energy (in air) : 0.017 mJ

Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen from fossil fuels

Hydrogen can be produced from most fossil fuels. Since carbon dioxide is

produced as a by-product, the CO2 should be captured to ensure a sustainable (zero-

emission) process. The feasibility of the processes will vary with respect to a centralised

or distributed production plant.

Production from natural gas

Hydrogen can currently be produced from natural gas by means of three different

chemical processes:

Steam reforming (steam methane reforming SMR).

Partial oxidation (POX).

Autothermal reforming (ATR).

Although several new production concepts have been developed, none of them is close to

commercialisation.

Steam Methane Reforming

Steam reforming involves the endothermic conversion of methane and water

vapour into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The heat is often supplied from the

combustion of some of the methane feed-gas. The process typically occurs at

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temperatures of 700 to 850 C and pressures of 3 to 25 bar. The product gas contains

approximately 12 % CO, which can be further converted to CO2 and H2 through the

water-gas shift reaction.

CH4 + H2O + heat CO + 3H2

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + heatPartial Oxidation

Partial oxidation of natural gas is the process whereby hydrogen is produced

through the partial combustion of methane with oxygen gas to yield carbon monoxide

and hydrogen. In this process, heat is produced in an exothermic reaction, and hence a

more compact design is possible as there is no need for any external heating of the

reactor. The CO produced is further converted to H2 as described in equation.

CH4 + 1/2O2 CO + 2H2 + heat

Autothermal reforming

Autothermal reforming is a combination of both steam reforming and partial

oxidation. The total reaction is exothermic, and so it releases heat. The outlet temperature

from the reactor is in the range of 950 to 1100 C, and the gas pressure can be as high as

100 bar. Again, the CO produced is converted to H2 through the water-gas shift reaction.

The need to purify the output gases adds significantly to plant costs and reduces the total

efficiency.

Comparison of technologies for H2 production from natural gas

Production from coalHydrogen can be produced from coal through a variety of gasification processes

(e.g. fixed bed, fluidised bed or entrained flow). In practice, high-temperature entrained

flow processes are favoured to maximise carbon conversion to gas, thus avoiding the

formation of significant amounts of char, tars and phenols. The reaction takes place in

which carbon is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

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C(s) + H2O + heat CO + H2

Since this reaction is endothermic, additional heat is required, as with methane reforming.

The CO is further converted to CO2 and H2 through the water-gas shift reaction.

Hydrogen production from coal is commercially mature, but it is more complex than the

production of hydrogen from natural gas. The cost of the resulting hydrogen is alsohigher. But since coal is plentiful in many parts of the world and will probably be used as

an energy source regardless, it is worthwhile to explore the development of clean

technologies for its use.

Electrolysis

The process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of a direct

electric current is known as electrolysis : this is the simplest method of hydrogen

production. In principle, an electrolysis cell consists of two electrodes, commonly flat

metal or carbon plates, immersed in an aqueous conducting solution called the

electrolyte. A source of direct current voltage is connected to the electrodes so that an

electric current flows through the electrolyte from the positive electrode (or anode) to the

negative electrode (or cathode). As a result, the water in the electrolyte solution is

decomposed into hydrogen gas (H2) which is released at the cathode, and oxygen gas

(O2); released at the anode. Although only the water is split, an electrolyte (e.g. KOH

solution) is required because water itself is a very poor conductor of electricity.

Ideally, a voltage of 1.23 volts should be sufficient for the electrolysis of water atnormal temperature and pressure. For various reasons, especially the slowness of the

electrode processes that lead to the liberation of hydrogen and oxygen gases, higher

voltages are required to decompose water. The decomposition voltage increases with the

current density (i.e. the current per unit area of electrode). Since the rate of hydrogen

production is proportional to the current strength, a high operating current density is

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necessary for economic reasons. Hence, in practices the decomposition voltage (per cell)

is usually around 2 volts.

Theoretically, 2.8 kW-hr of electrical energy should produce one cu.m. of

hydrogen gas. Because of the higher than ideal decomposition voltage, however the

actual electrical energy requirement is generally from 3.9 to 4.6 kw-hr per cu.m.). Thismeans that the efficiency of electrolysis (i.e. the proportion of the energy supplied that is

used in electrolysis) is roughly 60 to 70%.

