hydro elect power plant instru

7/30/2019 Hydro Elect Power Plant Instru

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Hydro Electric Power-PlantInstrumentation

1

Dr. R. P. Maheshwari

Professor Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee


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Topics covered in this module

Measurement techniques of level, flow, pressure andtemperature

Hydraulic heads and mechanical vibrations

Temperature scanners

Alarm annunciations


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References

1. Industrial Instrumentation and Control by: S. K. Singh(Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 3rd edition)

2. Power Plant Engineering by: B. L. Singhal (Tech-MaxPublications, 2010 edition)

3. Modern power Station Practice, Volume F: Controland Instrumentation, British Electricity international(Pergamon Press, 1990 / 2003 edition)


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Units of Measure

System Length Force Mass Time Pressure

MKS Meter Newton Kg Sec N/M 2 =

PascalCGS CM Dyne Gram Sec D/CM 2

English Inch Pound Slug Sec PSI


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Level Measurement


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Level MeasurementGenerally, there are two methods used in industries for measuringliquid level.

(1) Direct methods

(2) Indirect methods

(i) Hook up type level indicator(ii) Sight Glass(iii) Float-type

(i) Hydrostatic pressure type(ii) Electrical methods


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Measurement Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to quantities.

The process is so familiar that perhaps we often overlook itsfundamental characteristics.

Properties of Quantities Quantities that we can measure have a number of properties.

For example, a quantity can be discrete or continuous .


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Level Measurement with radar and Ultrasonic

Through Air Radar

Guided WaveRadar

Ultrasonic


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Level Measurement

How it works

The time it takes for the instruments signal toleave the antenna, travel to the product, andreturn to the antenna is calculated intodistance.

The instrument is spanned according to thedistance the 100% and 0% points within thevessel are from its reference point .

The measured distance can then be convertedinto the end users desired engineering unit

and viewed on the head of the instrument or remote display.

100%

0%


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Level Measurement

How do process conditions affect thereliability and accuracy of process leveltransmitters ?

density (specific gravity)?dielectric constant?

conductivity?temperature?pressure?vacuum?agitation?

vapors and condensation?dust and build up?internal structures?

Process conditions that affect specification of transmitters


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Level MeasurementRadar Technology How it works

Radar is a time of flight measurement.

Microwave energy is transmitted by theradar.

The microwave energy is reflected off the

product surface

The radar sensor receives the microwaveenergy.

The time from transmitting to receiving themicrowave energy is measured.

The time is converted to a distancemeasurement and then eventually a level.


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Level MeasurementFunction of an antenna

Signal focusing reduction of the antenna ringing optimization of the beam

Signal amplification focusing of the emitted signal

amplification of the receipt signal

Signal orientation point at the product surface

minimization of false echo reflections


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Level Measurement

Radar level measurement

Top mountedSolids and liquids applicationsNon-contact

RADAR is virtually unaffected by the followingprocess conditions:

TemperaturePressure and VacuumConductivityDielectric Constant (dK)Specific Gravity

Vapor, Steam, Dust or Air MovementBuild up (depends on radar design)

Radar Technology Why use it?


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Level MeasurementRadar Technology - Choice of frequency

Radar wavelength = Speed of light / frequencyl = c / f

Frequency 6.3 GHz

wavelength l = 47.5 mm

Frequency 26 GHzwavelength l = 11.5 mm

High frequency:

shorter wavelength

narrower beam angle

more focused signal

ability to measure smaller vesselswith more flexible mounting

47.5mm

Low frequency:

longer wavelength

wider beam angle

less focused signal

ability to measure in vessels withdifficult application variables


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Level Measurement

Frequency

Choosing a frequency depends on:

Mounting optionsCustomers 100% point

Vessel dimensions proximity of connection to sidewallThe presence of foamAgitated product surfacesVapor compositionVessel internal structuresDielectric constant (dK)


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Level Measurement

Guided Wave

Radar (TDR)


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Level Measurement

Guided Wave Radar level measurement

Time of Flight Top mounted Solids and liquids applications Contact Measurement

GUIDED WAVE RADAR is virtually unaffected bythe following process conditions:

TemperaturePressure and VacuumConductivityDielectric Constant (dK)Specific GravityVapor, Steam, or Dust Air MovementBuild up (depends on type of build up)Foam


