hybridizing renewable energy and the grid: research and ... · massive energy storage is even more...
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Yet-Ming ChiangDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research and Technology Needs in Massive Energy Storage
Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research and Technology Needs in Massive Energy Storage
Congressional Briefing, June 16, 2009, Washington, DC
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Two huge industries are transforming….
Battery Industry
Storage is the problem and the solution...
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Consider That Vehicles Have Multiple Levels of Electrification
ICEHEV
PHEV
BEV
enginebattery
3
Toyota PriusHonda InsightFord Escape
A123/Hymotion conversionGM VoltChrysler 200C
Tesla RoadsterChrysler Circuit
Fisker KarmaTH!NK City
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Ratio of Power(kW) to Stored Energy(kWh)Varies from ~100 (HEV) to ~1 (BEV)*
HEV
PHEV
EVCharge-depleting
Charge-sustaining
*Comparison: The Design P/E is ~0.25 for Wind, Solar
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Similarly, the Grid will be Hybridized
Where storage can help
Wind and Solar are Intermittent Sources(not “dispatchable”)
US: 3% renewables
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Frequency Regulation Example (GE)
Frequency Regulation: Frequent charge and discharge pulses, but net energy transferred is zero.
Analogous to a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)…
Load following is longer‐term analog to regulation: vary generation to meet hour‐to‐hour variations in load
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Impact of Storage Time Constant:Wind+Battery Example (NEDO)
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Comparing Time Constant and Total Power for Automotive and Grid
8
EV
PHEV
HEV
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Recent example: Impact of DOE Basic Science
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Recent Advances in Li-Ion Batteries for Transportation
“Extreme” pack engineering using
commodity laptop cells, individually cooled and
monitored
Example: Tesla Roadster
Derivatives of oxide chemistry from
previous generation Li-ion (aim to improve
safety, life)
Examples:• Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Aluminum (SAFT, PEVE)• Lithium Manganese Spinel
(LG, NEC, Hitachi)• Lithium Manganese Nickel
Cobalt (Sanyo)• Mixtures of various oxides
New chemistries that are intrinsically safer, high
power, long-life, low-cost
Example: Nanoscale Olivines
Engineering solution New ChemistryImprove 1st Gen Chemistry
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Electric
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Formula 1 Racing: Pushing the Outer Performance Envelope of Hybrid Electric Drive
• 2009: McLaren-Mercedes teams with A123 Systems to develop KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems)
• Opening race of 2009 season in Melbourne, AUS
• Lewis Hamilton, 2008 World Champion, starts in 18th
position (out of 20) and finishes 4th
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Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) in Action
Battery State-of-Charge
Mercedes High Performance Engines
MelbourneMarch 2009
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Frequency Regulation with theWorld’s largest Li-Ion Battery
• 2 MW power, 90% round-trip efficiency• 0.5 MWh stored energy• 82,000 cylindrical cells• 1.2 tonnes cathode material• 2.3 x 1017 nanoparticles (40 nm dia.)
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Why science breakthroughs still needed for automotive……
15 kWh for 40 mile PHEV
75 kWh for 200 mile BEV
Range (miles) x 300 Wh/mile
0.8 (20% reserve capacity)==
÷ 110 Wh/kg 136 kg for 40 mile PHEV
681 kg for 200 mile BEV
==
÷ 220 Wh/L 68 L for 40 mile PHEV
341 L for 200 mile BEV
==
x US$0.50/Wh US$7500 for 40 mile PHEV
US$37,500 for 200 mile BEV
==
Energy
Mass
Volume
Cost
Not to mention that charging a 75 kWh pack in 1h takes 75 kW; in 5 min takes 900 kW…..
Typical ofcurrentLi-ion
Targetcost
(too heavy!)
(too big!)
(tooexpensive!)~Similar cost to Na-S
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Massive Energy Storage Is Even More Demanding in Terms of Scalability, Cost, Safety, Life
A123 Multi-
MW Li-Ion
Battery System
EV
PHEV
HEV
Main MES Options:• Pumped Hydro• Compressed Air• Sodum-sulfur• Redox flow• Lithium-ion
Why Electrochemical Storage:• Higher energy density
than all but nuclear• Use it anywhere• Can be safe, long-life• Can use low-cost, earth-
abundant materials
Challenge: No current system combines all of these attributes in the same battery
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Interdependence in the Energy Ecosystem
Grid-scale energy
storage
PHEV, E-REV, EV
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