The electrolysis efficiency can be increased by decreasing the decomposition

voltage for a given current density. To achieve this, the electrode surface must be able to

catalyze (i.e. expedite) the electrode processes. One of the best catalyst is platinum in a

finely divided form deposited on a metal base. However, because of the high cost of

platinum, other electrode surface materials are used commercially. For practical water

electrolysis, the electrodes are generally of nickel-plated steel. The effective electrode

surface area (and hence the rate of the electrode process) is increased by depositing

porous nickel on a wire gauge, or a highly corrugated steel base. Research is being

directed at the development of improved electrodes that will give better electrolysis

efficiency at a reasonable cost.

Diaphragms prevent electronic contact between adjacent electrodes and passage

of dissolved gas or gas bubbles from one electrode compartment to another (leading to a

decrease in current efficiency and possibly to explosions), without themselves offering an

appreciable resistance to the passage of current within the electrolyte. Dissolved-gas

crossover is serious only in pressure operations; to prevent the passage of gas bubbles,the diaphragm must consist of small pores whose capillary pressure is greater than the

maximum differential pressure applied across the cell.

Asbestos is the most common material for cell diaphragms. At atmospheric

pressure, woven asbestos cloth is used, sometimes with fine nickel wire to support the

structure. Pressure electrolyzers usually have a mat made of woven or felted asbestos

fibres that produces a fine pore structure, giving a higher resistance to the generation of

gases. This mat is sometimes supported by the electrodes.

Three major factors determine the usefulness of an electro-chemical cell for

hydrogen production. One is the energy efficiency, related to the cell's operating voltage:

another is the capital cost of the plant, related to the rate of hydrogen production from a

cell of a given size. These two factors are closely interrelated. The third factor is the life

time of the cell and its maintenance requirements, which involve the materials used in its

construction and the operating conditions selected.

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A number of advantages can be gained from operating an electrolyzer at higher

pressures, including (a) reduction in specific power consumption, (b) delivery of gas at

pressure, thus reducing or eliminating the cost of gas compressors; and (c) reduction in

the size of electrolysis cells. It can be shown theoretically that the reversible cell voltage

increases with pressure. However, as decreased gas volume and higher operatingpressures result in a reduced over potentially there is usually a small overall reduction in

the cell voltage. This real gain in efficiency is offset by increase in the cost of pressure

vessels or stronger components. Operating voltages as stated above can be lowered for a

given current by using electrodes that carry precious-metal catalysts or incorporate

sophisticated metallurgical structures, both of which are expensive but increase

efficiency.

Several large electrolytic hydrogen plants, consuming over 100 MW, have been

operated successfully, while thousands of smaller units are in use for special applications.

General Electric company of Lynn, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), has been developing

a water-electrolysis system based on solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) fuel-cell

technology. SPE fuel cells were first used in space exploration during the Gemini

program, where they provided primary on board power for seven of the space craft

flights.

The SPE is a thin, solid, plastic sheet of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer

having many of the physical characteristics of Teflon. Unlike Teflon, however, when a

thin sheet of this material is saturated with water, it is an excellent ionic conductor,

providing low electrical resistance. Used in an electrolysis cell, it is the only electrolyterequired; there are no liquid acids or alkaline in the system. Hydrated Hydrogen ions (H+.

x H2O) move through the sheet of the electrolyte.

A cell consists of a thin sheet of SPE with a finely divided precious metal (e.g.

platinum) coated on each side to catalyze the electrode processes. Metal plates pressed

against the surfaces of the SPE provide electrical contact with the coatings and serves as

electrodes for connection with the voltage source.

Fossil Fuel Methods

Mostly a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is formed in the first

stage, in the production of hydrogen by using a fossil fuel (i.e. natural gas, petroleum

product, or coal). Such a mixture can be made by any method used for an intermediate

heat value fuel gas, synthesis gas or water gas. The procedures in common use are steam

reforming of methane or other hydrocarbon gas or light liquid hydrocarbon and partial

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oxidation of a heavier hydrocarbon in the presence of steam at a high temperature. In all

these cases part of the hydrogen produced originates in the hydrocarbon.