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Level Measurement

Ultrasonic


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Level Measurement

Ultrasonic level measurement

Time of FlightTop mountedSolids and liquids applications

Non-contact

ULTRASONIC is virtually unaffected by thefollowing process conditions:

Change is product density (spg)Change in dielectric constant (dk)


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Level MeasurementUltrasonic Level Measurement How it works

Time of Flight Technology

Short ultrasonic impulses emitted fromtransducer

Bursts are created from electrical energy

applied to piezeo electric crystal inside thetransducer

The transducer creates sound waves(mechanical energy)

With longer measuring ranges a lower frequency and higher amplitude are neededto produce sound waves that can travelfarther

The longer the measuring range thelarger the transducer must be


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Level MeasurementUltrasonic Level Technology Advantages

Can be mounted in plastic stilling wells

Narrow beam angles minimize effect of obstructions

Swivel flange available for applications with

angles of repose

Familiar technology throughout the industry,therefore, often a trusted technology throughoutthe industry

Cost-effective


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Flow Measurement

Flow rate may vary from few drops per hour to thousands of gallonsper minute. Range abilities may vary from essentially 1:1 to 100:1 orgreater.

(i) Inferential type flow meters(ii) Quantity flow meters(iii) Mass flow meters

(i) Variable head or differential meters(ii) Variable area meters


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Flow Measurement

Typical types in industries

(i) Orifice Plates(ii) Venturi Tubes(iii) Flow Nozzles(iv) Pitot Tubes

(v) Rotameters(vi) Magnetic flow meters(vii) Thermal flow meters(viii) Vortex flow meters


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Flow MeasurementPrinciples of Flow

Q = Pressure/Resistance

Laminar

Turbulent

l


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Flow MeasurementFluid flow steam line

Occurs at low velocities All parts flowing in one direction parallel to walls Change in cross section means change in direction of flow Pressure drop flow velocity

Fl M


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Flow MeasurementFluid flow - turbulent

Liquid behaves as independent entities

Pressure varies with Kinetic energy

Proportional To square of turbulent flow velocity


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Flow Measurement Principle

P1

P2Counterpressuresensor

flowin

flowout

l Electronic flow measurement principle- laminar flow restrictionscreate a pressure difference P 1 - flow is calculated from P 1

l Used with Oxygen, Side gas, Bypass, andAgent flows

Laminar flow restriction

P1Ambientpressure

P2

P1 = pressure difference

P2 = correction (off-set) to ambientpressure

Fl M


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Flow Measurement

Orifice meters

Fl M


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Flow Measurement

Pressure differences

Fl M t


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Flow Measurement

Diff. Pressure calculation

Fl M t


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Flow Measurement

Venturi meter

Fl M t


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Flow Measurement

Fl M t


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Flow Measurement

Flow nozzle

Flo Meas rement


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Flow Measurement

Pitot tube

Flow Measurement


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Flow Measurement

Flow Measurement


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Flow Measurement

Pressure Measurement


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Pressure Sensors

In any given plant, the number of pressure gauges used is probably larger than all other instruments put together

Most liquid and all gaseous materials in the processindustries are contained within closed vessels. For the safetyof plant personnel and protection of the vessel, pressure inthe vessel is controlled. In addition, pressured is controlled

because it influences key process operations like vapor-liquidequilibrium, chemical reaction rate, and fluid flow.



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Pressure = Force / Area

Pressure can be used inferentially to measure other variables such asFlow and Level

Pressure plays a major role in determining the Boiling Point of Liquids

Fluids exerts pressure on the containing vessel equally and in alldirections



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How is pressure measured?

Absolute versus relative pressure

ManometryBourdon

AneroidStrain gauge



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Presiunereferinta

Pabs = 0

TR Pabs

Absolute Pressure



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hgP

AhgA0AP

hgabs

hgabs

P=0

Patm

h

h

A

Patm A

0

Well-type manometer

Barometer



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12 PPP

P1P2

Differential Pressure

atm2 PPP

P2Patm



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Types of Pressure



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Static and Dynamic Pressure

Dynamic pressure = Stagnation pressure (A) - Static pressure (B)



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Types of Pressure Transducers

Liquid Column manometers Elastic tubes, diaphragms, membranes (equipped with

displacement or strain sensors)

Semiconductor elements (with implanted stress elements)

Piezoelectic elements (directly convert crystal lattice stress intovoltage)



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Differential Pressure

hgPP

AhgAPAP

12

12

P2

h h

A

P2 A

P1P1 A

U tube manometer



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hgPP

AhgAPAP

12

12

P2h h

A

P2 A

P1P1 A

Inclined Manometer


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r 12

r

r

12

12

h)sin(gPP

)sin(hh

hh

)sin(hgPP

AhgAPAP

P2h

h r

A P2 A

P1

P1 A

g



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Elastic elements

Changing pressurechange the shape of theelastic element

Shape changing is

detected by a resistive orposition transducer

Tip C Spirala Tubrasucit Elicoidal

TuburiBourdon

Capsula

Diafragme

P Absoluta

P Diferentiala

Plata

Ondulata

evacuat

Diferential sau absolut

Tub



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Elastic elements

Changing pressure change theshape of the elastic element

Shape changing is detected bya resistive or positiontransducer



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Pressure MeasurementDial-type Manometer

Dial-type Manometer as a mini measurement system



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Diaphragm type manometers

To be able to detect pressure, we need to detect thediaphragm deflection



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Bourdon



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Aneroid



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Strain gauges used with Diaphragm

Strain gage based pressure cell


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When a strain gage, is used tomeasure the deflection of an elasticdiaphragm or Bourdon tube itbecomes a component in pressuretransducer

Strain-gage transducers are used fornarrow-span pressure and fordifferential pressure measurements.

Essentially, the strain gage is used tomeasure the displacement of anelastic diaphragm due to adifference in pressure across thediaphragm

If the low pressure side is a sealed

vacuum reference, the transmitterwill act as an absolute pressuretransmitter.

Strain gage transducers are availablefor pressure ranges as low as 1300MPa

Capacitance based pressure cell


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Capacitance pressure transducerswere originally developed for use inlow vacuum research. Thiscapacitance change results from themovement of a diaphragm element

(The diaphragm is usually metal ormetal-coated quartz and is exposedto the process pressure on one sideand to the reference pressure onthe other. Depending on the type

Differential pressure transducers ina variety of ranges and outputs of pressure, the capacitive transducercan be either an absolute, gauge, or

differential pressure transducer. Capacitance pressure transducershave a wide range ability, from highvacuums in the micron range to 70MPa.


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Magnetic pressure transducers


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These included the use of inductance, reluctance, and eddy currents.Inductance is that property of an electric circuit that expresses the amount of electromotive force (emf) induced by a given rate of change of current flow inthe circuit.

Reluctance is resistance to magnetic flow, the opposition offered by magneticsubstance to magnetic flux.

In these sensors, a change in pressure produces a movement, which in turnchanges the inductance or reluctance of an electric circuit.

Optical pressure transducers


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Optical pressure transducers detectthe effects of minute motions due tochanges in process pressure and

generate a corresponding electronicoutput signal. A light emitting diode (LED) is used

as the light source, and a vaneblocks some of the light as it ismoved by the diaphragm. As theprocess pressure moves the vanebetween the source diode and themeasuring diode, the amount of infrared light received changes.

Optical pressure transducers do notrequire much maintenance.

They have excellent stability and aredesigned for long-durationmeasurements.

They are available with ranges from35 kPa to 413 MPa and with 0.1%full scale accuracy.

Temperature Measurement


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Types of temperature sensors

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

Thermistor

Thermocouple



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RTD, the basics

How it works: Utilizes the fact that

resistance of a metalchanges with temperature.

Make up: Traditionally made up of

platinum, nickel, iron orcopper wound around aninsulator.

Temperature range: From about -196 C to

482 C.

Thin Film RTD



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RTD Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

Stable

Very accurate

Change in resistance islinear

Disadvantages:

Expensive

Current sourcerequired

Small change inresistance

Self heating

Less rugged thanthermocouples.


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RTD

Resistivity of metals is a function of temperature. Platinum often used since it can be used for a wide temperature

range and has excellent stability. Nickel or nickel alloys are used aswell, but they arent as accurate.