To remove the carbon monoxide, the mixture is submitted to the water gas shift

reaction with steam. The carbon monoxide is thereby converted into carbon dioxide with

the formation of additional hydrogen.CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 + 1440 kJ/kg.

The carbon dioxide is an acid gas that can be absorbed in an alkaline medium. If the

small amounts of carbon-monoxide and dioxide remaining are undesirable; they can be

converted into methane which can be separated as a liquid by cooling to a moderately

low temperature.

Several processes proposed for converting coal into gaseous and liquid

hydrocarbon fuels require a hydrogen-rich gas. The hydrogen would then be made by

reacting coal orChar obtained in the early stages of coal treatment, with steam and a

limited amount of oxygen. The heat generated when the carbon in the coal (or char)

reacts with oxygen produces the high temperature required for the carbon-steam reaction.

The product is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide may

be removed in the manner described above.

Air can be used instead of oxygen to supply the heat for the carbon steam

reaction, but about half (by volume) of the product gas is inert nitrogen from the air.

Although this procedure is more economical, the high proportion of nitrogen which

cannot be removed easily, is often a drawback. However, the iron-steam process,

described below is designed to use air, steam, and coal char to make hydrogen essentiallyfree from nitrogen and also from carbon monoxide without the need for water gas shifts.

This method, which depends on the reaction of steam with iron at a temperature

of about 815oC at a pressure of 70 atm (7 MPa). The products are fairly pure hydrogen gas

and a solid iron oxide; thus

Fe + H2O FEO + H2

Iron + steam Iron oxide + Hydrogen

The iron is recovered from the oxide in a separate vessel and returned for further reaction

with steam. The conversion (reduction) of iron oxide to iron is achieved by means of a

reducing-gas mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen at a temperature of

1095oC made by the air-steam char process (refer Fig.). Carbon monoxide and nitrogen

are absent from the product, as the iron-steam reaction occurs in separate vessel.

Solar Energy Methods

The following two approaches are under consideration i.e.

(i) Bio photolysis, and

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(ii) Photo electrolysis

Bio photolysis. This method utilizes living systems (or material derived from

such systems) to split water into its constituents hydrogen and oxygen. In normal

photosynthesis in green plants the green pigment chlorophyll takes up energy from

sunlight and in a complex series of reactions breaks up water molecules into oxygen gas,hydrogen ions (i.e. hydrogen with a positive electric charge), and electrons (i.e. particles

with a negative charge). The oxygen is evolved from the green plant, but the hydrogen

ions and electrons are removed by interaction with carbon dioxide (from the air) to

produce simple sugars.

Certain single-called green algae are able to make the enzyme (i.e. biological

catalyst) hydrogenase. In these algae, the second stage of photosynthesis can be

circumvented by eliminating carbon dioxide. The hydrogen ions and electrons then

combine in the presence of hydrogenase to form hydrogen gas. Thus exposure of these

algae to sunlight and water (plus essential mineral salts) yields a mixture of oxygen and

hydrogen gases that can be separated in various ways. The formation and activity of

hydrogenase are inhibited by accumulated oxygen gas; consequently, the gases produced

are removed by a flow of nitrogen.

Blue-green algae differ from green algae in several respects. In particular, in

addition to normal photosynthesis cells in which reaction with carbon dioxide occurs,

they contain some larger cells (heterocysts) where hydrogen can be formed. In the

presence of nitrogen (e.g., from the atmosphere), however, the nitrogen combines with

the hydrogen ions and electrons to produce ammonia. By preventing access of nitrogen(e.g. in an inert argon atmosphere), blue-green algae decompose water in sunlight to yield

hydrogen and oxygen.

Instead of using living algae to obtain hydrogen from water, a more convenient

approach is to utilize biological materials obtained from plants or bacteria. One

advantage is the ability to vary the conditions to optimize hydrogen production.