In several common configurations, the platinum wire is exposeddirectly to air (called a bird-cage element), wound around a bobbin

and then sealed in molten glass, or threaded through a ceramiccylinder. Metal film RTDs are new. To make these, a platinum or metal-glass

slurry film is deposited onto a ceramic substrate. The substrate isthen etched with a laser. These RTDs are very small but arent asstable (and hence accurate).

RTDs are more accurate but also larger and more expensive thanthermocouples.


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RTD

From Nicholas & White, Traceable Temperatures.

Sheathing: stainless steel or iconel, glass, alumina, quartz

Metal sheath can cause contamination at high temperatures and arebest below 250C. At very high temperatures, quartz and high-purity alumina are best to

prevent contamination.


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RTD Resistance Measurement

Several different bridge circuits are used to determine theresistance. Bridge circuits help improve the accuracy of the measurements significantly. Bridge output voltage is afunction of the RTD resistance.


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RTD Resistance/Temperature Conversion

Published equations relating bridge voltage to temperature can beused.

For very accurate results, do your own calibration.

Several electronic calibrators are available. The most accurate calibration that you can do easily yourself is to

use a constant temperature bath and NIST-traceablethermometers. You then can make your own calibration curvecorrelating temperature and voltage.

Potential Problems


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RTD

RTDs are more fragile than thermocouples.

An external current must be supplied to the RTD. This current canheat the RTD, altering the results. For situations with high heattransfer coefficients, this error is small since the heat is dissipated toair. For small diameter thermocouples and still air this error is the

largest. Use the largest RTD possible and smallest external currentpossible to minimize this error.

Be careful about the way you set up your measurement device.Attaching it can change the voltage.

When the platinum is connected to copper connectors, a voltagedifference will occur (as in thermocouples). This voltage must besubtracted off.

Resistance/Temperature Conversion


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Standard thermistors curves are not provided as much aswith thermocouples or RTDs. You often need a curve for a

specific batch of thermistors.

No 4-wire bridge is required as with an RTD.

DAQ systems can handle the non-linear curve fit easily.

Thermistors do not do well at high temperatures andshow instability with time (but for the best ones, thisinstability is only a few millikelvin per year)



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Thermistor, the basics of

How it works: Like the RTD a thermistor

uses the fact thatresistance of a metalchanges with temperature.

Make up: Generally made up of

semiconductor materials

Temperature Range: About -45 C - 150 C

Thermistor



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Thermistor Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

Very sensitive (has thelargest output change

from inputtemperature)

Quick response

More accurate than

RTD andThermocouples

Disadvantages:

Output is a non-linearfunction

Limited temperaturerange.

Require a currentsource

Self heating Fragile


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Thermistor

Thermistors also measure the change in resistance with temperature.

Thermistors are very sensitive (up to 100 times more than RTDs and1000 times more than thermocouples) and can detect very smallchanges in temperature. They are also very fast.

Due to their speed, they are used for precision temperature controland any time very small temperature differences must be detected.

They are made of ceramic semiconductor material (metal oxides).

The change in thermistor resistance with temperature is very non-linear.

Th i N Li i


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Thermistor Non-Linearity



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Thermocouple, some more basics

How it works: Made up of two different

metals joined at one endto produce a small voltageat a given temperature.

Make up: Made of up two different

metals. Ex: A type J ismade up of Iron andConstantan.

Temperature Range Type J: 0 C to 750 C

A few Thermocouples



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Thermocouple Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

Self Powered (doesnot require a current

or voltage source) Rugged

Inexpensive

Simple

Disadvantages:

Extremely LowVoltage output (mV)

Not very stable Needs a reference

point



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49K

1K

1K

50K

1K

1K

50K

50K

-Vin+

+-

+-

+

-

+Vout

-

+

-Thermocouple

4.7 F

7417

1 2

5V 15V

Fan

Relay

A Case Study



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Thermocouples

Seebeck effect

If two wires of dissimilar metals are joined at bothends and one end is heated, current will flow.

If the circuit is broken, there will be an open circuitvoltage across the wires.

Voltage is a function of temperature and metal types.

For small DTs, the relationship with temperature islinear

For larger DTs, non -linearities may occur.

Measuring the Thermocouple Voltage


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If you attach the thermocouple directly to a voltmeter, you will haveproblems.

You have just created another junction! Your displayed voltage will beproportional to the difference between J 1 and J 2 (and hence T 1 andT2). Note: It is a Type T thermocouple.

External Reference Junction


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External Reference Junction

A solution is to put J 2 in an ice-bath; then you know T 2,and your output voltage will be proportional to T 1-T2.

Other types of thermocouples


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Many thermocouples dont have one copper wire. Shownbelow is a Type J thermocouple.

If the two terminals arent at the same temperature, thisalso creates an error.

Isothermal Block


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The block is an electrical insulator but good heatconductor. This way the voltages for J 3 and J 4 cancel out.Thermocouple data acquisition set-ups include theseisothermal blocks.

If we eliminate the ice-bath, then the isothermal blocktemperature is our reference temperature

1 block V T T

Software Compensation


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How can one find the temperature of the block? Use athermister or RTD.

Once the temperature is known, the voltage associatedwith that temperature can be subtracted off.Then why use thermocouples at all?

Thermocouples are cheaper, smaller, more flexible andrugged, and operate over a wider temperature range.

Most data acquisition systems have softwarecompensation built in. To use industrial automationsoftware, youll need to know if you have a thermister or

RTD.

Hardware Compensation


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With hardware compensation, the temperature of the

isothermal block again is measured, and then a battery isused to cancel out the voltage of the reference junction.

This is also called an electronic ice point reference . With

this reference, you can use a normal voltmeter instead of a thermocouple reader. You need a separate ice-pointreference for every type of thermocouple.

Potential Problems


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Poor bead construction Weld changed material characteristics because the weld temp.

was too high. Large solder bead with temperature gradient across it

Decalibration If thermocouples are used for very high or cold temperatures,

wire properties can change due to diffusion of insulation oratmosphere particles into the wire, cold-working, or annealing.

Inhomogeneities in the wire; these are especially bad in areaswith large temperature gradients; esp. common in iron. Metallicsleeving can help reduce their effect on the final temperaturereading.

Potential Problems


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Shunt impedance As temperature goes up, the resistance of many insulation types

goes down. At high enough temperatures, this creates a virtual junction. This is especially problematic for small diameter wires.

Galvanic Action The dyes in some insulations form an electrolyte in the water.

This creates a galvanic action with a resulting emf potentiallymany times that of the thermocouple. Use an appropriate shieldfor a wet environment. T Type thermocouples have less of aproblem with this.

Potential Problems


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Shunt impedance As temperature goes up, the resistance of many insulation types

goes down. At high enough temperatures, this creates a virtual junction. This is especially problematic for small diameter wires.

Galvanic Action The dyes in some insulations form an electrolyte in the water.

This creates a galvanic action with a resulting emf potentiallymany times that of the thermocouple. Use an appropriate shieldfor a wet environment. T Type thermocouples have less of aproblem with this.

Potential Problems


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Conduction along the thermocouple wire In areas of large temperature gradient, heat can be conducted

along the thermocouple wire, changing the bead temperature. Small diameter wires conduct less of this heat. T-type thermocouples have more of a problem with this than

most other types since one of the leads is made of copper whichhas a high thermal conductivity.

Inaccurate ice-point

Infrared Thermometry


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Infrared thermometers measure the amount of radiation emitted by

an object.

Peak magnitude is often in the infrared region.

Surface emissivity must be known. This can add a lot of error.

Reflection from other objects can introduce error as well.

Surface whose temp youre measuring must fill the field of view of

your camera.

Benefits of Infrared Thermometry


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Can be used for Moving objects Non-contact applications

where sensors would affectresults or be difficult to

insert or conditions arehazardous

Large distances Very high temperatures

Non-Electronic Temperature Gages


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Crayons You can buy crayons with specified melting temperatures.Mark the surface, and when the mark melts, you know the

temperature at that time.

Lacquers Special lacquers are available that change from dull toglossy and transparent at a specified temperature. This is a type of phase change.

Pellets These change phase like crayons and lacquers but are larger.If the heating time is long, oxidation may obscure crayon marks.Pellets are also used as thermal fuses; they can be placed so thatwhen they melt, they release a circuit breaker.

Temperature sensitive labels These are nice because you can peelthem off when finished and place them in a log book.