Chloroplasts, the small bodies containing the chlorophyll in green plants, retain

their photosynthetic activity when extracted from the plant. Hydrogen and oxygen can

then be obtained from water by exposing chloroplasts to sunlight together with the

enzyme hydrogenase and ferredoxin an electron carrier, also of biological origin. It is

possible, although less efficient to replace the ferredoxin by a synthetic electron carrier

and the hydrogenase by an inorganic (platinum) catalyst. An ultimate objective of

research on the decomposition of water by sunlight is the efficient simulation of

biological processes without using biological materials.

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Photo-electrolysis. In ordinary electrolysis, water is decomposed into hydrogen

and oxygen by passing an electric current, from an outside source, between two

electrodes in an electrolyte solution. In photoelectrolysis, a current is generated by

exposing on or both electrodes to sunlight. Hydrogen and oxygen gases are liberated at

the respective electrodes by the decomposition of water, just as an ordinary electrolysis.Atleast one of the electrodes in photoelectrolysis is usually a semiconductor; a catalyst

may be included to facilitate the electrode process. In the cells studied so far, the

efficiency for the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen-oxygen energy has been very

low. Research is being directed at increasing this efficiency by selection of electrode

materials, electrolyte solutions, and electrode catalysts.

Hydrogen-Storage

One of the advantages often claimed for a hydrogen energy systems is that

hydrogen is storable. However, it must be realized that storage of hydrogen is not an easy

problem compared with storage of liquid fuels such as gasoline or oil. It is only when it is

compared with electricity that storage of energy as hydrogen seems relatively easy. It is

when hydrogen is considered as a replacement fuel in applications currently met by

natural gas and oil, that bulk energy storage becomes very important.

There are five principle methods that have been considered for hydrogen storage

these are:

(1) Compressed gas storage,

(2) Liquid storage (cryogenic storage in vacuum insulated or super insulated storage

tank).(3) Line pack system (allowing the pressure in the tran smission of distribution system to

vary).

(4) Underground storage (in depleted oil and gas fields or in aquifer systems0.

(5) Storage as metal hydrides.

1. Compressed Gas storage. Hydrogen is conveniently stored for many

applications in high pressure cylinders. This method of storage is rather expensive and

very bulky because very large quantities of steel are needed to contain quite small

amounts of hydrogen. In the conventional industrial hydrogen system, compressed gas is

used to supply relatively small amounts of hydrogen, but when hydrogen is considered as

a fuel, it is soon realized that tank storage of hydrogen is not really a practical

proposition.

2.Liquid Storage.. A more practical approach is to store the hydrogen as liquid at

a low temperature, (i.e. cryogenic storage). For example, the liquid hydrogen fuel used as

rocket propellant in the space program is stored in large tanks. Very large facilities for

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hydrogen liquifaction have been designed and built, and large storage tanks have also

been constructed one major difference exists between handling liquid natural gas and

liquid hydrogen the storage temperature. Liquid hydrogen boils at 253 oC and therefore

must be maintained at or below this temperature in storage unless pressure build up can

be tolerated. It is commonly regarded as necessary to use vacuum insulated storagevessels, where liquid natural gas can be maintained in the liquid state at a considerable

higher temperature by using super insulation, but without the need for vacuum jackets.

The principal need for vacuum-jacketed containers is that the liquid hydrogen is below

the temperature at which air condenses on the surface, and thus any air in the contact with

the cold walls of the hydrogen container. There is also a flammability danger from the

fact that liquefied atmospheric gases (rich in oxygen) would concentrate in the vicinity of

the hydrogen tank. Another problem concerning storage of liquid hydrogen is the

considerable amount of energy required to convert hydrogen gas into the liquid phase.

Not only must the latent heat of the phase change be removed from the system, but some

additional precooling is required to bring the gaseous hydrogen down below the Joule-

Thompson temperature above which liquid hydrogen heats up on expansion. Thus, a

liquid hydrogen plant normally requires some kind of primary refrigeration, such as a

liquid nitrogen plant, to precool hydrogen. The net result is that about 25 30% of the

heating value of hydrogen is required to liquefy hydrogen.

(3) Line Packing. The use of line pack storage in the natural gas industry

provides a relatively small-capacity storage system, but one with a very fast response

time that can take care of minute by minute or hour by hour variations in demand. Ahydrogen transmission and distribution system running on hydrogen would have a similar

capability although the capacity would be reduced by a factor of about 3 because of the

reduced heating value of hydrogen, compared with natural gas.

(4) Underground Storage. The cheapest way to store large amounts of hydrogen

for subsequent distribution would probably be in underground facilities similar to those

used for natural gas; these facilities would include depleted oil and gas reservoirs and

aquifers. More expensive alternatives would be caverns produced by conventional mining

or by dissolving out salt with water. Since hydrogen gas tends to escape readily through a

porous material, some geologic formations that may be suitable for storing natural gas

may not be suitable for hydrogen.

(5) Metal Hydrides. Considerable interest has been shown recently in the

possibility of storage of hydrogen in the form of a metal hydride. A number of metals and

alloys form solid compounds, called metal hydrides, by direct reaction with hydrogen

gas. When the hydride is heated, the hydrogen is released and the original metal (or alloy)

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is recovered for further use. Thus, metal hydrides provide a possible means for hydrogen

storage. An important property of metal hydrides is that the pressure of the gas released

by heating a particular hydride depends mainly on the temperature and not the

composition. At a fixed temperature, the gas pressure remains essentially constant until

the hydrogen content is almost exhausted.Several studies are being made to find a metal hydride that would satisfy the

requirements for hydrogen storage. These requirements include the following:

(i) the metal (or alloy) should be fairly inexpensive,

(ii) the hydride should contain a large amount of hydrogen per unit volume and per

unit mass,

(iii) the hydride should be formed without difficulty by reaction of the metal with

hydrogen gas, and it should be stable at room temperatures, and

(iv) the gas should be released at a significant pressure from the hydride at a

moderately high temperature (preferably below 100oC).

Three of the more promising hydrides are those of lanthanum-nickel (La Ni 5) iron

titanium (Fe Ti), and magnesium-nickel (Mg2 Ni) alloys. The maximum hydrogen

contents are represented approximately by the formulae (La Ni5) H6, (Fe Ti) H2 and

(Mg2 Ni) H4 respectively.

Hydrogen Transportation

Pipe lines. At present, the long distant pipelining of hydrogen is an operation that

is carried out by only a few specialized companies in different parts of the world. It is of

interest to compare the design requirements of a pipeline for hydrogen with those of apipeline for natural gas. Heating value of hydrogen is only 12.1 MJ/cu m, as compared to

about 38.3 MJ/cu m for natural gas. This implies that to deliver the same quantity of

energy, three times the volumes of hydrogen must be transmitted. On closer inspection,

however, one finds that the capacity of a pipeline depends upon the square root of the

density of the gas, and because the density of hydrogen is about one ninth (1/9) that of

natural gas, there is a compensating facvtor of the one third that results in the given pipe

having essentially the same energy carrying caqpacity for natural gas as for hydrogen.

This is true at atmospheric pressure. As the pressure increases to typical pipeline

operating pressures of 50 kg/cm2 (5 MPa) or so, the compressibility factor for hydrogen is

somewhat different that for natural gas, and this results in a slightly unfavourable

carrying capacity for hydrogen. At 50 kg/cm2 (5 MPa), the ratio of heating values for a

given compressed volume of hydrogen and natural gas has changed from 3 : 1 to 3.83 : 1.

Long distances gas transmission lines of lengths greater than about 90 km must be

supplied with pipeline compressors at fairly regular intervals. Hydrogen compressors

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must handle a considerably greater volume of the gas -somewhere between three to four

times the number of cu m for the same energy capacity. Secondly, the horse power

required to drive a hydrogen compressor is considerably greater than that needed to drive

a natural gas compressor for the same gas energy throughout. Thirdly, the design of

rotory compressors commonly used for natural gas lines appears to be inadequate forhydrogen operation.