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Liquid crystals They change color with temperature. If thecalibration is know, color can be determined very accurately using a

digital camera and appropriate image analysis software. This is used afair amount for research.

Naphthalene sublimation (to find h, not T) Make samples out of naphthalene and measure their mass change over a specified timeperiod. Use the heat and mass transfer analogy to back out h.

Temperature Controllers


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Consider the following when choosing a controller Type of temperature sensor (thermocouples and RTDs are common)

Number and type of outputs required (for example, turn on a heater,turn off a cooling system, sound an alarm)

Type of control algarithm (on/off, proportional, PID)

On/off controllers These are the simplest controllers. On above a certain setpoint, and off below a certain setpoint On/off differential used to prevent continuous cycling on and off. This type of controller cant be used for precise temperature control.

Often used for systems with a large thermal mass (wheretemperatures take a long time to change) and for alarms.

Choice Between RTDs, Thermocouples, ThermistersCost thermocouples are cheapest by far followed by RTDs


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Cost thermocouples are cheapest by far, followed by RTDs

Accuracy RTDs or Thermisters

Sensitivity Thermisters

Speed Thermisters

Stability at high temperatures not thermisters

Size thermocouples and thermisters can be made quite small

Temperature range thermocouples have the highest range,followed by RTDs

Ruggedness thermocouples are best if your system will be taking alot of abuse

Hydraulic Heads and Mechanical Vibration


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Velocity Head

Velocity head =

g = gravitational constant = 32.2 ft/s 2

when V is 5 ft/s, V 2/(2g) is only about 0.4 ft (usually negligible)

g V 22

Elevation Head


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Elevation Head

Elevation head (gravitational head) = Z

Height of water above some arbitrary reference point (datum)

Water at a higher elevation has more potential energy than water ata lower elevation

Pressure Head


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Pressure = force per unit area (e.g., pounds per square inch)

Pressure head = pressure per unit weight of water

h = P / h = pressure head , P = pressure

= weight of a unit volume of water

= 62.4 lb/ft 3 = 0.433 psi/ft

1/ = 2.31ft/psi

h = 2.31*P (P is in psi; h in ft)

Calculate P at the Bottom of a Column of Water


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When depth of 2 ft is consideredV = 2 ft3

W = 2 ft 3 * 62.4 lb/ft 3

= 124.8 lb

A = 144 in 2 P = W/A = 124.8lb / 144 in 2

= 0.866 lb/in 2 If depth is 1ft then

V = 1 ft3

W = 62.4lb

P = 62.4lb/144in 2 = 0.433lb/in 2

Calculate P at the Bottom of a Column of Water


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V = 2 ft3 W = 124.8 lbA = 2ft2 = 288 in 2

P = 124.8lb / 288in2

= 0.433 lb/in 2

The area of a pond or tank does not affect pressure.

Pressure is a function of water depth only .

Manometer Rising up From a Pipeline


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Pressure, P = lb/ft 2 = specific weight of water, (62.4 lb/ft 3)

2


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hydraulic head, H =

Bernoullis equation (conservation of energy)

H1 = H2 + hL

H1 = hydraulic head at point 1 in a system H2 = hydraulic head at point 2 in a system

hL= head loss during flow from point 1 topoint 2 (h L is due to friction loss)

h Z

g

V

2

2

Components of Hydraulic Head for Pipeline With Various Orientations


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Components of Hydraulic Head for Pipeline With Various Orientations Contd


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Components of Hydraulic Head for Pipeline With Various Orientations Contd


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Friction Loss


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Description: energy loss due to flow resistance as a fluid moves in a

pipeline Factors affecting

flow rate pipe diameter pipe length pipe roughness type of fluid

Ways of Calculating Friction Loss


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Tables

for a given pipe material, pipe diameter, and flow rate,look up values for friction loss in feet per hundred feetof pipe

SDR = standard dimension ratio= pipe diameter wall thickness

What is Vibration?