It is possible to estimate the cost of transmitting hydrogen by pipeline from a

knowledge of the required pipeline diameter, compressor capacity and horse power, and

energy throughout required. In the case of design of a pipeline of hydrogen transmission

the cost of fuels used to drive the engines for compressors is also a highly deciding

factor, because the compression energy is so much higher than that of natural gas.

One of the principal concerns about hydrogen transmission is the fear of hydrogen

embrittlement of the pipeline materials. A number of metals lose their mechanical

strength on exposure to hydrogen; the phenomenon called hydrogen embrittlement, is

sepcially significant for steel in hydrogen under pressure. Operating experience with

common pipeline steels at pressures upto about 35 kg/cm 2 (3.5 MPa). However the

behaviour at higher pressure is uncertain, and more experimental work needs to be

carried out to get some definite data.

Liquid Hydrogen Transportation. Hydrogen in bulk can be transported and

distributed as the liquid. Double-walled, insulated tanks of liquid hydrogen with

capacities of 7000 gal (26.5 cu m) or more are carried by road vehicles and upto 34,000

gal (129 cu m) by rail road cars. Distribution of liquid hydrogen by pipelines, jacketedwith liquid nitrogen, has been proposed. The costs would be substantially greater than for

gas pipelines, but it might be justifiable for certain fuel applications where the liquid is

required.

Metal Hydride Transportation. Hydrogen can also be transported as a solid

metal hydride. The main drawback, as stated earlier, is the weight of the hydride relative

to its hydrogen content.

Application of Hydrogen Gas

Hydrogen gas can be utilised for:

(i) Residential uses

(ii) Industrial uses

(iii) Road vehicles

(iv) Aircraft

(v) Electric power generation (Utilities)

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Advantages claimed for hydrogen-fuel engines are:

(i) They can higher efficiencies i.e. utilize a higher proportion of the energy in the

fuel than gasoline engine.

(ii) The amount carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust would be very

small since they would originate only from the cylinder lubricating oil.It can be stored

in gaseous form (convenient for large scale storage),

in liquid form (convenient for air and space transportation) or

in the form of metal hydrides (convenient for surface vehicles and other

relatively small scale storage requirements).

It can be transported over large distances through pipelines or via tankers (in

most of the cases more efficiently and economically than electricity).

It can be converted into other forms of energy in more ways and more

efficiently than any other fuel, e.g., through catalytic combustion, electro-

chemical conversion and hydriding, as well as through flame combustion.

Hydrogen as an energy currency is environmentally compatible, since its

production from electricity (or directly from solar energy), its storage and

transportation, and its end use do not produce any pollutants (except some NOX

if hydrogen is burned with air) or any other harmful effects on the environment.

It also does not produce any greenhouse gases, particularly CO2.

Hydrogen Technology Development in India

The Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES), ministry ofenergy. India has so far supported 22 Research and development projects of repute and

universities on various aspects of Hydrogen technology namely;

(i) Production of hydrogen by photoelectrolysis of water using solar energy.

(ii) Production of hydrogen by blue green algae and by certain bacterial species.

(iii) Storage of hydrogen through metal hydrides/non-metal hydrides (rice husk and

misch-metal).

(iv) Problems relating to utilization of hydrogen as a fuel, that is, development of

suitable engines and burners etc.

(v) Liquid hydrogen production, storage and utilisation etc

Research in the development of phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) systems and

polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. PAFC power packs of up

to 50-kW capacity have been developed and tested in the country.

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Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) is working on the development of a 5-kW

PAFC power pack with improved control and instrumentation system.

An improved 3-kW capacity PEMFC power pack, which can also work as an

uninterrupted power supply (UPS) system, is under trials at the SPIC Science

Foundation, Tuticorin.

A fuel cellbattery hybrid van has been developed in India. The van is powered by

a10-kW-capacity fuel cell along with a leadacid battery bank. The range of the

vehicle is about 70 km per charge. This van has logged more than 2500km.

Satisfactory progress has been reported on the various funded projects advancing

the state of art one step further.

Conclusion

With hydrogen, we can realize the vision of a safe, clean, abundant, andaffordable energy future.

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hydrogen energy presentation

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