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Scientific Definition

Engineering Definition

Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time

Deals with the relationship between forces andoscillatory motion of mechanical systems

Basic Concepts


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Every object has:

Frequencies at which it likes to vibrate

Characteristic geometries of vibration

Every object has:


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Natural

Frequencies

1 24 34

Mode

Shapes

1 24 4 4 34 4 4

110

Every object has:

Frequencies at which it likes to vibrate

Characteristic geometries of vibration

Modeling Vibration


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The Ingredients:1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)

1

Realistic Addition:3. Energy Dissipation


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The Ingredients:1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)

2. Elasticity (stores potentialenergy)

1


2


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1

Realistic Addition:

3. Energy Dissipation3

2


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2 3

1


Modeling Vibration


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The Ingredients:1. Mass, m

2. Stiffness, k k c

m

Realistic Addition:

3. Damping, c

x


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How is thismodel useful?k c

m

x

Basic Concepts


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A vibration of large amplitude

Occurs when an object is forced near its naturalfrequency

Resonance

ResonanceA vibration of large amplitude


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A vibration of large amplitudeOccurs when an object is forced near itsnatural frequency

m

ck

x

t

M

e

Object Model

Vibration AbsorbersUsed to eliminate vibration of an object


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j

Object

VibrationAbsorber

(that vibrates toomuch)

(absorbsvibration)

Used to eliminate vibration of an object


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Used to eliminate vibration of an object

Object

VibrationAbsorber

(that vibrates toomuch)

Choose these toeliminate motion

of object.

Vibration Absorbers


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Temperature ScannersUltrasonic Signal


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SEAL

Transmitter Receiver

g

Pouch seal or packagematerial is placed betweenultrasonic transmitter andreceiver

Ultrasonic Signal


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Ultrasonic waves propagatethrough single or multiple layers of well bonded materials.

Transition through differentmediums causes reflection of soundwaves and reduces/eliminates signalstrength.


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Ultrasonic signal is transmitted along the X-axis through seal and signal isrecorded.

Signal measurement correlates to color gauge, creating high resolution image of seal structure and quality.

Opto Acoustic Image

Th l d h i l


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The colored gauge represents the scan signal measurement.

Pink is low signal, green is normal signal (good seal), purple is highsignal.

Total 6000 grades of color are used.

Scanning Modes


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C-Scan produces an

Opto -Acoustic imageand summary data

L-Scan produces agraph of the signaland summary data.

Pass Fail Criteria and Data Integrity


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Pass Fail limits are set for theaverage, minimum, maximum,and standard deviation of thesignal measurements,

All results are recorded usingthe systems data log.

Offline Analytical Equipment


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C-Scan Analytical Tools


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C-Scan window statistics

Modified L-Scan

10 mm

135 mm 128 mm

6 mm 3.5 mm


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105 C HDPE 105 C HDPE 105 C HDPE 105 C HDPE 105 C HDPE

128 C HDPE 128 C HDPE 128 C HDPE 128 C HDPE 128 C HDPE

108 C TYVEK 108 C TYVEK 108 C TYVEK 108 C TYVEK 108 C TYVEK

134 C TYVEK 134 C TYVEK 134 C TYVEK 134 C TYVEK 134 C TYVEK

Audibility of alarm systems

Alarm annunciators


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Sound patterns of alert signals shall be significantly differentfrom the temporal patterns of alarm signals .

Alarm signals shall conform to the temporal pattern defined

in the International Standard ISO 8201 (T3 signal)

Lower wiring costs

Con entional AddressableVS


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Conven

tionalFirePanel

Conventional AddressableVS

MS-9050UD

Single SLC Simplifies System Design


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HVAC Elevator Control

Intelligent Detectors

R i h f i


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Rotary switches for settingaddress 00-99

Easy to set in field withscrewdriver

No programming toolsrequired

Easy to identify address

Conventional Wiring


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Class B wiring incorporates end of line devices. (2 conductorcircuit)

Class A wiring does not incorporate end of line devices. (4conductor circuit)

T tap splices can not be used on either wiring method.

Class B Wiring


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Class A Wiring


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Th i l i i i h i b f d f Cl B


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The signal circuits in the suites can be feed from a Class B orClass A signal circuit isolators located outside the suite or;

Each suite can be feed from a separate signal circuit withoutthe need for a signal circuit isolator.


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Addressable System


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CPU

EOL

Sa Ha Ha

DATA COMMUNICATION LINK

ADDRESSABLE INPUT DEVICES

BELLS OUTPUT DEVICES


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